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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kit_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kit_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kit and equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kit_and_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kit and equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kit_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whistle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Whistle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positioning_and_responsibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positioning_and_responsibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Positioning and responsibilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positioning_and_responsibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_systems_of_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_systems_of_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other systems of control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_systems_of_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other systems of control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_systems_of_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dual_system_(two_referees)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_system_(two_referees)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dual system (two referees)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_system_(two_referees)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_dual_system_(3_referees)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_dual_system_(3_referees)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Double dual system (3 referees)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_dual_system_(3_referees)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Referee (association football)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_(%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85)" title="حكم (كرة القدم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكم (كرة القدم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(futbol)" title="Hakim (futbol) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hakim (futbol)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فوتبال داوری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فوتبال داوری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2)" title="রেফারি (ফুটবল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেফারি (ফুটবল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Футбольны судзьдзя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Футбольны судзьдзя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Футболен съдия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Футболен съдия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogometni_sudija" title="Nogometni sudija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nogometni sudija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rbitre_de_futbol" title="Àrbitre de futbol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrbitre de futbol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozhod%C4%8D%C3%AD_(fotbal)" title="Rozhodčí (fotbal) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozhodčí (fotbal)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodbolddommer" title="Fodbolddommer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fodbolddommer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_(%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="حكم (كورة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حكم (كورة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%C3%9Fballschiedsrichter" title="Fußballschiedsrichter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fußballschiedsrichter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalgpallikohtunik" title="Jalgpallikohtunik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jalgpallikohtunik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF)" title="Διαιτητής (ποδόσφαιρο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαιτητής (ποδόσφαιρο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rbitro_de_f%C3%BAtbol" title="Árbitro de fútbol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Árbitro de fútbol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbol_arbitro" title="Futbol arbitro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Futbol arbitro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="داور فوتبال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داور فوتبال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitre_(football)" title="Arbitre (football) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arbitre (football)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%ED%8C%90_(%EC%B6%95%EA%B5%AC)" title="심판 (축구) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심판 (축구)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="फुटबॉल रेफरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फुटबॉल रेफरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogometni_sudac" title="Nogometni sudac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nogometni sudac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasit_(sepak_bola)" title="Wasit (sepak bola) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wasit (sepak bola)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usompempe_(ibhola_ekhatywayo)" title="Usompempe (ibhola ekhatywayo) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Usompempe (ibhola ekhatywayo)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitro_(calcio)" title="Arbitro (calcio) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arbitro (calcio)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C" title="שופט כדורגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שופט כדורגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasit_(bal-balan)" title="Wasit (bal-balan) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wasit (bal-balan)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiesnesis_(futbols)" title="Tiesnesis (futbols) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tiesnesis (futbols)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futbolo_teis%C4%97jas" title="Futbolo teisėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Futbolo teisėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbiter_(folball)" title="Arbiter (folball) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arbiter (folball)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1t%C3%A9kvezet%C5%91_(labdar%C3%BAg%C3%A1s)" title="Játékvezető (labdarúgás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Játékvezető (labdarúgás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фудбалски судија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фудбалски судија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A_(%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2)" title="पंच (फुटबॉल) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंच (फुटबॉल)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voetbalscheidsrechter" title="Voetbalscheidsrechter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voetbalscheidsrechter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4%E5%93%A1_(%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC)" title="審判員 (サッカー) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="審判員 (サッカー)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotballdommer" title="Fotballdommer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fotballdommer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakam_(futbol)" title="Hakam (futbol) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hakam (futbol)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitru_(fotbal)" title="Arbitru (fotbal) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbitru (fotbal)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB)" title="Судья (футбол) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судья (футбол)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjyqtari_(futboll)" title="Gjyqtari (futboll) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjyqtari (futboll)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E" title="ناوبژیوانی تۆپی پێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوبژیوانی تۆپی پێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фудбалски судија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фудбалски судија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Game administrator in association football</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Official (football)" redirects here. For officials (including referees) in gridiron football, see <a href="/wiki/Official_(gridiron_football)" title="Official (gridiron football)">Official (gridiron football)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Official_(Canadian_football)" title="Official (Canadian football)">Official (Canadian football)</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malang_Diedhiou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Malang_Diedhiou.jpg/220px-Malang_Diedhiou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Malang_Diedhiou.jpg/330px-Malang_Diedhiou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Malang_Diedhiou.jpg/440px-Malang_Diedhiou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malang_Diedhiou" title="Malang Diedhiou">Malang Diedhiou</a> refereeing during a <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 World Cup</a> match</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, the <b>referee</b> is the person responsible for interpreting and enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a> during a match. The referee is the final decision-making authority on all facts connected with play, and is the match official with the authority to start and stop play and impose disciplinary action against players and coaches during a match.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At most levels of play, the referee is assisted by two <a href="/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)" title="Assistant referee (association football)">assistant referees</a> (formerly known as linesmen), who advise the referee on whether the ball leaves the playing area and any infringements of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a> occurring outside of the view of the referee. The final decision on any decision of fact rests with the referee, who has authority to overrule an assistant referee. At higher levels of play, the referee may also be assisted by a <a href="/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)#Fourth_official" title="Assistant referee (association football)">fourth official</a> who supervises the teams' technical areas and assists the referee with administrative tasks, and, at the very highest levels, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)#Additional_assistant_referee" title="Assistant referee (association football)">additional assistant referees</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Video_assistant_referee" title="Video assistant referee">video assistant referees</a>. Referees and other game officials are licensed and trained by its member national organisations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_duties">Powers and duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Powers and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_card.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yellow_card.svg/60px-Yellow_card.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yellow_card.svg/90px-Yellow_card.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yellow_card.svg/120px-Yellow_card.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:62px;max-width:62px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_card.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Red_card.svg/60px-Red_card.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Red_card.svg/90px-Red_card.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Red_card.svg/120px-Red_card.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The referee carries a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_card_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow card (sport)">yellow card</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Red_card_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red card (sports)">red card</a>, to indicate respectively a caution for misconduct or to send-off a player. The coloured cards were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Aston" title="Ken Aston">Ken Aston</a>, a former chair of the FIFA Refereeing Committee</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game (association football)</a></div> <p>The referee's powers and duties are described by Law 5 of the Laws of the Game.