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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acadian French</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadisches_Franz%C3%B6sisch" title="Akadisches Französisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akadisches Französisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_acadiano" title="Francés acadiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francés acadiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadi-franca_lingvo" title="Akadi-franca lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akadi-franca lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantses_akadiera" title="Frantses akadiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantses akadiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_acadien" title="Français acadien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Français acadien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadijski_francuski" title="Akadijski francuski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akadijski francuski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Prancis_Akadia" title="Bahasa Prancis Akadia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Prancis Akadia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_francese_acadiano" title="Dialetto francese acadiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto francese acadiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franceis_acadien" title="Franceis acadien – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Franceis acadien" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s_acadian" title="Francés acadian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Francés acadian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francho%C3%A9s_acadien" title="Franchoés acadien – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franchoés acadien" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akadia%C5%84ski_francuski" title="Akadiański francuski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akadiański francuski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%AAs_acadiano" title="Francês acadiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Francês acadiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Акадийский французский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акадийский французский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acadian French" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Акадијски француски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акадијски француски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%A1p_Acadia" title="Tiếng Pháp Acadia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Pháp Acadia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q415109#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Acadian French</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">French of Acadia</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">français acadien</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Acadia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Acadia.svg/400px-Flag_of_Acadia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The modern flag of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Canada, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(370,000 cited 1996, 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian</a><sup id="cite_ref-glottoGI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Gallo-Rhaetian?<sup id="cite_ref-glottoGI_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Arpitan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Oïl</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl#Francien_zone_(zone_francienne)" title="Langues d'oïl">Francien zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Acadian French</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/acad1238">acad1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=51-AAA-ho">51-AAA-ho</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>fr-u-sd-canb</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Acadian_French.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Acadian_French.png/320px-Acadian_French.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Acadian_French.png/480px-Acadian_French.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Acadian_French.png/640px-Acadian_French.png 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="824" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Acadian French-speaking areas</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Acadien / Acadienne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Acadien</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Acadian French</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">français acadien, acadjonne</i>) is a variety of French spoken by <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, mostly in the region of <a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia</a>, Canada. Acadian French has seven regional accents, including <a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since there was relatively little linguistic contact with France from the late 18th century to the 20th century, Acadian French retained features that died out during the French <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> efforts of the 19th century such as these: </p> <ul><li>The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʁ/</span> phoneme, Acadian French has retained an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar flap">alveolar flap</a>, but modern speakers pronounce it as in Parisian French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rouge</i></span> (red) can be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ruːʒ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾuːʒ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁuːʒ]</span>.</li> <li>In nonstandard Acadian French, the third-person plural ending of <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> ‹<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">-ont</i></span>›, such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ils mangeont</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[i(l)<span class="wrap"> </span>mɑ̃ˈʒɔ̃]</a></span> (they eat), is still pronounced, unlike standard French (France and Quebec) <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ils mangent</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i(l)<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmɒ̃ːʒ(ə)]</span> (France)/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmãːʒ(ə)]</span> or (Quebec)/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪl<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmãːʒ(ə)]</span> ), the ‹e› can be pronounced or not, but ‹-nt› is always silent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>According to Wiesmath (2006),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some characteristics of Acadian are: </p> <ul><li>The verbal ending -ont in the third person plural</li> <li>Palatalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, respectively</li> <li>A feature called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'ouisme</i></span> where <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bonne</i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʊn]</span></li></ul> <p>These features typically occur in the speech of older people. </p><p>Many aspects of Acadian French (vocabulary and "trill r", etc.) are still common in rural areas in the South West of France. Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan French">Metropolitan French</a> and even of other Canadian varieties of French sometimes have difficulty understanding Acadian French. Within North America, its closest relative is <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a> spoken in Southern Louisiana since both were born out of the same population that were affected during the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>. </p><p>See also <a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a>, a variety with strong <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> influence, and <a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a>, a distinct variety of Acadian French spoken around Clare, Tusket, Nova Scotia and also Moncton, New Brunswick. