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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outer_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Outer ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_ear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_ear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inner ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_ear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Blood supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inner_ear_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_ear_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Inner ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_ear_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_ear_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_ear_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_ear_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_ear_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_ear_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Outer ear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_ear_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniqueness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniqueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Uniqueness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniqueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hearing_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hearing loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congenital_abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congenital_abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Congenital abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congenital_abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertigo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertigo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Vertigo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertigo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tinnitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tinnitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Tinnitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tinnitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ear</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">192 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oor" title="Oor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ohr" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AE" title="ጆሮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92are" title="Ēare – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēare" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B0%D9%86" title="أذن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أذن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyiu" title="Oyiu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oyiu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%90_(%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%A2_%DC%A8%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܕܢܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܕܢܐ (ܝܘܠܦܢ ܨܪܘܝܘܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB" title="Ականջ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ականջ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureac%C4%BEi" title="Ureacľi – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ureacľi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97)" title="কৰ্ণ (অংগ) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৰ্ণ (অংগ)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oy%C3%ADu" title="Oyíu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oyíu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otokai" title="Otokai – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otokai" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apysa" title="Apysa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apysa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="ГӀин – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinchu" title="Jinchu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jinchu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulaq" title="Qulaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qulaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قولاق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قولاق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuping" title="Kuping – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kuping" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talinga" title="Talinga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Talinga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Hīⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hīⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ҡолаҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡолаҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Вуха – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуха" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Вуха – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуха" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talinga" title="Talinga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Talinga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Ухо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ухо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrwaschl" title="Ohrwaschl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ohrwaschl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uho" title="Uho – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Uho" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skouarn" title="Skouarn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skouarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Шэхэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шэхэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orella" title="Orella – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orella" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Хăлха – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăлха" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucho" title="Ucho – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ucho" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzeve" title="Nzeve – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nzeve" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arechja" title="Arechja – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Arechja" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clust" title="Clust – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clust" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibili" title="Tibili – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tibili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98re" title="Øre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Øre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ކަންފަތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަންފަތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rv" title="Kõrv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%84%CE%AF" title="Αφτί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφτί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%ADdo" title="Oído – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oído" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orelo" title="Orelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarri" title="Belarri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4" title="گوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaan" title="Kaan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyra" title="Oyra – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oyra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreille" title="Oreille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oreille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_(lichemsdiel)" title="Ear (lichemsdiel) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ear (lichemsdiel)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluas" title="Cluas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cluas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaysh" title="Cleaysh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cleaysh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluas" title="Cluas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cluas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%ADdo" title="Oído – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Oído" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Лерг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лерг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E5%88%80" title="耳刀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="耳刀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="કાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="कान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ot%C3%B3" title="Otó – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Otó" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%AD" title="Ngí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чикин – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Чикин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%80" title="귀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="귀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB" title="Ականջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ականջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uho" title="Uho – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uho" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulonga" title="Bulonga – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bulonga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orelo" title="Orelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nt%E1%BB%8B" title="Ntị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ntị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapayag" title="Lapayag – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lapayag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telinga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aure" title="Aure – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aure" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siun" title="Siun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Siun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlebe" title="Indlebe – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Indlebe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyra" title="Eyra – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eyra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orecchio" title="Orecchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orecchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F" title="אוזן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוזן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuping" title="Kuping – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kuping" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%8Bgba%C5%8B%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Naŋgbaŋʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naŋgbaŋʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಿವಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಿವಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balugbug" title="Balugbug – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Balugbug" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ყური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D9%86" title="کَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Құлақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skovarn" title="Skovarn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Skovarn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikio" title="Sikio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sikio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B2r%C3%A8y" title="Zòrèy – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zòrèy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guh" title="Guh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Кулак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кулак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B8" title="ВичӀи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ВичӀи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auris" title="Auris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Auris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auss" title="Auss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Auss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouer" title="Ouer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ouer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausis" title="Ausis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ausis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oear" title="Oear – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oear" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lik%C3%BAtu" title="Likútu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likútu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orea" title="Orea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Orea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kerlo" title="kerlo – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kerlo" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreggia" title="Oreggia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oreggia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCl" title="Fül – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fül" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofina" title="Sofina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sofina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="ചെവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ჸუჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸუჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telinga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%AA" title="Ngê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ngê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Чих – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чих" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="နား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daliga" title="Daliga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Daliga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oor" title="Oor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our" title="Our – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Our" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82" title="न्हाय्‌पं – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हाय्‌पं" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3" title="耳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="耳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Лерг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лерг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uar" title="Uar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98re" title="Øre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98yre" title="Øyre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øyre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouothelle" title="Ouothelle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouothelle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurelha" title="Aurelha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aurelha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="କାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quloq" title="Quloq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Quloq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੰਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layag" title="Layag – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Layag" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanginga" title="Tanginga – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tanginga" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86" title="کن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%96" title="غوږ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غوږ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orija" title="Orija – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Orija" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oor_(Orgaan)" title="Oor (Orgaan) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oor (Orgaan)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucho" title="Ucho – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ucho" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Ωτίν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ωτίν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orelha" title="Orelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureche" title="Ureche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ureche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureglia" title="Ureglia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ureglia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinri" title="Rinri – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rinri" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Ухо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ухо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Ухо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ухо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tangila" title="tangila – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tangila" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="कर्णः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कर्णः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lug" title="Lug – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lug" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birac" title="Birac – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Birac" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veshi" title="Veshi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veshi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aricchia" title="Aricchia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aricchia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1" title="කන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear" title="Ear – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ear" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%86" title="ڪن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucho" title="Ucho – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ucho" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uho" title="Uho – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Uho" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dheg" title="Dheg – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dheg" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8E" title="گوێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Уво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uho" title="Uho – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Uho" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuli" title="Ceuli – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ceuli" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korva" title="Korva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ra" title="Öra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainga" title="Tainga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tainga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="செவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Колак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Колак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/papak" title="papak – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="papak" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF" title="చెవి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చెవి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B9" title="หู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%AF%D1%88" title="Гӯш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гӯш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2htovoo%27%C3%B4tse" title="Mâhtovoo'ôtse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mâhtovoo'ôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೆಬಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕೆಬಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kulak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aso" title="Aso – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Aso" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fufwuo" title="Fufwuo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fufwuo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Вухо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вухо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قۇلاق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇلاق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwz" title="Rwz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cia" title="Récia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Récia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai" title="Tai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil" title="Lil – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lil" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rv" title="Kõrv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kõrv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraye" title="Oraye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oraye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ache%27e" title="Ache'e – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ache'e" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talinga" title="Talinga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Talinga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%B5" title="耳朵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="耳朵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="אויער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אויער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%AD" title="Etí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Etí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3" title="耳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%9F" title="Goş – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Goş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aus%C4%97s" title="Ausės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ausės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B3" title="耳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ut%E1%BB%8Dn%CC%84" title="Utọn̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Utọn̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuping" title="Kuping – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kuping" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolingo" title="Tolingo – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tolingo" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pending" title="Pending – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pending" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuping" title="Cuping – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ear_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ear (disambiguation)">Ear (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Ear</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_right_ear_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_right_ear_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Human_right_ear_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_right_ear_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Human_right_ear_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Human_right_ear_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Human_right_ear_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2637" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The outer portion of the human ear<br /><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="En-uk-ear.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:En-uk-ear.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/En-uk-ear.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/En-uk-ear.ogg/En-uk-ear.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">"Ear" pronounced (<i><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></i>)</div></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>auris</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004423">D004423</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1062">birnlex_1062</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.005</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/15.3.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A15.3.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6861">6861</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma52780">52780</a></td></tr><tr><td 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:22em; border: 1px solid blue; background: misty-rose"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1871_Descent_F937.1_fig03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1871_Descent_F937.1_fig03.jpg/100px-1871_Descent_F937.1_fig03.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1871_Descent_F937.1_fig03.jpg/150px-1871_Descent_F937.1_fig03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/1871_Descent_F937.1_fig03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human ear</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: misty-rose;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">Auricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">Ear canal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: misty-rose;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tympanic membrane">Tympanic membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">Malleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">Incus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">Stapes</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-right:3em; font-size: 100%; background-color: misty-rose;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">Vestibules</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">Utricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">Saccule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlea" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/350px--Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="350" height="197" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv/Journey_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJourney_of_Sound_to_the_Brain.ogv&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>How sounds make their way from the source to the human brain</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ear</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> that enables <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> and (in mammals) <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_balance" title="Sense of balance">body balance</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts: the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>. The outer ear consists of the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">pinna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle ear includes the <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">tympanic cavity</a> and the three <a href="/wiki/Ossicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossicle">ossicles</a>. The inner ear sits in the <a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">bony labyrinth</a>, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">semicircular canals</a>, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the <a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">utricle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">saccule</a>, which enable balance when stationary; and the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>, which enables hearing. The ear canal is cleaned via <a href="/wiki/Earwax" title="Earwax">earwax</a>, which naturally migrates to the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">auricle</a> (the visible portion of the ear). The ears of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">sound localization</a>. </p><p>The ear develops from the first <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)" title="Pharyngeal pouch (embryology)">pharyngeal pouch</a> and six small swellings that develop in the early <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> called <a href="/wiki/Otic_placode" title="Otic placode">otic placodes</a>, which are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>. </p><p>The