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referee: </p> <dl><dd><b>Overall</b> <ul><li>enforces the Laws of the Game</li> <li>controls the match in cooperation with the other match officials</li> <li>acts as timekeeper, keeps a record of the match and provides the appropriate authorities with a match report, including information on disciplinary action and any other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match</li> <li>supervises and/or indicates the restart of play</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Advantage</b> <ul><li>allows play to continue when an offence occurs and the non-offending team will benefit from the advantage, and penalises the offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue at that time or within a few seconds</li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_(238).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_%28238%29.jpg/220px-AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_%28238%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_%28238%29.jpg/330px-AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_%28238%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_%28238%29.jpg/440px-AUT_U-21_vs._FIN_U-21_2015-11-13_%28238%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Referee <a href="/wiki/Bojan_Pand%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Bojan Pandžić">Bojan Pandžić</a> showing a red card to <a href="/wiki/Finland_national_under-21_football_team" title="Finland national under-21 football team">Finland under-21</a> player <a href="/wiki/Moshtagh_Yaghoubi" title="Moshtagh Yaghoubi">Moshtagh Yaghoubi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><b>Disciplinary action</b> <ul><li>punishes the more serious offence, in terms of sanction, restart, physical severity and tactical impact, when more than one offence occurs at the same time</li> <li>takes disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable and sending-off offences</li> <li>has the authority to take disciplinary action from entering the field of play for the pre-match inspection until leaving the field of play after the match ends (including kicks from the penalty mark). If, before entering the field of play at the start of the match, a player commits a sending-off offence, the referee has the authority to prevent the player taking part in the match (see Law 3.6); the referee will report any other misconduct</li> <li>has the power to show yellow or red cards and, where competition rules permit, temporarily dismiss a player, from entering the field of play at the start of the match until after the match has ended, including during the half-time interval, extra time and kicks from the penalty mark</li> <li>takes action against team officials who fail to act in a responsible manner and warns or shows a yellow card for a caution or a red card for a sending-off from the field of play and its immediate surrounds, including the technical area; if the offender cannot be identified, the senior coach present in the technical area will receive the sanction. A medical team official who commits a sending-off offence may remain if the team has no other medical person available, and act if a player needs medical attention</li> <li>acts on the advice of other match officials regarding incidents that the referee has not seen</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>As well as other various duties and powers described fully in Law 5 of the Laws of the Game, pursuant to current updates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referees and assistant referees are regulated at a national level. FIFA requires that each national organisation establish a referees committee composed of former officials that has authority over refereeing in that territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FIFA also mandate that referees pass tests to show sufficient physical fitness and knowledge of the Laws of the Game, as well as an annual medical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, referees are required to have greater experience to officiate higher level matches (see, for example, the multiple tiers of <a href="/wiki/Football_refereeing_in_England" title="Football refereeing in England">refereeing in England</a>). The most elite officials, those who are permitted to officiate international games, are listed on the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_International_Referees_List" title="FIFA International Referees List">FIFA International Referees List</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kit_and_equipment">Kit and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kit and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kit_(association_football)#Referee" title="Kit (association football)">Kit (association football) § Referee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg/170px-John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg/255px-John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg/340px-John_Langenus_The_football_arbitrator_a_judging_first_final_of_the_World_championships_1930_year.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>In the early 20th century, referees wore a <a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">blazer</a>. Pictured is <a href="/wiki/John_Langenus" title="John Langenus">John Langenus</a> refereeing the first World Cup final in <a href="/wiki/1930_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1930 FIFA World Cup final">1930</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-2017293155419_2017-10-20_Fussball_Frauen_Deutschland_vs_Island_-_Sven_-_1D_X_MK_II_-_0017_-_B70I0638_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>Since the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>, referees have been allowed to wear shirts of a different colour to the historical black. Pictured, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_Frappart" title="Stéphanie Frappart">Stéphanie Frappart</a> wears a yellow shirt with a badge showing her licence level and year of validity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Referees wear a kit distinguishing themselves from the players. Usually this comprises a shirt of a different colour to the players of both teams. </p><p>In the early 20th century, referees wore a <a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">blazer</a> rather than a shirt similar to that of the players. Traditionally that uniform was almost always all black, unless one of the teams was wearing a very dark shirt in which case the referee would wear another colour (usually red) to distinguish themself from both teams. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 World Cup finals</a>, new shirts were introduced that gave officials a choice of burgundy, yellow or white, and at the same time the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> in England saw referees wear green jerseys: both changes were motivated by television considerations. Since then, most referees have worn either yellow or black, but the colours and styles adopted by individual associations vary greatly. For international contests under the supervision of FIFA, Adidas uniforms are worn because Adidas is the current sponsor. FIFA allows referees to wear five colours: black, red, yellow, green and blue. Along with the jersey, referees are required to wear black shorts, black socks (with white stripes in some cases), and black shoes. The badge, which displays the referee's license level and year of validity, is often affixed to the left chest pocket. </p><p>All referees carry a whistle, a watch, <a href="/wiki/Penalty_card" title="Penalty card">penalty cards</a>, a data wallet with pen and paper, and a coin for <a href="/wiki/Coin_flipping" title="Coin flipping">determining</a> which team has the choice of ends or kick-off. Most are encouraged to have more than one of each on them in case they drop a whistle or a pen runs out and so on. Often, referees use two watches so that they can use one to calculate time lost for stoppages for the purposes of added time. At the highest levels, referees wear a full duplex radio with customised headset to communicate between with their assistants, and assistant referees use electronic flags, which send a signal to the referee when a button is pushed.<sup id="cite_ref-headsets_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-headsets-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flags_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flags-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In matches with <a href="/wiki/Goal-line_technology" title="Goal-line technology">goal-line technology</a>, referees will have on their person a device to receive the system's alerts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistle">Whistle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Whistle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referees use a <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a> to help them control matches. The whistle is sometimes needed to stop, start or restart play but should not be used for all stoppages, starts or restarts. FIFA's Laws of the Game document gives guidance as to when the whistle should and should not be used.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated80_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated80-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overuse of the whistle is discouraged since, as stated in the Laws, "A whistle which is used too frequently unnecessarily will have less impact when it is needed."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated80_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated80-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whistle is an important tool for the referee along with verbal, body and eye communication. </p><p>Before the introduction of the whistle, referees indicated their decisions by waving a white handkerchief. The whistles that were first adopted by referees were made by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hudson_(inventor)" title="Joseph Hudson (inventor)">Joseph Hudson</a> at Mills Munitions in Birmingham, England. The Acme Whistle Company (based at Mills Munitions Factory) first began to mass-produce pea whistles in the 1870s for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Force</a>. It is frequently stated the referee's whistle was first used in a game between <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C." title="Nottingham Forest F.C.">Nottingham Forest</a> and Sheffield Norfolk in 1878; however the last such fixture known to have taken place between the two clubs was in 1874. The Nottingham Forest account book of 1872 apparently recorded the purchase of an "umpire's whistle" and in 1928 an article by R M Ruck about his playing days in the early 1870s referred to the use of a whistle by umpires to indicate an infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whistle was not mentioned in the Laws of the Game until 1936 when an IFAB Decision was added as footnote (b) to Law 2, stating "A Referee's control over the players for misconduct or ungentlemanly behaviour commences from the time he enters the field of play, but his jurisdiction in connection with the Laws of the Game commences from the time he blows his whistle for the game to start."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, when <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Association_Board" title="International Football Association Board">IFAB</a> greatly expanded the Laws of the Game, an Additional Instructions section became available, which is a full page of advice on how and when the whistle should be used as a communication and control mechanism by the referee.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Referees in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_football" title="Medieval football">football</a> were first described by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mulcaster" title="Richard Mulcaster">Richard Mulcaster</a> in 1581.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this description of "foteball" he advocates the use of a "judge over the parties". In the modern era, referees are first advocated in <a href="/wiki/English_public_school_football_games" title="English public school football games">English public school football games</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> football in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-google105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A match report from <a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a> in 1842 shows their use in a football game between the Bodyguards Club and the Fearnought Club.