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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Padavine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Padavine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Padavine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Padavine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Padavine </button> <ul id="toc-Padavine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formiranje_oblaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formiranje_oblaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Formiranje oblaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formiranje_oblaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Područje_niskog_pritiska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Područje_niskog_pritiska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Područje niskog pritiska </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Područje_niskog_pritiska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fronte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fronte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Fronte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fronte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efekti_jezera_i_okeana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efekti_jezera_i_okeana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Efekti jezera i okeana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efekti_jezera_i_okeana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planinski_efekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planinski_efekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Planinski efekti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planinski_efekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fizika_oblaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fizika_oblaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Fizika oblaka </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fizika_oblaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasifikacija_pahulja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasifikacija_pahulja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Klasifikacija pahulja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasifikacija_pahulja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akumulacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akumulacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Akumulacija </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Akumulacija-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Akumulacija </button> <ul id="toc-Akumulacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Događaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Događaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Događaj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Događaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribucija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribucija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Distribucija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribucija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rekordi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rekordi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rekordi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rekordi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorfizam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorfizam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Metamorfizam </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metamorfizam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Metamorfizam </button> <ul id="toc-Metamorfizam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sezonski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sezonski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sezonski </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sezonski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Firn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pomijeranje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pomijeranje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pomijeranje </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pomijeranje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Pomijeranje </button> <ul id="toc-Pomijeranje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nanosi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanosi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nanosi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanosi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lavina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lavina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lavina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lavina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topljenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topljenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Topljenje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topljenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glečeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glečeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Glečeri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glečeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nauka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nauka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nauka </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nauka-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Nauka </button> <ul id="toc-Nauka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mjerenje_i_klasifikacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mjerenje_i_klasifikacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mjerenje i klasifikacija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mjerenje_i_klasifikacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satelitski_podaci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satelitski_podaci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Satelitski podaci </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satelitski_podaci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modeli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uticaj_na_civilizaciju" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uticaj_na_civilizaciju"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uticaj na civilizaciju </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uticaj_na_civilizaciju-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Uticaj na civilizaciju </button> <ul id="toc-Uticaj_na_civilizaciju-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prijevoz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prijevoz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Prijevoz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prijevoz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autoput" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoput"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Autoput </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoput-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avijacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avijacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Avijacija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avijacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Željeznica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Željeznica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Željeznica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Željeznica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izgradnja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izgradnja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Izgradnja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izgradnja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poljoprivreda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poljoprivreda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Poljoprivreda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poljoprivreda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strukture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strukture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Strukture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strukture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krovovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krovovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Krovovi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krovovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komunalne_linije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komunalne_linije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Komunalne linije </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komunalne_linije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_i_rekreacija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_i_rekreacija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sport i rekreacija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_i_rekreacija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratovanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratovanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Ratovanje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratovanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Također_pogledajte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Također_pogledajte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Također pogledajte </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Također_pogledajte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjski_linkovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Vanjski linkovi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjski_linkovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Uključi/isključi sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Uključi/isključi sadržaj </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Snijeg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na članak na drugom jeziku. Dostupno na 195 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-195" aria-hidden="true" > 195 jezika </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneeu" title="Sneeu – afrikans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sneeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnee" title="Schnee – njemački (Švicarska)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schnee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="njemački (Švicarska)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AD" title="አመዳይ – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አመዳይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieu" title="Nieu – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nieu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%81w" title="Snāw – staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Snāw" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cbot_awo" title="Ìbot awo – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ìbot awo" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB" title="बर्फ – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बर्फ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AC" title="ثلج – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثلج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AC" title="تلج – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تلج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%AC" title="تلج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تلج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="তুষাৰ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুষাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieve" title="Nieve – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nieve" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokipok" title="Sokipok – atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Sokipok" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khunu" title="Khunu – ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Khunu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qar" title="Qar – azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡар – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schn%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Schnää – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schnää" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%97igs" title="Snėigs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Snėigs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyebe" title="Nyebe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nyebe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Снег – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Снег" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Сьнег – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьнег" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Сняг – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сняг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बर्फबारी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बर्फबारी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="তুষার – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুষার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6" title="གངས – tibetanski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གངས" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erc%27h" title="Erc'h – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Erc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salju" title="Salju – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Salju" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Саһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Саһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neu" title="Neu – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B3k" title="Suók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Suók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE" title="Ло – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ло" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyebe" title="Niyebe – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Niyebe" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎤᎾᏥ – čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎾᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9sta%27se" title="Hésta'se – čejenski" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hésta'se" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="čejenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1" title="بەفر – centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەفر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%ADh" title="Sníh – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sníh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%80" title="Юр – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eira" title="Eira – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eira" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sne" title="Sne – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnee" title="Schnee – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schnee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vewre" title="Vewre – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vewre" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81" title="हिउँ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिउँ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Χιόνι – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιόνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiv" title="Naiv – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Naiv" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow" title="Snow – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Snow" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne%C4%9Do" title="Neĝo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieve" title="Nieve – španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nieve" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi" title="Lumi – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lumi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elur" title="Elur – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91evi" title="Ñevi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ñevi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81" title="برف – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi" title="Lumi – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lumi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi" title="Lumi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lumi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucacevata" title="Ucacevata – fidžijski" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ucacevata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavi" title="Kavi – farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kavi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neige" title="Neige – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Neige" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A4" title="Snä – sjeverni frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Snä" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjeverni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snie" title="Snie – zapadni frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Snie" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadni frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneachta" title="Sneachta – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sneachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雪" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneachd" title="Sneachd – škotski galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sneachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski galski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve" title="Neve – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neve" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrypy%27avev%C3%BAi" title="Yrypy'avevúi – gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yrypy'avevúi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="હિમવર્ષા – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિમવર્ષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniaghtey" title="Sniaghtey – manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sniaghtey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siet" title="Siet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Siet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92" title="שלג – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barf" title="Barf – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Barf" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snijeg" title="Snijeg – hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Snijeg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C4%9Bh" title="Sněh – gornjolužičkosrpski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sněh" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="gornjolužičkosrpski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan%C3%A8j" title="Lanèj – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lanèj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3" title="Hó – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ձյուն – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձյուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ձիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ձիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nive" title="Nive – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nive" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleju" title="Seleju – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Seleju" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salju" title="Salju – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nive" title="Nive – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apun" title="Apun – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Apun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Лоа – ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лоа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivo" title="Nivo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nivo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snj%C3%B3r" title="Snjór – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Snjór" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve" title="Neve – italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Neve" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hima" title="Hima – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hima" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="თოვლი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თოვლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adfel" title="Adfel – kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adfel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89omba_m%CA%8Bl%CA%8Bm" title="Ɖomba mʋlʋm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖomba mʋlʋm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қар – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE" title="ಹಿಮ – kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%88%88_(%EB%82%A0%EC%94%A8)" title="눈 (날씨) – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="눈 (날씨)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Лым – komi-permski" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лым" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="شیٖن – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شیٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berf" title="Berf – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berf" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кар – kirgiški" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix" title="Nix – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nix" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schn%C3%A9i" title="Schnéi – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schnéi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Жив – lezgijski" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Жив" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva" title="Neva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Neva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snie%C3%AB" title="Snieë – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Snieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ABif" title="Nëif – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nëif" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev" title="Nev – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nev" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neje" title="Neje – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Neje" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0" title="ຫິມະ – laoski" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຫິມະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniegas" title="Sniegas – litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sniegas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniegs" title="Sniegs – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sniegs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лов – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лов" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oram-panala" title="Oram-panala – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Oram-panala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лум – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лум" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salju" title="Salju – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Salju" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Снег – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Снег" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിമം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Цас – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिमवर्षा – marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिमवर्षा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marati" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salji" title="Salji – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နှင်း – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Лов – erzija" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Лов" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzija" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="ورف – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cepayahuitl" title="Cepayahuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cepayahuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva" title="Neva – napolitanski" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Neva" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snee" title="Snee – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Snee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sney" title="Sney – donjosaksonski" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sney" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="donjosaksonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81" title="हिउँ – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिउँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="च्वापु गायु – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="च्वापु गायु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneeuw" title="Sneeuw – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sneeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="istaknuti članak"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8" title="Snø – norveški (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Snø" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8" title="Snø – norveški (Bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Snø" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški (Bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehlwa" title="Lehlwa – sjeverni soto" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Lehlwa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sjeverni soto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yas" title="Yas – navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Yas" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8u" title="Nèu – oksitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਬਰਫ਼ (ਵਰਖਾ) – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਫ਼ (ਵਰਖਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8ges" title="Nèges – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nèges" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnee" title="Schnee – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schnee" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Anieg" title="Śnieg – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śnieg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%B2ca" title="Fiòca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fiòca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برف باری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برف باری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="واوره – paštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštu" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve" title="Neve – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neve" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rit%27i" title="Rit'i – kečua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rit'i" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%83pad%C4%83" title="Zăpadă – rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zăpadă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neau%C3%A2" title="Neauâ – arumunski" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Neauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%B3" title="Шнїг – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Шнїг" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Снег – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Снег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%B3" title="Снїг – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Снїг" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хаар – jakutski" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хаар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie" title="Nie – sardinijski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nie" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivi" title="Nivi – sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nivi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaw" title="Snaw – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Snaw" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="برف باري – sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برف باري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muohta" title="Muohta – sjeverni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Muohta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sjeverni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snijeg" title="Snijeg – srpskohrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Snijeg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpskohrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8" title="හිම – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow" title="Snow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Snow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneh" title="Sneh – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sneh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneg" title="Sneg – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sneg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinowo" title="Sinowo – šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Sinowo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABbora" title="Dëbora – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dëbora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Снег – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Снег" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salju" title="Salju – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Salju" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="preporučen članak"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B6" title="Snö – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Snö" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theluji" title="Theluji – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Theluji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%84yg" title="Śńyg – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Śńyg" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/suleda" title="suleda – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="suleda" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="பனித்தூவி – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனித்தூவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/hlaqiy" title="hlaqiy – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="hlaqiy" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B4" title="ᥛᥨᥭᥴ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥨᥭᥴ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మంచుగళ్లు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మంచుగళ్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84" title="Барф – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0" title="หิมะ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หิมะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyebe" title="Niyebe – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niyebe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar" title="Kar – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamboko" title="Gamboko – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Gamboko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кар – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قار – ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3" title="Сніг – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сніг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برف باری – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برف باری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qor" title="Qor – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neve" title="Neve – venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Neve" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi" title="Lumi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lumi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tuyết – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%AAeuw" title="Snêeuw – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Snêeuw" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nif" title="Nif – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nive" title="Nive – valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nive" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyebe" title="Nyebe – varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nyebe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varej" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪 – Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="თირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99" title="שניי – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שניי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nae" title="Nae – zuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nae" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/38px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bs" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Za film, pogledajte <a href="/wiki/Snijeg_(film)" title="Snijeg (film)">Snijeg (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/220px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/330px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg/440px-SnowflakesWilsonBentley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Razni oblici pahuljica</figcaption></figure> Snijeg je padavina u <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto_stanje" title="Čvrsto stanje">čvrstom agregatnom stanju</a>. Sastoji se od pojedinačnih <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristala</a> <a href="/wiki/Led" title="Led">leda</a> koji rastu dok su suspendovani u atmosferi – obično unutar <a href="/wiki/Oblak" title="Oblak">oblaka</a> – a zatim padaju na tlo gdje se akumuliraju i prolaze dalje promjene.<a href="#cite_note-Hobbs-1">[1]</a> Sastoji se od smrznute kristalne vode tokom svog životnog ciklusa, počevši kada se, pod odgovarajućim uslovima, kristali leda formiraju u <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">atmosferi</a>, povećaju se do milimetarske veličine, talože se i akumuliraju na površinama, zatim metamorfozuju na mjestu te se na kraju tope, klize ili <a href="/wiki/Sublimacija_(fizika)" title="Sublimacija (fizika)">sublimiraju</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zimska_oluja#Snježne_oluje" title="Zimska oluja">Snježne oluje</a> se organizuju i razvijaju hraneći se izvorima atmosferske vlage i hladnog zraka. Snježne <a href="/wiki/Pahulja" title="Pahulja">pahulje</a> stvaraju jezgro oko čestica u atmosferi privlačeći prehlađene kapljice <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>, koje se smrzavaju u kristalima šestougaonog oblika. Snježne pahulje poprimaju različite oblike, a osnovni među njima su tromboidi, iglice, stubovi i rime. Kako se snijeg akumulira u snježni omotač, on se može otpuhati u nanose. Vremenom se nagomilani snijeg metamorfozira, sinteriranjem, sublimacijom i smrzavanjem-odmrzavanjem. Tamo gdje je klima dovoljno hladna za akumulaciju iz godine u godinu, može se formirati <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">glečer</a>. Inače, snijeg se obično topi sezonski, uzrokujući otjecanje u <a href="/wiki/Potok" title="Potok">potoke</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">rijeke</a> i obnavljanje <a href="/wiki/Podzemna_voda" title="Podzemna voda">podzemnih voda</a>. Glavna područja sklona snijegu uključuju <a href="/wiki/Polarna_regija" title="Polarna regija">polarne regije</a>, najsjeverniju polovinu <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_hemisfera" title="Sjeverna hemisfera">sjeverne hemisfere</a> i planinske regije širom svijeta sa dovoljno vlage i niskim temperaturama. Na <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_hemisfera" title="Južna hemisfera">južnoj hemisferi</a> snijeg je prvenstveno ograničen na planinska područja, osim na <a href="/wiki/Antarktik" title="Antarktik">Antarktik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Snijeg utiče na ljudske aktivnosti kao što je transport: stvara potrebu za održavanjem puteva, krila i prozora čistima; poljoprivreda: obezbjeđivanje vode za usjeve i čuvanje stoke; sportovi poput <a href="/wiki/Skijanje" title="Skijanje">skijanja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snoubording&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snoubording (stranica ne postoji)">snouborda</a> i putovanja na mašinama za snijeg; i <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">ratovanje</a>. Snijeg također utiče na <a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">ekosisteme</a>, tako što tokom zime obezbjeđuje izolacijski sloj ispod kojeg <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljke</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinje</a> mogu preživjeti hladnoću.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> U <a href="/wiki/Meteorologija" title="Meteorologija">meteorologiji</a> se smatra snježnim onaj dan kada je bar polovina vidljivog tla pokrivena snježnim pokrivačem. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Padavine">Padavine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak "Padavine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Padavine">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Countries_receiving_snowfall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Countries_receiving_snowfall.png/220px-Countries_receiving_snowfall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Countries_receiving_snowfall.png/330px-Countries_receiving_snowfall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Countries_receiving_snowfall.png/440px-Countries_receiving_snowfall.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Pojava snježnih padavina:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3262797">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Sve nadmorske visine</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797"><div class="legend">  Sve nadmorske visine, ne u svim oblastima</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797"><div class="legend">  Više nadmorske visine, dolje rijetko</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797"><div class="legend">  Isključivo na višim nadmorskim visinama</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797"><div class="legend">  Isključivo na vrlo visokim nadmorskim visinama</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3262797"><div class="legend">  Ni na jednoj nadmorskoj visini</div></figcaption></figure> Snijeg se razvija u oblacima koji su i sami dio većeg vremenskog sistema. Fizika razvoja snježnih kristala u oblacima je rezultat složenog skupa varijabli koje uključuju sadržaj <a href="/wiki/Vlaga" title="Vlaga">vlage</a> i <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperature</a>. Rezultirajući oblici padajućih i otpalih kristala mogu se klasificirati u niz osnovnih oblika i njihovih kombinacija. Povremeno se pod vedrim nebom mogu formirati neke pločaste, dendritske i zvjezdaste <a href="/wiki/Pahulja" title="Pahulja">pahulje</a> s prisutnom vrlo niskom temperaturnom inverzijom.