ear may be affected by disease, including infection and traumatic damage. Diseases of the ear may lead to <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">hearing loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balance_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance disorders">balance disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, although many of these conditions may also be affected by damage to the brain or neural pathways leading from the ear. </p><p>The ear has been adorned by <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a> and other jewelry in numerous cultures for thousands of years, and has been subjected to surgical and cosmetic alterations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <p>The human ear consists of three parts—the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a> of the outer ear is separated from the air-filled <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">tympanic cavity</a> of the middle ear by the <a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">eardrum</a>. The middle ear contains the three small bones—the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a>—involved in the transmission of sound, and is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">nasopharynx</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_opening_of_auditory_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube">pharyngeal opening</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">Eustachian tube</a>. The inner ear contains the <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otolith</a> organs—the <a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">utricle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">saccule</a>—and the <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">semicircular canals</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_ear">Outer ear</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></div> <p>The outer ear is the external portion of the ear and includes the fleshy visible <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">auricle</a>, the ear canal, and the outer layer of the eardrum (also called the tympanic membrane).<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The auricle consists of the curving outer rim called the <a href="/wiki/Helix_(ear)" title="Helix (ear)">helix</a>, the inner curved rim called the <a href="/wiki/Antihelix" title="Antihelix">antihelix</a>, and opens into the ear canal. The <a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">tragus</a> protrudes and partially obscures the ear canal, as does the facing <a href="/wiki/Antitragus" title="Antitragus">antitragus</a>. The hollow region in front of the ear canal is called the concha. The ear canal stretches for about 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>inch (2.5<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm). The first part of the canal is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a>, while the second part near the eardrum is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>. This bony part is known as the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_bulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory bulla">auditory bulla</a> and is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_part_of_the_temporal_bone" title="Tympanic part of the temporal bone">tympanic part of the temporal bone</a>. The ear canal ends at the external surface of the eardrum, while the surrounding skin contains <a href="/wiki/Ceruminous_gland" title="Ceruminous gland">ceruminous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous glands</a> that produce protective <a href="/wiki/Earwax" title="Earwax">earwax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earwax naturally migrates outward through ear canal, constituting a self-cleaning system.<sup id="cite_ref-Shmerling_2017_i652_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shmerling_2017_i652-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keck_Medicine_of_USC_2022_s129_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keck_Medicine_of_USC_2022_s129-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HealthLink_BC_2021_t871_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealthLink_BC_2021_t871-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MyHealth.Alberta.ca_2023_a639_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyHealth.Alberta.ca_2023_a639-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two sets of muscles are associated with the outer ear: the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear#Intrinsic_muscles" title="Outer ear">intrinsic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear#Extrinsic_muscles" title="Outer ear">extrinsic</a> muscles. In some mammals, these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, these muscles have little or no effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ear muscles are supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">facial nerve</a>, which also supplies sensation to the skin of the ear itself, as well as to the external ear cavity. The <a href="/wiki/Great_auricular_nerve" title="Great auricular nerve">great auricular nerve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auricular_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Auricular branch of vagus nerve">auricular nerve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auriculotemporal_nerve" title="Auriculotemporal nerve">auriculotemporal nerve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_occipital_nerve" title="Lesser occipital nerve">lesser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_occipital_nerve" title="Greater occipital nerve">greater occipital nerves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_plexus" title="Cervical plexus">cervical plexus</a> all supply sensation to parts of the outer ear and the surrounding skin.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The auricle consists of a single piece of <a href="/wiki/Elastic_cartilage" title="Elastic cartilage">elastic cartilage</a> with a complicated relief on its inner surface and a fairly smooth configuration on its posterior surface. A <a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (anatomy)">tubercle</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_tubercle" title="Darwin's tubercle">Darwin's tubercle</a>, is sometimes present, lying in the descending part of the helix and corresponding to the ear-tip of mammals. The <a href="/wiki/Earlobe" title="Earlobe">earlobe</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Loose_connective_tissue" title="Loose connective tissue">areola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symmetrical arrangement of the two ears allows for the <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">localisation of sound</a>. The brain accomplishes this by comparing <a href="/wiki/Interaural_time_difference" title="Interaural time difference">arrival-times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intensity_(physics)" title="Intensity (physics)">intensities</a> from each ear, in circuits located in the <a href="/wiki/Superior_olivary_complex" title="Superior olivary complex">superior olivary complex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid_body" title="Trapezoid body">trapezoid bodies</a>, which are connected via pathways to both ears.<sup id="cite_ref-purves_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-purves-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_ear">Middle ear</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png/350px-Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png/525px-Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png/700px-Blausen_0330_EarAnatomy_MiddleEar.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The middle ear</figcaption></figure> <p>The middle ear lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It consists of an air-filled cavity called the <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">tympanic cavity</a> and includes the three <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> and their attaching ligaments; the <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">auditory tube</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Round_window" title="Round window">round</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oval_window" title="Oval window">oval windows</a>. The ossicles are three small bones that function together to receive, amplify, and transmit the sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. The ossicles are the <a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">malleus</a> (hammer), <a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">incus</a> (anvil), and the <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a> (stirrup). The stapes is the smallest named bone in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>. The middle ear also connects to the upper <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">nasopharynx</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_opening_of_auditory_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube">pharyngeal opening</a> of the Eustachian tube.