<sup id="cite_ref-google105_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years of the codified sport it was assumed that disputes could be adequately settled by discussion between <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentlemen">gentlemen</a> players who would never deliberately commit a foul. However, as play became more competitive, the need for officials grew. Initially there existed two umpires, one per team, who could be appealed to with the referee (the game's timekeeper) being "referred" to if the umpires could not agree.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The promotion of referees to the dominant position they occupy today, and the reformation of umpires into the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)" title="Assistant referee (association football)">linesmen</a> role, occurred as part of a major restructuring of the laws in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positioning_and_responsibilities">Positioning and responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Positioning and responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg/200px-Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg/300px-Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg/400px-Diagonal_System_of_Control.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the diagonal system of control showing the paths of the Referee (R) and the Assistant Referees (AR)</figcaption></figure> <p>The predominant system of positioning and division of responsibility used by football match officials throughout the world is known as the <i>Diagonal system of control (DSC)</i>. </p><p>The referee has final decision-making authority on all matters. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees who advise the referee. An assistant referee's judgement is enforced only if the referee accepts that judgement, and the referee has the authority to unilaterally overrule an assistant referee. The referee is the only official empowered with starting and stopping play, and meting out disciplinary actions such as cautions or send-offs. </p><p>The two assistant referees are instructed by the referee to each patrol half of a single <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer) field">touchline</a> on opposite sides of the field. For example, on a field running north–south, one assistant referee (AR) would run on the eastern touchline from the north goal line to the halfway line, while the other assistant referee would run on the western touchline from the south goal line to the halfway line. In general, the assistant referees' duties would be to indicate (using their flags) when an <a href="/wiki/Offside_(association_football)" title="Offside (association football)">offside offence</a> has occurred in their half, when a ball has left the pitch, and if a foul has been executed out of the view of the referee (typically in their quadrant of the field). Generally, the ARs will position themselves in line with either the second to last opponent or the ball – whichever is closer to the goal line – to better judge offside infractions. However, the assistant referee will have specific positioning with respect to <a href="/wiki/Corner_kick" title="Corner kick">corner kicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)" title="Penalty kick (association football)">penalty kicks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Throw-in" title="Throw-in">throw-ins</a>. </p><p>The referee patrols the length of the field to cover the ground not covered by their two assistants, generally running in a diagonal pattern from the southeast quadrant of the field towards the northwest quadrant; hence the term "diagonal system of control" (DSC). This pattern is not a specific route but a general guideline that should be modified to the style of play, nature of the game, the location of play at a given time, etc. In some cases the referee may even exit the field if it aids in their decision-making ability. The main idea is that the referee and assistants using the DSC should be able to position themselves quickly and easily to observe the important aspects of play (offside, ball in or out of play, goal-scoring opportunities, challenges for the ball) from multiple angles with multiple sets of eyes. </p><p>The description above refers to a left diagonal system of control, known as "running a left" or "standard diagonal". If, before the match, the centre referee on this field decides to run from southwest to northeast, then the assistants must position themselves accordingly and the result will be a right diagonal system of control, otherwise referred to as "running a right" or "reverse diagonal". </p><p>In many cases in England, referees use more of "curve" based on a line running from the edge of the 18-yard (16 m) box, and when near the centre circle they then curve to a line level with the other 18-yard (16 m) box line. This is similar to the diagonal system, but with the speed of modern football it is easier to keep up with play. This also helps the referee avoid being in a common "passing lane" through the centre circle itself. </p><p>In international matches the left-wing diagonal shown above has been universal since the 1960s. It is now predominant across the world. England until recently was an exception to this convention. Until 1974 referees in <a href="/wiki/The_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="The Football League">the Football League</a> were required to run both diagonals during a match, most opting to run from right wing to right wing in the first half before switching to the left-wing diagonal for the second half. The chief reason for this alternation was to avoid linesmen wearing down the same part of the touchline during matches – this was important given the generally lower quality of pitches at the time. However switching diagonal was also justified in terms of allowing officials to patrol different areas of the field during games. From the <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_in_English_football" title="1974–75 in English football">1974–75</a> season English referees were allowed to run the same diagonal throughout the same match. Most initially opted for the right-wing diagonal although over the years the left-wing diagonal became increasingly popular and the preferred choice of most referees by the early 2000s. From <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_in_English_football" title="2007–08 in English football">2007–08</a> the left-wing diagonal has been mandatory in English professional football although some referees at lower levels still use the opposite approach. </p><p>Its implementation as a standard practice for