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<br><br><br/><br/><center><table width="960" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>  <div id="wrap"> <div id="header"><h1><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/">Behind the Numbers: The PRB blog on population, health, and the environment</a></h1></div> <div class="hr"></div> <div class="hr2"></div> <div class="left"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Authors</h2> <ul> <li class="widget widget_authors"> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=4" title="Posts by Bill Butz">Bill Butz</a> (9)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=6" title="Posts by Carl Haub">Carl Haub</a> (6)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=11" title="Posts by Charlie Teller">Charlie Teller</a> (7)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=19" title="Posts by Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs">Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=14" title="Posts by Deborah Mesce">Deborah Mesce</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=10" title="Posts by Eric Zuehlke">Eric Zuehlke</a> (5)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=20" title="Posts by Farzaneh Roudi">Farzaneh Roudi</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=13" title="Posts by Jason Bremner">Jason Bremner</a> (8)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=16" title="Posts by Jay Gribble">Jay Gribble</a> (5)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=18" title="Posts by Karin Ringheim">Karin Ringheim</a> (4)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=17" title="Posts by Marissa Yeakey">Marissa Yeakey</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=12" title="Posts by Mark Mather">Mark Mather</a> (8)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=24" title="Posts by Marlene Lee">Marlene Lee</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=22" title="Posts by Mary Kent">Mary Kent</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=21" title="Posts by Nadwa Mossaad">Nadwa Mossaad</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?author=15" title="Posts by Victoria Ebin">Victoria Ebin</a> (2)</li></ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li id="categories-1" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widgettitle">Topics</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=1" title="blog on the PRB topic: Aging">Aging</a> (3) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-3"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=3" title="Blog on the PRB topic- Education">Education</a> (2) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-4"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="Blog on the PRB topic of Environment">Environment</a> (13) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-5"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=5" title="Blog on the PRB topic of Gender">Gender</a> (6) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-6"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=6" title="Blog on the PRB topic of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-7"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=7" title="Blog on the PRB Topic of Immigration/Migration">Immigration/Migration</a> (4) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-8"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=8" title="Blog on the topic of Income/Poverty">Income/Poverty</a> (10) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-9"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=9" title="Blog on the topic of Marriage Family">Marriage/Family</a> (1) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-10"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="Blog about the topic of Population basics">Population Basics</a> (18) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-31"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=31" title="View all posts filed under PRB News">PRB News</a> (24) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-12"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=12" title="Blog on the topic of reproductive health ">Reproductive Health</a> (17) </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=13" title="Blog on the topic of Youth">Youth</a> (6) </li> </ul> </li> <li id="tag_cloud-2" class="widget widget_tag_cloud"><h2 class="widgettitle">Tags</h2> <div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=burkina-faso" class="tag-link-61" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">Burkina Faso</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=census" class="tag-link-39" title="9 topics" style="font-size: 19.136363636364pt;">census</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=cities" class="tag-link-68" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">cities</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=climate-change" class="tag-link-69" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">climate change</a> <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=evaluation" class="tag-link-48" title="3 topics" style="font-size: 12.772727272727pt;">evaluation</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=family-planning" class="tag-link-27" title="14 topics" style="font-size: 22pt;">family planning</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=fertility" class="tag-link-45" title="3 topics" style="font-size: 12.772727272727pt;">fertility</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=food" class="tag-link-32" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">food</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=gender-based-violence" class="tag-link-75" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">gender-based violence</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=health" class="tag-link-73" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">health</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=hivaids" class="tag-link-6" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">HIV/AIDS</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=india" class="tag-link-58" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">India</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=iran" class="tag-link-65" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">Iran</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=journalism" class="tag-link-42" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">journalism</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=kenya" class="tag-link-54" title="7 topics" style="font-size: 17.545454545455pt;">Kenya</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=mali" class="tag-link-62" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">Mali</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=malnutrition" class="tag-link-33" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">malnutrition</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=media" class="tag-link-59" title="7 topics" style="font-size: 17.545454545455pt;">media</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=migrants" class="tag-link-36" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">migrants</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=nano" class="tag-link-63" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">Nano</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=pakistan" class="tag-link-52" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">Pakistan</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=photos" class="tag-link-51" title="3 topics" style="font-size: 12.772727272727pt;">photos</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=policy" class="tag-link-30" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">policy</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=population-growth" class="tag-link-38" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">population