<a href="#cite_note-Classificationonground-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formiranje_oblaka">Formiranje oblaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak "Formiranje oblaka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Formiranje oblaka">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Snježni oblaci se obično javljaju u kontekstu većih vremenskih sistema, od kojih je najvažniji područje niskog pritiska, koje obično uključuje tople i hladne frontove kao dio svoje cirkulacije. Dva dodatna i lokalno produktivna izvora snijega su oluje s efektom jezera (također na more) i efekti nadmorske visine, posebno u planinama. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Područje_niskog_pritiska">Područje niskog pritiska</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak "Područje niskog pritiska"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Područje niskog pritiska">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Feb242007_blizzard.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feb242007_blizzard.gif/220px-Feb242007_blizzard.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feb242007_blizzard.gif/330px-Feb242007_blizzard.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feb242007_blizzard.gif/440px-Feb242007_blizzard.gif 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Ekstratropska ciklonalna snježna oluja, 24. februara 2007. (Kliknite za animaciju.)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cikloni_srednje_geografske_%C5%A1irine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cikloni srednje geografske širine (stranica ne postoji)">Cikloni srednje geografske širine</a> su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podru%C4%8Dja_niskog_pritiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Područja niskog pritiska (stranica ne postoji)">područja niskog pritiska</a> koja mogu proizvesti bilo šta, od oblačnosti i blagih <a href="/wiki/Zimska_oluja" title="Zimska oluja">snježnih oluja</a> do jakih <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%87ava" title="Mećava">mećava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ExtraLessonMillUni-5">[5]</a> Tokom jeseni, zime i proljeća na hemisferi, atmosfera nad kontinentima može biti dovoljno hladna kroz dubinu <a href="/wiki/Troposfera" title="Troposfera">troposfere</a> da izazove snježne padavine. Na sjevernoj hemisferi, sjeverna strana područja niskog pritiska proizvodi najviše snijega.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Za južne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srednja_geografska_%C5%A1irina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srednja geografska širina (stranica ne postoji)">srednje geografske širine</a>, strana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciklona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciklona (stranica ne postoji)">Ciklona</a> koja proizvodi najviše snijega je južna strana. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fronte">Fronte</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak "Fronte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Fronte">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png/220px-Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png/330px-Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png/440px-Snowsquall_line-Bourrasque_neige_frontal_NOAA.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Frontalna snježna oluja se kreće prema <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Bostonu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hladna_fronta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hladna fronta (stranica ne postoji)">Hladna fronta</a>, prednja ivica hladnije mase zraka, može proizvesti frontalne snježne oluje – intenzivnu frontalnu konvektivnu liniju (slično <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ki%C5%A1na_traka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kišna traka (stranica ne postoji)">kišnoj traci</a>), kada je temperatura blizu nule na površini. Snažna konvekcija koja se razvija ima dovoljno vlage da stvori uslove za izbjeljivanje na mjestima preko kojih linija prolazi jer vjetar izaziva intenzivan snijeg.<a href="#cite_note-EC-2-7">[7]</a> Ova vrsta snježne oluje općenito traje manje od 30 minuta u bilo kojoj tački svoje putanje, ali kretanje linije može pokriti velike udaljenosti. Frontalni udari mogu se formirati na kratkoj udaljenosti ispred površinskog hladnog fronta ili iza hladnog fronta, gdje može postojati produbljivi sistem niskog pritiska ili niz linija korita koje djeluju slično tradicionalnom hladnom frontalnom prolazu. U situacijama kada se udari oluje razvijaju postfrontalno, nije neobično da dva ili tri linearna pojasa udara oluje prolaze u brzom nizu razdvojenih samo 40 kilometara, pri čemu svaki prolazi istu tačku u razmaku od otprilike 30 minuta. U slučajevima kada postoji velika količina vertikalnog rasta i miješanja, oluja može razviti ugrađene kumulonimbusne oblake što rezultira munjama i grmljavinom, što se naziva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg_s_grmljavinom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snijeg s grmljavinom (stranica ne postoji)">snijeg s grmljavinom</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Topla_fronta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topla fronta (stranica ne postoji)">Topla fronta</a> može proizvesti snijeg neko vrijeme jer topao, vlažan zrak nadjača zrak ispod nule i stvara padavine na granici. Često snijeg prelazi u kišu u toplom sektoru iza fronta.<a href="#cite_note-EC-2-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Efekti_jezera_i_okeana">Efekti jezera i okeana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak "Efekti jezera i okeana"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Efekti jezera i okeana">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg/220px-Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg/330px-Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg/440px-Lake_Effect_Snow_on_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption>Hladan sjeverozapadni vjetar iznad <a href="/wiki/Gornje_jezero" title="Gornje jezero">Gornjeg jezera</a> i <a href="/wiki/Michigan_(jezero)" title="Michigan (jezero)">jezera Michigan</a> stvara snježne padavine sa efektom jezera</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg_sa_efektom_jezera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snijeg sa efektom jezera (stranica ne postoji)">Snijeg sa efektom jezera</a> nastaje u hladnijim atmosferskim uvjetima kada se hladna zračna masa kreće duž dugih prostranstava toplije <a href="/wiki/Jezero" title="Jezero">jezerske</a> vode, zagrijavajući donji sloj zraka koji uzima <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodenu paru</a> iz jezera, podiže se kroz hladniji zrak iznad, smrzava se i taloži se na obalama u zavjetrini (niz vjetar).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Isti efekat koji se javlja nad tijelima slane vode naziva se okeanskim efektom ili snijegom sa efektom zaljeva. Efekat je pojačan kada se pokretna vazdušna masa podiže orografskim uticajem viših nadmorskih visina na obalama niz vetar. Ovo podizanje može proizvesti uske, ali vrlo intenzivne trake padavina koje se mogu taložiti brzinom od nekoliko cm snijega svakog sata, često rezultirajući velikom količinom ukupnih snježnih padavina.<a href="#cite_note-mass-10">[10]</a> Područja zahvaćena snijegom s efektom jezera nazivaju se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snje%C5%BEni_pojasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snježni pojasi (stranica ne postoji)">snježni pojasi</a>. To uključuje područja istočno od <a href="/wiki/Velika_jezera" title="Velika jezera">Velikih jezera</a>, zapadne obale sjevernog <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japana</a>, poluostrvo <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%8Datka" title="Kamčatka">Kamčatka</a> u <a href="/wiki/Rusija" title="Rusija">Rusiji</a> i područja u blizini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veliko_slano_jezero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veliko slano jezero (stranica ne postoji)">Velikog slanog jezera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more">Crnog mora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaspijsko_jezero" title="Kaspijsko jezero">Kaspijskog jezera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balti%C4%8Dko_more" title="Baltičko more">Baltičkog mora</a> i dijelova sjevernog <a href="/wiki/Atlantski_okean" title="Atlantski okean">Atlantskog okeana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SCHMID-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planinski_efekti">Planinski efekti</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak "Planinski efekti"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Planinski efekti">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Orografske ili reljefne snježne padavine nastaju kada se vlažan zrak tjera uz vjetrovitu stranu planinskih lanaca velikim strujanjem vjetra. Podizanje vlažnog zraka uz ivicu planinskog lanca rezultira <a href="/wiki/Adijabatski_proces#Adijabatsko_zagrijavanje_i_hlađenje" title="Adijabatski proces">adijabatskim hlađenjem</a> i konačno <a href="/wiki/Kondenzacija" title="Kondenzacija">kondenzacijom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Padavina" title="Padavina">padavinama</a>. Ovim postupkom <a href="/wiki/Vlaga" title="Vlaga">vlaga</a> se postepeno uklanja iz zraka, ostavljajući suhi i topliji zrak na silaznoj ili zavjetrinoj strani.<a href="#cite_note-MT-12">[12]</a> Rezultirajuće pojačane snježne padavine,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> zajedno sa smanjenjem temperature sa nadmorskom visinom,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> kombinuju se za povećanje visine snijega i sezonske postojanosti snježnog pokrivača u područjima podložnim snijegu.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh-15">[15]</a> Utvrđeno je i da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planinski_talasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planinski talasi (stranica ne postoji)">planinski talasi</a> pomažu u povećanju količine padavina niz vjetar od planinskih lanaca tako što povećavaju podizanje potrebno za kondenzaciju i padavine.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg/220px-BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg/330px-BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg/440px-BrockenSnowedTrees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2969" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Drveća "zarobljena" snijegom</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fizika_oblaka">Fizika oblaka</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak "Fizika oblaka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Fizika oblaka">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Pahulja" title="Pahulja">Pahulja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/220px--Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Datoteka:Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm/Snow_day_in_Adachi_Tokyo_-_2018_1_22.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Padanje snijega u <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo">Tokyou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Feathery_Snow_Crystals_(2217830221).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Feathery_Snow_Crystals_%282217830221%29.jpg/220px-Feathery_Snow_Crystals_%282217830221%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Feathery_Snow_Crystals_%282217830221%29.jpg/330px-Feathery_Snow_Crystals_%282217830221%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Feathery_Snow_Crystals_%282217830221%29.jpg/440px-Feathery_Snow_Crystals_%282217830221%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Svježe pale pahulje</figcaption></figure> Pahulja se sastoji od otprilike 1019 <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> vode koji se dodaju njenom jezgru različitim brzinama i različitim obrascima ovisno o promjeni temperature i vlažnosti unutar atmosfere kroz koju pahulja propada na svom putu do tla. Kao rezultat, pahulje se razlikuju jedna od druge iako slijede slične obrasce.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Snježni kristali nastaju kada se zamrznu sitne pothlađene kapljice oblaka (oko 10 μm u prečniku). Ove kapljice mogu ostati tečne na temperaturama nižim od −18 °C, jer da bi se smrzle, nekoliko molekula u kapljici se mora slučajno spojiti kako bi formirali raspored sličan onome u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ledena_re%C5%A1etka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ledena rešetka (stranica ne postoji)">ledenoj rešetki</a>. Kapljica se smrzava oko ovog "nukleusa". U toplijim oblacima, čestica <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosola</a> ili "ledeno jezgro" mora biti prisutna u (ili u kontaktu sa) kapljicom da bi djelovala kao jezgro. Jezgra leda su vrlo rijetka u poređenju sa kondenzacijskim jezgrama oblaka na kojima se formiraju kapljice tekućine. <a href="/wiki/Glina" title="Glina">Glina</a>, pustinjska prašina i biološke čestice mogu biti jezgra.<a href="#cite_note-Christner2008-20">[20]</a> Umjetna jezgra uključuju čestice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srebrni_jodid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srebrni jodid (stranica ne postoji)">srebrnog jodida</a> i <a href="/wiki/Suhi_led" title="Suhi led">suhog leda</a>, a oni se koriste za stimulaciju padavina u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sijavanje_oblaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sijavanje oblaka (stranica ne postoji)">zasijavanju oblaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Jednom kada se kapljica smrzne, ona raste u prezasićenom okruženju – onom u kojem je zrak zasićen u odnosu na led kada je temperatura ispod tačke smrzavanja. Kapljica tada raste difuzijom molekula vode u zraku (para) na površinu kristala leda gdje se skuplja. Budući da su kapljice vode mnogo brojnije od kristala leda, kristali mogu narasti do stotine mikrometara ili milimetara veličine na račun kapljica vode <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisenov_proces&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisenov proces (stranica ne postoji)">Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisenovim procesom</a>. Ovi veliki kristali su efikasan izvor padavina, jer zbog svoje mase padaju kroz atmosferu i mogu se sudarati i lijepiti zajedno u klastere ili agregate. Ovi agregati su snježne pahulje i obično su vrsta ledenih čestica koje padaju na tlo.<a href="#cite_note-natgeojan07-22">[22]</a> Iako je led čist, rasipanje svjetlosti po kristalnim stranama i udubljenjima/nesavršenostima znači da kristali često izgledaju bijele boje zbog difuzne refleksije cijelog spektra svjetlosti malim česticama leda.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klasifikacija_pahulja">Klasifikacija pahulja</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak "Klasifikacija pahulja"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Klasifikacija pahulja">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg/220px-Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg/330px-Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg/440px-Snowflakeschapte00warriala-p11-p21-p29-p39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="5165" /></a><figcaption>Rana klasifikacija pahulja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Perkins_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Perkins Warren (stranica ne postoji)">Israel Perkins Warren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mikrografija" title="Mikrografija">Mikrografija</a> hiljada pahulja od 1885, počevši od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilson_Bentley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilson Bentley (stranica ne postoji)">Wilson Alwyn Bentleyja</a>, otkrila je široku raznolikost pahuljica unutar skupa uzoraka koji se mogu klasificirati.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Uočeni su kristali snijega koji se blisko podudaraju.<a href="#cite_note-identical_crystals-26">[26]</a> Ukichiro Nakaya je razvio morfološki dijagram kristala, povezujući oblike kristala sa temperaturom i uvjetima vlage pod kojima su se formirali, što je sažeto u sljedećoj tabeli.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Morfologija kristalne strukture kao funkcija temperature i zasićenosti vodom </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Raspon temperature </th> <th>Opseg zasićenja (g/m3) </th> <th>Vrste snježnih kristala ispod zasićenja </th> <th>Vrste snježnih kristala iznad zasićenja </th></tr> <tr> <td>0 °C do −3,5 °C </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0,0 − 0,5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Čvrste ploče </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tanke ploče Dendriti </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3,5 °C do −10 °C </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0,5 − 1,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Čvrste prizme Šuplje prizme </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Šuplje prizme Igle </td></tr> <tr> <td>−10 °C do −22 °C </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,2 − 1,2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tanke ploče Čvrste ploče </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sektorne ploče Dendriti </td></tr> <tr> <td>−22 °C do −40 °C </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0,0 − 0,4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tanke ploče Čvrste ploče </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Stubovi Prizme </td></tr></tbody></table> Nakaya je otkrio da je oblik također funkcija toga da li je prevladavajuća vlaga iznad ili ispod zasićenja. Forme ispod linije zasićenja teže ka čvrstim i kompaktnim, dok kristali formirani u prezasićenom vazduhu teže čipkastim, delikatnim i ukrašenim. Formiraju se i mnogi složeniji obrasci rasta, koji uključuju bočne ravni, ruže od metaka i planarne tipove, u zavisnosti od uslova i jezgri leda.<a href="#cite_note-BaileyHallett-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ako je kristal počeo da se formira u režimu rasta kolone na otprilike −5 °C, a zatim padne u topliji pločasti režim, pločasti ili dendritski kristali niču na kraju kolone, stvarajući "kolone".<a href="#cite_note-natgeojan07-22">[22]</a> Magono i Lee su osmislili klasifikaciju svježe formiranih snježnih kristala koja uključuje 80 različitih oblika. Svaki su dokumentirali mikrografijama.<a href="#cite_note-magono-lee-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Akumulacija">Akumulacija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak "Akumulacija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Akumulacija">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Earth-satellite-seasons.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Earth-satellite-seasons.gif/260px-Earth-satellite-seasons.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Earth-satellite-seasons.gif/390px-Earth-satellite-seasons.