referees is attributed to Sir <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rous" title="Stanley Rous">Stanley Rous</a>, former referee and President of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> from 1961 to 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_systems_of_control">Other systems of control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other systems of control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the Laws of the Game mandate a single referee with assistants as described above, other systems are used experimentally or explicitly by some non-FIFA-affiliated governing organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dual_system_(two_referees)"><span id="Dual_system_.28two_referees.29"></span>Dual system (two referees)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dual system (two referees)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>dual system</i>, has two referees with no assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-SAVogt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAVogt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is used some matches played under the rules of the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a> (NFHS) in the United States, and in other youth or amateur matches. Both referees have equal authority, and the decision of one referee is binding on the other. Each referee is primarily responsible for a specific area of the field similar to those of the assistant referees in the <a href="#Diagonal_system_of_control">diagonal system</a>, except that the referees are allowed and encouraged to move away from the touch line into the field, particularly as play approaches the goal lines. Like the assistant referees in the diagonal system, each referee is responsible for patrolling one touch line and one goal line and determining possession for the restart if the ball goes out of play on either of those two boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-NISOADual_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISOADual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Positioning in the dual system is similar to that used by officials in basketball: each referee is either termed the "lead" or the "trail", depending on the direction of the attack. If the attack is against the goal to the referee's right (when facing the field from their assigned touch line), then that referee is the lead, and the other is the trail. The lead is positioned ahead of the play, even with the second-to-last defender to the extent possible, while the trail is positioned behind the play. Both are responsible for calling fouls and misconduct and determining the restart when the ball goes out of play on one of their assigned boundary lines. Since the lead is in a better position to determine offside, the lead is responsible for calling offside, while the trail provides an extra monitor for fouls and misconduct while the lead's attention is focused on offside. When the attack changes direction, the trail becomes the lead and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-NISOADual_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISOADual-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_dual_system_(3_referees)"><span id="Double_dual_system_.283_referees.29"></span>Double dual system (3 referees)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Double dual system (3 referees)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>double dual system</b> uses three referees, all equipped with whistles, positioned much as in the traditional diagonal system of control mandated by IFAB.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each referee has the same authority for decision making.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is authorized in the United States for college and high school matches although it is rarely used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Association_football_referees" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Association football referees">Association football referees</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_FIFA_international_referees" title="List of FIFA international referees">List of FIFA international referees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)" title="Assistant referee (association football)">Assistant referee (association football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouls_and_misconduct_(association_football)" title="Fouls and misconduct (association football)">Fouls and misconduct (association football)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_referees" title="FIFA World Cup referees">FIFA World Cup referees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FA_Cup_Final_referees" title="FA Cup Final referees">FA Cup Final referees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_refereeing_in_England" title="Football refereeing in England">Football refereeing in England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referee_(association_football)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>The Man in Black: History of the Football Referee</i>, Gordon Thomson, <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Publishing Group">Prion Books Ltd</a>, 14 October 1998, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85375-284-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85375-284-3">1-85375-284-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifplay.com/downloads/documents/laws-of-the-game-2023-2024.pdf"><i>Laws of the Game 2023/2024</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The International Football Association Board. 1 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329064956/https://www.fifplay.com/downloads/documents/laws-of-the-game-2023-2024.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span> – via FIFPlay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+of+the+Game+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=The+International+Football+Association+Board&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifplay.com%2Fdownloads%2Fdocuments%2Flaws-of-the-game-2023-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneNevillAhmadBalmer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lane, A. M.; Nevill, A. M.; Ahmad, N. S.; Balmer, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827566">"Soccer Referee Decision-Making: 'shall I Blow the Whistle?'