Counter Circuit Design: Timing and Control Basics

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Synchronous counters synchronize their moves, using a shared clock signal for all flip-flops. This ensures simultaneous state changes, making them fast and reliable but requiring more intricate wiring and logic gates. On the other hand, asynchronous counters, also called ripple counters, pass the torch from one flip-flop to the next. While simpler and cheaper, they introduce delays and are prone to glitches and timing errors. It's a balancing act between speed and reliability for synchronous counters and simplicity and cost-effectiveness for asynchronous ones in digital circuit design.","upVoteCount":0,"author":{"@type":"Person","url":"https://in.linkedin.com/in/hemanthch","name":"Hemanth Chintalapudi","image":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5603AQGToeHPgNPdTQ/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/0/1723942209789?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=HNhWJxjubGKnOuAxzcW2vBvdmsEU9GR_sqPgTZx8_UM","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/FollowAction","name":"Followers","userInteractionCount":0}}},{"@type":"Comment","text":"In the digital realm, a binary counter is like a sequence of steps, counting from 0 to 2^n - 1 with each step represented by flip-flops. It's a connected chain where one step triggers the next, and the final step can signal an overflow or initiate a reset. This counter can also serve as a frequency divider for other circuits.\n\nNow, meet the decimal counter (BCD), which counts from 0 to 9 using four bits per digit. Think of it as a modified binary counter with added logic gates or a specific type of flip-flop called a decade flip-flop. This counter can illuminate a 7-segment LED display, transforming binary code into a visual display of numbers. It's a digital dance where circuits coordinate, and LEDs shine.","upVoteCount":1,"author":{"@type":"Person","url":"https://in.linkedin.com/in/hemanthch","name":"Hemanth Chintalapudi","image":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5603AQGToeHPgNPdTQ/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/0/1723942209789?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=HNhWJxjubGKnOuAxzcW2vBvdmsEU9GR_sqPgTZx8_UM","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/FollowAction","name":"Followers","userInteractionCount":0}}},{"@type":"Comment","text":"Let's talk counters: a modulus counter counts from 0 to n - 1 (where n \u003C 2^m), like a modulus-12 going from 0 to 11. It works by connecting flip-flop outputs to a reset circuit, useful for dividing clock frequencies.\n\nNow, the preset counter is like a digital planner. It counts from a starting number to a chosen end. Imagine a 4-bit one counting from 0 to 15. With load flip-flops and a reset circuit, it helps generate a specific number of pulses or cycles.","upVoteCount":0,"author":{"@type":"Person","url":"https://in.linkedin.com/in/hemanthch","name":"Hemanth Chintalapudi","image":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5603AQGToeHPgNPdTQ/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/0/1723942209789?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=HNhWJxjubGKnOuAxzcW2vBvdmsEU9GR_sqPgTZx8_UM","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/FollowAction","name":"Followers","userInteractionCount":0}}},{"@type":"Comment","text":"Applications of Counters:\n1. Pixel Counting in Video Protocols: Counters play a pivotal role in video protocol design, particularly in pixel counting within each frame. As digital surveyors, counters meticulously tally pixels, providing essential data for video processing and transmission. This pixel count influences decisions on bandwidth, compression, and overall video quality, making counters indispensable architects in the efficient interpretation and transmission of visual information.\n2. Wrist Watch: From a digital electronics perspective, counters take on the role of choreographers in digital wristwatches. They precisely manage the dance of hours, minutes, and seconds, transforming a wristwatch into a reliable timekeeping marvel.","upVoteCount":2,"author":{"@type":"Person","url":"https://in.linkedin.com/in/hemanthch","name":"Hemanth Chintalapudi","image":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5603AQGToeHPgNPdTQ/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/0/1723942209789?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=HNhWJxjubGKnOuAxzcW2vBvdmsEU9GR_sqPgTZx8_UM","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/FollowAction","name":"Followers","userInteractionCount":0}}},{"@type":"Comment","text":"I recommend launching articles on advanced digital design using Verilog, presenting engineers with challenging problems for collaborative solutions. These resources are not only beneficial for students but also serve as free tools for upskilling. Considering the expense associated with VLSI core knowledge, providing such content is a valuable initiative to cultivate more circuit design engineers and make this expertise more accessible.","upVoteCount":2,"author":{"@type":"Person","url":"https://in.linkedin.com/in/hemanthch","name":"Hemanth Chintalapudi","image":"https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/v2/D5603AQGToeHPgNPdTQ/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/profile-displayphoto-shrink_400_400/0/1723942209789?e=2147483647&v=beta&t=HNhWJxjubGKnOuAxzcW2vBvdmsEU9GR_sqPgTZx8_UM","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/FollowAction","name":"Followers","userInteractionCount":0}}}]} </script>  </head> <body dir="ltr">  <div class="guest-upsells"> <form class="google-auth base-google-auth" action="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login-submit" method="post"> <input name="loginCsrfParam" value="172020a7-9d52-4091-8c57-4dd6c0187138" type="hidden"> <input name="session_redirect" 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class="bg-color-surface"></div> </div> <div