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delay</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: time delay"> <meta name="keywords" content="time delay"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="time delay"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 18592</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: time delay</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18592</span> Modification of Fick’s First Law by Introducing the Time Delay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Namazi">H. Namazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20T.%20N.%20Kuan"> H. T. N. Kuan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fick's first law relates the diffusive flux to the concentration field, by postulating that the flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient (spatial derivative). It is clear that the diffusion of flux cannot be instantaneous and should be some time delay in this propagation. But Fick’s first law doesn’t consider this delay which results in some errors especially when there is a considerable time delay in the process. In this paper, we introduce a time delay to Fick’s first law. By this modification, we consider that the diffusion of flux cannot be instantaneous. In order to verify this claim an application sample in fluid diffusion is discussed and the results of modified Fick’s first law, Fick’s first law and the experimental results are compared. The results of this comparison stand for the accuracy of the modified model. The modified model can be used in any application where the time delay has considerable value and neglecting its effect reflects in undesirable results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fick%27s%20first%20law" title="Fick's first law">Fick's first law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flux" title=" flux"> flux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion" title=" diffusion"> diffusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay" title=" time delay"> time delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20Fick%E2%80%99s%20first%20law" title=" modified Fick’s first law"> modified Fick’s first law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19767/modification-of-ficks-first-law-by-introducing-the-time-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19767.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18591</span> An Active Rectifier with Time-Domain Delay Compensation to Enhance the Power Conversion Efficiency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shao-Ku%20Kao">Shao-Ku Kao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an active rectifier with time-domain delay compensation to enhance the efficiency. A delay calibration circuit is designed to convert delay time to voltage and adaptive control on/off delay in variable input voltage. This circuit is designed in 0.18 mm CMOS process. The input voltage range is from 2 V to 3.6 V with the output voltage from 1.8 V to 3.4 V. The efficiency can maintain more than 85% when the load from 50 Ω ~ 1500 Ω for 3.6 V input voltage. The maximum efficiency is 92.4 % at output power to be 38.6 mW for 3.6 V input voltage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wireless%20power%20transfer" title="wireless power transfer">wireless power transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20diode" title=" active diode"> active diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20compensation" title=" delay compensation"> delay compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20to%20voltage%20converter" title=" time to voltage converter"> time to voltage converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PCE" title=" PCE"> PCE</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99488/an-active-rectifier-with-time-domain-delay-compensation-to-enhance-the-power-conversion-efficiency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18590</span> Simulation of Pedestrian Service Time at Different Delay Times</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Badshah">Imran Badshah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pedestrian service time reflects the performance of the facility, and it’s a key parameter to analyze the capability of facilities provided to serve pedestrians. The level of service of pedestrians (LOS) mainly depends on pedestrian time and safety. The pedestrian time utilized by taking a service is mainly influenced by the number of available services and the time utilized by each pedestrian in receiving a service; that is called a delay time. In this paper, we analyzed the simulated pedestrian service time with different delay times. A simulation is performed in AnyLogic by developing a model that reflects the real scenario of pedestrian services such as ticket machine gates at rail stations, airports, shopping malls, and cinema halls. The simulated pedestrian time is determined for various delay values. The simulated result shows how pedestrian time changes with the delay pattern. The histogram and time plot graph of a model gives the mean, maximum and minimum values of the pedestrian time. This study helps us to check the behavior of pedestrian time at various services such as subway stations, airports, shopping malls, and cinema halls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20simulation" title="agent-based simulation">agent-based simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anylogic%20model" title=" anylogic model"> anylogic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pedestrian%20behavior" title=" pedestrian behavior"> pedestrian behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay" title=" time delay"> time delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158989/simulation-of-pedestrian-service-time-at-different-delay-times" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158989.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18589</span> A Low-Power Comparator Structure with Arbitrary Pre-Amplification Delay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ata%20Khorami">Ata Khorami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Sharifkhani"> Mohammad Sharifkhani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the dynamic comparators, the pre-amplifier amplifies the input differential voltage and when the output Vcm of the pre-amplifier becomes larger than Vth of the latch input transistors, the latch is activated and finalizes the comparison. As a result, the pre-amplification delay is fixed to a value and cannot be set at the minimum required delay, thus, significant power and delay are imposed. In this paper, a novel structure is proposed through which the pre-amplification delay can be set at any low value saving power and time. Simulations show that using the proposed structure, by setting the pre-amplification delay at the minimum required value the power and comparison delay can be reduced by 55% and 100ps respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20comparator" title="dynamic comparator">dynamic comparator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20power%20comparator" title=" low power comparator"> low power comparator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analog%20to%20digital%20converter" title=" analog to digital converter"> analog to digital converter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-amplification%20delay" title=" pre-amplification delay"> pre-amplification delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105939/a-low-power-comparator-structure-with-arbitrary-pre-amplification-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18588</span> Nitrogen