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Earth-satellite-seasons.gif/520px-Earth-satellite-seasons.gif 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Animacija sezonskih promjena snijega, zasnovana na satelitskim snimcima</figcaption></figure> Snijeg se akumulira iz niza snježnih događaja, isprekidanih smrzavanjem i otapanjem, na područjima koja su dovoljno hladna da snijeg zadržava sezonski ili više godina. Glavna područja sklona snijegu uključuju <a href="/wiki/Arktik" title="Arktik">Arktik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antarktik" title="Antarktik">Antarktik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_hemisfera" title="Sjeverna hemisfera">sjevernu hemisferu</a> i alpske regije. Tečni ekvivalent snježnih padavina može se procijeniti pomoću <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjera%C4%8D_snijega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mjerač snijega (stranica ne postoji)">mjerača snijega</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> ili sa standardnim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mjera%C4%8D_ki%C5%A1e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mjerač kiše (stranica ne postoji)">mjeračem kiše</a>, prilagođen za zimu uklanjanjem lijevka i unutrašnjeg cilindra.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Oba tipa mjerača tope nagomilani snijeg i prijavljuju količinu prikupljene vode.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Na nekim automatskim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteorolo%C5%A1ka_stanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteorološka stanica (stranica ne postoji)">meteorološkim stanicama</a> ultrazvučni senzor dubine snijega može se koristiti za povećanje padavina.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Događaj">Događaj</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak "Događaj"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Događaj">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg/220px-Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg/330px-Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg/440px-Winter_Storm_Jonas_2016_NYC_Pershing_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> tokom mećave 2016, koja je izazvala jake vjetrove i rekordne snježne padavine</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snje%C5%BEna_oluja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snježna oluja (stranica ne postoji)">Snježna oluja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pljusak" title="Pljusak">snježni pljusak</a> i <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%87ava" title="Mećava">mećava</a> opisuju snježne događaje sve većeg trajanja i intenziteta.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Mećava je vremensko stanje koje uključuje snijeg i ima različite definicije u različitim dijelovima svijeta. U <a href="/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Sjedinjene Američke Države">Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama</a>, mećava nastaje kada su ispunjena dva uslova u periodu od tri sata ili više: stalni vjetar ili česti udari do 16 m/s i dovoljno snijega u zraku da smanji vidljivost na manje od 0,4 kilometra.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> U <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ujedinjeno_Kraljevstvo" title="Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo">Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu</a> kriteriji su slični.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Dok se jake snježne padavine često javljaju tokom mećava, snijeg koji pada nije uslov, jer snijeg može stvoriti mećavu na zemlji.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Intenzitet snježne oluje može se kategorizirati prema vidljivosti i dubini akumulacije.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Intenzitet snježnih padavina određen je vidljivošću, kako slijedi:<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <ul><li>Lagana: vidljivost veća od 1 kilometra</li> <li>Umjerena: ograničenja vidljivosti između 0,5 i 1 kilometra</li> <li>Teška: vidljivost je manja od 0,5 kilometara</li></ul> Snježne oluje mogu nanijeti snijeg u trakama koje se protežu od vodenih tijela kao vremenske prilike na jezeru ili kao rezultat prolaska fronta višeg nivoa.<a href="#cite_note-popsci/nasa-snowstorm-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-weather/bandedsnowfall-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbcmontana/snow-bands-44">[44]</a> Međunarodna klasifikacija za sezonski snijeg na tlu definira "visinu novog snijega" kao dubinu svježe palog snijega, u centimetrima mjereno linijarom, koja se nakupila na mjeraču snijega tokom perioda posmatranja od 24 sata ili drugog intervala posmatranja. Nakon mjerenja, snijeg se čisti sa instrumenta i daska se postavlja u ravninu sa površinom snijega kako bi se omogućilo precizno mjerenje na kraju sljedećeg intervala.<a href="#cite_note-Classificationonground-4">[4]</a> Otapanje, zbijanje, puhanje i zanošenje doprinose poteškoćama u mjerenju snježnih padavina.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribucija">Distribucija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak "Distribucija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Distribucija">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg/220px-Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg/330px-Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg/440px-Snow-covered_fir_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Drveće prekriveno snijegom u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuusamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuusamo (stranica ne postoji)">Kuusamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">Finska</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">Glečeri</a> sa svojim trajnim snježnim pokrivačima pokrivaju otprilike 10% zemljine površine, dok sezonski snijeg pokriva ~9%,<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> uglavnom na sjevernoj hemisferi, gdje sezonski snijeg pokriva otprilike 40 miliona kvadratnih kilometara, prema procjena iz 1987.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Procjena snježnog pokrivača na sjevernoj hemisferi iz 2007. sugeriše da se snježni pokrivač u prosjeku kreće od minimalnog opsega od 2 miliona kvadratnih kilometarasvakog augusta do maksimalnog opsega od 45 miliona kvadratnih kilometara svakog januara ili skoro polovina kopnene površine na toj hemisferi.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Déry-48">[48]</a> Studija obima snježnog pokrivača na sjevernoj hemisferi za period 1972–2006. sugeriše smanjenje od 0,5 miliona kvadratnih kilometara u periodu od 35 godina.<a href="#cite_note-Déry-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rekordi">Rekordi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak "Rekordi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Rekordi">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Ovo su svjetski rekordi u pogledu snježnih padavina i pahulja: <ul><li>Najveća ukupna sezonska snježna padavina – Svjetski rekord za najveću količinu sezonskih snježnih padavina izmjeren je u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama na skijalištu Mt. Baker, izvan grada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellingham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellingham (stranica ne postoji)">Bellinghama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington">Washington</a> tokom sezone 1998–1999. Mount Baker je primio 2.896 cm snijega,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> čime je nadmašio prethodni rekorder, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainier_(planina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainier (planina) (stranica ne postoji)">planine Rainier</a>, Washington, koji je tokom sezone 1971–1972. pao 2.850 cm snijega.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li>Najveća sezonska prosječna godišnja snježna padavina – Svjetski rekord za najveću prosječnu godišnju količinu snijega iznosi 1.764 cm,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> izmjereno u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukayu_Onsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukayu Onsen (stranica ne postoji)">Sukayu Onsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> za period 1981–2010.</li> <li>Najveća snježna pahulja – Prema <a href="/wiki/Guinnessova_knjiga_rekorda" title="Guinnessova knjiga rekorda">Guinnessovoj knjizi rekorda</a>, najveća snježna pahulja na svijetu pala je u januaru 1887. izvan današnjeg Miles Cityja u <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montani</a>. Imala je 38 cm u prečniku.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Gradovi (više od 100.000 stanovnika) s najvećim godišnjim snježnim padavinama su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aomori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aomori (stranica ne postoji)">Aomori</a> (792 cm), <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a> (485 cm) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toyama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toyama (stranica ne postoji)">Toyama</a> (363 cm) u Japanu, a slijede <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s" title="St. John's">St. John's</a> (332 cm) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_(grad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quebec (grad) (stranica ne postoji)">Quebec</a> (315 cm) u <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadi</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirakuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirakuzi (stranica ne postoji)">Sirakuzi</a>, New York (325 cm).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metamorfizam">Metamorfizam</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak "Metamorfizam"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Metamorfizam">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg/220px-Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg/330px-Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg/440px-Sparkling-snow.crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Svježi snijeg počinje da se metamorfozira: Na površini se vide vjetrovi i sastrugi. U prvom planu su kristali mraza, nastali smrznutom vodenom parom koja izlazi na hladnu površinu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg/220px-Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg/330px-Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg/440px-Svalbard-Sastrugi-Snow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4402" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Sastrugi nastali tokom <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%87ava" title="Mećava">mećave</a> samo nekoliko sati ranije.</figcaption></figure> Prema Međunarodnom udruženju nauka o kriosferi, snježni metamorfizam je "transformacija koju snijeg prolazi u periodu od taloženja do topljenja ili prelaska u <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">glacijalni led</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Classificationonground-4">[4]</a> Počevši od praškastog taloženja, snijeg postaje granularniji kada se počne sabijati pod vlastitom težinom, raznosi ga <a href="/wiki/Vjetar" title="Vjetar">vjetar</a>, sinteruje čestice zajedno i započinje ciklus topljenja i ponovnog zamrzavanja. Vodena para igra ulogu jer taloži kristale leda, poznate kao <a href="/wiki/Inje" title="Inje">inje</a>, tokom hladnih, mirnih uslova.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Tokom ove tranzicije, snijeg je "visoko porozan, sinterirani materijal sastavljen od neprekidne strukture leda i neprekidno povezanog pora, koji zajedno formira mikrostrukturu snijega". Gotovo uvijek blizu svoje temperature topljenja, snježni omotač kontinuirano transformiše ova svojstva pri čemu sve tri faze <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a> mogu koegzistirati, uključujući tečnu vodu koja djelimično ispunjava prostor pora. Nakon taloženja, snijeg napreduje na jednom od dva puta koji određuju njegovu sudbinu, bilo ablacijom (uglavnom topljenjem) iz snježnih padavina ili sezonskog snijega, ili prelaskom iz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firn (stranica ne postoji)">firna</a> (višegodišnji snijeg) u led <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">glečera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Classificationonground-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sezonski">Sezonski</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak "Sezonski"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Sezonski">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Tokom vremena, snježni omotač se može slegnuti pod vlastitom težinom sve dok njegova gustina ne bude približno 30% vode. Povećanja gustoće iznad ove početne kompresije nastaju prvenstveno topljenjem i ponovnim smrzavanjem, uzrokovano temperaturama iznad nule ili direktnim sunčevim zrakama. U hladnijim klimatskim uslovima, snijeg leži na zemlji cijele zime. Do kasnog proljeća, gustina snijega obično dostiže maksimum od 50% vode.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Snijeg koji se zadržava u ljeto evoluira u <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9v%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Névé (stranica ne postoji)">névé</a>, zrnasti snijeg, koji je djelimično otopljen, ponovo zamrznut i zbijen. Névé ima minimalnu gustinu od 500 kilograma po kubnom metru, što je otprilike polovina gustine tekuće vode.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firn">Firn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak "Firn"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Firn">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg/220px-Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg/330px-Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg/440px-Firn_field_on_the_top_of_S%C3%A4uleck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firn (stranica ne postoji)">Firn</a>–metamorfozirani višegodišnji snijeg</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firn (stranica ne postoji)">Firn</a> je snijeg koji je postojao više godina i koji je prekristaliziran u supstancu gušću od névéa, ali manje gustu i tvrdu od <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">glacijalnog leda</a>. Firn podsjeća na pečeni šećer i vrlo je otporan na lopatu. Njegova gustoća se uglavnom kreće od 550 do 830 kilograma po kubnom metru, a često se može naći ispod snijega koji se nakuplja na vrhu glečera. Minimalna visina koju firn akumulira na glečeru naziva se firnova granica, firnova linija ili snježna linija.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glacialprocess-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pomijeranje">Pomijeranje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak "Pomijeranje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Pomijeranje">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Četiri su glavna mehanizma kretanja nataloženog snijega: nanošenje nesinterovanog snijega, lavine nagomilanog snijega na strmim padinama, otapanje snijega u uslovima odmrzavanja i kretanje glečera nakon snijega koji traje više godina i pretvara se u led glečera. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanosi">Nanosi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odlomak "Nanosi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Nanosi">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg/220px-Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg/330px-Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg/440px-Long_Mynd_snowdrift.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Snježni nanosi se formiraju oko prepreka niz vjetar</figcaption></figure> Kada praškasti snijeg nanosi vjetar s mjesta gdje je prvobitno pao,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> formirajući naslage dubine nekoliko metara na izoliranim mjestima.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Nakon pričvršćivanja na obroncima, naneseni snijeg može evoluirati u snježnu ploču, što predstavlja opasnost od lavine na strmim padinama.<a href="#cite_note-McClung_2006-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lavina">Lavina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odlomak "Lavina"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Lavina">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG/220px-2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG/330px-2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG/440px-2007-02-15-CLB-Couloir2-1c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1317" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Snježna lavina praškastog snijega</figcaption></figure> Lavina (koja se naziva i snježni odron ili snježno klizanje) je brzo kretanje snijega niz nagnutu površinu. Lavine se obično pokreću u početnoj zoni zbog mehaničkog kvara u snježnom pokrivaču (lavina ploča) kada sile na snijeg premašuju njegovu snagu, ali ponekad samo uz postepeno širenje (lavina rastresitog snijega). Nakon pokretanja, lavine se obično brzo ubrzavaju i rastu u masi i zapremini kako zahvate više snijega. Ako se lavina kreće dovoljno brzo, dio snijega može se pomiješati sa zrakom stvarajući snježnu lavinu u prahu, koja je vrsta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitacijska_struja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitacijska struja (stranica ne postoji)">gravitacijske struje</a>. Javljaju se u tri glavna mehanizma:<a href="#cite_note-McClung_2006-60">[60]</a> <ul><li>Lavine ploča se javljaju u snijegu koji se nataložio ili ponovo naslagao vjetrom. Imaju karakterističan izgled bloka (ploče) snijega isječenog iz okoline pukotinama. Ovo preuzrokuje većinu smrtnih slučajeva.</li> <li>Snježne lavine u prahu su rezultat taloženja svježeg suhog praha i stvaraju oblak praha koji prekriva gustu lavinu. Mogu premašiti brzine od 300 kilometara na sat i mase od 10.000.000 tona; lavine se mogu kretati na velikim udaljenostima duž ravnih dna dolina, pa čak i uzbrdo na kratkim udaljenostima.</li> <li>Mokre snježne lavine su suspenzija snijega i vode male brzine, sa protokom ograničenim na površinu staze.<a href="#cite_note-McClung_2006-60">[60]</a> Mala brzina putovanja je posljedica trenja između klizne površine staze i vode zasićenog toka. Uprkos maloj brzini putovanja (~10 do 40 kilometara na sat), lavine vlažnog snijega su sposobne generisati snažne destruktivne sile, zbog velike mase i gustoće.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topljenje">Topljenje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odlomak "Topljenje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Topljenje">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg/220px-1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg/330px-1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg/440px-1997_Red_River_Flood_Grand_Forks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Poplava <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crvena_rijeka_sjevera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crvena rijeka sjevera (stranica ne postoji)">Crvene rijeke sjevera</a> uzrokovana topljenjem snijega 1997.</figcaption></figure> Mnoge rijeke koje potiču iz <a href="/wiki/Planine" class="mw-redirect" title="Planine">planinskih područja</a> ili regija visoke geografske širine primaju značajan dio svog toka zbog topljenja snijega. Ovo često čini tok rijeke izrazito sezonskim, što rezultira periodičnim <a href="/wiki/Poplava" title="Poplava">poplavama</a><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Perlman-61">[61]</a> tokom proljetnih mjeseci, a barem u suhim planinskim regijama kao što su planine zapadno od SAD-a ili veći dio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irana (stranica ne postoji)">Irana</a> i <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistana</a>, vrlo mali protok tokom ostatka godine. Nasuprot tome, ako je veći dio topljenja iz zaleđenih ili skoro zaleđenih područja, otapanje se nastavlja kroz toplu sezonu, s vršnim protokom koji se javlja sredinom do kasnog ljeta.