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id="toc-Animal_glue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_glue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Animal glue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_glue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urea-formaldehyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urea-formaldehyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Urea-formaldehyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urea-formaldehyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resorcinol-formaldehyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resorcinol-formaldehyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Resorcinol-formaldehyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resorcinol-formaldehyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phenol_formaldehyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phenol_formaldehyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Phenol formaldehyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phenol_formaldehyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyurethane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyurethane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Polyurethane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyurethane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Epoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyanoacrylate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyanoacrylate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Cyanoacrylate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyanoacrylate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Casein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyvinyl_acetate_(PVA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyvinyl_acetate_(PVA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Polyvinyl acetate (PVA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyvinyl_acetate_(PVA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aliphatic_resin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliphatic_resin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Aliphatic resin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliphatic_resin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_cement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_cement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Contact cement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_cement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hot_glue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_glue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Hot glue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_glue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanical resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wood glue</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-title="Houtlijm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trelim" title="Trelim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trelim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Столярный клей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Столярный клей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q971298" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adhesive made of natural or synthetic raw materials for bonding wood and wood-based materials</div> <p><b>Wood glue</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> used to tightly bond pieces of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> together. Many substances have been used as glues. Traditionally animal proteins like <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> from milk or <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> from animal hides and bones were boiled down to make early glues. They worked by solidifying as they dried. Later, glues were made from plant starches like flour or potato starch. When combined with water and heated, the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> gelatinizes and forms a sticky paste as it dries. Plant-based glues were common for books and paper products, though they can break down more easily over time compared to animal-based glues.<sup id="cite_ref-BioResources_2018_o618_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioResources_2018_o618-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_Ding_Gu_Tan_2015_pp._32–37_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_Ding_Gu_Tan_2015_pp._32–37-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maulana_Lubis_Febrianto_Hua_2022_p._1614_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maulana_Lubis_Febrianto_Hua_2022_p._1614-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of modern wood glues include <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a> (PVA) and <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> resins. Some resins (i.e., glues) used in producing composite wood products may contain formaldehyde.<sup id="cite_ref-US_EPA_2016_m538_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_EPA_2016_m538-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, “the wood panel industry uses almost 95% of synthetic petroleum-derived thermosetting adhesives, mainly based on urea, phenol, and melamine, among others”.<sup id="cite_ref-Raydan_Leroyer_Charrier_Robles_2021_p._7617_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raydan_Leroyer_Charrier_Robles_2021_p._7617-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_glue">Animal glue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Animal glue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Animal_glue" title="Animal glue">Animal glue</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Hoof_glue" title="Hoof glue">hoof glue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hide_glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hide glue">hide glue</a>, was the primary adhesive of choice for many types of woodworking, including furniture and lutherie, for many centuries. It is manufactured from <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(animal_products)" title="Rendering (animal products)">rendered</a> collagen from the skins (hides) or hooves of animals. It is chemically similar to edible gelatin and is non-toxic if ingested. Hide glue is still used today in specialized applications: <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">musical instruments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutherie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherie">lutherie</a>), for <a href="/wiki/Replica_furniture" title="Replica furniture">replica furniture</a>, and for conservation-grade repairs to antique woodwork. Hide glue is measured on the basis of its gel strength, a measure of how many grams of force it requires to depress a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (13 mm) plunger 4 mm (0.16 in) into a 12.5% protein solution of the glue at 10 °C (50 °F). Glue is manufactured in standard grades from 32–512 grams (1.1–18.1 oz). 