Effects on Ignition Delay Time in Supersonic Premixed and Diffusion Flames </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Tahsini">A. M. Tahsini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Computational study of two dimensional supersonic reacting hydrogen-air flows is performed to investigate the nitrogen effects on ignition delay time for premixed and diffusion flames. Chemical reaction is treated using detail kinetics and the advection upstream splitting method is used to calculate the numerical inviscid fluxes. The results show that only in the stoichiometric condition for both premixed and diffusion flames, there is monotone dependency of the ignition delay time to the nitrogen addition. In other situations, the optimal condition from ignition viewpoint should be found using numerical investigations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffusion%20flame" title="diffusion flame">diffusion flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition%20delay%20time" title=" ignition delay time"> ignition delay time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixing%20layer" title=" mixing layer"> mixing layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=premixed%20flame" title=" premixed flame"> premixed flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic%20flow" title=" supersonic flow"> supersonic flow</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1461/nitrogen-effects-on-ignition-delay-time-in-supersonic-premixed-and-diffusion-flames" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18587</span> A Time Delay Neural Network for Prediction of Human Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Hakimiyan">A. Hakimiyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Namazi"> H. Namazi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human behavior is defined as a range of behaviors exhibited by humans who are influenced by different internal or external sources. Human behavior is the subject of much research in different areas of psychology and neuroscience. Despite some advances in studies related to forecasting of human behavior, there are not many researches which consider the effect of the time delay between the presence of stimulus and the related human response. Analysis of EEG signal as a fractal time series is one of the major tools for studying the human behavior. In the other words, the human brain activity is reflected in his EEG signal. Artificial Neural Network has been proved useful in forecasting of different systems’ behavior especially in engineering areas. In this research, a time delay neural network is trained and tested in order to forecast the human EEG signal and subsequently human behavior. This neural network, by introducing a time delay, takes care of the lagging time between the occurrence of the stimulus and the rise of the subsequent action potential. The results of this study are useful not only for the fundamental understanding of human behavior forecasting, but shall be very useful in different areas of brain research such as seizure prediction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20behavior" title="human behavior">human behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EEG%20signal" title=" EEG signal"> EEG signal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay%20neural%20network" title=" time delay neural network"> time delay neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prediction" title=" prediction"> prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lagging%20time" title=" lagging time"> lagging time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21608/a-time-delay-neural-network-for-prediction-of-human-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21608.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">663</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18586</span> Quality-Of-Service-Aware Green Bandwidth Allocation in Ethernet Passive Optical Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzu-Yang%20Lin">Tzu-Yang Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuan-Ching%20Sue"> Chuan-Ching Sue </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sleep mechanisms are commonly used to ensure the energy efficiency of each optical network unit (ONU) that concerns a single class delay constraint in the Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON). How long the ONUs can sleep without violating the delay constraint has become a research problem. Particularly, we can derive an analytical model to determine the optimal sleep time of ONUs in every cycle without violating the maximum class delay constraint. The bandwidth allocation considering such optimal sleep time is called Green Bandwidth Allocation (GBA). Although the GBA mechanism guarantees that the different class delay constraints do not violate the maximum class delay constraint, packets with a more relaxed delay constraint will be treated as those with the most stringent delay constraint and may be sent early. This means that the ONU will waste energy in active mode to send packets in advance which did not need to be sent at the current time. Accordingly, we proposed a QoS-aware GBA using a novel intra-ONU scheduling to control the packets to be sent according to their respective delay constraints, thereby enhancing energy efficiency without deteriorating delay performance. If packets are not explicitly classified but with different packet delay constraints, we can modify the intra-ONU scheduling to classify packets according to their packet delay constraints rather than their classes. Moreover, we propose the switchable ONU architecture in which the ONU can switch the architecture according to the sleep time length, thus improving energy efficiency in the QoS-aware GBA. The simulation results show that the QoS-aware GBA ensures that packets in different classes or with different delay constraints do not violate their respective delay constraints and consume less power than the original GBA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Passive%20Optical%20Networks" title="Passive Optical Networks">Passive Optical Networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PONs" title=" PONs"> PONs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Optical%20Network%20Unit" title=" Optical Network Unit"> Optical Network Unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ONU" title=" ONU"> ONU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20constraint" title=" delay constraint"> delay constraint</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94624/quality-of-service-aware-green-bandwidth-allocation-in-ethernet-passive-optical-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94624.