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glečeri">Glečeri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odlomak "Glečeri"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Glečeri">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">Glečeri</a> nastaju tamo gdje akumulacija snijega i leda premašuje ablaciju. Područje u kojem se formira alpski glečer naziva se cirk, tipično geološko obilježje u obliku fotelje, koje skuplja snijeg i gdje se snježni omotač sabija pod težinom uzastopnih slojeva snijega koji se nakupljaju, formirajući <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A9v%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Névé (stranica ne postoji)">névé</a>. Dalje drobljenje pojedinačnih snježnih kristala i smanjenje zarobljenog zraka u snijegu pretvara ga u glacijalni led. Ovaj glacijalni led će ispuniti cirk dok se ne izlije kroz geološku slabost ili put za bijeg, kao što je jaz između dvije planine. Kada je masa snijega i leda dovoljno debela, počinje se kretati zbog kombinacije nagiba površine, gravitacije i pritiska. Na strmijim padinama to se može dogoditi i sa samo 15 m snijega i leda.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nauka">Nauka</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odlomak "Nauka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Nauka">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Naučnici proučavaju snijeg na raznim skalama koje uključuju <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fiziku</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijskih veza</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizika_oblaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizika oblaka (stranica ne postoji)">oblaka</a>; distribucija, akumulacija, metamorfoza i ablacija snježnih pokrivača; i doprinos topljenja snijega <a href="/wiki/Hidraulika" title="Hidraulika">hidraulici</a> rijeka i <a href="/wiki/Hidrologija" title="Hidrologija">hidrologiji</a> tla. Čineći to, oni koriste različite instrumente za posmatranje i mjerenje proučavanih pojava. Njihovi nalazi doprinose znanju koje primjenjuju inženjeri, koji prilagođavaju vozila i konstrukcije snijegu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agronom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agronom (stranica ne postoji)">agronomi</a> koji se bave dostupnošću topljenja snijega u <a href="/wiki/Poljoprivreda" title="Poljoprivreda">poljoprivredi</a> i oni koji dizajniraju opremu za sportske aktivnosti na snijegu. Naučnici razvijaju, a drugi koriste sisteme za klasifikaciju snijega koji opisuju njegova fizička svojstva na skalama u rasponu od pojedinačnog kristala do skupnog snježnog pokrivača. Podspecijalnost su <a href="/wiki/Lavina" title="Lavina">lavine</a>, koje podjednako zabrinjavaju inženjere i sportiste na otvorenom. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka_o_snijegu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka o snijegu (stranica ne postoji)">Nauka o snijegu</a> bavi se načinom na koji se snijeg formira, njegovom distribucijom i procesima koji utiču na to kako se snježni pokrivači mijenjaju tokom vremena. Naučnici poboljšavaju prognoze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oluja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oluja (stranica ne postoji)">oluja</a>, proučavaju globalni snježni pokrivač i njegov uticaj na <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">klimu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lednik" title="Lednik">glečere</a> i zalihe vode širom svijeta. Studija uključuje fizička svojstva materijala kako se mijenja, zapreminska svojstva snježnih naslaga na licu mjesta i agregatna svojstva područja sa snježnim pokrivačem. Čineći to, oni koriste fizičke tehnike mjerenja na tlu za utvrđivanje činjenica na terenu i tehnike daljinskog otkrivanja kako bi razvili razumijevanje procesa povezanih sa snijegom na velikim područjima.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mjerenje_i_klasifikacija">Mjerenje i klasifikacija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odlomak "Mjerenje i klasifikacija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Mjerenje i klasifikacija">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png/220px-Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png/330px-Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png/440px-Taku_glacier_firn_ice_sampling.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Snježna jama na površini glečera, profilira svojstva snijega gdje snijeg postaje sve gušći s dubinom kako se pretvara u led</figcaption></figure> Na terenu naučnici za snijeg često iskopaju snježnu jamu unutar koje vrše osnovna mjerenja i zapažanja. Zapažanja mogu opisati karakteristike uzrokovane vjetrom, prodiranjem vode ili padom snijega sa drveća. Procjeđivanje vode u snježni omotač može stvoriti prste toka i jezerce ili teći duž kapilarnih barijera, koje se mogu ponovo zamrznuti u horizontalne i vertikalne čvrste ledene formacije unutar snježnog pokrivača. Među mjerenjima svojstava snježnih pokrivača koje Međunarodna klasifikacija za sezonski snijeg na tlu uključuje su: visina snijega, ekvivalent snježne vode, jačina snijega i obim snježnog pokrivača. Svaki ima oznaku sa šifrom i detaljnim opisom. Klasifikacija proširuje prethodne klasifikacije Nakaye i njegovih nasljednika na srodne vrste padavina i citira se u sljedećoj tabeli: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Zamrznute čestice padavina, povezane sa snježnim kristalima </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Podklasa </th> <th>Oblik </th> <th>Fizički proces </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krupa_(padavina)" title="Krupa (padavina)">Krupa</a> </td> <td>Jako obrubljene čestice, sferične, konične, šestrugaone ili nepravilnog oblika </td> <td>Jaki obrub čestica akrecijom pothlađenih kapljica vode </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grad_(padavina)" title="Grad (padavina)">Grad</a> </td> <td>Laminarna unutrašnja struktura, prozirna ili mliječno glazirana površina </td> <td>Rast nakupljanjem pothlađene vode, veličina: >5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sugradica" title="Sugradica">Sugradica</a> </td> <td>Prozirni, uglavnom mali sferoidi </td> <td>Smrzavanje kapi kiše ili ponovno zamrzavanje uveliko otopljenih snježnih kristala ili pahuljica. Sugradica ili snježne kuglice obložene tankim slojem leda (mala tuča). Veličina: oba 5 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inje" title="Inje">Inje</a> </td> <td>Nepravilne naslage ili duži čunjevi i iglice usmjerene prema vjetru </td> <td>Nakupljanje malih, pothlađenih kapljica magle smrznutih na mjestu. Na površini snijega formira se tanka lomljiva kora ako se proces nastavi dovoljno dugo. </td></tr></tbody></table> Svi se formiraju u oblaku, osim inja, koji se formira na objektima izloženim pothlađenoj vlazi. Takođerpostoji opširnija klasifikacija nataloženog snijega od onih koje se odnose na snijeg u vazduhu. Kategorije uključuju prirodne i umjetne vrste snijega, opise snježnih kristala dok se metamorfiziraju i tope, razvoj inja u snježnom omotaču i stvaranje leda u njemu. Svaki takav sloj snježnog pokrivača razlikuje se od susjednih slojeva po jednoj ili više karakteristika koje opisuju njegovu mikrostrukturu ili gustoću, a koje zajedno definišu vrstu snijega i druga fizička svojstva. Stoga se u svakom trenutku mora definirati vrsta i stanje snijega koji formira sloj jer o njima zavise njegova fizička i mehanička svojstva. Fizička svojstva uključuju mikrostrukturu, veličinu i oblik zrna, gustoću snijega, sadržaj tekuće vode i temperaturu.<a href="#cite_note-Classificationonground-4">[4]</a> Kada je u pitanju mjerenje snježnog pokrivača na tlu, obično se mjere tri varijable: obim snježnog pokrivača (SCE) – površina pokrivena snijegom, trajanje snježnog pokrivača (SD) – koliko dugo je određeno područje prekriveno snijegom i akumulacija snijega, često izražena kao ekvivalent snježne vode (SWE), koja izražava koliko bi snijeg imao vode da se sav otopi: ovo posljednje je mjerenje zapremine snježnog pokrivača.<a href="#cite_note-:AR6-64">[64]</a> Za mjerenje ovih varijabli koriste se različite tehnike: površinska promatranja, daljinsko istraživanje, modeli kopnene površine i proizvodi ponovne analize. Ove tehnike se često kombinuju kako bi se formirale najpotpunije skupove podataka.<a href="#cite_note-:AR6-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satelitski_podaci">Satelitski podaci</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odlomak "Satelitski podaci"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Satelitski podaci">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Daljinska_istra%C5%BEivanja" title="Daljinska istraživanja">Daljinska istraživanja</a> snježnih pokrivača sa <a href="/wiki/Vje%C5%A1ta%C4%8Dki_satelit" title="Vještački satelit">satelitima</a> i drugim platformama obično uključuje multispektralnu kolekciju slika.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Višestrana interpretacija dobijenih podataka omogućava zaključke o onome što se posmatra. Nauka koja stoji iza ovih daljinskih opservacija je verifikovanaa studijama stvarnih uslova na temelju istine.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Satelitska posmatranja bilježe smanjenje snijegom prekrivenih područja od 1960-ih, kada su počela satelitska posmatranja. U nekim regijama kao što je <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>, uočen je trend povećanja snježnog pokrivača od 1978. do 2006. Ove promjene se pripisuju globalnim klimatskim promjenama, koje mogu dovesti do ranijeg topljenja i manje pokrivenosti. U nekim područjima visina snijega se povećava zbog viših temperatura u geografskim širinama sjeverno od 40°. Za <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_hemisfera" title="Sjeverna hemisfera">sjevernu hemisferu</a> u cjelini srednja mjesečna veličina snježnog pokrivača opada za 1,3% po deceniji.<a href="#cite_note-Review-67">[67]</a> Najčešće korištene metode za mapiranje i mjerenje obima snijega, dubine snijega i ekvivalenta snježne vode koriste višestruke ulaze na vidljivo-infracrvenom spektru da bi se zaključilo prisustvo i svojstva snijega. Nacionalni centar za podatke o snijegu i ledu (NSIDC) koristi refleksiju vidljivog i infracrvenog zračenja za izračunavanje normaliziranog indeksa razlike snijega, koji je omjer parametara zračenja koji mogu razlikovati oblake od snijega. Drugi istraživači su razvili stabla odlučivanja, koristeći dostupne podatke za preciznije procjene. Jedan od izazova za ovu procjenu je gdje je snježni pokrivač nejednak, na primjer tokom perioda akumulacije ili ablacije, kao i u šumskim područjima. Oblačnost inhibira optički senzor refleksije površine, što je dovelo do drugih metoda za procjenu stanja tla ispod oblaka. Za hidrološke modele važno je imati kontinuirane informacije o snježnom pokrivaču. Pasivni mikrotalasni senzori su posebno vrijedni za vremenski i prostorni kontinuitet jer mogu mapirati površinu ispod oblaka i u mraku. Kada se kombinuje sa reflektivnim mjerenjima, pasivni mikrotalasni senzori uveliko proširuju moguće zaključke o snježnom pokrivaču.<a href="#cite_note-Review-67">[67]</a> Satelitska mjerenja pokazuju da se snježni pokrivač smanjuje u mnogim dijelovima svijeta od 1978.<a href="#cite_note-:AR6-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeli">Modeli</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odlomak "Modeli"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Modeli">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Watercyclesummary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Watercyclesummary.jpg/220px-Watercyclesummary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Watercyclesummary.jpg/330px-Watercyclesummary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Watercyclesummary.jpg/440px-Watercyclesummary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Sniježne padavine i otapanje snijega su dijelovi Zemljinog <a href="/wiki/Hidrolo%C5%A1ki_ciklus" title="Hidrološki ciklus">ciklusa vode</a>.</figcaption></figure> Nauka o snijegu često vodi do prediktivnih modela koji uključuju taloženje snijega, otapanje snijega i hidrologiju snijega – elemente Zemljinog <a href="/wiki/Hidrolo%C5%A1ki_ciklus" title="Hidrološki ciklus">ciklusa vode</a> – koji pomažu u opisivanju globalnih <a href="/wiki/Globalno_zatopljenje" title="Globalno zatopljenje">klimatskih promjena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalni_modeli_klimatskih_promjena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalni modeli klimatskih promjena (stranica ne postoji)">Globalni modeli klimatskih promjena</a> (GCM) uključuju snijeg kao faktor u svojim proračunima. Neki važni aspekti snježnog pokrivača uključuju njegov <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> (reflektivnost upadnog zračenja, uključujući svjetlost) i izolacijske kvalitete, koji usporavaju brzinu sezonskog topljenja morskog leda. Od 2011, smatralo se da faza topljenja GCM modela snijega ima slab učinak u regijama sa složenim faktorima koji regulišu otapanje snijega, kao što su vegetacijski pokrivač i teren. Ovi modeli obično izvode ekvivalent snježne vode (SWE) na neki način iz satelitskih opservacija snježnog pokrivača.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> Međunarodna klasifikacija za sezonski snijeg na tlu definira SWE kao "dubinu vode koja bi nastala kada bi se masa snijega potpuno otopila".<a href="#cite_note-Classificationonground-4">[4]</a> S obzirom na važnost topljenja snijega za poljoprivredu, hidrološki modeli oticanja koji uključuju snijeg u svoja predviđanja bave se fazama akumulacije snježnog omotača, procesa topljenja i distribucije otopljene vode kroz mreže potoka i u podzemne vode. Ključni za opisivanje procesa topljenja su sunčev toplotni tok, temperatura okoline, vjetar i padavine. Početni modeli topljenja snijega koristili su pristup stepena dana koji je naglašavao temperaturnu razliku između zraka i snježnog pokrivača kako bi se izračunao ekvivalent snježne vode, SWE. Noviji modeli koriste pristup energetskog bilansa koji uzima u obzir sljedeće faktore za izračunavanje Qm, energije dostupne za topljenje. Ovo zahtijeva mjerenje niza snježnih slojeva i faktora okoline da bi se izračunalo šest mehanizama protoka toplote koji doprinose Qm.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uticaj_na_civilizaciju">Uticaj na civilizaciju</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Uredi odlomak "Uticaj na civilizaciju"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Uticaj na civilizaciju">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Snijeg rutinski utiče na <a href="/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija">civilizaciju</a> u četiri glavna područja, transportu, poljoprivredi, građevinama i sportu. Većinu načina prijevoza ometa snijeg na površini putovanja. Poljoprivreda se često oslanja na snijeg kao izvor sezonske vlage. Konstrukcije mogu propasti pod opterećenjem snijega. Ljudi pronalaze širok izbor rekreativnih aktivnosti u snježnim pejzažima. Snijeg također utiče na ratovanje. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prijevoz">Prijevoz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Uredi odlomak "Prijevoz"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Prijevoz">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snje%C5%BEni_plug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snježni plug (stranica ne postoji)">Snježni plug</a></div> Snijeg utiče na prava prolaska autoputeva, aerodroma i željeznica. Sniježni plug je zajednički za sve radnove, iako putevi koriste hemikalije protiv zaleđivanja kako bi se spriječilo spajanje leda, dok aerodromi možda neće; željeznice se oslanjaju na abrazivna sredstva za trenje kolosijeka. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm/220px--Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="117" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Snijeg_u_Sarajevu,_2._januar_2019._godine.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Datoteka:Snijeg_u_Sarajevu,_2._januar_2019._godine.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm/Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="568" data-height="302" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="568" data-height="302" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm/Snijeg_u_Sarajevu%2C_2._januar_2019._godine.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="226" /></video><figcaption>Snijeg u Sarajevu 2. januara 2019.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autoput">Autoput</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Uredi odlomak "Autoput"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Autoput">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG/220px-Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG/330px-Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG/440px-Cars_covered_in_Snow_on_Lake_Shore_Drive_Chicago_Feb_2_2011_storm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1214" /></a><figcaption>Saobraćaj je blokiran u snježnoj oluji u Chicagu 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg/220px-Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg/330px-Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg/440px-Snowy_Higddhway_4012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Smanjena vidljivost na autoputu Ontario 401 u Torontu zbog snježne oluje.</figcaption></figure> U kasnom 20. vijeku, procjenjuje se da se otprilike 2 milijarde dolara godišnje trošilo u <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_Amerika" title="Sjeverna Amerika">Sjevernoj Americi</a> na zimsko održavanje ceste, zbog snijega i drugih zimskih vremenskih prilika, prema izvještaju Kuemmela iz 1994. Studija je ispitala praksu jurisdikcija unutar 44 američke savezne države i devet kanadskih pokrajina. Procijenio je politiku, praksu i opremu koja se koristi za zimsko održavanje. Utvrđeno je da slična praksa i napredak preovlađuju u <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuemmel-68">[68]</a> Dominantni efekat snijega na kontakt vozila sa cestom je smanjeno trenje. Ovo se može poboljšati upotrebom guma za snijeg, koje imaju gazeći sloj dizajniran za kompaktiranje snijega na način koji poboljšava trenje. Ključ za održavanje ceste koji može prihvatiti saobraćaj tokom i nakon snježnog događaja je efikasan program protiv zaleđivanja koji koristi hemikalije i grtanje.<a href="#cite_note-Kuemmel-68">[68]</a> Priručnik Federalne uprave za autoputeve za efikasan program protiv zaleđavanja naglašava postupke protiv zaleđavanja koji sprječavaju vezivanje snijega i leda za put. Ključni aspekti prakse uključuju: razumijevanje zaštite od ledenja u svjetlu nivoa usluge koju treba postići na datoj cesti, klimatskih uslova na koje treba naići i različitih uloga materijala i aplikacija za odmrzavanje, zaštitu od zaleđavanja i abrazivnih materijala, i korištenje "kutija s alatima" protiv zaleđavanja, jedne za operacije, jedne za donošenje odluka i druge za osoblje. Elementi kutije s alatima su:<a href="#cite_note-FHWA-69">[69]</a> <ul><li>Operacije – bavi se primjenom čvrstih i tečnih hemikalija, koristeći različite tehnike, uključujući prethodno vlaženje hloridnih soli. Također se bavi sposobnošću grtanja, uključujući vrste snježnih plugova i noževa koji se koriste.</li> <li>Donošenje odluka – kombinuje informacije o vremenskoj prognozi sa informacijama o putevima kako bi se procijenile nadolazeće potrebe za primjenom sredstava i procjena efikasnosti tretmana sa operacijama u toku.</li> <li>Osoblje – bavi se obukom i raspoređivanjem osoblja za efikasno izvršavanje programa protiv zaleđivanja, koristeći odgovarajuće materijale, opremu i procedure.