class="max-w-[1128px] py-2 md:py-4 mx-auto">  <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="memberUrn" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isNbaRecommendedArticlesDeeplinkEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isDynamicTextareaEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <article class="article-main relative flex-grow">  <section class="core-section-container my-3 relative">    <div class="core-section-container__content break-words">  <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex article-content-row-reduced"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div> <div class="article-segment-content-container ">  <section class="mb-2"> <ol itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumbs "> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb inline-block mr-0.5 font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs text-color-text after:content-['/'] after:text-color-text-low-emphasis after:ml-0.5 after:no-underline last:mr-0 last:after:hidden"> <a itemprop="item" class="breadcrumb__link inline-block link-no-visited-state !text-color-text-low-emphasis" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/home/" data-tracking-control-name="breadcrumb" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="font-normal" itemprop="name">All</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb inline-block mr-0.5 font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs text-color-text after:content-['/'] after:text-color-text-low-emphasis after:ml-0.5 after:no-underline last:mr-0 last:after:hidden"> <a aria-current="page" itemprop="item" class="breadcrumb__link inline-block link-no-visited-state !text-color-text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/circuit-design-s3536/" data-tracking-control-name="breadcrumb" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="font-semibold" itemprop="name">Circuit Design</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"> </li> </ol> </section> <h1 class="pulse-title text-display-md text-color-text lg:text-display-lg font-bold w-11/12 ">How do you use counter circuits to generate timing signals and control sequences?</h1>  <div class="powered-by-ai py-3 text-sm text-color-text-secondary">Powered by AI and the LinkedIn community</div> <section class="table-of-content pb-6"> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="types-of-counters"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">1</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#types-of-counters" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Types of counters </a>  </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="binary-and-decimal-counters"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">2</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#binary-and-decimal-counters" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Binary and decimal counters </a>  </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="modulus-and-preset-counters"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">3</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#modulus-and-preset-counters" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Modulus and preset counters </a>  </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="applications-of-counters"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">4</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#applications-of-counters" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Applications of counters </a>  </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="here’s-what-else-to-consider"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">5</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#here’s-what-else-to-consider" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Here’s what else to consider </a>  </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> </section> <div class="x-article-introduction"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Counter circuits are essential components of many digital systems, such as timers, frequency dividers, and state machines. They can generate precise and predictable timing signals and control sequences by counting pulses from a clock source or an external input. 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class="mr-0.5 truncate text-sm font-bold text-color-text lg:text-md"> Hemanth Chintalapudi </span>  </div> <p class="m-0 truncate text-sm text-color-text-low-emphasis md:text-md" data-test-id="contribution-lock-up-headline"> Educator & Writer | Technical Sketch Artist | ASIC Design Engineer | Keynote Speaker at Engineering Colleges & Workshop Facilitator | Inspiring Students to Excel </p> </div> </a> <div class="flex items-center">  <div class="ellipsis-menu absolute right-0 top-0 contribution-control-menu relative" data-feed-action="show-comment-dropdown" data-id="comment__ellipsis-menu" data-feed-control="control_menu" data-tracking-control-name="comment_control_menu" data-feed-action-type="expandControl" data-feed-action-category="expand"> <div class="collapsible-dropdown flex items-center relative hyphens-auto"> <button class="ellipsis-menu__trigger collapsible-dropdown__button btn-md btn-tertiary cursor-pointer !py-[6px] !px-1 flex items-center rounded-[50%] 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You'll no longer see this contribution</p> </template> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div> <code id="contributionCopyLink" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyFail" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyUnsupported" style="display: none"></code> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__container left__border -mb-2 -mt-1 animate-show ml-0 pl-0 md:ml-[-41px] md:pl-[32px] pr-0 lg:ml-[-33px] lg:pl-[40px] lg:pr-1 pt-2 pb-4"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between lg:flex-col"> <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-1"> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__text-wrapper relative"> <p class="contribution__text mb-1 whitespace-pre-wrap pt-1 text-md leading-open text-color-text md:mb-0 md:pt-0 line-clamp-5 lg:text-lg" data-tracking-control-name="comment_text">Counters, the building blocks of digital circuits, come in two main types: synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous counters synchronize their moves, using a shared clock signal for all flip-flops. This ensures simultaneous state changes, making them fast and reliable but requiring more intricate wiring and logic gates. On the other hand, asynchronous counters, also called ripple counters, pass the torch from one flip-flop to the next. While simpler and cheaper, they introduce delays and are prone to glitches and timing errors. 