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal of Sports Science & Medicine</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 243–253. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3827566">3827566</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24259997">24259997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sports+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=Soccer+Referee+Decision-Making%3A+%27shall+I+Blow+the+Whistle%3F%27&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-253&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3827566%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24259997&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Nevill%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+N.+S.&rft.au=Balmer%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3827566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downloads.theifab.com/downloads/laws-of-the-game-2021-22?l=en">"Laws of the Game 21/22"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+on+the+organisation+of+refereeing+in+FIFA+Member+Associations%2C+section+10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalhub.fifa.com%2Fm%2Fa7a961c6d99f712c%2Foriginal%2Ftnwtz0s2f6yihpqqfiid-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-headsets-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-headsets_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon2012" class="citation web cs1">Solomon, Jon (10 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2012/07/sec_will_try_wireless_communic.html">"SEC will try wireless communication for football officials in 2012"</a>. <i>AL.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614195016/https://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2012/07/sec_will_try_wireless_communic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>wireless communication ... a concept used by international soccer referees for several years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AL.com&rft.atitle=SEC+will+try+wireless+communication+for+football+officials+in+2012&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fsports%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F07%2Fsec_will_try_wireless_communic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flags-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flags_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018001953/http://www.massref.net/ussfpositionpapers/Electronic_Flags.pdf">"Electronic Flags"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Soccer Federation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Premier+League+unveils+goalline+technology+to+end+disputes&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fsoccer-england-technology%2Fpremier-league-unveils-goalline-technology-to-end-disputes-idINDEE97709R20130808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated80-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated80_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated80_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202040331/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2012_e.pdf"><i>Laws of the Game 2012/2013</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Martin P Wilson. 24 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112200631/http://www.m-dash.co.uk/interesting-stuff/18-just-stuff/127-acme-thunderer-story-of-the-referees-whistle">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story+of+the+Referee%27s+Whistle&rft.pub=Martin+P+Wilson&rft.date=2011-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-dash.co.uk%2Finteresting-stuff%2F18-just-stuff%2F127-acme-thunderer-story-of-the-referees-whistle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IFAB Meeting Minutes, 1936</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IFAB+Meeting+Minutes%2C+1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710202515/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/federation/81/42/36/lawsofthegameen.pdf"><i>Laws of the Game 2009/2010</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~wbarker/positions-txt.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mangan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnsWWfIzu0cC&q=sport+in+europe+politics+class+gender"><i>Sport in Europe: Politics, Class, Gender</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714649467" title="Special:BookSources/9780714649467"><bdi>9780714649467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905132622/https://books.google.com/books?id=SnsWWfIzu0cC&q=sport+in+europe+politics+class+gender#v=snippet&q=sport%20in%20europe%20politics%20class%20gender&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport+in+Europe%3A+Politics%2C+Class%2C+Gender&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780714649467&rft.au=J.+A.+Mangan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnsWWfIzu0cC%26q%3Dsport%2Bin%2Beurope%2Bpolitics%2Bclass%2Bgender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hist_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hist_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225025901/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-laws/from-1863-to-present.html">"History of the Laws of the Game – From 1863 to the Present Day"</a>. <i>FIFA.com</i>. 1 July 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIFA.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Laws+of+the+Game+%E2%80%93+From+1863+to+the+Present+Day&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fclassicfootball%2Fhistory%2Fthe-laws%2Ffrom-1863-to-present.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020111/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=71950/">Rewriting the Laws of the Game</a> (19 June 1997), also mention of the diagonal system of control for referees: FIFA.com website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAVogt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAVogt_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogt2012" class="citation web cs1">Vogt, Randy (24 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socceramerica.com/article/47920/the-two-ref-system-its-flaws-and-how-to-cope.html">"The Two-Ref System: Its Flaws and How to Cope"</a>. <i>Soccer America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060233/http://www.socceramerica.com/article/47920/the-two-ref-system-its-flaws-and-how-to-cope.