growth</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=poverty" class="tag-link-29" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">poverty</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=prb-in-the-field" class="tag-link-50" title="12 topics" style="font-size: 20.886363636364pt;">PRB in the field</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=recession" class="tag-link-67" title="5 topics" style="font-size: 15.636363636364pt;">recession</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=rwanda" class="tag-link-56" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">Rwanda</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=senegal" class="tag-link-60" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">Senegal</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=social-security" class="tag-link-84" title="2 topics" style="font-size: 10.863636363636pt;">social security</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=statistics" class="tag-link-44" title="4 topics" style="font-size: 14.363636363636pt;">statistics</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=tanzania" class="tag-link-49" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">tanzania</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?tag=transportation" class="tag-link-64" title="1 topic" style="font-size: 8pt;">transportation</a> <a 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environment » Blog Archive » Social Security Immigration Solution Has Drawbacks For Low-Income Workers</a> on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=112&cpage=1#comment-2879">Immigration Numbers Do Not Add Up to an Easy Social Security Solution</a></li><li class="recentcomments">Dowell Myers on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=112&cpage=1#comment-2783">Immigration Numbers Do Not Add Up to an Easy Social Security Solution</a></li><li class="recentcomments">Diana Lavery on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=34&cpage=1#comment-2383">Will the Economic Downturn Lower Birth Rates?</a></li><li class="recentcomments"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://babyboomerswriting.blogspot.com/" rel="external nofollow" class="url">Lynn Stoppelman</a> on <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=34&cpage=1#comment-1042">Will the Economic 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Immigration may be part of a solution, reducing the old-age dependency and helping to reduce the deficit of the Social Security program (see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ssab.gov/documents/IMMIG_Issue_Brief_Final_Version_000.pdf " target="_blank">Social Security Advisory Board’s estimate of reduction</a>). In <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.judiciary.house.gov/hearings/March2007/Myers070330.pdf" target="_blank">his work</a>, Myers estimates that feasible levels of immigration could reduce the old-age dependency ratio by 25 percent. Both Myers and Reich in their <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/04/08/pm-letters-demography-q/" target="_blank">NPR interviews </a>suggest that the policy solutions for Social Security should include immigration.</p> <p>However, research suggests that increased immigration may have drawbacks for vulnerable populations that other policy options do not. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/gborjas/fullbio.html" target="_blank">George Borjas </a>and other scholars provide evidence that immigration is most likely to hurt low-income workers. (For information on immigrant characteristics, see <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/lmi_recessionJan09.pdf" target="_blank">MPI report on immigrants and recession</a>, and for a readable account of Borjas’ argument see NYT Magazine contributor Roger Lowenstein’s article “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Rachel_Friedberg/Links/The%20Immigration%20Equation%20-%20New%20York%20Times.htm" target="_blank">The Immigration Equation</a>”) If one accepts the premise that immigrants reduce job opportunities for low-income workers, particularly visible minorities—a big if —then a solution that includes high levels of immigration might well affect the Social Security earnings of low-income and minority workers. This is because individuals’ eligibility for and level of Social Security benefits are tied to their earnings history.</p> <p>Teasing out the effect of policy on different population groups is always difficult. And certainly many economists would argue that to the extent immigrant workers contribute to small business growth and spend their earnings in the United States, they may ultimately increase job opportunities. In any case, other policy options such as raising the Social Security payroll tax or changing the rules so that high earners pay Social Security taxes on all earnings, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/cbb.html" target="_blank">not just the first $106,800</a>, do not disproportionately affect low-income workers. Also, let’s not forget that part of the equation for Social Security solvency is the labor force participation rate. Increases in women’s labor force participation rates had a positive impact on labor force growth, thereby increasing contributions paid into Social Security. Certainly even with the same old-age dependency ratio, if women’s labor force participation rates had not risen over the previous four decades, the Social Security financing gap would be larger. But these rates have stabilized, and the women who helped fuel economic growth will be among those collecting Social Security in the next 30 years.</p> <p>A high rate of labor force participation among immigrants is one of the reasons that more immigration might work as part of the answer to the gap in Social Security funding. Higher labor force participation rates among native-born minorities also have the potential to increase growth of the labor force and future contributions to Social Security, just as increased female labor force participation did. But, this potential solution is not often mentioned in the current debate, perhaps because it is not perceived to be as easy to achieve as expanding immigration.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=120&title=Social Security Immigration Solution Has Drawbacks For Low-Income Workers" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-112"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=112" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Immigration Numbers Do Not Add Up to an Easy Social Security Solution">Immigration Numbers Do Not Add Up to an Easy Social Security Solution</a></h2> <p><small>April 27th, 2010 Marlene Lee</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=7" title="View all posts in Immigration/Migration" rel="category">Immigration/Migration</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=112#comments" title="Comment on Immigration Numbers Do Not Add Up to an Easy Social Security Solution">2 Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Marlene Lee, senior research associate, Domestic Programs</em></p> <p>This year, for the first time Social Security will take in less in taxes than is paid out in benefits. And by most estimates, the Social Security Trust Fund—designed to cover exactly this type of shortfall—will be exhausted around 2037. A few weeks ago, Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor under President Clinton and Professor of Public Policy at the University of California at Berkeley, proposed immigration as an easy answer to the Social Security funding crisis, or at least as one factor in the combination of steps needed to address this crisis. Reich says that increased immigration would likely have a greater impact than any other proposed measures, such as raising payroll taxes and the age of eligibility for social security benefits. His argument rests on immigrants’ younger age than non-immigrants and on his attributing the Social Security funding crisis to the decreasing number of workers per retiree. According to Reich, logically and simply, increasing the number of immigrants will increase the number of workers per retiree because young immigrants will work for decades to come. </p> <div class="wp-caption alignleft" style="width: 235px"><img title="Social Security" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3258/2696459175_66b22127d5.jpg" alt="" width="225" height="300"/><p class="wp-caption-text">Used under Creative Commons license from AFL-CIO.