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18585</span> Time Delay Estimation Using Signal Envelopes for Synchronisation of Recordings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergei%20Aleinik">Sergei Aleinik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikhail%20Stolbov"> Mikhail Stolbov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, a method of time delay estimation for dual-channel acoustic signals (speech, music, etc.) recorded under reverberant conditions is investigated. Standard methods based on cross-correlation of the signals show poor results in cases involving strong reverberation, large distances between microphones and asynchronous recordings. Under similar conditions, a method based on cross-correlation of temporal envelopes of the signals delivers a delay estimation of acceptable quality. This method and its properties are described and investigated in detail, including its limits of applicability. The method’s optimal parameter estimation and a comparison with other known methods of time delay estimation are also provided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-correlation" title="cross-correlation">cross-correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20estimation" title=" delay estimation"> delay estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20envelope" title=" signal envelope"> signal envelope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2280/time-delay-estimation-using-signal-envelopes-for-synchronisation-of-recordings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18584</span> Estimation and Comparison of Delay at Signalized Intersections Based on Existing Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arpita%20Saha">Arpita Saha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Chandra"> Satish Chandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indrajit%20Ghosh"> Indrajit Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Delay implicates the time loss of a traveler while crossing an intersection. Efficiency of traffic operation at signalized intersections is assessed in terms of delay caused to an individual vehicle. Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) method and Webster’s method are the most widely used in India for delay estimation purpose. However, in India, traffic is highly heterogeneous in nature with extremely poor lane discipline. Therefore, to explore best delay estimation technique for Indian condition, a comparison was made. In this study, seven signalized intersections from three different cities where chosen. Data was collected for both during morning and evening peak hours. Only under saturated cycles were considered for this study. Delay was estimated based on the field data. With the help of Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule, delay of under saturated cycles was estimated by measuring the area under the curve of queue length and cycle time. Moreover, the field observed delay was compared with the delay estimated using HCM, Webster, Probabilistic, Taylor’s expansion and Regression methods. The drawbacks of the existing delay estimation methods to be use in Indian heterogeneous traffic conditions were figured out, and best method was proposed. It was observed that direct estimation of delay using field measured data is more accurate than existing conventional and modified methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20estimation%20technique" title="delay estimation technique">delay estimation technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20delay" title=" field delay"> field delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20traffic" title=" heterogeneous traffic"> heterogeneous traffic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signalised%20intersection" title=" signalised intersection"> signalised intersection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62348/estimation-and-comparison-of-delay-at-signalized-intersections-based-on-existing-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18583</span> Project Time and Quality Management during Construction </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nahed%20Al-Hajeri">Nahed Al-Hajeri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Time and cost is an integral part of every construction plan and can affect each party’s contractual obligations. The performance of both time and cost are usually important to the client and contractor during the project. Almost all construction projects are experiencing time overrun. These time overruns always contributed as expensive to both client and contractor. Construction of any project inside the gathering centers involves complex management skills related to work force, materials, plant, machineries, new technologies etc. It also involves many agencies interdependent on each other like the vendors, structural and functional designers including various types of specialized engineers and it includes support of contractors and specialized contractors. This paper mainly highlights the types of construction delays due to which project suffer time and cost overrun. This paper also speaks about the delay causes and factors that contribute to the construction sequence delay for the oil and gas projects. Construction delay is supposed to be one of the repeated problems in the construction projects and it has an opposing effect on project success in terms of time, cost and quality. Some effective methods are identified to minimize delays in construction projects such as: 1. Site management and supervision, 2. Effective strategic planning, 3. Clear information and communication channel. Our research paper studies the types of delay with some real examples with statistic results and suggests solutions to overcome this problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-compensable%20delay" title="non-compensable delay">non-compensable delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delays%20caused%20by%20force%20majeure" title=" delays caused by force majeure"> delays caused by force majeure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compensable%20delay" title=" compensable delay"> compensable delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delays%20caused%20by%20the%20owner%20or%20the%20owner%E2%80%99s%20representative" title=" delays caused by the owner or the owner’s representative"> delays caused by the owner or the owner’s representative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-excusable%20delay" title=" non-excusable delay"> non-excusable delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20caused%20by%20the%20contractor%20or%20the%20contractor%E2%80%99s%20representative" title=" delay caused by the contractor or the contractor’s representative"> delay caused by the contractor or the contractor’s representative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concurrent%20delay" title=" concurrent delay"> concurrent delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delays%20resulting%20from%20two%20separate%20causes%20at%20the%20same%20time" title=" delays resulting from two separate causes at the same time"> delays resulting from two separate causes at the same time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36981/project-time-and-quality-management-during-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36981.