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three ossicles transmit sound from the outer ear to the inner ear. The malleus receives vibrations from sound pressure on the eardrum, where it is connected at its longest part (the manubrium or handle) by a ligament. It transmits vibrations to the incus, which in turn transmits the vibrations to the small stapes bone. The wide base of the stapes rests on the oval window. As the stapes vibrates, vibrations are transmitted through the oval window, causing movement of fluid within the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The round window allows for the fluid within the inner ear to move. As the stapes pushes the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_tympanic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary tympanic membrane">secondary tympanic membrane</a>, fluid in the inner ear moves and pushes the membrane of the round window out by a corresponding amount into the middle ear. The ossicles help amplify sound waves by nearly 15–20 times.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_36-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_ear">Inner ear</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png/350px-Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png/525px-Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png/700px-Blausen_0329_EarAnatomy_InternalEar.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The outer ear receives sound, transmitted through the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> of the middle ear to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>, where it is converted to a nervous signal in the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">cochlear</a> and transmitted along the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear nerve</a>.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></div> <p>The inner ear sits within the temporal bone in a complex cavity called the <a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">bony labyrinth</a>. A central area known as the <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">vestibule</a> contains two small fluid-filled recesses, the utricle and saccule. These connect to the <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">semicircular canals</a> and the cochlea. There are three semicircular canals angled at right angles to each other which are responsible for dynamic balance. The cochlea is a spiral shell-shaped organ responsible for the sense of hearing. These structures together create the <a href="/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth" title="Membranous labyrinth">membranous labyrinth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_37_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bony labyrinth refers to the bony compartment which contains the membranous labyrinth, contained within the temporal bone. The inner ear structurally begins at the oval window, which receives vibrations from the incus of the middle ear. Vibrations are transmitted into the inner ear into a fluid called <a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">endolymph</a>, which fills the membranous labyrinth. The endolymph is situated in two vestibules, the utricle and saccule, and eventually transmits to the cochlea, a spiral-shaped structure. The cochlea consists of three fluid-filled spaces: the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_duct" title="Vestibular duct">vestibular duct</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_duct" title="Cochlear duct">cochlear duct</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_duct" title="Tympanic duct">tympanic duct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cells</a> responsible for <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">transduction</a>—changing mechanical changes into electrical stimuli are present in the <a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Corti" title="Organ of Corti">organ of Corti</a> in the cochlea.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_37_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3></div> <p>The blood supply of the ear differs according to each part of the ear. </p><p>The outer ear is supplied by a number of arteries. The <a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_artery" title="Posterior auricular artery">posterior auricular artery</a> provides the majority of the blood supply. The <a href="/wiki/Anterior_auricular_branches" title="Anterior auricular branches">anterior auricular arteries</a> provide some supply to the outer rim of the ear and scalp behind it. The posterior auricular artery is a direct branch of the external carotid artery, and the anterior auricular arteries are branches from the <a href="/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery" title="Superficial temporal artery">superficial temporal artery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Occipital_artery" title="Occipital artery">occipital artery</a> also plays a role.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_37_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The middle ear is supplied by the mastoid branch of either the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_artery" title="Occipital artery">occipital</a> or <a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_artery" title="Posterior auricular artery">posterior auricular arteries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_auricular_artery" title="Deep auricular artery">deep auricular artery</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_artery" title="Maxillary artery">maxillary artery</a>. Other arteries which are present but play a smaller role include branches of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_meningeal_artery" title="Middle meningeal artery">middle meningeal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascending_pharyngeal_artery" title="Ascending pharyngeal artery">ascending pharyngeal artery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a>, and the artery of the <a href="/wiki/Pterygoid_canal" title="Pterygoid canal">pterygoid canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_37_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner ear is supplied by the anterior tympanic branch of the maxillary artery; the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular artery; the petrosal branch of middle meningeal artery; and the <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_artery" title="Labyrinthine artery">labyrinthine artery</a>, arising from either the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_inferior_cerebellar_artery" title="Anterior inferior cerebellar artery">anterior inferior cerebellar artery</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_artery" title="Basilar artery">basilar artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_37_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40TH_37-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing">Hearing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sound_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wave">Sound waves</a> travel through the outer ear, are modulated by the middle ear, and are transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">vestibulocochlear nerve</a> in the inner ear. This nerve transmits information to the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> of the brain, where it is registered as sound. </p><p>Sound that travels through the outer ear impacts on the eardrum, and causes it to vibrate. The three ossicles bones transmit this sound to a second window (the <a href="/wiki/Oval_window" title="Oval window">oval window</a>), which protects the fluid-filled inner ear. In detail, the pinna of the outer ear helps to focus a sound, which impacts on the eardrum. The malleus rests on the membrane, and receives the vibration. This vibration is transmitted along the incus and stapes to the oval window. Two small muscles, the <a href="/wiki/Tensor_tympani" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor tympani">tensor tympani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stapedius" class="mw-redirect" title="Stapedius">stapedius</a>, also help modulate noise. The two muscles <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_reflex" title="Acoustic reflex">reflexively contract</a> to dampen excessive vibrations. Vibration of the oval window causes vibration of the endolymph within the <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">vestibule</a> and the cochlea.