</p></div> <p>But as many demographic studies suggest, the amount of immigration needed to produce the desired elderly dependency ratio (the retirement age population divided by the working age population) may not be desirable or achievable. In a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://discuss.prb.org/content/interview/detail/2855/" target="_blank">PRB online discussion, </a>Ronald Lee, a Berkeley economist and demographer, said he estimates that 395 million immigrants would be needed. UN estimates are even higher. Also, there is the question of how long it takes immigration to change a population’s age structure. Immigrants entering the United States will themselves age, some becoming eligible to participate in Social Security. Ken Johnson from the University of New Hampshire and Dan Lichter from Cornell University <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://paa2008.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=81148 " target="_blank">show that </a>higher fertility among some immigrant groups fuels natural increase in areas where the population would otherwise have declined. But the impact of immigrant fertility on a population’s age structure takes a long time to manifest itself.</p> <p>Finally, immigration may help close the financial gap in Social Security through its effect on economic growth. But economic growth depends on both the growth rate of labor and the growth rate of labor productivity. The effect of population aging on labor productivity is complex, particularly in an era of improved health among the older population and rapid technological progress. Historically, changes in the amount of capital available per worker as well as the pace of technology and the experience of the workforce have been the main factors that affect labor productivity. Alan Greenspan <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/testimony/2003/20030227/" target="_blank">recently concluded</a>, “…it is heightened growth of output per worker that presents the greatest potential to boost the growth of gross domestic product. A significant rise in the growth of labor productivity will be necessary if the standard of living of retirees is to be maintained and that of workers is to continue advancing.”</p> <p>The effect of immigration on labor force growth seems pretty obvious, if not quite as simple as Reich argues, but its effect on labor productivity seems less obvious. Immigration’s effect on labor productivity would depend on the composition of the immigrant population. In the United States, the immigrant population includes both low-skilled and highly skilled workers, but the global competition for skilled workers has increased, keeping some potential skilled immigrants in their home countries or drawing them to countries other than the United States.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=112&title=Immigration Numbers Do Not Add Up to an Easy Social Security Solution" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-100"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=100" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to An Inexpensive and Important Step to Improve Global Health: Pay Heed to Henry the Hand">An Inexpensive and Important Step to Improve Global Health: Pay Heed to Henry the Hand</a></h2> <p><small>April 26th, 2010 Karin Ringheim</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="View all posts in Environment" rel="category">Environment</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=100#respond" title="Comment on An Inexpensive and Important Step to Improve Global Health: Pay Heed to Henry the Hand">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Karin Ringheim, senior advisor, International Programs</em></p> <p>I first met Henry the Hand at the 2003 Global Health Conference in Washington, DC. Dressed as a giant plush yellow hand with a permanently happy face, Henry, alias Will Saywer MD, attended the annual conference to promote his handwashing message among global health professionals. Will was an amiable presence, but as he attempted to cordially insert himself into conversations, some no doubt found his persistence about handwashing annoying. Weren’t there bigger fish to fry? AIDS, TB, malaria, reproductive health? Henry appeared to be better suited to a children’s fair. </p> <div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: left;">Later that year, as director of research for the Global Health Council, I came across a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.globalhealth.org/assets/publications/handwashing.pdf" target="_blank">Council publication </a>summarizing a systematic review on the benefits of handwashing as a deterrent to illness and deaths from diarrhea.<sup> </sup>I found other research substantiating that handwashing significantly reduced the incidence of pneumonia and other infectious respiratory diseases. If diarrhea and pneumonia, responsible for more than a third of the 9 million deaths to children under five could be so effectively curtailed by handwashing, Henry the Hand was definitely on to something. At the 2004 Global Health Conference, Dr. Will gave me some teaching materials on handwashing for my son, a family practice doctor in Minnesota with three young children. And I more conscientiously began to wash my hands at the end of each metro ride. </div> <div class="mceTemp mceIEcenter" style="text-align: left;"> <p style="text-align: center;"> <p style="text-align: center;"><img class=" aligncenter" title="Terusan: Hand Washing" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://farm1.static.flickr.com/228/452052547_d76db82e2c.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="303"/></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em>Used under Creative Commons license from ESP Indonesia.</em></p> <p style="text-align: center;"> <p style="text-align: left;">In the years since, enough scientific literature has been published about the benefits of handwashing to convince most skeptics that handwashing is a vastly underutilized and potent public health strategy. The importance of handwashing to prevent hospital-acquired infections has been increasingly stressed, as through the installation of hand sanitizers at the entry to hospital rooms. We see the signs in restrooms requiring restaurant workers to wash their hands before returning to work. The threat of the H1-N1 virus made us all more conscious of the need to wash our hands at every opportunity (and for the duration of the Happy Birthday song). Far less attention has been given to the practice of handwashing in the home, the transmission site for much infectious disease. As documented in an<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/" target="_blank"> extensive 2009 review</a> prepared by the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH), promoting home hygiene – including hand-washing, safe handling of food and disposal of waste – may be the single most cost-effective among all preventive public health measures available to developing countries today.