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md:block">Funny</span> </div> </div> </template>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7046566803325554688,7046566806085373952)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="1" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 "> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7046566803325554688_7046566806085373952_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="binary-and-decimal-counters" href="#binary-and-decimal-counters" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">2</span> <span class>Binary and decimal counters</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>The simplest form of a counter is a binary counter, which counts in binary numbers from 0 to 2^n - 1, where n is the number of bits or flip-flops in the counter. For example, a 4-bit binary counter can count from 0000 to 1111. A binary counter can be made by connecting the output of each flip-flop to the clock input of the next one, forming a chain of toggle or T flip-flops. The output of the last flip-flop can be used as an overflow signal or a reset signal for the counter. A binary counter can be used to generate a frequency divider by taking the output of any flip-flop and using it as a clock signal for another circuit.</span> </p> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>A decimal counter, also known as a BCD counter, counts in decimal numbers from 0 to 9, using four bits or flip-flops per digit. For example, a 2-digit decimal counter can count from 00 to 99. A decimal counter can be made by modifying a binary counter with additional logic gates that detect when the counter reaches 9 and reset it to 0. Alternatively, a decimal counter can be made by using a special type of flip-flop called a decade or D flip-flop, which has 10 states and advances to the next state on each clock pulse. 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You'll no longer see this contribution</p> </template> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div> <code id="contributionCopyLink" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyFail" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyUnsupported" style="display: none"></code> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__container left__border -mb-2 -mt-1 animate-show ml-0 pl-0 md:ml-[-41px] md:pl-[32px] pr-0 lg:ml-[-33px] lg:pl-[40px] lg:pr-1 pt-2 pb-4"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between lg:flex-col"> <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-1"> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__text-wrapper relative"> <p class="contribution__text mb-1 whitespace-pre-wrap pt-1 text-md leading-open text-color-text md:mb-0 md:pt-0 line-clamp-5 lg:text-lg" data-tracking-control-name="comment_text">In the digital realm, a binary counter is like a sequence of steps, counting from 0 to 2^n - 1 with each step represented by flip-flops. It's a connected chain where one step triggers the next, and the final step can signal an overflow or initiate a reset. This counter can also serve as a frequency divider for other circuits. Now, meet the decimal counter (BCD), which counts from 0 to 9 using four bits per digit. Think of it as a modified binary counter with added logic gates or a specific type of flip-flop called a decade flip-flop. This counter can illuminate a 7-segment LED display, transforming binary code into a visual display of numbers. 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data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7046566803325554688,7046566806085369856)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="1" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 "> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7046566803325554688_7046566806085369856_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="modulus-and-preset-counters" href="#modulus-and-preset-counters" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">3</span> <span class>Modulus and preset counters</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>A modulus counter, also known as a divide-by-n counter, counts in a specific range of numbers from 0 to n - 1, where n is less than 2^m, where m is the number of bits or flip-flops in the counter. For example, a modulus-12 counter can count from 0 to 11. A modulus counter can be made by connecting the output of some of the flip-flops to a logic circuit that generates a reset signal when the desired count is reached. For example, a modulus-12 counter can be made by connecting the output of the second and fourth flip-flops to an AND gate that resets the counter when both are high. A modulus counter can be used to generate a specific frequency or time interval by dividing the input clock frequency by n.