192-gram (6.8 oz) strength is the most commonly used for woodworking; 251-gram (8.9 oz) is the highest normally used for instrument building; 135-gram (4.8 oz) is the lowest used for general woodwork. Glue above 250-gram (8.8 oz) strength requires excessive dilution and so leaves too little glue in joints for effective adhesion, so it is not commonly used. Liquid versions of hide glue are now available; typically they have <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> added to keep the glue liquid at room temperature and to extend drying time. Examples of liquid hide glue are Old Brown Glue or Titebond Liquid Hide. Hide glue does not creep. Hide glue joints are easy to repair, by just heating and adding more hide glue.<sup id="cite_ref-Spielman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spielman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VICK_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICK-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urea-formaldehyde">Urea-formaldehyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Urea-formaldehyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde" title="Urea-formaldehyde">Urea-formaldehyde</a> resin adhesives feature a low effective cost, low cure temperatures, resistance to microorganisms and abrasion, and light color. It does not creep, and can be repaired with epoxy. It can rapidly deteriorate in hot, <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moist</a> environments, releasing <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connor_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connor-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supplied as a fine white powder which is mixed with half its weight of cold water for use. Mixed adhesive remains usable for around three hours, depending on temperature. Providing it is kept dry, unused powder has a shelf life of up to a year. The adhesive has the ability to fill gaps between ill-fitting components. It has been produced since the 1930s as <a href="/wiki/Aerolite_(adhesive)" title="Aerolite (adhesive)"><i>Aerolite</i></a> to bond <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> for use in aircraft construction. </p><p>The greenhouse gas emissions is 2.04 kg CO2-eq./kg of <a href="/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde" title="Urea-formaldehyde">Urea-formaldehyde</a> adhesive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resorcinol-formaldehyde">Resorcinol-formaldehyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Resorcinol-formaldehyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Resorcinol-formaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Resorcinol-formaldehyde">Resorcinol-formaldehyde</a> resin glue is very strong and durable (resisting immersion in boiling water, mild acids, salt water, solvents, mold, fungus, ultraviolet, etc.). Historically, it was the dominant glue in exterior grade plywood manufacture and the production of wooden aircraft. It must be mixed before use (liquid resin and powdered catalyst), is toxic,<sup id="cite_ref-DAP_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAP-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a dark purple cured color, which may not be acceptable in some uses. For many years, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has stated that "Resorcinol is the only known adhesive recommended and approved for use in wooden aircraft structure and fully meets necessary strength and durability requirements"<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for certificated aircraft. However, in fact the vast majority of wooden aircraft built in recent decades (mostly amateur-built aircraft) instead use other types of adhesives<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">epoxy resin</a> systems), which offer greater strength and, even more importantly, much less criticality in perfect application technique. Most newer adhesives are much more tolerant to typical construction mistakes (such as small gaps or misalignments between parts) than resorcinol, which offers virtually no tolerance for such everyday construction situations. This can pose major difficulties, especially in complex assemblies. Resorcinol is, however, still used by some builders/restorers, and is commonly seen in vintage aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phenol_formaldehyde">Phenol formaldehyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phenol formaldehyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin" title="Phenol formaldehyde resin">Phenol formaldehyde resin</a> is commonly used for making waterproof <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>. It is cured at elevated temperature and pressure<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also available as a dry film to be sandwiched in between layers of veneer (<a href="/wiki/Tego_film" title="Tego film">Tego film</a>). The greenhouse gas emissions is 2.88 kg CO2-eq./kg of PF adhesive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of <a href="/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde" title="Urea-formaldehyde">Urea-formaldehyde</a> are lower than those of <a href="/wiki/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin" title="Phenol formaldehyde resin">Phenol formaldehyde</a> adhesives. But <a href="/wiki/Urea-formaldehyde" title="Urea-formaldehyde">Urea-formaldehyde</a> adhesive is judged to have a nearly 50% higher life cycle impact than <a href="/wiki/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin" title="Phenol formaldehyde resin">Phenol formaldehyde</a> mainly because of acid based emmissions during its production process. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde"><span id="Lignin.E2.80.93phenol.E2.80.93formaldehyde"></span>Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives are generally synthesized by reacting a mixture of isolated lignin (for example, kraft, soda or biorefinery lignin) and phenol with formaldehyde under alkaline conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives have higher viscosity, are more deeply coloured and require more severe curing conditions than urea–formaldehyde and phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesives.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In lignocellulosic biomass, lignin acts as a glue that provides strength to cell walls by effectively binding cellulose and hemicelluloses together.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milled wood lignin(MWL), formaldehyde-protected lignin (FPL) and acetone-protected lignin adhesives that were prepared with lignins separated under either mild conditions or protection by aldehyde or ketone demonstrated reasonable bonding strengths after hot pressing at 190 °C and 1.5 MPa for 8 min; both the dry and wet adhesion strengths met the minimum requirement of 0.7 MPa. From the results, the slightly condensed or protected lignins from different sources could be directly used as wood adhesives without additional physical or chemical treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adhesion performance of these adhesives improved with reduced condensation degrees and increased with higher hot-pressing temperatures. Multilayer plywood products using lignin adhesives met the mechanical requirements for applications in various fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lignin adhesives prepared from lignins protected with other aldehydes (for example, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and furfural showed qualified adhesion performances >0.7 MPa.