</p> <p style="text-align: left;">The Millennium Development Goal target to increase access to improved water and sanitation by 2015 has spurred the construction of water and sanitation treatment facilities, wells, and toilets throughout low-income countries. As worthy and necessary as these measures are, the process is expensive and will require decades. Furthermore, the benefits of improved water and sanitation will not be fully realized unless concurrent effort is put into health education for mothers, children, families, and communities to make handwashing and home hygiene a new norm. As written in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/IntegratedCRD.nsf/f5236e2da2822fef8025750b000dc985/29858aa006faaa22802572970064b6e8?OpenDocument" target="_blank"><em>The Global Burden of Hygiene-Related Diseases in Relation to the Home and Community</em></a><em>: An International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene Expert Review</em>, not only can “hygiene improvements … prevent the death of a child at only a fraction of the cost of community water supply and sanitation in the developing regions of the world,”<sup> </sup>but, most fortunately, these benefits are not limited to households with sanitation facilitates. Even in households lacking safe sanitation and where the mother is illiterate, (describing at least 30 million households with children under the age of 5 years), educating mothers about home hygiene and handwashing would <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775378" target="_blank">prevent an estimated 600,000 to one million deaths per year</a>. On a global scale, the simple strategy of handwashing with soap can prevent millions of deaths due to infectious intestinal and respiratory diseases, especially among children under age five. Every parent deserves to share in this knowledge.</p> <p style="text-align: left;">It must have been a thrill for Dr. Will to witness the launch in 2008 of the first <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.globalhandwashingday.org/" target="_blank">Global Hand Washing Day</a>. The potential of this effort to succeed should not be undermined by the cost of a bar of soap. In a squatter settlement in Pakistan, the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16023513" target="_blank">introduction of handwashing with soap cut pneumonia and diarrheal diseases in half</a>, but half of the residents lived on less than 50 cents per day and were too poor to buy soap.<sup> </sup>The Disease Control Priority Project highlights handwashing with soap as a particularly cost-effective and affordable global health strategy: for only US $1 per capita, excellent results can be achieved. Let’s ensure that the most inexpensive means to help keep children alive and well, handwashing with soap, is universally known and freely available to the poor. </p> <p style="text-align: left;">And Henry, for being persistent and ahead of your time, here is a well-deserved pat on that giant plush hand.</p> </div> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=100&title=An Inexpensive and Important Step to Improve Global Health: Pay Heed to Henry the Hand" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-96"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=96" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Millennium Villages and the Need for Evaluation in International Development">Millennium Villages and the Need for Evaluation in International Development</a></h2> <p><small>March 19th, 2010 Eric Zuehlke</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=8" title="View all posts in Income/Poverty" rel="category">Income/Poverty</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=96#respond" title="Comment on Millennium Villages and the Need for Evaluation in International Development">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Eric Zuehlke, editor</em></p> <p>The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.millenniumvillages.org/" target="_blank">Millennium Village </a>program has received a lot of media attention over the past few years. Through targeted health, education, agriculture, and infrastructure interventions for rural African villages, the program aims to serve as a model for how extreme poverty can be diminished. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/09/world/africa/09kenya.html?sudsredirect=true" target="_blank">A recent article </a>in The New York Times highlights the improvements in people’s lives in one village in Kenya since the program started – agricultural yields have doubled, fewer children are dying, more children are attending school, and four times more people have cell phones. However, it’s far from clear whether this approach and success can be “scaled-up” across the country. Will health, agriculture, and education programs be effective once the national government takes control or will corruption stymie progress? The lack of rigorous evaluation of the program is another criticism by some:</p> <address>“Many aid experts have suggested that the only way to really know if the Millennium Villages are worth the expense (around $110 per capita, per year) is to collect data from similar ‘control’ villages that are receiving no help. </address> <address>‘No one would dream of ‘scaling up’ the use of a new pharmaceutical in the U.S. without rigorous evidence comparing people who got the medicine to people who did not,’ said Michael Clemens, a research fellow at the Center for Global Development.”</address> <p>The debate over replicating the success of Millennium Villages on a larger scale is a microcosm of a much larger debate over development aid in general. The article reiterates the need for rigorous monitoring and evaluation to determine what works in a specific environment with its own unique culture, politics, and needs. Too often, aid has been delivered with a “one-size-fits-all” approach, devised by Western NGOs and governments in conference rooms far from the villages and cities where programs are implemented. Donors want to know what their money is doing on the ground – how is success measured and what impact is funding having? <div style="position: absolute; top: -1000px; left: -1000px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://drava-river-basin.net/urine-additives-c91/">Urine Detox Additives</a></div> <p>Thinking of this issue reminded me of how committed PRB is to strong evaluation of programs. For example, PRB is a partner in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.cpc.unc.edu/urbanreproductivehealth" target="_blank">Measurement, Learning & Evaluation (MLE) Project </a>of the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (URHI). Over the next four years, the MLE project will evaluate the impact of URHI programs that target the urban poor in four countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa with family planning and reproductive health interventions. We’re also working with the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation to evaluate PRB’s programs by applying a randomized clinical trial model – taking principles for evaluating medical treatments administered to individuals and adapting them to evaluating programs aimed at large numbers of people – in the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=44" target="_blank">Gold Standard project</a>.</p> <p>New and innovative ways of measuring program impact and effectiveness are being implemented all over the world. Aid is becoming more scrutinized, as it should be. Even though the Millennium Village program has led to some success stories, without strong evaluation, it won’t be clear which programs have worked and why, and where funding should be directed – crucial questions to answer to determine their applicability in other settings. I hope those at the project are well aware of this. In fact, The Millennium Village project will publish their midterm review later this year.