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Affrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Affrication">affrication</a> typical of Quebec French.</i> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tj/</span> are commonly replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> before a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a>. For example, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quel, queue, cuillère</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quelqu'un</i></span> are usually pronounced <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tchel, tcheue, tchuillère</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tchelqu'un</i></span>. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Tiens</i></span> is pronounced <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tchin</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃɛ̃]</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dj/</span> often become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ]</span> (sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>) before a front vowel. For example, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bon dieu</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">gueule</i></span> become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɔ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdʒø]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒœl]</span> in informal Acadian French. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Braguette</i></span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɾaˈd͡ʒɛt]</span>. (This pronunciation led to the word Ca<b>j</b>un, from Aca<b>di</b>en.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metathesis">Metathesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metathesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">Metathesis</a> is quite common. For example, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mercredi</i></span> ('Wednesday') is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mercordi</i></span>, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pauvreté</i></span> ('poverty') is <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pauveurté</i></span>. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je</i></span> (the pronoun 'I') is frequently pronounced <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">euj</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le</i></span> is frequently pronounced <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">eul</i></span>. </p><p>In words, "re" is often pronounced "er". For instance : </p> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">erçu</i></span> for "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">reçu</i></span>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ertourner</i></span> for "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">retourner</i></span>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">erpas</i></span> for "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">repas</i></span>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ergret</i></span> for "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">regret</i></span>", <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">s'entertenir</i></span> for "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">s'entretenir</i></span>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Acadian French has maintained phonemic distinctions between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ̃/</span>.</li> <li>In informal speech, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> vowel is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pas</i></span> ('step') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pɑ/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɔ]</span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bras</i></span> (arm) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʁɑ/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʁɔ]</span>, etc.</li> <li>The short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and it is the same as Parisian French.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> is open to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æː]</span> or closed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eː]</span>, it depends on the region: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fête</i></span> ('party') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɛːt/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fæːt]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[feːt]</span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">caisse</i></span> ('case') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɛːs/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kæːs]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[keːs]</span>, etc. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The ⟨oi⟩ spelling has different pronunciations. Old speakers pronounce <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">roi</i></span> ('king') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɛ]</span>, because the traditional Parisian pronunciation was like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rwɛ]</span>. But in modern standard Acadian French, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wa]</span>. Even where there is no <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>, there are some words which are phonemically pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɑ/</span> and the phoneme is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɑ]</span> in formal speech but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɔ]</span> in informal speech: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">trois</i></span> ('three') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʁ̥wɑ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʁ̥wɔ]</span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">noix</i></span> ('nut') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nwɑ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nwɔ]</span>. The ⟨oî⟩ spelling is phonemically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɑ/</span>, but old speakers pronounce it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[weː]</span>, while modern speakers pronounce it <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɑː]</span> as in Quebec French: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">boîte</i></span> ('box') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bweːt]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bwɑːt]</span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">croître</i></span> ('grow') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɾweːt(ɾ)]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʁ̥wɑːt(ʁ̥)]</span>, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elision_of_final_consonants">Elision of final consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elision of final consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Consonant clusters finishing a word are reduced, often losing altogether the last or two last consonants in informal speech: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">table</i></span> ('table') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tabl/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tab]</span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">livre</i></span> ('book'/'pound') <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/livʁ/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[liːv]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary_and_grammar">Vocabulary and grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocabulary and grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yves Cormier's <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dictionnaire du français acadien</i></span> (ComiersAcad)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes the majority of Acadian regionalisms. From a syntactic point of view, a major feature is the use of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">je</i></span> for the first-person singular and plural; the same phenomenon takes place with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">i</i></span> for the third persons. Acadian still differentiates the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vous</i></span> form