</li></ul> Priručnik nudi matrice koje se odnose na različite vrste snijega i stopu snježnih padavina kako bi se aplikacije prilagodile na odgovarajući i efikasan način. Sniježne ograde, izgrađene uz vetar od ceste, kontrolišu nanošenje snega tako što izazivaju snijeg nanesen vjetrom da se akumulira na željenom mjestu. Koriste se i na željeznici. Pored toga, farmeri i rančeri koriste snježne ograde za stvaranje nanosa u bazenima za spremanje vode u proljeće.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Avijacija">Avijacija</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Uredi odlomak "Avijacija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Avijacija">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg/220px-2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg/330px-2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg/440px-2008_aircraft_deicing_at_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Odleđivanje aviona</figcaption></figure> Kako bi aerodromi ostali otvoreni tokom zimskih oluja, piste i staze za vožnju zahtijevaju uklanjanje snijega. Za razliku od puteva, gdje je hemijska obrada hloridima uobičajena kako bi se spriječilo vezivanje snijega za površinu pločnika, takve hemikalije su obično zabranjene na aerodromima zbog njihovog snažnog korozivnog djelovanja na aluminijske avione. Zbog toga se mehaničke četke često koriste za dopunu djelovanja snježnih plugova. S obzirom na širinu poletno-sletnih staza na aerodromima koji primaju velike avione, za čišćenje snijega na pistama i stazama za vožnju koriste se vozila sa velikim plužnim lopaticama, ešalon plužnih vozila ili rotacionih snježnih strojeva. Za rampe terminala može biti potrebno očistiti površinu od 6 ili više hektara.<a href="#cite_note-Vinson-72">[72]</a> Propisno opremljeni avioni mogu letjeti kroz snježne mećave prema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Let_pomo%C4%87u_instrumenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Let pomoću instrumenata (stranica ne postoji)">pravilima instrumentnog letenja</a>. Prije polijetanja, tokom snježnih oluja potrebna im je tečnost za odleđivanje kako bi se spriječilo nakupljanje i smrzavanje snijega i drugih padavina na krilima i trupu, što može ugroziti sigurnost aviona i putnika u njemu.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> U letu, avioni se oslanjaju na različite mehanizme da izbjegnu inje i druge vrste zaleđivanja u oblacima,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> što uključuje pulsirajuće pneumatske čizme, elektro-termalne oblasti koje stvaraju toplinu i fluidne odleđivače.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Željeznica">Željeznica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Uredi odlomak "Željeznica"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Željeznica">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Željeznice su tradicionalno koristile dvije vrste snježnih plugova za čišćenje kolosijeka, klinasti plug, koji baca snijeg na obje strane, i rotacijski snježni plug, koji je pogodan za rješavanje velikih snježnih padavina i bacanja snijega daleko na jednu ili drugu stranu. Prije pronalaska rotacionog snježnog pluga ca. 1865, bilo je potrebno više lokomotiva za vožnju klinastog pluga kroz duboki snijeg. Nakon raščišćavanja kolosijeka takvim plugovima, koristi se "flanger" za čišćenje snijega između šina koje su ispod dosega ostalih vrsta plugova. Tamo gdje zaleđivanje može utjecati na kontakt čelik-čelik točkova lokomotive na pruzi, abrazivi (obično pijesak) su korišteni za osiguranje trenja na strmijim uzbrdicama.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Željeznice koriste snježne šupe – strukture koje pokrivaju prugu – kako bi spriječile nakupljanje jakog snijega ili lavine za pokrivanje pruga u snježnim planinskim područjima, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Alpe" title="Alpe">Alpe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Stjenovite_planine" title="Stjenovite planine">Stjenovite planine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Grtalice za različite vidove transporta</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:TowPLow_front_view2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Grtalice čiste snijeg na autoputu u Missouriju"><img alt="Grtalice čiste snijeg na autoputu u Missouriju" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/TowPLow_front_view2.JPG/300px-TowPLow_front_view2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/TowPLow_front_view2.JPG/451px-TowPLow_front_view2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/TowPLow_front_view2.JPG/600px-TowPLow_front_view2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grtalice čiste snijeg na autoputu u <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouriju</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 278px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Winter_Operations_@_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_(8387468508).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Operacije čišćenja snijega na aerodromu uključuju grtanje i četkanje"><img alt="Operacije čišćenja snijega na aerodromu uključuju grtanje i četkanje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Winter_Operations_%40_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_%288387468508%29.jpg/417px-Winter_Operations_%40_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_%288387468508%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Winter_Operations_%40_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_%288387468508%29.jpg/627px-Winter_Operations_%40_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_%288387468508%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Winter_Operations_%40_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_%288387468508%29.jpg/835px-Winter_Operations_%40_Brussels_Airport_January_2013_%288387468508%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4775" data-file-height="2576" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Operacije čišćenja snijega na aerodromu uključuju grtanje i četkanje</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 243.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Švicarski niskoprofilni snježni plug montiran na voz"><img alt="Švicarski niskoprofilni snježni plug montiran na voz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg/365px-RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg/548px-RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg/729px-RhB_ABe_8-12_Allegra_mit_Spurpflug_bei_Ospizio_Bernina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="3352" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Švicarski niskoprofilni snježni plug montiran na voz</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Izgradnja">Izgradnja</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Uredi odlomak "Izgradnja"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Izgradnja">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Snijeg se može sabiti kako bi formirao snježni put i bio dio zimskog puta kojim vozila mogu pristupiti izolovanim zajednicama ili građevinskim projektima tokom zime.<a href="#cite_note-Abele-78">[78]</a> Snijeg se također može koristiti za pružanje potporne strukture i površine za pistu, kao što je slučaj sa aerodromom Phoenix na Antarktiku. Pista od sabijenog snijega je dizajnirana da izdrži približno 60 letova na točkovima teških vojnih aviona godišnje.<a href="#cite_note-usap4212-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poljoprivreda">Poljoprivreda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Uredi odlomak "Poljoprivreda"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Poljoprivreda">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/220px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/330px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg/440px-Indus.A2002274.0610.1km.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Satelitski prikaz <a href="/wiki/Ind" title="Ind">sliva rijeke Ind</a>, koji prikazuje snijeg u planinskim lancima – uključujući Himalaje – koji napajaju rijeku Ind i njene pritoke, te poljoprivredna područja u istočnom <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistanu</a> i sjeverozapadnoj <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indiji</a> koja ih crpe za navodnjavanje.</figcaption></figure> Snježne padavine mogu biti korisne za poljoprivredu služeći kao toplinski izolator, čuvajući toplotu Zemlje i štiteći usjeve od temperature ispod tačke smrzavanja. Neke poljoprivredne površine zavise od akumulacije snijega tokom zime koji će se postepeno topiti u proljeće, obezbjeđujući vodu za rast usjeva, kako direktno tako i putem oticanja kroz potoke i rijeke, koji opskrbljuju kanale za navodnjavanje.<a href="#cite_note-Snowenclyclopedia-3">[3]</a> Slijede primjeri rijeka koje se oslanjaju na otopljenu vodu iz glečera ili sezonski snijeg kao važan dio svog toka o kojem ovisi navodnjavanje: <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>, čije mnoge pritoke izviru u <a href="/wiki/Himalaji" title="Himalaji">Himalajima</a> i koje pružaju značajno navodnjavanje u sjeveroistočnoj <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indiji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> rijeka <a href="/wiki/Ind" title="Ind">Ind</a>, koja izvire u <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetu</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> i obezbjeđuje vodu za navodnjavanje <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistana</a> iz tibetanskih glečera koji se brzo povlače,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> i rijeku <a href="/wiki/Colorado_(rijeka)" title="Colorado (rijeka)">Colorado</a>, koja prima veliki dio svoje vode iz sezonskog snijega u <a href="/wiki/Stjenovite_planine" title="Stjenovite planine">Stjenovitim planinama</a><a href="#cite_note-USGSrivers-83">[83]</a> i osigurava navodnjavanje vode na oko 4 miliona hektara.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strukture">Strukture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Uredi odlomak "Strukture"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: Strukture">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg/220px-Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg/330px-Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg/440px-Snow_in_Grindelwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>Ekstremno nakupljanje snijega na krovovima zgrada</figcaption></figure> Snijeg je važan faktor za opterećenje konstrukcija. Za rješavanje ovih problema, evropske zemlje primjenjuju Eurocode 1: Dejstva na konstrukcije – Dio 1-3: Opšte akcije – Opterećenja snijegom.<a href="#cite_note-Eurocode1-85">[85]</a> U Sjevernoj Americi, ASCE Minimalna projektna opterećenja za zgrade i druge konstrukcije daje smjernice o opterećenjima snijegom.<a href="#cite_note-ASCE7-86">[86]</a> Oba standarda koriste metode koje prenose maksimalna očekivana opterećenja snijega na tlo u projektna opterećenja za krovove. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krovovi">Krovovi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Uredi odlomak "Krovovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: Krovovi">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg/220px-Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg/330px-Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg/440px-Ice_dam_and_roof_leakage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2493" data-file-height="3206" /></a><figcaption>Zaleđivanje koje nastaje kao rezultat otopljene vode na dnu snježnog omotača na krovu, kada teče i ponovno se smrzava na nadstrešnici u obliku ledenica i curenja u zid preko ledene brane.</figcaption></figure> Opterećenje snijegom i zaleđivanje su dva glavna problema za krovove. Opterećenja snijegom povezana su s klimom u kojoj se građevina nalazi. Zaleđavanje je obično rezultat toga što zgrada ili konstrukcija stvara toplotu koja topi snijeg koji se nalazi na njoj. Opterećenje snijegom – Minimalna projektna opterećenja za zgrade i druge konstrukcije daje smjernice o tome kako prevesti sljedeće faktore u krovno opterećenje snijegom:<a href="#cite_note-ASCE7-86">[86]</a> <ul><li>Opterećenje tla snijegom</li> <li>Izloženost krova</li> <li>Toplotna svojstva krova</li> <li>Oblik krova</li> <li>Klizanje</li> <li>Važnost zgrade</li></ul> Daje tabele za opterećenje snijegom na tlu po regijama i metodologiju za izračunavanje opterećenja snijegom na tlu koja može varirati u zavisnosti od nadmorske visine od obližnjih izmjerenih vrijednosti. Eurocode 1 koristi slične metodologije, počevši od opterećenja snijegom na tlu koja je tabelarno prikazana za dijelove Evrope.<a href="#cite_note-Eurocode1-85">[85]</a> Zaleđivanje – Krovovi također moraju biti projektovani tako da se izbjegnu ledene brane koje su rezultat otopljene vode koja teče ispod snijega na krovu i smrzavanja na nadstrešnici. Ledene brane na krovovima nastaju kada se nagomilani snijeg na kosom krovu topi i teče niz krov, ispod izolacijskog snježnog pokrivača, sve dok ne dostigne temperaturu zraka ispod nule, obično na nadstrešnici. Kada otopljena voda dostigne ledeni zrak, led se nakuplja, formirajući branu, a snijeg koji se kasnije topi ne može se pravilno ocijediti kroz branu.<a href="#cite_note-Paul-87">[87]</a> Ledene brane mogu dovesti do oštećenja građevinskog materijala ili oštećenja ili ozljeda kada ledena brana padne ili od pokušaja uklanjanja ledenih brana. Topljenje je rezultat prolaska toplote kroz krov ispod visokoizolacionog sloja snijega.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Komunalne_linije">Komunalne linije</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Uredi odlomak "Komunalne linije"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section's source code: Komunalne linije">uredi izvor</a>]</div> U područjima sa drvećem, razvodni vodovi na stubovima su manje podložni snježnim opterećenjima nego što su podložni oštećenjima od drveća koje pada na njih, oborenog teškim, mokrim snijegom.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Na drugim mjestima snijeg se može nakupiti na dalekovodima kao "rukav" leda. Inženjeri dizajniraju za takva opterećenja, koja se mjere u kg/m, a elektroenergetske kompanije imaju sisteme za predviđanje koji predviđaju vrste vremena koje mogu uzrokovati takva povećanja. Led se može ukloniti ručno ili stvaranjem dovoljnog kratkog spoja u pogođenom segmentu dalekovoda da bi se narasle naslage otopile.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_i_rekreacija">Sport i rekreacija</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Uredi odlomak "Sport i rekreacija"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section's source code: Sport i rekreacija">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg/220px-Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg/330px-Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg/440px-Ski_Famille_-_Family_Ski_Holidays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Alpsko skijanje</figcaption></figure> Snijeg se uključuje u mnoge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zimski_sportovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zimski sportovi (stranica ne postoji)">zimske sportove</a> i oblike rekreacije, uključujući <a href="/wiki/Skijanje" title="Skijanje">skijanje</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanjkanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjkanje (stranica ne postoji)">sanjkanje</a>. Uobičajeni primjeri uključuju skijaško trčanje, alpsko skijanje, snowboarding, krpljanje i motorne sanke. Dizajn korištene opreme, npr. skije i snoubord, obično se oslanja na nosivost snijega i bori se s koeficijentom trenja na snijegu. Skijanje je daleko najveći oblik zimske rekreacije. Od 1994, od procijenjenih 65-75 miliona skijaša širom svijeta, bilo je približno 55 miliona onih koji su se bavili alpskim skijanjem, a ostali su se bavili skijaškim trčanjem. Otprilike 30 miliona skijaša (svih vrsta) bilo je u <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropi</a>, 15 miliona u <a href="/wiki/Sjedinjene_Ameri%C4%8Dke_Dr%C5%BEave" title="Sjedinjene Američke Države">SAD</a>-u i 14 miliona u <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanu</a>. Od 1996, navodno je postojalo 4.500 skijaških područja, funkcionisalo je 26.000 ski liftova i uživalo 390 miliona posjeta skijaša godišnje. Dominantna regija za spust bila je Evropa, a slijede Japan i SAD.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Skijališta se sve više oslanjaju na osnježavanje, proizvodnju snijega tjeranjem vode i zraka pod pritiskom kroz snježni top na skijaškim stazama.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Pravljenje snijega se uglavnom koristi za dopunu prirodnog snijega na skijalištima.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> To im omogućava da poboljšaju pouzdanost svog snježnog pokrivača i produže sezonu skijanja od kasne jeseni do ranog proljeća. Proizvodnja snijega zahtijeva niske temperature. Prag temperature za zasnježavanje raste kako se vlažnost smanjuje. Temperatura vlažnog termometra se koristi kao metrika jer uzima u obzir temperaturu zraka i relativnu vlažnost. Pravljenje snijega je relativno skup proces u potrošnji energije, čime se ograničava njegova upotreba.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Skijaški vosak poboljšava sposobnost skije (ili drugog trkača) da klizi po snijegu smanjujući koeficijent trenja, koji zavisi i o svojstvima snijega i o skiji kako bi rezultirao optimalnom količinom podmazivanja od topljenja snijega trenjem sa skijom–premalo i skija stupa u interakciju sa čvrstim snježnim kristalima, previše i kapilarno privlačenje otopljene vode usporava skiju. Prije nego što skija može kliziti, mora savladati maksimalnu vrijednost statičkog trenja. Kinetičko (ili dinamičko) trenje nastaje kada se skija kreće po snijegu.<a href="#cite_note-Bhavikatti-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratovanje">Ratovanje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Uredi odlomak "Ratovanje"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section's source code: Ratovanje">uredi izvor</a>]</div> Snijeg utiče na ratovanje koje se vodi <a href="/wiki/Zima" title="Zima">zimi</a>, u alpskim sredinama ili na visokim geografskim širinama. Glavni faktori su smanjena vidljivost za pronalaženje ciljeva tokom padajućeg snijega, poboljšana vidljivost ciljeva na snježnoj pozadini za ciljanje, te mobilnost i za mehanizirane i za pješadijske trupe. Snježne padavine također mogu ozbiljno da inhibiraju logistiku snabdijevanja trupa. Snijeg također može pružiti zaklon i učvršćenje protiv vatre iz malokalibarskog oružja.<a href="#cite_note-chew-98">[98]</a> Zapažene zimske ratne kampanje u kojima su snijeg i drugi faktori uticali na operacije uključuju: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonova_invazija_na_Rusiju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleonova invazija na Rusiju (stranica ne postoji)">Francuska invazija na Rusiju</a>, gdje su loši uvjeti vuče za loše potkovane konje otežavali vagone za opskrbu da održe korak s trupama.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Na tu kampanju je također snažno uticala hladnoća, pri čemu je vojska koja se povlačila stigla do rijeke Neman u decembru 1812. sa samo 10.000 od 420.000 koji su krenuli u invaziju na Rusiju u junu iste godine.<a href="#cite_note-The_Wordsworth_Pocket_Encyclopedia_p._17-100">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimski_rat" title="Zimski rat">Zimski rat</a>, pokušaj <a href="/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez">Sovjetskog Saveza</a> da zauzme teritoriju u <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">Finskoj</a> krajem 1939, pokazao je superiornu zimsku taktiku finske vojske u pogledu mobilnosti preko snijega, kamuflaže i korištenja terena.