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">242</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18582</span> Sliding Mode Control for Active Suspension System with Actuator Delay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aziz%20Sezgin">Aziz Sezgin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuksel%20Hacioglu"> Yuksel Hacioglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurkan%20Yagiz"> Nurkan Yagiz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sliding mode controller for a vehicle active suspension system is designed in this study. The widely used quarter car model is preferred and it is aimed to improve the ride comfort of the passengers. The effect of the actuator time delay, which may arise due to the information processing, sensors or actuator dynamics, is also taken into account during the design of the controller. A sliding mode controller was designed that has taken into account the actuator time delay by using Smith predictor. The successful performance of the designed controller is confirmed via numerical results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20mode%20control" title="sliding mode control">sliding mode control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20suspension%20system" title=" active suspension system"> active suspension system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actuator" title=" actuator"> actuator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay" title=" time delay"> time delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle" title=" vehicle"> vehicle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48611/sliding-mode-control-for-active-suspension-system-with-actuator-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18581</span> Number of Parametrization of Discrete-Time Systems without Unit-Delay Element: Single-Input Single-Output Case</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazuyoshi%20Mori">Kazuyoshi Mori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we consider the parametrization of the discrete-time systems without the unit-delay element within the framework of the factorization approach. In the parametrization, we investigate the number of required parameters. We consider single-input single-output systems in this paper. By the investigation, we find, on the discrete-time systems without the unit-delay element, three cases that are (1) there exist plants which require only one parameter and (2) two parameters, and (3) the number of parameters is at most three. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factorization%20approach" title="factorization approach">factorization approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-time%20system" title=" discrete-time system"> discrete-time system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parameterization%20of%20stabilizing%20controllers" title=" parameterization of stabilizing controllers"> parameterization of stabilizing controllers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20without%20unit-delay" title=" system without unit-delay"> system without unit-delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74319/number-of-parametrization-of-discrete-time-systems-without-unit-delay-element-single-input-single-output-case" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18580</span> Hybrid Subspace Approach for Time Delay Estimation in MIMO Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Saeedinezhad">Mojtaba Saeedinezhad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarah%20Yousefi"> Sarah Yousefi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a hybrid subspace approach for Time Delay Estimation (TDE) in multivariable systems. While several methods have been proposed for time delay estimation in SISO systems, delay estimation in MIMO systems were always a big challenge. In these systems the existing TDE methods have significant limitations because most of procedures are just based on system response estimation or correlation analysis. We introduce a new hybrid method for TDE in MIMO systems based on subspace identification and explicit output error method; and compare its performance with previously introduced procedures in presence of different noise levels and in a statistical manner. Then the best method is selected with multi objective decision making technique. It is shown that the performance of new approach is much better than the existing methods, even in low signal-to-noise conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20identification" title="system identification">system identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay%20estimation" title=" time delay estimation"> time delay estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ARX" title=" ARX"> ARX</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OE" title=" OE"> OE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=merit%20ratio" title=" merit ratio"> merit ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20variable%20decision%20making" title=" multi variable decision making"> multi variable decision making</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48722/hybrid-subspace-approach-for-time-delay-estimation-in-mimo-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48722.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18579</span> Controller Design for Active Suspension System of 1/4 Car with Unknown Mass and Time-Delay </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Al-Zughaibi">Ali Al-Zughaibi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to present a modeling and control of the quarter car active suspension system with unknown mass, unknown time-delay and road disturbance. The objective of designing the controller by deriving a control law to achieve stability of the system and convergence that can considerably improve the ride comfort and road disturbance handling. Thus is accomplished by using Routh-Herwitz criterion and based on some assumptions. A mathematical proof is given to show the ability of the designed controller to ensure stability and convergence of the active suspension system and dispersion oscillation of system with unknown mass, time-delay and road disturbances. Simulations were also performed for controlling quarter car suspension, where the results obtained from these simulations verify the validity of the proposed design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20suspension%20system" title="active suspension system">active suspension system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-delay" title=" time-delay"> time-delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disturbance%20rejection" title=" disturbance rejection"> disturbance rejection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20uncertainty" title=" dynamic uncertainty"> dynamic uncertainty</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33796/controller-design-for-active-suspension-system-of-14-car-with-unknown-mass-and-time-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18578</span> Investigation of Ignition Delay for Low Molecular Hydrocarbon Fuel and Oxygen Mixture behind the Reflected Shock</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20R.%20Guna">K. R. Guna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aldin%20Justin%20Sundararaj"> Aldin Justin Sundararaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20C.%20Pillai"> B. C. Pillai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20N.%20Subash"> A. N. Subash</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A systematic study has been made for ignition delay times measurement behind a reflected shock wave for the low molecular weight hydrocarbon fuel in argon simulated gas mixtures. The low molecular hydrocarbon fuel–oxygen was diluted with argon for desired concentration is taken for the study. The suitability of the shock tube for measuring the ignition delay time is demonstrated by measuring the ignition delay for the liquefied petroleum gas for equivalence ratios (ф=0.5 & 1) in the temperature range 1150-1650 K. The pressure range was fixed from 5-15 bar. The ignition delay was measured by recording the ignition-induced pressure jump and emission from CH radical simultaneously. From conducting experiments, it was found that the ignition delay time for liquefied petroleum gas reduces with increase in temperature. The shock tube was calibrated for ethane-oxygen gas mixture and the results obtained from this study is compared with the earlier reported values and found to be comparably well suited for the measurement of ignition delay times. The above work was carried out using the shock tube facility at propulsion and high enthalpy laboratory, Karunya University. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition%20delay" title="ignition delay">ignition delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LPG" title=" LPG"> LPG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflected%20shock" title=" reflected shock"> reflected shock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shock%20wave" title=" shock wave"> shock wave</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58522/investigation-of-ignition-delay-for-low-molecular-hydrocarbon-fuel-and-oxygen-mixture-behind-the-reflected-shock" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58522.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18577</span> Travel Delay and Modal Split Analysis: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20S.%20Sathish">H. S. Sathish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20S.%20Jagadeesh"> H. S. Jagadeesh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Skanda%20Kumar"> Skanda Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Journey time and delay study is used to evaluate the quality of service, the travel time and study can also be used to evaluate the quality of traffic movement along the route and to determine the location types and extent of traffic delays. Components of delay are boarding and alighting, issue of tickets, other causes and distance between each stops. This study investigates the total journey time required to travel along the stretch and the influence the delays. The route starts from Kempegowda Bus Station to Yelahanka Satellite Station of Bangalore City. The length of the stretch is 16.5 km. Modal split analysis has been done for this stretch. This stretch has elevated highway connecting to Bangalore International Airport and the extension of metro transit stretch. From the regression analysis of total journey time it is affected by delay due to boarding and alighting moderately, Delay due to issue of tickets affects the journey time to a higher extent. Some of the delay factors affecting significantly the journey time are evident from F-test at 10 percent level of confidence. Along this stretch work trips are more prevalent as indicated by O-D study. Modal shift analysis indicates about 70 percent of commuters are ready to shift from current system to Metro Rail System. Metro Rail System carries maximum number of trips compared to private mode. Hence Metro is a highly viable choice of mode for Bangalore Metropolitan City. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay" title="delay">delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=journey%20time" title=" journey time"> journey time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modal%20choice" title=" modal choice"> modal choice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression%20analysis" title=" regression analysis"> regression analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12472/travel-delay-and-modal-split-analysis-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">497</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18576</span> Offset Dependent Uniform Delay Mathematical Optimization Model for Signalized Traffic Network Using Differential Evolution Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahseen%20Saad">Tahseen Saad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Halim%20Ceylan"> Halim Ceylan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Weaver"> Jonathan Weaver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osman%20Nuri%20%C3%87elik"> Osman Nuri Çelik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onur%20Gungor%20Sahin"> Onur Gungor Sahin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new concept of uniform delay offset dependent mathematical optimization problem is derived as the main objective for this study using a differential evolution algorithm. To control the coordination problem, which depends on offset selection and to estimate uniform delay based on the offset choice in a traffic signal network. The assumption is the periodic sinusoidal function for arrival and departure patterns. The cycle time is optimized at the entry links and the optimized value is used in the non-entry links as a common cycle time. The offset optimization algorithm is used to calculate the uniform delay at each link. The results are illustrated by using a case study and are compared with the canonical uniform delay model derived by Webster and the highway capacity manual’s model. The findings show new model minimizes the total uniform delay to almost half compared to conventional models. The mathematical objective function is robust. The algorithm convergence time is fast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=area%20traffic%20control" title="area traffic control">area traffic control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20flow" title=" traffic flow"> traffic flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=differential%20evolution" title=" differential evolution"> differential evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sinusoidal%20periodic%20function" title=" sinusoidal periodic function"> sinusoidal periodic function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniform%20delay" title=" uniform delay"> uniform delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=offset%20variable" title=" offset variable"> offset variable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154334/offset-dependent-uniform-delay-mathematical-optimization-model-for-signalized-traffic-network-using-differential-evolution-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154334.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">277</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18575</span> Stability of Hybrid Stochastic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manlika%20Ratchagit">Manlika Ratchagit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is concerned with robust mean square stability of uncertain stochastic switched discrete time-delay systems. The system to be considered is subject to interval time-varying delays, which allows the delay to be a fast time-varying function and the lower bound is not restricted to zero. Based on the discrete Lyapunov functional, a switching rule for the robust mean square stability for the uncertain stochastic discrete time-delay system is designed via linear matrix inequalities. Finally, some examples are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20mean%20square%20stability" title="robust mean square stability">robust mean square stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-time%20stochastic%20systems" title=" discrete-time stochastic systems"> discrete-time stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20systems" title=" hybrid systems"> hybrid systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20time-varying%20delays" title=" interval time-varying delays"> interval time-varying delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20functional" title=" Lyapunov functional"> Lyapunov functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequalities" title=" linear matrix inequalities"> linear matrix inequalities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20283/stability-of-hybrid-stochastic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20283.