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preparing lignin-based wood adhesives from lignocellulosic biomass promotes the use of green adhesives and contributes to the development of profitable biorefining schemes. It is a significant advancement in the field of sustainable adhesive technology and has the potential to impact the plywood manufacturing industry positively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyurethane">Polyurethane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polyurethane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane</a> glue (trade names include <i>Gorilla Glue</i> and <i>Excel</i>) is becoming increasingly popular in the USA after being used for years in other countries. It bonds to textile fibers, metals, plastics, glass, sand, ceramics and rubber, in addition to wood. Polyurethane wood adhesives are normally <a href="/wiki/Prepolymer" title="Prepolymer">prepolymers</a> terminated with <a href="/wiki/Isocyanate_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Isocyanate group">isocyanate groups</a>. When exposed to moisture, isocyanates react with water and thus cure the adhesives. Therefore, one-component polyurethane adhesives are also named as moisture-cure polyurethanes. In addition, interactions between polyurethanes and wood polymers can significantly influence bond performance.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedirect_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polyurethane glues expand when they cure, improving adhesion where the fit is not tight. Unlike PVA glues, they can be used to glue end grains. However, in water-saturating tests, polyurethane bonds "were much less durable than the resorcinol bonds on both [Douglas-fir and yellow birch]."<sup id="cite_ref-Forest_Products_Journal_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forest_Products_Journal-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoxy">Epoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Epoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">Epoxy resin</a>, usually as a two-part mix system, cures under a wider range of temperatures and moisture content than other glues, does not require pressure while curing, and has good gap-filling properties: near-perfect joints with very small gaps actually produce weaker bonds. Use of epoxy requires careful attention to the mixing ratio of the two parts. It bonds to most cured wood glues (except PVA).<sup id="cite_ref-Gurit_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two-part epoxy adhesive is very resistant to salt water, most epoxy is heat resistant up to 177 °C (351 °F), the formulations containing <a href="/wiki/Powdered_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Powdered metal">powdered metal</a> and rubber or <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> are very tough and shock resistant. The most common epoxy resins are based on reacting <a href="/wiki/Epichlorohydrin" title="Epichlorohydrin">epichlorohydrin</a> (ECH) with <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>,  resulting in a different chemical substance known as <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">bisphenol A diglycidyl ether</a> (commonly known as BADGE or DGEBA). Bisphenol A-based resins are the most widely commercialised resins but also other <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">bisphenols</a> are analogously reacted with epichlorohydrin, for example <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">Bisphenol F</a>. Epoxy can trigger long-term sensitivity (<a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>) from overexposure, and is often expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-Pardey_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pardey-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyanoacrylate">Cyanoacrylate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cyanoacrylate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacrylate" title="Cyanoacrylate">Cyanoacrylate</a> (<i>Crazy glue</i>, <i>Superglue</i>, <i>CA</i> or <i>CyA</i>) is used mainly for small repairs, especially by <a href="/wiki/Woodturner" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodturner">woodturners</a>. It bonds instantly, including to skin. Cured CA is essentially a plastic material. Versions are available that are able to wick into tight joints but bond with reduced strength (because much drips out and much soaks into the wood leaving very little on the surface for the bond), or thicker formulations (gel) which can fill very small gaps, do not flow out of the joint, and do not soak so quickly into wood. Thinner cyanoacrylate glue does not bond more quickly nor form shorter polymer chains than the gel version when used on wood. The chemical nature of wood significantly delays polymerization of cyanoacrylate. When it finally polymerizes in a wood joint, enough gel remains for a better bond than with the thin version. When using the gel, too much glue will weaken the resulting bond. Likewise, applying too little of the thin super glue will result in almost no glue at all remaining in a wood joint, causing a weak bond or no bond at all. Versions are also available that are <i>foam safe</i> (regular CA dissolves most plastic foams) which are usually also marketed as <i>low odor</i>. Cyanoacrylate is stiff but has a low shear strength (brittle) thus normal wood bending can break the bond in some applications. Often, too much adhesive is applied which leads to a much weaker bond. CA has quickly become the dominant adhesive used by builders of balsa wood models, where its strength far exceeds the base materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casein">Casein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Casein#Glue" title="Casein">Casein glue</a> is made from milk proteins. It was used to make strong and robust joints in early aviation, and was ubiquitous in the form of "white glue" such as <a href="/wiki/Elmer%27s_Glue-All" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmer's Glue-All">Elmer's Glue-All</a>, but fell out of favor due to its susceptibility to attack by bacteria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyvinyl_acetate_(PVA)"><span id="Polyvinyl_acetate_.28PVA.29"></span>Polyvinyl acetate (PVA)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Polyvinyl acetate (PVA)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">Polyvinyl