<a href="#cite_note-Clemmesen-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardenska_ofanziva" title="Ardenska ofanziva">Ardenska ofanziva</a>, njemačka kontraofanziva tokom <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugog svjetskog rata</a>, koja je počela 16. decembra 1944, bila je obilježena jakim snježnim olujama koje su ometale savezničku zračnu podršku kopnenim trupama, ali i umanjile pokušaje Njemačke da opskrbe svoje linije fronta.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Na istočnom frontu sa nacističkom invazijom na Rusiju 1941, <a href="/wiki/Operacija_%22Barbarossa%22" title="Operacija "Barbarossa"">operacijom "Barbarosa"</a>, i ruski i njemački vojnici morali su izdržati užasne uslove tokom ruske zime. Dok je upotreba skijaške pešadije bila uobičajena u <a href="/wiki/Crvena_armija" title="Crvena armija">Crvenoj armiji</a>, Njemačka je formirala samo jednu diviziju za kretanje na skijama.<a href="#cite_note-Clemmesen-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korejski_rat" title="Korejski rat">Korejski rat</a> koji je trajao od 25. juna 1950. do primirja 27. jula 1953. počeo je kada je <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_Koreja" title="Sjeverna Koreja">Sjeverna Koreja</a> napala <a href="/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja">Južnu Koreju</a>. Većina borbi se odvijala tokom zimskih uslova, uključujući snijeg,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> posebno tokom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_kod_rezervoara_Chosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka kod rezervoara Chosin (stranica ne postoji)">bitke kod rezervoara Chosin</a>, što je bio očigledan primjer hladnoće koja je uticala na vojne operacije, posebno vozila i oružje.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Vojne operacije u snijegu</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bivak Napoleonove vojske, tokom zimskog povlačenja iz Moskve"><img alt="Bivak Napoleonove vojske, tokom zimskog povlačenja iz Moskve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg/330px-Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg/496px-Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg/660px-Night_Bivouac_of_Great_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="682" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bivak Napoleonove vojske, tokom zimskog povlačenja iz <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskve</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:The_War_in_Finland,_1940_HU55566.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Finske skijaške trupe tokom invazije na Finsku od strane Sovjetskog Saveza"><img alt="Finske skijaške trupe tokom invazije na Finsku od strane Sovjetskog Saveza" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_War_in_Finland%2C_1940_HU55566.jpg/316px-The_War_in_Finland%2C_1940_HU55566.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_War_in_Finland%2C_1940_HU55566.jpg/475px-The_War_in_Finland%2C_1940_HU55566.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_War_in_Finland%2C_1940_HU55566.jpg/633px-The_War_in_Finland%2C_1940_HU55566.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5434" data-file-height="3867" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Finske skijaške trupe tokom invazije na Finsku od strane Sovjetskog Saveza</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vojna vozila koja se nose sa snijegom tokom bitke kod Ardenske ofanzive u Drugom svjetskom ratu"><img alt="Vojna vozila koja se nose sa snijegom tokom bitke kod Ardenske ofanzive u Drugom svjetskom ratu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg/281px-Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg/423px-Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg/563px-Army_vehicles_on_a_road_in_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vojna vozila koja se nose sa snijegom tokom bitke kod <a href="/wiki/Ardenska_ofanziva" title="Ardenska ofanziva">Ardenske ofanzive</a> u <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugom svjetskom ratu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norveške vojne pripreme tokom vježbe 2009."><img alt="Norveške vojne pripreme tokom vježbe 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg/338px-Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg/508px-Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg/677px-Cold_Response_DV_dag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2269" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Norveške vojne pripreme tokom vježbe 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain,_California,_in_December_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Američki mornarički pripadnici SEAL-a obučavaju se za zimsko ratovanje"><img alt="Američki mornarički pripadnici SEAL-a obučavaju se za zimsko ratovanje" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain%2C_California%2C_in_December_2014.jpg/339px-Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain%2C_California%2C_in_December_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain%2C_California%2C_in_December_2014.jpg/509px-Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain%2C_California%2C_in_December_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain%2C_California%2C_in_December_2014.jpg/677px-Navy_Seals_Winter_warfare_at_Mammoth_Mountain%2C_California%2C_in_December_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Američki mornarički pripadnici SEAL-a obučavaju se za zimsko ratovanje </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Također_pogledajte">Također pogledajte</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Uredi odlomak "Također pogledajte"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section's source code: Također pogledajte">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mraz" title="Mraz">Mraz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Uredi odlomak "Reference"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section's source code: Reference">uredi izvor</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3312388">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hobbs-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Hobbs_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3303350">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2010" class="citation book 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Science. 319 (5867): 1214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...319.1214C">2008Sci...319.1214C</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifikator)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.395.4918">10.1.1.395.4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1149757">10.1126/science.1149757</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifikator)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18309078">18309078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39398426">39398426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ubiquity+of+Biological+Ice+Nucleators+in+Snowfall&rft.volume=319&rft.issue=5867&rft.pages=1214&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39398426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...319.1214C&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.395.4918%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18309078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1149757&rft.au=Brent+Q+Christner&rft.au=Cindy+E+Morris&rft.au=Christine+M+Foreman&rft.au=Rongman+Cai&rft.au=David+C+Sands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315161127/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?p=1&query=cloud+seeding&submit=Search">"Cloud seeding"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Meteorological_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Meteorological Society (stranica ne postoji)">American Meteorological Society</a>. 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Portage & Main Press. str. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-894110-63-1" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-894110-63-1"><bdi>978-1-894110-63-1</bdi></a>. 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Pristupljeno 27. 11. 2008. <q>But there the two crystals were, side by side, on a glass slide exposed in a cloud on a research flight over Wausau, Wis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Identical+snowflakes+cause+flurry&rft.date=1988-06-15&rft.au=Randolph+E.+Schmid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-8066647.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaileyHallett-27"><a href="#cite_ref-BaileyHallett_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_BaileyJohn_Hallett2004" class="citation journal cs1">Matthew Bailey; John Hallett (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%282004%29061%3C0514%3AGRAHOI%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Growth rates and habits of ice crystals between −20 and −70C"</a>. 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JMA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618204127/http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=31&block_no=1079&year=&month=&day=&view=">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 18. 6. 2013. Pristupljeno 12. 11. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JMA&rft.pub=JMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.data.jma.go.jp%2Fobd%2Fstats%2Fetrn%2Fview%2Fnml_amd_ym.php%3Fprec_no%3D31%26block_no%3D1079%26year%3D%26month%3D%26day%3D%26view%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._Broad2007" class="citation news cs1">William J. Broad (20. 3. 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/science/20snow.html">"Giant Snowflakes as Big as Frisbees? Could Be"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104033402/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/science/20snow.html">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 4. 11. 2011. Pristupljeno 12. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Giant+Snowflakes+as+Big+as+Frisbees%3F+Could+Be&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft.au=William+J.+Broad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F20%2Fscience%2F20snow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/top-10-snowiest-major-cities-around-the-world/375130">"Top 10 snowiest major cities around the world"</a>. Accuweather. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accuweather&rft.atitle=Top+10+snowiest+major+cities+around+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuweather.com%2Fen%2Fweather-news%2Ftop-10-snowiest-major-cities-around-the-world%2F375130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McClungPeter_Schaerer2006" class="citation book cs1">David McClung & Peter Schaerer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Bpscs7Gqb8C&pg=PA71">The Avalanche Handbook</a>. The Mountaineers Books. str. 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-89886-809-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-89886-809-8"><bdi>978-0-89886-809-8</bdi></a>. Pristupljeno 7. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Avalanche+Handbook&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-809-8&rft.au=David+McClung&rft.au=Peter+Schaerer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Bpscs7Gqb8C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCalifornia_Data_Exchange_Center2007" class="citation web cs1">California Data Exchange Center (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/misc/density.html">"Depth and Density"</a>. Department of Water Resources California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090713000814/http://cdec.water.ca.gov/snow/misc/density.html">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 13. 7. 2009. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Depth+and+Density&rft.pub=Department+of+Water+Resources+California&rft.date=2007&rft.au=California+Data+Exchange+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdec.water.ca.gov%2Fsnow%2Fmisc%2Fdensity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFGlossary_of_Meteorology2009" class="citation web cs1">Glossary of Meteorology (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054449/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=firn1">"Firn"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Meteorological_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Meteorological Society (stranica ne postoji)">American Meteorological Society</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=firn1">originala</a>, 24. 8. 2007. Pristupljeno 30. 6. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Firn&rft.pub=American+Meteorological+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Glossary+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famsglossary.allenpress.com%2Fglossary%2Fsearch%3Fid%3Dfirn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glacialprocess-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Glacialprocess_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFPidwirnyJones2014" class="citation web cs1">Pidwirny, Michael; Jones, Scott (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10ae.html">"CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere–Glacial Processes"</a>. PhysicalGeography.net. University of British Columbia, Okanagan. Pristupljeno 20. 12. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhysicalGeography.net&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+10%3A+Introduction+to+the+Lithosphere%E2%80%93Glacial+Processes&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Pidwirny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jones%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F10ae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJoy_Haden2005" class="citation web cs1">Joy Haden (8. 2. 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cocorahs.org/media/docs/KS/CoCoRaHS%20Snow.PDF">"CoCoRaHS in the Cold – Measuring in Snowy Weather"</a> (PDF). Colorado Climate Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172302/http://www.cocorahs.org/media/docs/KS/CoCoRaHS%20Snow.PDF">Arhivirano</a> (PDF) s originala, 18. 7. 2011. Pristupljeno 12. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CoCoRaHS+in+the+Cold+%E2%80%93+Measuring+in+Snowy+Weather&rft.pub=Colorado+Climate+Center&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.au=Joy+Haden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cocorahs.org%2Fmedia%2Fdocs%2FKS%2FCoCoRaHS%2520Snow.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCaroline_Gammel2009" class="citation news cs1">Caroline Gammel (2. 2. 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205075802/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/4434935/Snow-Britain-Snow-drifts-and-blizzards-of-the-past.html">"Snow Britain: Snow drifts and blizzards of the past"</a>. Telegraph Media Group. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/4434935/Snow-Britain-Snow-drifts-and-blizzards-of-the-past.html">originala</a>, 5. 2. 2009. Pristupljeno 12. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Snow+Britain%3A+Snow+drifts+and+blizzards+of+the+past&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.au=Caroline+Gammel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftopics%2Fweather%2F4434935%2FSnow-Britain-Snow-drifts-and-blizzards-of-the-past.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClung_2006-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClung_2006_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClung_2006_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClung_2006_60-2">c</a> McClung, David and Shaerer, Peter: The Avalanche Handbook, The Mountaineers: 2006. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-89886-809-8" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-89886-809-8">978-0-89886-809-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard_Perlman-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Howard_Perlman_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Perlman2009" class="citation web cs1">Howard Perlman (13. 5. 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813020946/http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesnowmelt.html">"The Water Cycle: Snowmelt Runoff"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Geological Survey (stranica ne postoji)">United States Geological Survey</a>. 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Pristupljeno 7. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Water+Cycle%3A+Snowmelt+Runoff&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft.au=Howard+Perlman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fga.water.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fwatercyclesnowmelt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFRandy_Bowersox2002" class="citation web cs1">Randy Bowersox (20. 6. 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/copper_river/background/data/BowersoxCopper.pdf">"Hydrology of a Glacial Dominated System, Copper River, Alaska"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California (stranica ne postoji)">University of California</a>-Davis. str. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612005951/http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/copper_river/background/data/BowersoxCopper.pdf">Arhivirano</a> (PDF) s originala, 12. 6. 2010. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrology+of+a+Glacial+Dominated+System%2C+Copper+River%2C+Alaska&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+California-Davis&rft.date=2002-06-20&rft.au=Randy+Bowersox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatershed.ucdavis.edu%2Fcopper_river%2Fbackground%2Fdata%2FBowersoxCopper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/science">"All About Snow–Snow Science"</a>. National Snow and Ice Data Center. University of Colorado, Boulder. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201020029/https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/science">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 1. 12. 2016. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Snow+and+Ice+Data+Center&rft.atitle=All+About+Snow%E2%80%93Snow+Science&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Fcryosphere%2Fsnow%2Fscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:AR6-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:AR6_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:AR6_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:AR6_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fox-Kemper, B.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helene_Hewitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helene Hewitt (stranica ne postoji)">Hewitt, H.T.</a>; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (ured.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf">"Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"</a> (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 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"Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland". Remote Sensing of Environment. 112 (10): 3739–3749. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008RSEnv.112.3739H">2008RSEnv.112.3739H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2008.05.007">10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifikator)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20080030345">2060/20080030345</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91180832">91180832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Remote+Sensing+of+Environment&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+satellite-derived+and+in-situ+observations+of+ice+and+snow+surface+temperatures+over+Greenland&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=3739-3749&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20080030345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91180832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rse.2008.05.