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=96&title=Millennium Villages and the Need for Evaluation in International Development" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-95"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=95" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Letters Encourage Participation in the U.S. Census">Letters Encourage Participation in the U.S. Census</a></h2> <p><small>March 10th, 2010 Mark Mather</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="View all posts in Population Basics" rel="category">Population Basics</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=95#respond" title="Comment on Letters Encourage Participation in the U.S. Census">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Mark Mather, associate vice president, PRB</em></p> <p><img border="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://blog.nola.com/slidell/2009/05/large_2010%20Census%20Hand.jpg" style="width: 100px; height: 134px" align="left" height="150" width="100"/>Yesterday my household was one of millions nationwide to receive an <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/120-million-households-to-receive-advance-letter.html">advance letter </a>from the U.S. Census Bureau, encouraging me to fill out and return my 2010 Census questionnaire when it arrives sometime next week. The Census Bureau sent out a similar letter in 2000, in an effort to boost participation in the once-a-decade count of the U.S. population. In 2000, the national participation rate—or the percent of forms mailed back by households that received them—was around 72 percent.</p> <p>How well will your community do? You can keep track by visiting the Census Bureau’s <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/take10map/#WatchPortrait">Take 10 Map</a>, where they will track participation rates for communities across the country in real time. For more information, you can also visit <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2010/2010censusmapping.aspx">PRB’s website</a>.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=95&title=Letters Encourage Participation in the U.S. Census" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-94"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=94" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Africa">Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Africa</a></h2> <p><small>February 25th, 2010 Charlie Teller</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=4" title="View all posts in Environment" rel="category">Environment</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=94#respond" title="Comment on Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Africa">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p align="left"><em>by Charles Teller, Bixby visiting scholar</em> </p> <p>As the tragedy of the Haitian earthquake unfolded, I coincidentally was in Ethiopia attending two meetings on disaster risk science: an African regional workshop on building educator-practitioner networks in Africa focused on Disaster Risk Science Scholarship and Sustainable Development, and a national conference on Enhancing Disaster Risk Management for Reducing the Impact of Climate Change in Ethiopia. My challenge was to find appropriate entry points for incorporating population dimensions into disaster risk science using reliable data. As a professor of Population and Development in Ethiopia who had been seconded to government’s Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission’s (DPPC) Research Division for four years, this struggle was not unfamiliar to me.</p> <p>The key framework in disaster risk science has been well documented in the UN’s <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.unisdr.org/">Hyogo Framework for Action on Disaster Reduction</a>. The assembled African experts in Bahr Dar last month identified capacity building as one of the most crucial needs for research, training, and public outreach, and for strengthening educator-practitioner networks in Disaster Risk Science/Management in Africa. The subsequent national conference aimed at strengthening community resilience and local adaptive capacity to climate change in Ethiopia – well-timed, in light of the government’s new and comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Policy.</p> <p><em></p> <p style="text-align: center"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://lh6.ggpht.com/_XTTP1t1oa2g/S4aogsoVPcI/AAAAAAAAAqY/igS4qOu9QsQ/s800/jason%203.JPG"/></p> <p></em></p> <p align="center"><em>Population pressure on a mountain in the densely populated and disaster-prone Southern Region of Ethiopia. Photo: Charles Teller.</em></p> <p>So, where were the demographic dimensions in the trend analysis of increased risk and vulnerability to drought and climate change? After I presented a holistic model of the interactions of demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, technological, and policy/governance variables with hazards, responses, and adaptation, I was asked: Why has the number of disaster-risk prone Ethiopians actually increased since the terrible famines of the mid 1980s? Is the increase in the number of highly vulnerable Ethiopians (<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.fewsnet.org/">13-15 million chronic and acute food insecure in 2009</a>) due mainly to high fertility, rapid population growth and resulting population pressure on the land?</p> <p>I felt that was too simplistic and passive an assessment. While population growth has occurred, changes in coping, resilience, adaptation, and productive capabilities have also been happening. Moreover, even in the face of annual population growth rates of nearly 3 percent, infant and child mortality rates have plummeted since 1990, and education and health coverage has greatly increased and are on track for meeting many of the MDG targets. However, the lack of sufficient progress in urban development, land reform, agricultural intensification, economic diversification, and technology has induced an increasing movement of temporary off-farm laborers and permanent migrants to search for greener pastures (if any pasture at all). The pressure of continuing to maintain the overwhelming majority (84 percent) of the population on the land is tremendous, depresses the younger generations’ aspirations, and should be alleviated through off-farm employment, planned small market towns, and urban development</p> <p>As a result of rural population pressure, a system of demographic change and response to natural and human hazards and climate variability appears to be functioning, and researchers have tried to monitor these through demographic and health surveillance, famine early warning, livelihood information, and vulnerability profiling. We know from years of research at DPPC and Addis Ababa University on drought risk, hazards and vulnerability that certain demographic characteristics are associated with high vulnerability: female or elderly-headed households; larger number of young dependents; and land scarcity (less than half-hectare of arable land per household). The most adaptive rural households are those with available adult labor for off-farm and diversified employment, or marketable urban skills</p> <p>However, these risk and vulnerability factors vary widely across this very diverse country, from the cold, eroded highlands to the hot and dry lowlands. There really are two Ethiopian worlds: traditional rural Ethiopia and cosmopolitan Addis Ababa. The major research problem we face is the lack of reliable, seasonal, local area data and information systems for monitoring and evaluating these trends, demographic responses, and human development capabilities. Even when the data are available, constraints to access, analyze, and communicate these to policymakers who make decisions about disaster risk mitigation are formidable.</p> <p>In the context of social change and sustainable development, demographics matter. The new field of Disaster Risk Science needs to include in its modeling the measurement of risk of mortality, the vulnerability of population pressure and household characteristics, and the adaptive capacities embedded in multiple migratory processes. To do so, we need to update our micro-level models, insert the missing demographic dimensions, and ensure that reliable data especially on both temporary and permanent migration, are generated and analyzed.