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soccer+America&rft.atitle=The+Two-Ref+System%3A+Its+Flaws+and+How+to+Cope&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Vogt&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socceramerica.com%2Farticle%2F47920%2Fthe-two-ref-system-its-flaws-and-how-to-cope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NISOADual-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NISOADual_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NISOADual_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYannie" class="citation web cs1">Yannie, Noah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zianet.com/lcsra/HighSchool/NISOA%20Dual%20System%20of%20Control.pdf">"Soccer Officiating Dual System of Control"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soccer+Officiating+Dual+System+of+Control&rft.pub=NISOA&rft.aulast=Yannie&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zianet.com%2Flcsra%2FHighSchool%2FNISOA%2520Dual%2520System%2520of%2520Control.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJIvpYx7rEo"><i>HS Soccer: Double Dual or Three Whistle System of Control</i></a> (podcast). 20 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918215705/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SJIvpYx7rEo&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HS+Soccer%3A+Double+Dual+or+Three+Whistle+System+of+Control&rft.date=2012-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DSJIvpYx7rEo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719072259/https://nisoa.com/instruction/interscholastic-instruction/2016/10/22/systems-of-control/">"Systems of Control"</a>. National Intercollegiate Soccer Officials Association. 22 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nisoa.com/instruction/interscholastic-instruction/2016/10/22/systems-of-control/">the original</a> on 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Systems+of+Control&rft.pub=National+Intercollegiate+Soccer+Officials+Association&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnisoa.com%2Finstruction%2Finterscholastic-instruction%2F2016%2F10%2F22%2Fsystems-of-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReferee+%28association+football%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_football_laws" title="Template talk:Association football laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_football_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association football laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laws_of_the_Game_(rules_of_association_football)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a> (rules of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_association_football_terms" title="Glossary of association football terms">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Law 1: <a href="/wiki/Football_pitch" title="Football pitch">The Field of Play</a></li> <li>Law 2: <a href="/wiki/Ball_(association_football)" title="Ball (association football)">The Ball</a></li> <li>Law 3: <a href="/wiki/Association_football#Players,_equipment,_and_officials" title="Association football">The Number of Players</a></li> <li>Law 4: <a href="/wiki/Kit_(association_football)" title="Kit (association football)">The Players' Equipment</a></li> <li>Law 5: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Referee</a></li> <li>Law 6: <a href="/wiki/Assistant_referee_(association_football)" title="Assistant referee (association football)">The Other Match Officials</a></li> <li>Law 7: <a href="/wiki/Association_football#Duration_and_tie-breaking_methods" title="Association football">The Duration of the Match</a></li> <li>Law 8: <a href="/wiki/The_Start_and_Restart_of_Play_(association_football)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Start and Restart of Play (association football)">The Start and Restart of Play</a></li> <li>Law 9: <a href="/wiki/Ball_in_and_out_of_play" title="Ball in and out of play">The Ball In and Out of Play</a></li> <li>Law 10: <a href="/wiki/Determining_the_Outcome_of_a_Match_(association_football)" title="Determining the Outcome of a Match (association football)">Determining the Outcome of a Match</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scoring_in_association_football" title="Scoring in association football">scoring</a>)</li> <li>Law 11: <a href="/wiki/Offside_(association_football)" title="Offside (association football)">Offside</a></li> <li>Law 12: <a href="/wiki/Fouls_and_misconduct_(association_football)" title="Fouls and misconduct (association football)">Fouls and Misconduct</a></li> <li>Law 13: <a href="/wiki/Free_kick_(association_football)" title="Free kick (association football)">The Free Kick</a></li> <li>Law 14: <a href="/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)" title="Penalty kick (association football)">The Penalty Kick</a></li> <li>Law 15: <a href="/wiki/Throw-in" title="Throw-in">The Throw-In</a></li> <li>Law 16: <a href="/wiki/Goal_kick" title="Goal kick">The Goal Kick</a></li> <li>Law 17: <a href="/wiki/Corner_kick" title="Corner kick">The Corner Kick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_rugby_union" title="Comparison of association football and rugby union">Football and rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_association_football_and_futsal" title="Comparison of association football and futsal">Football and futsal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Football_Association_Board" title="International Football Association Board">IFAB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/15px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/30px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association" title="Scottish Football Association">Scottish Football Association</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/15px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/30px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Wales" title="Football Association of Wales">Football Association of Wales</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Irish_Football_Association" title="Irish Football Association">Irish Football Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_FIFA.svg/15px-Flag_of_FIFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_FIFA.svg/23px-Flag_of_FIFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_FIFA.svg/30px-Flag_of_FIFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Rules" title="Sheffield Rules">Sheffield Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_rules" 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