</span> </p> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>A preset counter, also known as a programmable counter, counts from a preset value to a terminal value, which can be any number within the range of the counter. For example, a 4-bit preset counter can count from any number between 0 and 15 to any other number between 0 and 15. A preset counter can be made by using a special type of flip-flop called a load or L flip-flop, which has two inputs: a data input and a load input. The data input determines the initial state of the flip-flop, and the load input controls when the data input is transferred to the output. By connecting the data inputs of each flip-flop to switches or registers, and the load inputs to a common signal, the preset value can be set and loaded into the counter. The terminal value can be determined by a logic circuit that resets the counter when it is reached. A preset counter can be used to generate a specific number of pulses or cycles by setting the preset value to the desired count minus one.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7046566803325554688,7046566806085369856)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " 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class="mr-0.5 truncate text-sm font-bold text-color-text lg:text-md"> Hemanth Chintalapudi </span>  </div> <p class="m-0 truncate text-sm text-color-text-low-emphasis md:text-md" data-test-id="contribution-lock-up-headline"> Educator & Writer | Technical Sketch Artist | ASIC Design Engineer | Keynote Speaker at Engineering Colleges & Workshop Facilitator | Inspiring Students to Excel </p> </div> </a> <div class="flex items-center">  <div class="ellipsis-menu absolute right-0 top-0 contribution-control-menu relative" data-feed-action="show-comment-dropdown" data-id="comment__ellipsis-menu" data-feed-control="control_menu" data-tracking-control-name="comment_control_menu" data-feed-action-type="expandControl" data-feed-action-category="expand"> <div class="collapsible-dropdown flex items-center relative hyphens-auto"> <button class="ellipsis-menu__trigger collapsible-dropdown__button btn-md btn-tertiary cursor-pointer !py-[6px] !px-1 flex items-center rounded-[50%] 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You'll no longer see this contribution</p> </template> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div> <code id="contributionCopyLink" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyFail" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyUnsupported" style="display: none"></code> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__container left__border -mb-2 -mt-1 animate-show ml-0 pl-0 md:ml-[-41px] md:pl-[32px] pr-0 lg:ml-[-33px] lg:pl-[40px] lg:pr-1 pt-2 pb-4"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between lg:flex-col"> <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-1"> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__text-wrapper relative"> <p class="contribution__text mb-1 whitespace-pre-wrap pt-1 text-md leading-open text-color-text md:mb-0 md:pt-0 line-clamp-5 lg:text-lg" data-tracking-control-name="comment_text">Let's talk counters: a modulus counter counts from 0 to n - 1 (where n < 2^m), like a modulus-12 going from 0 to 11. It works by connecting flip-flop outputs to a reset circuit, useful for dividing clock frequencies. Now, the preset counter is like a digital planner. It counts from a starting number to a chosen end. Imagine a 4-bit one counting from 0 to 15. 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md:block">Funny</span> </div> </div> </template>  </div>  </div>  </div>  </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7046566803325554688,7046566806093791232)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="1" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 "> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7046566803325554688_7046566806093791232_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="applications-of-counters" href="#applications-of-counters" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">4</span> <span class>Applications of counters</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Counter circuits have numerous applications in digital systems, such as timers, frequency dividers, frequency synthesizers, state machines, and counting devices. For instance, counters can measure time by counting clock pulses or external events and triggering an output signal or an action after a certain count is reached. Additionally, counters can reduce the frequency of a clock signal or an input signal by dividing it by a factor of n, where n is the modulus of the counter. Furthermore, counters can generate different frequencies by using a variable modulus or a variable preset value, controlled by another circuit or a user input. They can also control the sequence of states or operations of a system by generating different output signals or codes depending on the current count or state. 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class="mr-0.5 truncate text-sm font-bold text-color-text lg:text-md"> Hemanth Chintalapudi </span>  </div> <p class="m-0 truncate text-sm text-color-text-low-emphasis md:text-md" data-test-id="contribution-lock-up-headline"> Educator & Writer | Technical Sketch Artist | ASIC Design Engineer | Keynote Speaker at Engineering Colleges & Workshop Facilitator | Inspiring Students to Excel </p> </div> </a> <div class="flex items-center">  <div class="ellipsis-menu absolute right-0 top-0 contribution-control-menu relative" data-feed-action="show-comment-dropdown" data-id="comment__ellipsis-menu" data-feed-control="control_menu" data-tracking-control-name="comment_control_menu" data-feed-action-type="expandControl" data-feed-action-category="expand"> <div class="collapsible-dropdown flex items-center relative hyphens-auto"> <button class="ellipsis-menu__trigger collapsible-dropdown__button btn-md btn-tertiary cursor-pointer !py-[6px] !px-1 flex items-center rounded-[50%] 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You'll no longer see this contribution</p> </template> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div> <code id="contributionCopyLink" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyFail" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyUnsupported" style="display: none"></code> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__container left__border -mb-2 -mt-1 animate-show ml-0 pl-0 md:ml-[-41px] md:pl-[32px] pr-0 lg:ml-[-33px] lg:pl-[40px] lg:pr-1 pt-2 pb-4"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between lg:flex-col"> <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-1"> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__text-wrapper relative"> <p class="contribution__text mb-1 whitespace-pre-wrap pt-1 text-md leading-open text-color-text md:mb-0 md:pt-0 line-clamp-5 lg:text-lg" data-tracking-control-name="comment_text">Applications of Counters: 1. Pixel Counting in Video Protocols: Counters play a pivotal role in video protocol design, particularly in pixel counting within each frame. As digital surveyors, counters meticulously tally pixels, providing essential data for video processing and transmission. This pixel count influences decisions on bandwidth, compression, and overall video quality, making counters indispensable architects in the efficient interpretation and transmission of visual information. 2. Wrist Watch: From a digital electronics perspective, counters take on the role of choreographers in digital wristwatches. 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class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-hu_HU" data-locale="hu_HU" role="menuitem" lang="hu_HU"> Magyar (Hungarian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-in_ID" data-locale="in_ID" role="menuitem" lang="in_ID"> Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Italiano (Italian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-it_IT" data-locale="it_IT" role="menuitem" lang="it_IT"> Italiano (Italian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="עברית (Hebrew)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-iw_IL" data-locale="iw_IL" role="menuitem" lang="iw_IL"> עברית (Hebrew) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="日本語 (Japanese)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ja_JP" data-locale="ja_JP" role="menuitem" lang="ja_JP"> 日本語 (Japanese) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="한국어 (Korean)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ko_KR" data-locale="ko_KR" role="menuitem" lang="ko_KR"> 한국어 (Korean) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="मराठी (Marathi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-mr_IN" data-locale="mr_IN" role="menuitem" lang="mr_IN"> मराठी (Marathi) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Bahasa Malaysia (Malay)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ms_MY" data-locale="ms_MY" role="menuitem" lang="ms_MY"> Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Nederlands (Dutch)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-nl_NL" data-locale="nl_NL" role="menuitem" lang="nl_NL"> Nederlands (Dutch) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Norsk (Norwegian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-no_NO" data-locale="no_NO" role="menuitem" lang="no_NO"> Norsk (Norwegian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-pa_IN" data-locale="pa_IN" role="menuitem" lang="pa_IN"> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) </button> </li> <li 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(Romanian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ro_RO" data-locale="ro_RO" role="menuitem" lang="ro_RO"> Română (Romanian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Русский (Russian)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-ru_RU" data-locale="ru_RU" role="menuitem" lang="ru_RU"> Русский (Russian) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Svenska (Swedish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-sv_SE" data-locale="sv_SE" role="menuitem" lang="sv_SE"> Svenska (Swedish) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="తెలుగు (Telugu)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-te_IN" data-locale="te_IN" role="menuitem" lang="te_IN"> తెలుగు (Telugu) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="ภาษาไทย (Thai)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-th_TH" data-locale="th_TH" role="menuitem" lang="th_TH"> ภาษาไทย (Thai) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Tagalog (Tagalog)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" data-tracking-control-name="language-selector-tl_PH" data-locale="tl_PH" role="menuitem" lang="tl_PH"> Tagalog (Tagalog) </button> </li> <li class="language-selector__item" role="presentation">  <button aria-label="Türkçe (Turkish)" class="font-sans text-xs link block py-[5px] px-2 w-full hover:cursor-pointer hover:bg-color-action hover:text-color-text-on-dark focus:bg-color-action focus:text-color-text-on-dark language-selector__link !font-regular" 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x-social-activity-wrapper xs:sticky bottom-0 flex justify-center border-t-1 border-solid border-color-border-faint bg-color-background-container md:pr-[320px]" data-impression-id="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details">  <div class="x-social-activity social-details x-social-activity-left flex flex-wrap w-full max-w-x-article-width-small justify-between lg:max-w-x-article-width"> <div class="flex x-social-activity-left flex-wrap"> <code id="i18n_reaction_selection_state" style="display: none"></code> <div class="reactions-menu flex flex-row relative items-center justify-center select-none [-webkit-user-select:none] pointer-events-auto" data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta"> <a class="reactions-menu__link text-color-text social-action-bar__button relative h-6 cursor-pointer w-full" href="https://www.linkedin.com/uas/login?