from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tu</i></span> form. </p><p>The following words and expressions are most commonly restricted to Acadian French south of the Miramichi River, but some are also used north of the Miramichi River and in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a> (also known as Québécois) or <a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a> for the Montreal version of Quebec French. The Miramichi line is an isogloss separating South Acadian (archaic or "true" Acadian) from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> dialects to the north, North Acadian, <a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a> (Madawaskan) and Quebec French (Laurentian French). South Acadian typically has morphosyntactic features such as [je [V [-on] … ]] (as in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">je parlons</i></span> "we speak") that distinguishes it from dialects to the north or elsewhere in the Americas such as <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy French</a> or <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis French</a> that have [nouzot [on- [V …]]] (as in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">nous-autres on parle</i></span>). Geddes (1908),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the oldest authority on any variety of French spoken in Northern Acadia, records of the morphosyntactic characteristics of "true" Acadian spoken in the South and adjacent islands to the West.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of "true" Acadian French are: </p> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">achaler</i></span>: 'to bother' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ennuyer</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ajeuve</i></span>: (variation of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">achever</i></span>, literally 'to complete') 'a while ago' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">récemment, tout juste</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">amanchure</i></span>: 'thing, thingy, also the way things join together: the joint or union of two things' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chose, truc, machin</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">amarrer</i></span>: (literally, 'to <a href="/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooring (watercraft)">moor</a>') 'to tie' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">attacher</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">amoureux</i></span>: (lit. 'lover') '<a href="/wiki/Burdock" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdock">burdock</a>' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">(capitule de la) bardane</i></span>; Quebec: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">toque, grakia</i></span>) (also very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">asteur</i></span>: (contraction of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">à cette heure</i></span>) 'now' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maintenant, à cette heure, désormais</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">attoquer</i></span>: 'to lean' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">appuyer</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">atentot</i></span>: 'earlier' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">plus tôt</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">avoir de la misère</i></span>: 'to have difficulty' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">avoir de la difficulté, avoir du mal</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bailler</i></span>: 'to give' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">donner</i></span>) (Usually 'to yawn')</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">baratte</i></span>: 'a piece of machinery or tool of sorts that no longer works properly', e.g. "My car is a lemon so it is a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">baratte</i></span>" (very common in New Brunswick)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">batterie</i></span>: 'the central passage through a barn (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">granges acadiennes</i></span>) flanked by two storage bays adjacent to the eaves'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">besson</i></span>: 'twin' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">jumeau/jumelle</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">boloxer</i></span>: 'to confuse, disrupt, unsettle' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">causer une confusion, déranger l'ordre régulier et établi</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bonhomme Sept-heures</i></span>: 'a fearful character of fairy tales who would visit unpleasant deeds upon young children if they did not go to bed at the designated hour'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bord</i></span>: (literally 'the side of a ship') <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'autre bord</i></span> meaning 'the other side (of a street, river, etc.'); <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">changer de bord</i></span> meaning 'changing sides (in a team competition)'; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">virer de bord</i></span> meaning 'turning back or retracing one's steps'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">boucane</i></span>: 'smoke, steam' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fumée, vapeur</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bouchure</i></span>: 'fence' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">clôture</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">brâiller</i></span>: 'to cry, weep' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pleurer</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">brogane</i></span>: 'work shoe, old or used shoe' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chaussure de travail, chaussure d'occasion</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">brosse</i></span>: 'drinking binge' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">beuverie</i></span>) (common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">caler</i></span>: 'to sink' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">sombrer, couler</i></span>) (also 'to drink fast in one shot', <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">caler une bière</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">char</i></span>: 'car' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">voiture</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chassis</i></span>: 'window' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fenêtre</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chavirer</i></span>: 'to go crazy' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">devenir fou, folle</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chu</i></span>: 'I am' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">je suis</i></span>, or, colloquially <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chui</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cosses</i></span>: 'peas, green beans' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mangetout</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cossé</i></span>: 'what, or asking for information specifying something'. (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quoi</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cotchiner</i></span>: 'to cheat' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tricher</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">coude</i></span>: '<a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">ship's knees</a>' that are a distinctive and unusual structural feature of early Acadian houses.