acetate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg/220px-AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg/330px-AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg/440px-AdhesivesForHouseUse002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Household PVA glue</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">Polyvinyl acetate</a> (PVA), also known as "white glue", "hobby and craft" or “school glue” is non toxic, PH neutral, inexpensive, and easy to use, and is therefore the most commonly used type of wood glue. Joints should be tight fitting and clamped during curing for maximum strength. PVAs remain flexible after they have cured, however, and will <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> under constant load. Joints that were previously glued with PVA may be hard to repair since most glues (including PVA itself) do not adhere well to cured PVA glue. PVA glues are not waterproof, however type 2 PVAs are water resistant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliphatic_resin">Aliphatic resin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aliphatic resin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Aliphatic_resin"></span> <i>Aliphatic resin</i>, also known as "carpenter's glue" and "yellow glue," is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_adhesive" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic adhesive">synthetic adhesive</a> (in this case, an <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic compound</a>) with a light yellow color and creamy texture used most frequently to bond together pieces of wood. Compared to other adhesives, it has low odor and <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a>, good bonding strength, and moderate moisture resistance. It is more heat- and water-resistant than <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a> "white" glues, has a heavier consistency that results in fewer drips, and sets at temperatures above 50 °F (10 °C) and up to 110 °F (43 °C), though it is considered unsuitable for outdoor use. Its faster set-time than white glues can make its use on complex projects difficult. It <a href="/wiki/Curing_(chemistry)" title="Curing (chemistry)">cures</a> in approximately 24 hours, and results in a glue line that is either translucent, pale tan, or amber. Before it cures, it can be cleaned up with tap water (like white glue). Unlike white glue, its heat resistance and hardness when cured means it can be sanded, though it will not absorb <a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">wood stains</a> applied on top of it. Excess resin must be sanded off or otherwise removed before staining.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has less tendency to "creep" (slide during clamping) than white glue.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliphatic resin has a similar use profile and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Relative_ultimate_strength&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relative ultimate strength (page does not exist)">relative ultimate strength</a> as PVA. The two glues differ in grip characteristics before initial set, with PVAs exhibiting more slip during assembly and yellow glue having more initial grip. Brands include <i>Titebond</i> and <i>Lepage</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_cement">Contact cement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contact cement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Contact_cement" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact cement">Contact cement</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">wood veneers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_glue">Hot glue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hot glue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hot_glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot glue">Hot glue</a> for temporary uses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several wood glues have poor "gap-filling" ability, meaning they either soak into the wood and leave the gap empty, or remain to fill the gap but have little structural integrity. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Woodworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodworker">woodworkers</a> commonly use tight-fitting joints that need surprisingly little glue to hold large pieces of wood. Most wood glues need to be <a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">clamped</a> while the glue sets.<sup id="cite_ref-VICK_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VICK-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epoxy resins and some other glues can be thickened with structural fillers (or with thicker formulations of the resin) to help fill gaps, however it is preferable to try to minimize gaps in the first place so the problem is not faced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_resistance">Mechanical resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mechanical resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fine_Woodworking" title="Fine Woodworking">Fine Woodworking</a></i> magazine ran a number of tests to evaluate the mechanical resistance of wood joints with different glues:<sup id="cite_ref-Fine_Woodworking_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fine_Woodworking-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glue </th> <th>Joint strength as a percentage of Type I PVA glue </th></tr> <tr> <td>Type I PVA glue </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 100%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">100%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slow-set epoxy </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 99%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">99%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PVA glue </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 95%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">95%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liquid hide glue </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 79%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">79%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hot hide glue </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 76%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">76%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Polyurethane </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 58%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">58%</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The type I PVA glue was Titebond III, a waterproof glue. The epoxy was from System Three. The PVA glue was Elmer's Carpenter's glue. The liquid hide glue was from Old Brown Glue. The hot hide glue was J.E. Moser's. The polyurethane was Gorilla brand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Bioadhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_gum" title="Postage stamp gum">Postage stamp gum</a> (a starch-based adhesive)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a> (wood