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F0%2Fhow-do-you-use-counter-circuits-generate-timing&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_like-cta" target="_blank" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta" data-parent-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7046566803589771264" data-tracking-will-navigate data-feed-control="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_like-toggle_reactions-cta">  <div class="like-button-default flex flex-row items-center "> <icon class="social-action-bar__icon" data-svg-class-name="social-action-bar__icon--svg" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e2cf8dn8tvjcu9gl3qcxhw31q"> </icon> <span class="social-action-bar__button-text">Like</span> </div> </a> </div> <template id="selected-reaction"> <div> <div class="selected-reaction--LIKE flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" 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data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/aup4g97pdky3ff73gv9lyhjvx"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Copy</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_linkedin" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="linkedin"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/2uoxvguhsfspfnmr6tvfuyw4y" data-svg-class-name="text-color-text"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">LinkedIn</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_facebook" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="facebook"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/5xkjpykqkamtr6skk0vodqwd2"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_twitter" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="twitter"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/4bmfmbwr1b97362o29qmjo1zj"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Twitter</span> </button> </li>  </ul> <button aria-expanded="false" class="social-share__button social-share__button-square social-share-button social-action-bar__button social-share-button--square " aria-label data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_main_button"> <icon class="social-share__button-icon " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/852gyy4s01pfis5qf9k99s6d2" data-svg-class-name="social-share-button-icon social-action-bar__icon--svg "></icon> <span class="social-share__button-text-square social-action-bar__button-text "> Share </span> </button> </div> </div> <code id="i18n_reaction_singular" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_reactions_plural" style="display: none"></code> <div class="flex items-center font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs" data-sap-comment-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7046566803589771264"> <div class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis my-1" role="button" aria-label="1 Reaction" data-test-id="social-actions__reactions" data-id="social-actions__reactions" data-num-reactions="1" data-singular="%numReactions%" data-plural="%numReactions%" data-entity-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7046566803589771264" tabindex="0"> <img alt data-reaction-type="LIKE" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9sun4diznbhgyelaeryxy75ur" height="16px" width="16px"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="font-normal ml-0.5" data-test-id="social-actions__reaction-count"> 1 </span> </div> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-APPRECIATION" style="display: none"></code>  <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-EMPATHY" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-ENTERTAINMENT" style="display: none"></code>  <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-INTEREST" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-LIKE" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-MAYBE" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-PRAISE" style="display: none"></code>  <div class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis before:middot my-1" data-test-id="social-actions__comments" data-id="social-actions__comments" data-num-comments="5" data-singular="%numComments% Contribution" data-plural="%numComments% Contributions" data-entity-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7046566803589771264"> 5 Contributions </div>  </div> </div> </div>  <code id="contentUrn" style="display: none"></code> <div id="toasts" class="toasts fixed z-8 babybear:right-4 mamabear:right-4 papabear:min-h-[96px] invisible top:auto bottom-4 left-4 papabear:w-[400px] toasts--bottom" type="bottom"> <template id="toast-template"> <div class="toast container-raised flex toast--bottom transition ease-accelerate duration-xxslow " data-id="toast"> <div class="toast__message flex flex-1 babybear:items-center mamabear:items-center papabear:items-start py-2 px-1.5" data-id="toast__message" role="alert" tabindex="-1"> <div class="toast__message-content-container" data-id="toast__message-content-container"> <p class="toast__message-content font-sans text-sm opacity-90 inline babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start" data-id="toast__message-content"></p> </div> </div> <button class="toast__dismiss-btn cursor-pointer babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start pt-3 pb-2 papabear:py-2 pl-0.5 pr-0" data-id="toast__dismiss-btn" aria-label="Close"> <svg width="24" height="24" class="fill-color-icon"><path d="M13 4.32 9.31 8 13 11.69 11.69 13 8 9.31 4.31 13 3 11.69 6.69 8 3 4.31 4.31 3 8 6.69 11.68 3Z"></path></svg> </button> </div> </template> <template id="toast-icon-caution"> <icon class="text-color-icon-caution toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/u6kgm8vi5s4rhtbgmjlphlp6"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-error"> <icon class="text-color-icon-negative toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/2ffvlzyh9wb65459t9va8w2ph"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-gdpr"> <icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/a0d85elrpgg38lskvq1kvzb3"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-notify"> <icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" 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