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=94&title=Disaster Risk Reduction and Adaptation in Africa" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-93"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=93" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Let the Great Head Count Begin!">Let the Great Head Count Begin!</a></h2> <p><small>January 25th, 2010 Mark Mather</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="View all posts in Population Basics" rel="category">Population Basics</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=93#comments" title="Comment on Let the Great Head Count Begin!">1 Comment »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Mark Mather, associate vice president, Domestic Programs</em></p> <p>Today, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves is headed to Noorvik Alaska to kick off the 2010 Census enumeration of the U.S. population. By mid-March, the Census Bureau will have mailed out more than 120 million questionnaires to residential addresses around the country. Earlier this month, the Census Bureau also launched its $133 million advertising campaign to boost awareness of the census and why it’s important.</p> <p>A<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/579.pdf"> report </a>released last week by the Pew Research Center showed that 9 in 10 people know about the census and understand that it’s important, but getting everyone to send back their completed forms is another matter. Nearly one in five people are ambivalent about participating in the once-a-decade enumeration of the U.S. population. Among those who said they won’t participate, most reported they are either too busy, not interested, or don’t know much about the census. But more than one-fourth of the census doubters—those that keep Census Bureau staff up at night—said they either don’t trust the government, don’t think the census is important, or have concerns about invasion of privacy.</p> <p>There is more at stake here than the accuracy of the data. For every 1-percentage-point increase in the initial mail-back response rate, taxpayers save up to $90 million in costs associated with in-person, follow-up interviews to collect the missing information. For more information about the 2010 Census and why it’s important, visit <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Topics/Census2010.aspx">PRB’s website</a>.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=93&title=Let the Great Head Count Begin!" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-92"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=92" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to When Will Women No Longer Need Activism Against Gender-Based Violence?">When Will Women No Longer Need Activism Against Gender-Based Violence?</a></h2> <p><small>January 19th, 2010 Karin Ringheim</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=5" title="View all posts in Gender" rel="category">Gender</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=92#respond" title="Comment on When Will Women No Longer Need Activism Against Gender-Based Violence?">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Karin Ringheim, senior policy adviser, International Programs</em></p> <p>“16 Days of Activism Against Gender Violence” began on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women (November 25th) and ended on International Human Rights Day (December 10th). The theme of this year’s campaign, “Commit, Act, Demand: We Can End Violence Against Women,” was well-addressed in an event that PRB and PATH, co-chairs of the Gender-based Violence Task Force of the Interagency Gender Working Group, organized on December 3rd. “Working with Men to Stop Violence,” featured several of the most prominent leaders in the field: Gary Barker, Director of Gender, Violence and Rights at the International Center for Research on Women; Pat McGann, Vice President for Communications for Men Can Stop Rape; Todd Minerson, Executive Director of the White Ribbon Campaign and Dean Peacock, Co-Director of Sonke Gender Justice, based in South Africa. Each of these organizations works internationally on issues related to men and violence. Gary and Dean also co-chair the <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.menengage.org/">MenEngage Alliance</a>, an international network of more than 400 groups promoting the positive engagement of men in reproductive health. Gary’s presentation and others from this symposium are available on the<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.igwg.org/Events/SymposiumWorkingWithMen.aspx"> IGWG website</a>.</p> <p align="center"><img border="0" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://lh5.ggpht.com/_h1pkeIeuNeU/S1BiILo8-2I/AAAAAAAAANs/IhzTIIpcaBw/s720/DSC00629.JPG" height="300" width="400"/></p> <p align="center"><em>Gary Barker, Director of Gender, Violence, and Rights at the International Center for Research on Women, speaks at the PRB and PATH-organized event, “Working with Men to Stop Violence.”</em></p> <p align="center"><em>Photo credit: Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, PRB.</em></p> <p>Why all the attention to violence against women? WHO’s 2005 <a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/">Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women </a>provided the first cross-cultural documentation that gender-based violence is pervasive and pernicious, affecting women in every social and economic strata and during every stage of their lives. The evidence that between 15 percent and 71 percent of women in 10 countries have ever experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner has enabled a greater focus on gender-based violence and interventions to prevent it.</p> <p>With gender-based violence more prominent on the development agenda than ever before, Gary Barker asked, “How do we take advantage of the interest in violence prevention?” Barker noted that early results from the new the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES), which is documenting the extent of violence against women in at least nine countries, support the need for a “relational approach” to gender and gender-based violence, to counteract the expectations that men and women share and reinforce for one another, that men must be dominant and aggressive and that women must be submissive.</p> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=92#more-92" class="more-link">Read the rest of this entry »</a></p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=92&title=When Will Women No Longer Need Activism Against Gender-Based Violence?" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-91"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=91" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to No Woman Left Behind">No Woman Left Behind</a></h2> <p><small>January 12th, 2010 Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=5" title="View all posts in Gender" rel="category">Gender</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=12" title="View all posts in Reproductive Health" rel="category">Reproductive Health</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=91#respond" title="Comment on No Woman Left Behind">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Charlotte Feldman-Jacobs, program director, Gender</em> </p> <p>Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135001.htm"> speech on Friday, Jan. 8</a> commemorated the 15th anniversary of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo but could reasonably be called the “No Woman Left Behind” speech.