dust)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVOC" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOC">TVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood preservative">Wood preservative</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BioResources_2018_o618-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BioResources_2018_o618_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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B.; Okkonen, E. A (Nov–Dec 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5964">"Strength and durability of one-part polyurethane adhesive bonds to wood"</a>. <i>Forest Products Journal</i>. <b>48</b> (11/12): 71–76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519041832/http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/5964">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Products+Journal&rft.atitle=Strength+and+durability+of+one-part+polyurethane+adhesive+bonds+to+wood&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=11%2F12&rft.pages=71-76&rft.date=1998-11%2F1998-12&rft.aulast=Vick&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft.au=Okkonen%2C+E.+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treesearch.fs.fed.us%2Fpubs%2F5964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurit-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurit_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gurit.com/core/core_picker/download.asp?documenttable=libraryfiles&id=1109">"Bonding with Epoxy in Wood Construction", Gurit, retrieved 2009-11-03</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210061803/http://www.cigb.edu.cu/barra_de_navegacion/images/barranav_r2_c13.gif">Archived copy</a> at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> (January 26, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pardey-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pardey_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704184405/http://www.cpadhesives.com/adhesive-solutions">"Superior Adhesives for the Millennium"</a>. <i>CP Adhesives, Inc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpadhesives.com/adhesive-solutions">the original</a> on 2011-07-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CP+Adhesives%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Superior+Adhesives+for+the+Millennium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpadhesives.com%2Fadhesive-solutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_R._Self1995" class="citation book cs1">Charles R. Self (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780806908588"><i>Super Simple Birdhouses You Can Make</i></a></span>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780806908588/page/38">38</a>-39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-0858-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-0858-8"><bdi>978-0-8069-0858-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+Simple+Birdhouses+You+Can+Make&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-0858-8&rft.au=Charles+R.+Self&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780806908588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_W._Cliffe1990" class="citation book cs1">Roger W. Cliffe (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodworkershandb00clif"><i>Woodworker's Handbook</i></a></span>. Sterling. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/woodworkershandb00clif/page/134">134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-7238-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-7238-1"><bdi>978-0-8069-7238-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woodworker%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-7238-1&rft.au=Roger+W.+Cliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwoodworkershandb00clif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine_Woodworking-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fine_Woodworking_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldbrownglue.com/images/articles/HowStrongisYourGlue_FWW.pdf">"Reference Fine Woodworking, August 2007, N° 192"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>oldbrownglue.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084933/http://www.oldbrownglue.com/images/articles/HowStrongisYourGlue_FWW.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oldbrownglue.com&rft.atitle=Reference+Fine+Woodworking%2C+August+2007%2C+N%C2%B0+192&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldbrownglue.com%2Fimages%2Farticles%2FHowStrongisYourGlue_FWW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests/special_issues/friendly_Wood_Composites">"Forests | Special Issue : Advanced Eco-Friendly Wood-Based Composites II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forests+%26%23124%3B+Special+Issue+%3A+Advanced+Eco-Friendly+Wood-Based+Composites+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fforests%2Fspecial_issues%2Ffriendly_Wood_Composites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonçalvesBordadoMarquesGalhano_dos_Santos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gonçalves, Diogo; Bordado, João Moura; Marques, Ana C.; Galhano dos Santos, Rui (24 Nov 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8658755">"Non-Formaldehyde, Bio-Based Adhesives for Use in Wood-Based Panel Manufacturing Industry—A Review"</a>. <i>Polymers</i>. <b>13</b> (23). MDPI AG: 4086. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpolym13234086">10.3390/polym13234086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4360">2073-4360</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8658755">8658755</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883590">34883590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymers&rft.atitle=Non-Formaldehyde%2C+Bio-Based+Adhesives+for+Use+in+Wood-Based+Panel+Manufacturing+Industry%E2%80%94A+Review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=4086&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8658755%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34883590&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpolym13234086&rft.aulast=Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.aufirst=Diogo&rft.au=Bordado%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Moura&rft.au=Marques%2C+Ana+C.&rft.au=Galhano+dos+Santos%2C+Rui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8658755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWood+glue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&oldid=1251906818">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wood_glue&oldid=1251906818</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_adhesives" title="Category:Woodworking adhesives">Woodworking adhesives</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Kinyarwanda-language_sources_(rw)" title="Category:CS1 Kinyarwanda-language sources (rw)">CS1 Kinyarwanda-language sources (rw)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 October 2024, at 19:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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