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008RSEnv.112.3739H&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+K.&rft.au=Box%2C+J&rft.au=Casey%2C+K&rft.au=Hook%2C+S&rft.au=Shuman%2C+C&rft.au=Steffen%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFDietz,_A.Kuenzer,_C.Gessner,_U.Dech,_S.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dietz, A.; Kuenzer, C.; Gessner, U.; Dech, S. (2012). "Remote Sensing of Snow – a Review of available methods". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 33 (13): 4094–4134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012IJRS...33.4094D">2012IJRS...33.4094D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01431161.2011.640964">10.1080/01431161.2011.640964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifikator)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6756253">6756253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Remote+Sensing&rft.atitle=Remote+Sensing+of+Snow+%E2%80%93+a+Review+of+available+methods&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=4094-4134&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6756253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01431161.2011.640964&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012IJRS...33.4094D&rft.au=Dietz%2C+A.&rft.au=Kuenzer%2C+C.&rft.au=Gessner%2C+U.&rft.au=Dech%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuemmel-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuemmel_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuemmel_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Kuemmel1994" class="citation book cs1">David A. Kuemmel (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gxuwTE5_MC&pg=PA10">Managing roadway snow and ice control operations</a>. Transportation Research Board. str. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-309-05666-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-309-05666-3"><bdi>978-0-309-05666-3</bdi></a>. Pristupljeno 8. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+roadway+snow+and+ice+control+operations&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05666-3&rft.au=David+A.+Kuemmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI3gxuwTE5_MC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FHWA-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FHWA_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFKetchamMinskRobert_R._BlackburnEdward_J._Fleege1995" class="citation web cs1">Ketcham, Stephen A.; Minsk, L. David; et al. (juni 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/mopeap/mop0296a.htm#eapappa2">"Manual of Practice for an Effective Anti-icing Program: A Guide For Highway Winter Maintenance Personnel"</a>. fhwa.dot.gov. FHWA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201084330/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/reports/mopeap/mop0296a.htm#eapappa2">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 1. 12. 2016. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2016. <q>Highway anti-icing is the snow and ice control practice of preventing the formation or development of bonded snow and ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fhwa.dot.gov&rft.atitle=Manual+of+Practice+for+an+Effective+Anti-icing+Program%3A+A+Guide+For+Highway+Winter+Maintenance+Personnel&rft.date=1995-06&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Minsk%2C+L.+David&rft.au=Robert+R.+Blackburn&rft.au=Edward+J.+Fleege&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Freports%2Fmopeap%2Fmop0296a.htm%23eapappa2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJairellSchmidt1999" class="citation cs2">Jairell, R; Schmidt, R (1999), "133", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.foragebeef.ca/$Foragebeef/frgebeef.nsf/all/frg4952/$FILE/snow_mgmt.pdf">Snow Management and Windbreaks</a> (PDF), Range Beef Cow Symposium, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln (stranica ne postoji)">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>, str. 12, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023359/http://www1.foragebeef.ca/$Foragebeef/frgebeef.nsf/all/frg4952/$FILE/snow_mgmt.pdf">arhivirano</a> (PDF) s originala, 7. 5. 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=133&rft.btitle=Snow+Management+and+Windbreaks&rft.series=Range+Beef+Cow+Symposium&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jairell&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.foragebeef.ca%2F%24Foragebeef%2Ffrgebeef.nsf%2Fall%2Ffrg4952%2F%24FILE%2Fsnow_mgmt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFScienceDaily2009" class="citation journal cs1">ScienceDaily (6. 2. 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090129113327.htm">"'SnowMan' Software Helps Keep Snow Drifts Off The Road"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416122409/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090129113327.htm">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 16. 4. 2009. Pristupljeno 12. 7. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27SnowMan%27+Software+Helps+Keep+Snow+Drifts+Off+The+Road&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft.au=ScienceDaily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2009%2F01%2F090129113327.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> journal zahtijeva <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške (stranica ne postoji)">pomoć</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Vinson-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Vinson_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C.Esch1996" class="citation cs2">John C., Becker; Esch, David C. (1996), "Road and airfield maintenance", u Vinson, Ted S.; Rooney, James W.; Haas, Wilbur H. (ured.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfO8QuV0q0sC&pg=PA252">Roads and Airfields in Cold Regions: A State of the Practice Report</a>, CERF Reports, ASCE Publications, str. 252, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-7844-7412-9" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-7844-7412-9"><bdi>978-0-7844-7412-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Road+and+airfield+maintenance&rft.btitle=Roads+and+Airfields+in+Cold+Regions%3A+A+State+of+the+Practice+Report&rft.series=CERF+Reports&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7844-7412-9&rft.aulast=John+C.&rft.aufirst=Becker&rft.au=Esch%2C+David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfO8QuV0q0sC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Transport Canada, Ottawa, ON (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14052-chapter8-312.htm">"TP 14052. Guidelines for Aircraft Ground-Icing Operations. Chapter 8. Fluids."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527220255/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14052-chapter8-312.htm">Arhivirano</a> 27. 5. 2014. na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved May 14, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Tim (mart 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airspacemag.com/how-things-work/electro-mechanical-deicing-6660440/">"Electro-mechanical deicing"</a>. Air & Space Magazine. Smithsonian. Pristupljeno 20. 2. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Magazine&rft.atitle=Electro-mechanical+deicing&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fhow-things-work%2Felectro-mechanical-deicing-6660440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFElls2004" class="citation web cs1">Ells, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aopa.org/-/media/files/aopa/home/pilot-resources/asi/safety-advisors/sa22.pdf?la=en">"Aircraft Deicing and Anti-icing Equipment"</a> (PDF). Safety Advisor – Weather No. 2. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203000432/https://www.aopa.org/-/media/files/aopa/home/pilot-resources/asi/safety-advisors/sa22.pdf?la=en">Arhivirano</a> (PDF) s originala, 3. 12. 2016. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2016. <q>Anti-icing equipment is turned on before entering icing conditions and is designed to prevent ice from forming. Deicing equipment is designed to remove ice after it begins to accumulate on the airframe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Safety+Advisor+%E2%80%93+Weather+No.+2&rft.atitle=Aircraft+Deicing+and+Anti-icing+Equipment&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ells&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aopa.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2Faopa%2Fhome%2Fpilot-resources%2Fasi%2Fsafety-advisors%2Fsa22.pdf%3Fla%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFBianculli2001" class="citation book cs1">Bianculli, Anthony J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2fh0H0USx-0C&pg=PA170">The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century – Cars</a>. Trains and Technology. 2. 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Patrimonio Forestal del Estado. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140432/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5376e/x5376e04.htm">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 24. 9. 2015. Pristupljeno 1. 12. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Forests+Organization+of+Spain&rft.atitle=Avalanche+and+torrent+control+in+the+Spanish+Pyrenees&rft.aulast=FAO&rft.aufirst=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fx5376e%2Fx5376e04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abele-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Abele_78-0">^</a> Abele, G., 1990. Snow roads and runways, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Monograph 90-3, Washington, D.C. </li> <li id="cite_note-usap4212-79"><a href="#cite_ref-usap4212_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usap.gov/News/contentHandler.cfm?id=4212">"A New Runway for McMurdo Station is Named"</a>. 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Pristupljeno 17. 3. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salazar+Awards+%2420.1+Million+to+Four+Western+Colorado+Irrigation+Districts+to+Improve+Irrigation+Systems%2C+Reduce+Salinity+in+Colorado+River&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Reclamation&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usbr.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fnewsrelease%2Fdetail.cfm%3FRecordID%3D38043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurocode1-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurocode1_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurocode1_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_European_Commission2003" class="citation cs2">Joint European Commission (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpage.php?id=131">"General actions - Snow loads"</a>, Eurocode 1, EN 1991-1-3:2003 (Actions on structures - Part 1–3)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurocode+1&rft.atitle=General+actions+-+Snow+loads&rft.volume=EN+1991-1-3%3A2003&rft.issue=Actions+on+structures+-+Part+1%E2%80%933&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Joint+European+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu%2Fshowpage.php%3Fid%3D131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASCE7-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASCE7_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASCE7_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Minimum_Design_Loads_for_Buildings2013" class="citation cs2">Committee on Minimum Design Loads for Buildings (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/asce.7.2002.pdf">Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures</a> (PDF), American Society of Civil Engineers, str. 636, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/9780784413227" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/9780784413227"><bdi>9780784413227</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011024914/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/003/asce.7.2002.pdf">arhivirano</a> (PDF) s originala, 11. 10. 2016, pristupljeno 2. 12. 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minimum+Design+Loads+for+Buildings+and+Other+Structures&rft.pages=636&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780784413227&rft.au=Committee+on+Minimum+Design+Loads+for+Buildings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.resource.org%2Fpub%2Fus%2Fcfr%2Fibr%2F003%2Fasce.7.2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_87-0">^</a> Paul Fisette, "Preventing Ice Dams", Roofing, flashing & waterproofing. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2005. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824154322/http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?test=y&id=-536881350&subchannel=-536881511&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536884951&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536886479&agency=Commerce">Ice Dams</a>, Minnesota Department of Commerce, arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state.mn.us/portal/mn/jsp/content.do?test=y&id=-536881350&subchannel=-536881511&sc2=null&sc3=null&contentid=536884951&contenttype=EDITORIAL&programid=536886479&agency=Commerce">originala</a>, 24. 8. 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ice+Dams&rft.pub=Minnesota+Department+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.mn.us%2Fportal%2Fmn%2Fjsp%2Fcontent.do%3Ftest%3Dy%26id%3D-536881350%26subchannel%3D-536881511%26sc2%3Dnull%26sc3%3Dnull%26contentid%3D536884951%26contenttype%3DEDITORIAL%26programid%3D536886479%26agency%3DCommerce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinleyFloodHeidrich2000" class="citation cs2">MacKinley, I.; Flood, R.; Heidrich, A. 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S.; K. G. Rajashekarappa (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wkLl4NvmWAC&pg=PA112">Engineering Mechanics</a>. New Age International. str. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-81-224-0617-7" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-81-224-0617-7"><bdi>978-81-224-0617-7</bdi></a>. Pristupljeno 21. 10. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Mechanics&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-224-0617-7&rft.aulast=Bhavikatti&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rft.au=K.+G.+Rajashekarappa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wkLl4NvmWAC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chew-98"><a href="#cite_ref-chew_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFChew1981" class="citation journal cs1">Chew, Allen F. (decembar 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013030919/http://cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/chew.pdf">"Fighting the Russians in Winter: Three Case Studies"</a> (PDF). Leavenworth Papers. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (5). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifikator)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-3451">0195-3451</a>. Arhivirano s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/chew.pdf">originala</a> (PDF), 13. 10. 2011. Pristupljeno 10. 12. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leavenworth+Papers&rft.atitle=Fighting+the+Russians+in+Winter%3A+Three+Case+Studies&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1981-12&rft.issn=0195-3451&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Allen+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgsc.edu%2Fcarl%2Fdownload%2Fcsipubs%2Fchew.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_Saul_David2012" class="citation news cs1">Professor Saul David (9. 2. 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16929522">"Napoleon's failure: For the want of a winter horseshoe"</a>. BBC News magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209074411/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16929522">Arhivirano</a> s originala, 9. 2. 2012. Pristupljeno 9. 2. 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+magazine&rft.atitle=Napoleon%27s+failure%3A+For+the+want+of+a+winter+horseshoe&rft.date=2012-02-09&rft.au=Professor+Saul+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16929522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Wordsworth_Pocket_Encyclopedia_p._17-100"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Wordsworth_Pocket_Encyclopedia_p._17_100-0">^</a> The Wordsworth Pocket Encyclopedia, p. 17, Hertfordshire 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clemmesen-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clemmesen_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clemmesen_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFClemmesenFaulkner2013" class="citation book cs1">Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, ured. (2013). Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa. Brill. str. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-90-04-24908-0" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-90-04-24908-0"><bdi>978-90-04-24908-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+European+Overture+to+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+From+Memel+to+Barbarossa&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24908-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFParker1991" class="citation cs2">Parker, Danny S. (1991), Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945, Combined Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-0-938289-04-3" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-0-938289-04-3"><bdi>978-0-938289-04-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+the+Bulge%3A+Hitler%27s+Ardennes+Offensive%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Combined+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-938289-04-3&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Danny+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Halberstam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Halberstam (stranica ne postoji)">Halberstam, David</a> (2007). <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Coldest_Winter:_America_and_the_Korean_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War (stranica ne postoji)">The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War</a>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-4013-0052-4" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-4013-0052-4"><bdi>978-1-4013-0052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coldest+Winter%3A+America+and+the+Korean+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0052-4&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3303350"><cite id="CITEREFTilstra2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilstra, Russell C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_a0zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">The Battle Rifle: Development and Use Since World War II</a>. McFarland. str. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Knji%C5%BEni_izvori/978-1-4766-1564-6" title="Posebno:Knjižni izvori/978-1-4766-1564-6"><bdi>978-1-4766-1564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Rifle%3A+Development+and+Use+Since+World+War+II&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1564-6&rft.aulast=Tilstra&rft.aufirst=Russell+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_a0zAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fbs.wikipedia.org%3ASnijeg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjski_linkovi">Vanjski linkovi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Uredi odlomak "Vanjski linkovi"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snijeg&action=edit&section=39" 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