</p> <p>The Secretary extolled the Cairo Conference as a milestone in proclaiming that “women’s health is essential to the prosperity and opportunity of all, to the stability of families and communities, and the sustainability and development of nations.” She reminded us that the 1994 Conference set specific targets to be met by 2015—to provide evidence of improvement in women’s health care; reductions in infant, child, and maternal mortality; of education for all, but especially for girls and women. These improvements will lead to sustainable development and economic growth — all the while contributing to gender equality, equity, and the empowerment of women. It’s a short time frame with a tall order, especially given the lack of progress in reducing maternal mortality in the last 15 years.</p> <p>Secretary Clinton listed some of the great achievements that have been made towards these 2015 targets in the increased use of contraceptives, in reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS from mother to child, in improving neonatal and child health, in the number of girls in school, and in the widespread realization that gender needs to be mainstreamed into the entire range of global programs.</p> <p>However, she rightly pointed out, “vast inequities remain:” Women and girls are the majority of the world’s poor – too many unschooled, unhealthy, underfed, and bearing the brunt of gender-based domestic abuse as well as brutally violent national and regional conflicts.</p> <p>The statistics Clinton threw down to illustrate that woman are the downtrodden of the earth are very familiar to many of us: one woman dies every minute of every day in pregnancy or childbirth, and “for every woman who dies, another 20 suffer from injury, infection, or disease every minute;” 215 million women lack access to modern contraceptives to prevent unplanned and unwanted pregnancies, a contributing factor in “the nearly 20 million unsafe abortions that take place very year.” And she noted that millions of women and girls suffer the pain and indignity of such crippling conditions as obstetric fistula and of sexually transmitted infections which they have neither the power nor the information to prevent. Calling specific attention to Female Genital Mutilation (by its “gentler” term Female Genital Cutting), Clinton noted the resulting serious infections and injuries during child birth, but she might have added that it also robs women of their sexual pleasure and indeed has been outlawed in many countries where it occurs. But, Madame Secretary, far more than 70 million girls and women have been subjected to this cruel tradition. The latest figures show that 100-140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone FGM/C and more than 3 million girls are at risk for cutting each year on the African continent alone.</p> <p>Moving from the problems to the solutions, Secretary Clinton emphasized “Investing in the health of women, adolescents, and girls is not only the right thing to do; it is also the smart thing to do.” She said the Administration’s commitment and actions will be guided by Cairo’s excellent “roadmap” through:</p> <ul> <li>New funding to achieve Millennium Development Goal Five (improving maternal health and achieving universal access to contraception)</li> <li>The re-funding of UNFPA</li> <li>Working with the Congress to appropriate nearly $650 million to family planning and reproductive health programs worldwide</li> <li>The Global Health Initiative (GHI), the crown jewel in this administration’s “women-centered approach.”</li> </ul> <p>While the exact strategy of the GHI has not been revealed, $63 billion will be committed over the next six years to prevent millions of new HIV infections; reduce maternal and child mortality; avert millions of unintended pregnancies; eliminate some neglected tropical diseases, and integrate women and girls into all health programs.</p> <p>If this blogger were to change just one thing about this important speech, it would be to elevate the one sentence that came near the end about the importance of engaging men and boys in the societal changes that will need to take place to achieve better health and equity for women and the world. “Men are presented as the abusers and HIV vectors,” the Secretary said, adding that we need to reach out to men and boys to encourage them to be active partners in working toward better reproductive health and equality. This important point deserves to have been made more than once; lack of progress over the last decade in achieving gender equity shows it needs to be raised early and often if our work is to be successful.</p> <p>Nevertheless, even though I was watching the speech on a TV monitor, I wanted to stand up and cheer her statements that:</p> <ul> <li>It is a national security issue to pay attention to women and girls.</li> <li>It is a matter of equity and fairness.</li> <li>It is not just the elite women in societies but also “ the women who live down the street or care for their children or clean their homes or plant their crops” that need our attention.” Rights must be protected for women everywhere.</li> </ul> <p>Secretary Clinton exhorted the leaders in the august Ben Franklin Room of the State Department (and maybe even those watching on the ICPD2015 simulcast), “Do Not Grow Weary.” She might have borrowed a line from Robert Frost: For we have promises to keep, and miles to go before we sleep.”?</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=91&title=No Woman Left Behind" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div id="post-90"> <h2><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=90" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Russia’s Population Now Increasing?">Russia’s Population Now Increasing?</a></h2> <p><small>January 8th, 2010 Carl Haub</small> Posted in <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=1" title="View all posts in Aging" rel="category">Aging</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?cat=10" title="View all posts in Population Basics" rel="category">Population Basics</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/?p=90#respond" title="Comment on Russia’s Population Now Increasing?">No Comments »</a> </p> <div class="entry"> <p><em>by Carl Haub, senior demographer</em></p> <p>Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has long advocated a rise in Russia’s very low birth rate. In 2007, with his bidding, the government took the dramatic step of providing women with a $9,000 payment for the birth of a second child. The incentive certainly seems to have worked. In 2007, births jumped nearly 9 percent over 2006 and, in 2008, by 6.4 percent over 2007. Russia’s total fertility rate (TFR) now stands at 1.49 (2008), up from its nadir of 1.16 in 1999. And several other developments may combine so that Russia’s population size avoids the decline begun in 1995. This was not lost on Mr. Putin, who has been <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8435162.stm" target="_blank">widely quoted </a>celebrating the prospect of a year with no decrease.</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><img class="reflect" style="width: 386px; height: 261px;" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2665/3744571113_49f6353200.jpg" alt="Tourist Season in Red Square by Sangudo." width="500" height="333"/></p> <p style="text-align: center;"><em>Photo used under Creative Commons from </em><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.flickr.com/photos/sangudo/" target="_blank"><em>Sangudo</em></a></p> <p>Official demographic data have been released by the state statistical bureau, GOSKOMSTAT, for January 2009 through November (Russia releases vital statistics very quickly). Those show an increase in births for the January-November 2009 period of 2.8 percent, lower than the previous two years but still an increase. At the same time, deaths dropped by 3.7 percent so that natural decrease, birth minus deaths, was “only” -224,310. I say only because that figure was an astounding -958,000 in 2000. So for population to grow in 2009, net international migration will have to offset that -224,310. That certainly seems to be well within reach since net immigration from January to October was reported as 210,446, much of it from Central Asia and other former Soviet republics which the Russians often refer to as the “near abroad.” Based on typical migration patterns in Russia in November and December, about 250,000 net immigration can be expected. So, population-watchers, look for some celebrations in Russia later this month.