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">486</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18574</span> New Results on Stability of Hybrid Stochastic Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manlika%20Rajchakit">Manlika Rajchakit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is concerned with robust mean square stability of uncertain stochastic switched discrete time-delay systems. The system to be considered is subject to interval time-varying delays, which allows the delay to be a fast time-varying function and the lower bound is not restricted to zero. Based on the discrete Lyapunov functional, a switching rule for the robust mean square stability for the uncertain stochastic discrete time-delay system is designed via linear matrix inequalities. Finally, some examples are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robust%20mean%20square%20stability" title="robust mean square stability">robust mean square stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-time%20stochastic%20systems" title=" discrete-time stochastic systems"> discrete-time stochastic systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20systems" title=" hybrid systems"> hybrid systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20time-varying%20delays" title=" interval time-varying delays"> interval time-varying delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov%20functional" title=" lyapunov functional"> lyapunov functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20matrix%20inequalities" title=" linear matrix inequalities"> linear matrix inequalities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19809/new-results-on-stability-of-hybrid-stochastic-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18573</span> A Unique Exact Approach to Handle a Time-Delayed State-Space System: The Extraction of Juice Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20T.%20Faheem%20Saidahmed">Mohamed T. Faheem Saidahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20M.%20Attiya%20Ibrahim"> Ahmed M. Attiya Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basma%20GH.%20Elkilany"> Basma GH. Elkilany</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper discusses the application of Time Delay Control (TDC) compensation technique in the juice extraction process in a sugar mill. The objective is to improve the control performance of the process and increase extraction efficiency. The paper presents the mathematical model of the juice extraction process and the design of the TDC compensation controller. Simulation results show that the TDC compensation technique can effectively suppress the time delay effect in the process and improve control performance. The extraction efficiency is also significantly increased with the application of the TDC compensation technique. The proposed approach provides a practical solution for improving the juice extraction process in sugar mills using MATLAB Processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay%20control%20%28TDC%29" title="time delay control (TDC)">time delay control (TDC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exact%20and%20unique%20state%20space%20model" title=" exact and unique state space model"> exact and unique state space model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20compensation" title=" delay compensation"> delay compensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Smith%20predictor." title=" Smith predictor."> Smith predictor.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170037/a-unique-exact-approach-to-handle-a-time-delayed-state-space-system-the-extraction-of-juice-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170037.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18572</span> Response Delay Model: Bridging the Gap in Urban Fire Disaster Response System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sulaiman%20Yunus">Sulaiman Yunus</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The need for modeling response to urban fire disaster cannot be over emphasized, as recurrent fire outbreaks have gutted most cities of the world. This necessitated the need for a prompt and efficient response system in order to mitigate the impact of the disaster. Promptness, as a function of time, is seen to be the fundamental determinant for efficiency of a response system and magnitude of a fire disaster. Delay, as a result of several factors, is one of the major determinants of promptgness of a response system and also the magnitude of a fire disaster. Response Delay Model (RDM) intends to bridge the gap in urban fire disaster response system through incorporating and synchronizing the delay moments in measuring the overall efficiency of a response system and determining the magnitude of a fire disaster. The model identified two delay moments (pre-notification and Intra-reflex sequence delay) that can be elastic and collectively plays a significant role in influencing the efficiency of a response system. Due to variation in the elasticity of the delay moments, the model provides for measuring the length of delays in order to arrive at a standard average delay moment for different parts of the world, putting into consideration geographic location, level of preparedness and awareness, technological advancement, socio-economic and environmental factors. It is recommended that participatory researches should be embarked on locally and globally to determine standard average delay moments within each phase of the system so as to enable determining the efficiency of response systems and predicting fire disaster magnitudes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay%20moment" title="delay moment">delay moment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire%20disaster" title=" fire disaster"> fire disaster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reflex%20sequence" title=" reflex sequence"> reflex sequence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response" title=" response"> response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20delay%20moment" title=" response delay moment"> response delay moment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111201/response-delay-model-bridging-the-gap-in-urban-fire-disaster-response-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18571</span> Analysis of Delay Causes in Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Mahamid">Ibrahim Mahamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Al-Ghonamy"> A. Al-Ghonamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Aichouni"> M. Aichouni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims at identifying the risk matrix for delay causes in construction projects in Saudi Arabia from consultants’ viewpoint. A questionnaire survey was undertaken of 51 consultants working on construction projects in the Northern Province of Saudi Arabia. 35 delay causes were identified through a literature review. The study concluded that the top delay causes in construction projects in Saudi Arabia from consultants’ perspective are: bid award for lowest price, changes in material types and specifications during construction, contract management, duration of contract period, fluctuation of prices of materials, frequent changes in design, improper planning, inflationary pressure, lack of adequate manpower, long period of design and time of implementation, payments delay, poor labor productivity, and rework. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delays" title="delays">delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction" title=" construction"> construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consultants" title=" consultants"> consultants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contributors" title=" contributors"> contributors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20map" title=" risk map"> risk map</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22364/analysis-of-delay-causes-in-construction-projects-in-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">541</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18570</span> New Results on Exponential Stability of Hybrid Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grienggrai%20Rajchakit">Grienggrai Rajchakit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is concerned with the exponential stability of switched linear systems with interval time-varying delays. The time delay is any continuous function belonging to a given interval, in which the lower bound of delay is not restricted to zero. By constructing a suitable augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional combined with Leibniz-Newton's formula, a switching rule for the exponential stability of switched linear systems with interval time-varying delays and new delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the exponential stability of the systems are first established in terms of LMIs. Finally, some examples are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exponential%20stability" title="exponential stability">exponential stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20systems" title=" hybrid systems"> hybrid systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-varying%20delays" title=" time-varying delays"> time-varying delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyapunov-krasovskii%20functional" title=" lyapunov-krasovskii functional"> lyapunov-krasovskii functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leibniz-newton%27s%20formula" title=" leibniz-newton's formula"> leibniz-newton's formula</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19808/new-results-on-exponential-stability-of-hybrid-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">544</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18569</span> Major Causes of Delay in Construction Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Gholipour">Y. Gholipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Rezazadeh"> E. Rezazadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Delay is one of the most serious and common problems of construction project that can affect project delivery unfavorably. This research presents the most important causes of delay in large dam projects based on a survey on some executed dam construction in Iran. In this survey a randomly selected samples of owners, consultants and contractors have been involved. The outcome of this survey revealed that scheduled payments, site management, shop drawing review process, unforeseen ground conditions and contractor experience as the most important factors affecting on delay in dam construction projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay" title="delay">delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dam%20construction" title=" dam construction"> dam construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20management" title=" project management"> project management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17026/major-causes-of-delay-in-construction-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17026.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18568</span> Contractors Perspective on Causes of Delays in Power Transmission Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Goutom%20K.%20Pall">Goutom K. Pall</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At the very heart of the power system, power transmission (PT) acts as an essential link between power generation and distribution. Timely completion of PT infrastructures is therefore crucial to support the development of power system as a whole. Yet despite the importance, studies on PT infrastructure development projects are embryonic and, hence, PT projects undergoing widespread delays worldwide. These delay factors are idiosyncratic and identifying the critical delay factors is essential if the PT industry professionals are to complete their projects efficiently and within the expected timeframes. This study identifies and categorizes 46 causes of PT project delay under ten major groups using six sector expert’s recommendations studied by a preliminary questionnaire survey. Based on the experts’ strong recommendations, two new groups are introduced in the final questionnaire survey: sector specific factors (SSF) and general factors (GF). SSF pertain to delay factors applicable only to the PT projects, while GF represents less biased samples with shared responsibilities of all project parties involved in a project. The study then uses 112 data samples from the contractors to rank the delay factors using relative importance index (RII). The results reveal that SSF, GF and external factors are the most critical groups, while the highest ranked delay factors include the right of way (RoW) problems of transmission lines (TL), delay in payments, frequent changes in TL routes, poor communication and coordination among the project parties and accessibility to TL tower locations. Finally, recommendations are made to minimize the identified delay. The findings are expected to be of substantial benefit to professionals in minimizing time overrun in PT projects implementation, as well as power generation, power distribution, and non-power linear construction projects worldwide. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delay" title="delay">delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20delay" title=" project delay"> project delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20transmission%20projects" title=" power transmission projects"> power transmission projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-overruns" title=" time-overruns"> time-overruns</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90604/contractors-perspective-on-causes-of-delays-in-power-transmission-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90604.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">178</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18567</span> Using Optimal Control Method to Investigate the Stability and Transparency of a Nonlinear Teleoperation System with Time Varying Delay</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abasali%20Amini">Abasali Amini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Mirbagheri"> Alireza Mirbagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Homayoun%20Jafari"> Amir Homayoun Jafari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a new structure for teleoperation systems with time varying delay has been modeled and proposed. A random time varying the delay of up to 150 msec is simulated in teleoperation channel of both masters to slave and vice versa. The system stability and transparency have been investigated, comparing the result of a PID controller and an optimal controller on each master and slave sub-systems separately. The controllers have been designed in slave subsystem for reducing position errors between master and slave, and another controller has been designed in the master subsystem to establish stability, transparency and force tracking. Results have been compared together. The results showed PID controller is appropriate in position tracking, but force response oscillates in contact with the environment. We showed the optimal control established position tracking properly. Also, force tracking is achieved in this controller appropriately. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20control" title="optimal control">optimal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20varying%20delay" title=" time varying delay"> time varying delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teleoperation%20systems" title=" teleoperation systems"> teleoperation systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability%20and%20transparency" title=" stability and transparency"> stability and transparency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75062/using-optimal-control-method-to-investigate-the-stability-and-transparency-of-a-nonlinear-teleoperation-system-with-time-varying-delay" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75062.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18566</span> Application on Metastable Measurement with Wide Range High Resolution VDL Circuit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Po-Hui%20Yang">Po-Hui Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jing-Min%20Chen"> Jing-Min Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Po-Yu%20Kuo"> Po-Yu Kuo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Chun%20Wu"> Chia-Chun Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposed a high resolution Vernier Delay Line (VDL) measurement circuit with coarse and fine detection mechanism, which improved the trade-off problem between high resolution and less delay cells in traditional VDL circuits. And the measuring time of proposed measurement circuit is also under the high resolution requests. At first, the testing range of input signal which proposed high resolution delay line is detected by coarse detection VDL. Moreover, the delayed input signal is transmitted to fine detection VDL for measuring value with better accuracy. This paper is implemented at 0.18μm process, operating frequency is 100 MHz, and the resolution achieved 2.0 ps with only 16-stage delay cells. The test range is 170ps wide, and 17% stages saved compare with traditional single delay line circuit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vernier%20delay%20line" title="vernier delay line">vernier delay line</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D-type%20flip-flop" title=" D-type flip-flop"> D-type flip-flop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFF" title=" DFF"> DFF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metastable%20phenomenon" title=" metastable phenomenon"> metastable phenomenon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25622/application-on-metastable-measurement-with-wide-range-high-resolution-vdl-circuit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25622.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">597</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18565</span> Advanced Stability Criterion for Time-Delayed Systems of Neutral Type and Its Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20J.%20Park">M. J. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Lee"> S. H. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20H.%20Lee"> C. H. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20M.%20Kwon"> O. M. Kwon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates stability problem for linear systems of neutral type with time-varying delay. By constructing various Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, and utilizing some mathematical techniques, the sufficient stability conditions for the systems are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), which can be easily solved by various effective optimization algorithms. Finally, some illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed criterion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20systems" title="neutral systems">neutral systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time-delay" title=" time-delay"> time-delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapnov%20method" title=" Lyapnov method"> Lyapnov method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LMI" title=" LMI"> LMI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66517/advanced-stability-criterion-for-time-delayed-systems-of-neutral-type-and-its-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18564</span> Stability of Hybrid Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kreangkri%20Ratchagit">Kreangkri Ratchagit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is concerned with exponential stability of switched linear systems with interval time-varying delays. The time delay is any continuous function belonging to a given interval, in which the lower bound of delay is not restricted to zero. By constructing a suitable augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional combined with Leibniz-Newton’s formula, a switching rule for the exponential stability of switched linear systems with interval time-varying delays and new delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the exponential stability of the systems are first established in terms of LMIs. Finally, some examples are exploited to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exponential%20stability" title="exponential stability">exponential stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20systems" title=" hybrid systems"> hybrid systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=timevarying%20delays" title=" timevarying delays"> timevarying delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov-Krasovskii%20functional" title=" Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional"> Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leibniz-Newton%E2%80%99s%20formula" title=" Leibniz-Newton’s formula"> Leibniz-Newton’s formula</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20280/stability-of-hybrid-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18563</span> Internet Based Teleoperation of the Quad Rotor with Force Feedback Using Smith Predictor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Senthil%20Kumar">K. Senthil Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Vasumalaikannan"> A. Vasumalaikannan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, teleoperation of the quadrotor using Internet with Force feedback is addressed. Teleoperation with Force feedback is the ability to remotely control a robot, where contact (obstacle) or environment (wind gust etc) information (force feedback) is communicated from the quadrotor to the master joystick and thus giving the operator a sense of telepresence. The stability and performance of such a teleoperator is highly dependent on the amount of time delay present in the control loop. This problem is further complicated given the fact that for network based communication the time delay is itself time varying and highly non deterministic. In this paper, a novel method using Neural based Smith Predictor at the master side the stability is achieved. The performance of the system even during worst case scenario is within acceptable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teleoperation" title="teleoperation">teleoperation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quadrotor" title=" quadrotor"> quadrotor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20smith%20predictor" title=" neural smith predictor"> neural smith predictor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay" title=" time delay"> time delay</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30323/internet-based-teleoperation-of-the-quad-rotor-with-force-feedback-using-smith-predictor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">616</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20delay&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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