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Djâbe</i></span>: 'Devil' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Diable</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">de service</i></span>: 'proper, properly' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">adéquat, comme il faut</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">èchell</i></span>: (literally 'a ship's ladder') 'stairway' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">échelle</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ej</i></span>: 'I' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">je</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">élan</i></span>: 'moment, while' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">instant, moment</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">erj</i></span>: 'and I' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">et je suis</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espèrer</i></span>: 'to wait; say welcome, to invite' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">attendre, inviter</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">faire zire</i></span>: 'to gross out' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dégouter</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">farlaque</i></span>: 'loose, wild, of easy virtue' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">dévergondée, au moeurs légères</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fournaise</i></span>: (lit. 'furnace') 'a wood stove, oven'</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">frette</i></span>: 'cold' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">froid</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fricot</i></span>: 'traditional Acadian stew prepared with chicken, potatoes, onions, carrots, dumplings (lumps of dough), and seasoned with <a href="/wiki/Savory_(herb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savory (herb)">savoury</a>'</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">garrocher</i></span>: 'to throw, chuck' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lancer</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le grand mènage</i></span>: 'spring cleaning', often more comprehensive than in other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">greer</i></span>: (literally, '<a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a> of a ship's masts') 'to describe a woman's attire or decoration of a youngster's bicycle'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grenier</i></span>: 'a sleeping loft'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hardes</i></span>: 'clothes, clothing' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vêtements</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">harrer</i></span>: 'to beat, maltreat' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">battre ou traiter pauvrement, maltraîter</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">hucher</i></span>: 'to cry out, scream' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">appeler (qqn) à haute voix</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">icet</i></span>: 'precisely here' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ici</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">icitte</i></span>: 'here; around here' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ici</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">innocent</i></span>: 'simple, foolish or stupid' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">simple d'esprit, bête, qui manque de jugement</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">itou</i></span>: 'also, too' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aussi, de même, également</i></span>) (common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">larguer</i></span>: (literally 'loosening a ship's mooring lines') 'to let go of any object'<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maganer</i></span>: 'to overwork, wear out, tire, weaken' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">traiter durement, malmener, fatiguer, affaiblir, endommager, détériorer</i></span>) (very common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mais que</i></span>: 'when' + future tense (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">lorsque, quand (suivi d'un futur)</i></span>)</li> <li><i>malin/maline</i>: 'mean or angry' (lit. malignant)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marabout</i></span>: 'to be irritated or angry'</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mitan</i></span>: 'middle, centre' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">milieu, centre</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">orignal</i></span>: '<a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>'</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">païen</i></span>: (lit. 'pagan') 'hick, uneducated person, peasant' (Fr: )</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">palote</i></span>: 'clumsy' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maladroit</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">parker</i></span>: 'park' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">stationner</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pâté chinois</i></span>: 'a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">shepherd's pie</a> casserole of mashed potatoes, ground meat, and corn'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">peste</i></span>: 'bad odor' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">puenteur</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pire à yaller/au pire à yaller</i></span>: 'at worst' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">au pire</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">plaise</i></span>: '<a href="/wiki/American_plaice" title="American plaice">plaice</a>' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">plie</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ploquer</i></span>: 'having or showing determined courage' (lit. 'plucky')</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ploye" title="Ploye">ploye</a></i></span>: 'buckwheat pancake', a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a>, New Brunswick, also common in Acadian communities in Maine (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">crêpe au sarrasin</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">point, poinne</i></span>: 'not', or a similar term of negation (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pas</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pomme de pré</i></span>: (lit. 'meadow apple') American <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberry</a> (<i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>) (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">canneberge</i></span>; Quebec: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">atoca</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pot-en-pot</i></span>: 'a meat pie of venison, rabbits, and game birds'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Poutine_r%C3%A2p%C3%A9e" title="Poutine râpée">poutine râpée</a></i></span>: 'a ball made of grated potato with pork in the centre', a traditional Acadian dish</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quai</i></span>: 'a portable wheeled boating pier pulled out of the water to avoid ice damage'.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">qu'ri</i></span>: (from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quérir</i></span>) 'to fetch, go get' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aller chercher</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">rinque</i></span>: 'just'</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">se haler</i></span>: (lit. 'to haul oneself') 'to hurry' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">se dépêcher</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">se badjeuler</i></span>: 'to argue' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">se disputer</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">soira</i></span>: 'see you later' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">au revoir</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">j'étions</i></span>: 'we were' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">nous étions</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ils étiont</i></span>: 'they were' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ils étaient</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">taweille</i></span>: '<a href="/wiki/Mikmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikmaq">Mikmaq</a> woman, traditionally associated with medicine or <a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a>' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Amérindienne</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tchequ'affaire, tchequ'chouse, quètchose, quotchose</i></span>: 'something' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quelque chose</i></span>) (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quètchose</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quechose</i></span> are common in Quebec French)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tcheque, tcheques</i></span>: 'a few' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quelque</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tête de violon</i></span>: '<a href="/wiki/Ostrich_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrich fern">ostrich fern</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">fiddlehead</a>' (<i>Matteuccia struthiopteris</i>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tétine-de-souris</i></span>: (lit. 