</p> <p><a title="arastirdik" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.arastirdik.net/">arastirdik.net</a> <a title="video,izle,seyret" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.all-articles.org/">video seyret</a> <a title="economy" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://lakeeconomy.blogspot.com/">economy news</a> <a title="economy" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://shareeconomy.blogspot.com/">economy news</a> <a title="economy" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://oceaneconomy.blogspot.com/">economy news</a> <a title="economy" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://continenteconomy.blogspot.com/">economy news</a> <a title="economy" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://interestingeconomy.blogspot.com/">economy news</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://celebritygreek.blogspot.com/">celebrity pictures</a> <a title="celebrity, pictures" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://celebrity1pictures.blogspot.com/">celebrity pictures</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://celebritybulgarian.blogspot.com/">celebrity pictures</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://lyricgreek.blogspot.com/">Lyrics</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://lyricbg.blogspot.com/">Lyrics</a> <a title="songs,lyrics" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://song1lyrics.blogspot.com/">Lyrics</a> <a title="epilasyon, saglik" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://izmirepilasyon.blogspot.com/">epilasyon</a> <a title="ilaç, prospektüs" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://ilacarayin.blogspot.com/">ilac</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.articlesarea.net/">articlesarea.net</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.articleread.net/">article</a> <a title="program , download" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.indirmeli.net/">indir</a> <a title="video,watch video" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.whatisvideo.com/">video</a> <a title="saglik,zayiflama" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.sagliklibilgiler.info/">Saglikli Bilgiler</a> <a title="ilaç prospektüs" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.ilacbilgileri.info/">ilac Prospektus</a> <a title="bak?ml? saçlar" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.bakimlisaclar.info/">Bakimli Saclar</a> <a title="driver" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://driver.arayici.info/">driver indir</a> <a title="dll" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://dll.arayici.info/">dll indir</a> <a title="dll" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.finddll.info/">download dll</a> <a title="driver" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.finddriver.info/">download driver</a> <a title="Laminate Wood Flooring, Laminate Flooring" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.laminate-wood-floor.info/">laminate wood flooring</a> <a title="Oak Laminate Flooring, Laminate Flooring" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.oaklaminateflooring.info/">oak laminate flooring</a> <a title="Laminate Flooring Tile, Laminate Flooring" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.laminatetileflooring.info/">laminate flooring tile</a> <a title="Motorcycle Touring, Motorcycle Tours" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.motorcycl-touring.info/">motorcycle touring</a> <a title="Motorcycle Tours, Motorcycle Tour" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.motorcycle-tours.info/">motorcycle tours</a> <a title="Motorcycle Tour, Motorcycle Tours" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.motorcycle-tours.info/">motorcycle tour</a> <a title="Charter Yacht, Yacht Charter" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.freecharteryachts.info/">charter yacht</a> <a title="Yacht Charter, Charter Yacht" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.bestcharteryachts.info/">yacht charter</a> <a title="Yacht Charters, Charter Yacht" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.royalcharteryachts.info/">yacht charters</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.traraba.com/" title="araba">Araba</a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.fragmanner.com/" title="fragmanner.com">film izle</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.seyrella.com/" title="seyrella.com">video izle</a></p> <p>But, hold the phone. The Russian TFR, at about 1.5 is still very low and the country still depends upon non-Russian migration to keep its head above water. But there’s more and it’s even more important. Russia’s age-sex pyramid took a body blow during the period of high natural decrease. The number of young people moving up the age ladder into the prime childbearing ages is much less than those now in the childbearing years. As of January 1, 2009, there were 6.2 million females in the age group 20-24. The 15-19 age group was only 4.5 million and both the 5-9 and 10-14 age groups taken together totaled 6.5 million. As those younger age groups begin childbearing, births will certainly decline even if the TFR rises. Beyond that, deaths will rise as the elderly population grows significantly in size.It may be a short party.</p> </div>  <div class="addthis"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?pub=blogohblog&url=http://prbblog.org/?p=90&title=Russia’s Population Now Increasing?" title="Bookmark using any bookmark manager!" target="_blank"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://s9.addthis.com/button1-bm.gif" width="125" height="16" border="0" alt="AddThis Social Bookmark Button"/></a></div> </div> <div class="br"><br/></div> <div> <div class="alignleft"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://prbblog.org/index.php?paged=2">« Previous Entries</a></div> <div class="alignright"></div> </div> <br/> </div> </td></tr></table></center>  <br/><br/> <div align="center"> <div align="center" id="ftr"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer2.gif" width="3" height="23" align="right"/><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734im_/http://www.prb.org/images/footer1.gif" width="3" height="23" align="left"/><span class="footertext">Services: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Home/EmailSignup.aspx">Get E-Mail News</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Join.aspx">Join/Renew Membership</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Donate.aspx">Donate</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Bookstore.aspx">Bookstore</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Home/Contact.aspx">Contact</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/SpanishContent.aspx">Español</a>  ·  <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/FrenchContent.aspx">Français</a></span></div> <span class="footer2text"><b>Copyright 2007, Population Reference Bureau.</b> All rights reserved. • <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/http://www.prb.org/Home/Privacy.aspx">Privacy Policy</a></span><br/> <span class="footer2text">1875 Connecticut Avenue, NW • Suite 520 • Washington, DC 20009-5728 • USA <br/> <b>Phone:</b> 800-877-9881 • <b>Fax:</b> 202-328-3937 • <b>E-mail:</b> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528063734/mailto:popref@prb.org">popref@prb.org</a></span><br/> </div>  </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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