'mouse tit') 'slender <a href="/wiki/Glasswort" title="Glasswort">glasswort</a>, an edible green plant that grows in salt marshes' (<i><a href="/wiki/Salicornia" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a> europaea</i>) (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">salicorne d'Europe</i></span>)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">tintamarre</a></i></span>: 'din' (also refers to an Acadian noisemaking tradition whereby people gather in the streets and parade through town)</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tourtiéres</i></span>: 'meat pies', sometimes with potatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-crb_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">valdrague</i></span>: 'in disorder or confusion'</li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vaillant, vaillante</i></span>: 'active, hard-working, brave' (Fr: <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">actif, laborieux, courageux</i></span>) (common in Quebec French)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotian</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Wedgeport" title="Wedgeport">Wedgeport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pubnico_(village),_Nova_Scotia" title="Pubnico (village), Nova Scotia">Pubnico</a>, the numbers <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">soixante-dix</i></span> ('seventy'), <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatre-vingts</i></span> ('eighty') and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">quatre-vingt-dix</i></span> ('ninety') are instead called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">septante, huitante</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">nonante</i></span> respectively, a <a href="/wiki/French_language#Numerals" title="French language">phenomenon</a> also observed in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passé_simple"><span id="Pass.C3.A9_simple"></span><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Passé simple</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Passé simple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a>, a conservative dialect of Acadian French spoken in the <a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay,_Nova_Scotia" title="St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia">St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia</a> region, is notable for maintaining use of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Pass%C3%A9_simple" title="Passé simple">passé simple</a></i></span> in spoken conversation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most modern dialects of French, the tense is only used in formal writing and formal speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725075428/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0">"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas 1 and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0">the original</a> on Jul 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28232%29%2C+Sex+%283%29+and+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29+for+Population%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+1+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2001+Census+-+20%25+Sample+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FTemporal%3D2001%26PID%3D62911%26APATH%3D3%26GID%3D431515%26METH%3D1%26PTYPE%3D55440%26THEME%3D44%26FOCUS%3D0%26AID%3D0%26PLACENAME%3D0%26PROVINCE%3D0%26SEARCH%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GK%3D0%26VID%3D0%26FL%3D0%26RL%3D0%26FREE%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoGI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glottoGI_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glottoGI_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2022" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234">"Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127113834/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shif1234">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Shifted+Western+Romance&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fshif1234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlog_1012014" class="citation web cs1">Blog 101, Quebec Culture (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quebeccultureblog.com/2014/11/14/our-32-accents-series-post-3-88/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Our 32 accents" Series: QUÉBEC x 8 – Post 3 of 7 (#88)"</a>. <i>Quebec Culture Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+Culture+Blog&rft.atitle=%22Our+32+accents%22+Series%3A+QU%C3%89BEC+x+8+%E2%80%93+Post+3+of+7+%28%2388%29&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.aulast=Blog+101&rft.aufirst=Quebec+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquebeccultureblog.com%2F2014%2F11%2F14%2Four-32-accents-series-post-3-88%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesmath2006" class="citation book cs1">Wiesmath, Raphaële (2006). <i>Le français acadien: analyse syntaxique d'un corpus oral recueilli au Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada</i>. l'Hamalthan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+acadien%3A+analyse+syntaxique+d%27un+corpus+oral+recueilli+au+Nouveau-Brunswick%2C+Canada&rft.pub=l%27Hamalthan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wiesmath&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/lefrancaisacadie0000wies">[1]</a>. <i>Accessed 5 May 2011</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phono.uqac.ca/index.php?article=rubrique35">"PHONO: Caractéristiques phonétiques du français québécois"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHONO%3A+Caract%C3%A9ristiques+phon%C3%A9tiques+du+fran%C3%A7ais+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphono.uqac.ca%2Findex.php%3Farticle%3Drubrique35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJGvPwAACAAJ&dq=dictionnaire+du+fran%C3%A7ais+acadien&hl=en&ei=XXjCTci3LIKWOvn5xZ0I&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormier2009" class="citation book cs1">Cormier, Yves (2009). <i>Dictionnaire du français acadien</i>. Fides, Editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+du+fran%C3%A7ais+acadien&rft.pub=Fides%2C+Editions&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Cormier&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geddes, James (1908). <i>Study of the Acadian-French language spoken on the north shore of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Baie-des-Chaleurs</span></span></i>. Halle: Niemeyer <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/studyofacadianfr00gedd">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although superficially a phonological descendant of South Acadian French, analysis reveals North Acadian French to be <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntactic">morphosyntactically</a> identical to Quebec French. North Acadian is believed to have resulted from a localized levelling of contact dialects between Québécois and Acadian settlers. Cf. Wittmann, Henri (1995) "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr">Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17<sup>e</sup> siècle et origines du français québécois</span></span>." in Fournier, Robert & Henri Wittmann. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le français des Amériques</i></span>. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, 281–334.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1995a-fda.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crb_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrassieur" class="citation web cs1">Brassieur, C. Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://npshistory.com/publications/acadian-culture-in-maine.pdf">"Acadian Culture in Maine"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Acadian+Culture+in+Maine&rft.aulast=Brassieur&rft.aufirst=C.+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnpshistory.com%2Fpublications%2Facadian-culture-in-maine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComeauKingButler2012" class="citation journal cs1">Comeau, Philip; King, Ruth; Butler, Gary R. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-french-language-studies/article/abs/new-insights-on-an-old-rivalry-the-passe-simple-and-the-passe-compose-in-spoken-acadian-french1/0A272F68256151BB3CB4867FF908734C">"New insights on an old rivalry: The passé simple and the passé composé in spoken Acadian French"</a>. <i>Journal of French Language Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 315–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959269511000524">10.1017/S0959269511000524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2695">0959-2695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+French+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=New+insights+on+an+old+rivalry%3A+The+pass%C3%A9+simple+and+the+pass%C3%A9+compos%C3%A9+in+spoken+Acadian+French&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-343&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959269511000524&rft.issn=0959-2695&rft.aulast=Comeau&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=King%2C+Ruth&rft.au=Butler%2C+Gary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-french-language-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fnew-insights-on-an-old-rivalry-the-passe-simple-and-the-passe-compose-in-spoken-acadian-french1%2F0A272F68256151BB3CB4867FF908734C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcadian+French" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050114060619/http://www2.umoncton.ca/cfdocs/cea/livres/doc.cfm?livre=glossaire">Le Glossaire acadien</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Poirier" title="Pascal Poirier">Pascal Poirier</a> French language page.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadian_French&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217223532/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Acadian-english/">Acadian English Wordlist</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/">Webster's Online Dictionary</a> - <a href="/wiki/The_Rosetta_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosetta Edition">The Rosetta Edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piquine.drobicho.com">Les Éditions de la Piquine Online Acadian Glossary with audio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516022048/http://piquine.drobicho.com/">Archived</a> 2013-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - (Website is only in French)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_French" title="American French">North American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario French">Ontario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_the_United_States" title="French language in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">French-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Français signé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gallo-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Creole_French" title="Dominican Creole French">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Creole_French" title="Grenadian Creole French">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Creole" title="Saint Lucian Creole">Saint Lucian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_Creole" title="Bourbonnais Creole">Bourbonnais Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agalega_creole" title="Agalega creole">Agalega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossian_creole" title="Chagossian creole">Chagossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Creole" title="Mauritian Creole">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodriguan_creole" title="Rodriguan creole">Rodriguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole" title="Seychellois Creole">Seychellois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">African</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Abidjan_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Abidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_French#Kinshasa_French_vocabulary" title="African French">Kinshasa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">Aostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Cambodia" title="French language in Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francien_language" title="Francien language">Francien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_India#Indian_French" title="French people in India">Indian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Laos" title="French language in Laos">Laotian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontarian_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarian French">Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_French" title="Standard French">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolze" title="Bolze">Bolze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi_Pidgin_French" title="Burundi Pidgin French">Burundi Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camfranglais" title="Camfranglais">Camfranglais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianese_Creole" title="French Guianese Creole">Guianese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karip%C3%BAna_French_Creole" title="Karipúna French Creole">Karipúna Creole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouchi">Nouchi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anais_dialect" title="Orléanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_Tirailleur" title="Français Tirailleur">Petit nègre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin-Saintongeais" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin-Saintongeais">Poitevin-Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayo_Creole" title="Tayo Creole">Tayo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francoprovencalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a>/Faetar-Cigliàje</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> or dialects</li> <li>A star (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">varieties with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acadia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acadia" title="Template:Acadia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acadia" title="Template talk:Acadia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acadia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acadia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acadia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia (New France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9_National_Historic_Site" title="Grand-Pré National Historic Site">Grand-Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">General history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_2003" title="Royal Proclamation of 2003">Royal Proclamation of 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia (region)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acadian French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress">Acadian World Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Acadians" title="List of Acadians">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">National Acadian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_communautaire_du_Nouveau-Brunswick" title="Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick">Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_l%27%C3%8Ele" title="Collège de l'Île">Collège de l'Île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Acadie_Nouvelle" title="L'Acadie Nouvelle">L'Acadie Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_College_of_Forest_Technology" title="Maritime College of Forest Technology">Collège de Technologie forestière des Maritimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI_Financial_Cooperation" title="UNI Financial Cooperation">UNI Financial Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Université Sainte-Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> 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