<sup id="cite_ref-HALL2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALL2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inner ear houses the apparatus necessary to <a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">change the vibrations</a> transmitted from the outside world via the middle ear into signals passed along the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain. The hollow channels of the inner ear are filled with liquid, and contain a sensory <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> that is studded with <a href="/wiki/Hair_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair cells">hair cells</a>. The microscopic "hairs" of these cells are structural protein filaments that project out into the fluid. The hair cells are <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a> that release a chemical <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> when stimulated. Sound waves moving through fluid flows against the <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> cells of the organ of Corti. The fluid pushes the filaments of individual cells; movement of the filaments causes receptor cells to become open to receive the <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>-rich endolymph. This causes the cell to depolarise, and creates an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> that is transmitted along the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_ganglion" title="Spiral ganglion">spiral ganglion</a>, which sends information through the auditory portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal lobe</a> of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-HALL2005_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALL2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human ear can generally hear sounds with frequencies between 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sound#Perception" title="Sound">the audio range</a>). Sounds outside this range are considered <a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">infrasound</a> (below 20 Hz)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> (above 20 kHz)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although hearing requires an intact and functioning auditory portion of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> as well as a working ear, human deafness (extreme insensitivity to sound) most commonly occurs because of abnormalities of the inner ear, rather than in the nerves or tracts of the central auditory system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balance">Balance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balance_(ability)" title="Balance (ability)">Balance (ability)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception</a></div> <p>Providing balance, when moving or stationary, is also a central function of the ear. The ear facilitates two types of balance: static balance, which allows a person to feel the effects of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, and dynamic balance, which allows a person to sense acceleration. </p><p>Static balance is provided by two ventricles, the utricle and the saccule. Cells lining the walls of these ventricles contain fine filaments, and the cells are covered with a fine gelatinous layer. Each cell has 50–70 small filaments, and one large filament, the <a href="/wiki/Kinocilium" title="Kinocilium">kinocilium</a>. Within the gelatinous layer lie <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a>, tiny formations of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. When a person moves, these otoliths shift position. This shift alters the positions of the filaments, which opens <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> within the cell membranes, creating <a href="/wiki/Depolarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depolarisation">depolarisation</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> that is transmitted to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-HALL2005_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALL2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dynamic balance is provided through the three semicircular canals. These three canals are orthogonal (at right angles) to each other. At the end of each canal is a slight enlargement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Osseous_ampullae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous ampullae">ampulla</a>, which contains numerous cells with filaments in a central area called the <a href="/wiki/Ampullary_cupula" title="Ampullary cupula">cupula</a>. The fluid in these canals rotates according to the momentum of the head. When a person changes acceleration, the inertia of the fluid changes. This affects the pressure on the cupula, and results in the opening of ion channels. This causes depolarisation, which is passed as a signal to the brain along the vestibulocochlear nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-HALL2005_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALL2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynamic balance also helps maintain eye tracking when moving, via the <a href="/wiki/Vestibulo%E2%80%93ocular_reflex" title="Vestibulo–ocular reflex">vestibulo–ocular reflex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>, the ear develops as three distinct structures: the inner ear, the middle ear and the outer ear.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each structure originates from a different <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layer</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchyme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moore2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_ear_2">Inner ear</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G1._Otic_placode_(V07a).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png/220px-G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png/330px-G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png/440px-G1._Otic_placode_%28V07a%29.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Otic_placode" title="Otic placode">otic placode</a> on a developing embryo (about four weeks old)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray62.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Gray62.png/220px-Gray62.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Gray62.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The ear develops in the lower neck region and moves upwards as the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> develops (six weeks).</figcaption></figure> <p>Around its second to third week, the developing embryo consists of three layers: ectoderm, <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>, and endoderm. The first part of the ear to develop is the inner ear,<sup id="cite_ref-moore2008_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which begins to form from the ectoderm around the embryo's 22nd day,<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derived from two thickenings called <a href="/wiki/Otic_placode" title="Otic placode">otic placodes</a> on either side of the head. Each otic placode recedes below the ectoderm, forms an <a href="/wiki/Otic_pit" title="Otic pit">otic pit</a> and then an <a href="/wiki/Otic_vesicle" title="Otic vesicle">otic vesicle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entire mass is eventually surrounded by mesenchyme to form the bony labyrinth.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNSWembryology_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSWembryology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the 28th day, parts of the otic vesicle begin to form the vestibulocochlear nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drake2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drake2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These form <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_neuron" title="Bipolar neuron">bipolar neurons</a>, which supply sensation to parts of the inner ear (namely the sensory parts of the semicircular canals, macular of the utricle and saccule, and organ of Corti).<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the 33rd day, the vesicles begin to differentiate. Posteriorly, they form what will become the utricle and semicircular canals. Anteriorly, the vesicles differentiate into a rudimentary saccule, which eventually becomes the saccule and cochlea. Part of the saccule eventually gives rise and connects to the cochlear duct, which appears approximately during the sixth week and connects to the saccule through the <a href="/wiki/Ductus_reuniens" title="Ductus reuniens">ductus reuniens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the cochlear duct's mesenchyme begins to differentiate, three cavities are formed: the <a href="/wiki/Scala_vestibuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala vestibuli">scala vestibuli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scala_tympani" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala tympani">scala tympani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scala_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Scala media">scala media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNSWembryology_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSWembryology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain an extracellular fluid called <a href="/wiki/Perilymph" title="Perilymph">perilymph</a>, while the scala media contains endolymph.<sup id="cite_ref-UNSWembryology_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSWembryology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_membrane" title="Vestibular membrane">vestibular membrane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basilar_membrane" title="Basilar membrane">basilar membrane</a> develop to separate the cochlear duct from the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Molecular regulation</dt></dl> <p>Most of the genes responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">regulation</a> of inner ear formation and its <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a> are members of the <a href="/wiki/Homeobox_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeobox gene">homeobox gene</a> family such as <a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax</a>, Msx and Otx homeobox genes. The development of inner ear structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a> is regulated by <a href="/wiki/DLX5_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="DLX5 (gene)">Dlx5</a>/<a href="/wiki/DLX6_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="DLX6 (gene)">Dlx6</a>, <a href="/wiki/OTX1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="OTX1 (gene)">Otx1</a>/<a href="/wiki/OTX2_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="OTX2 (gene)">Otx2</a> and <a href="/wiki/PAX2" title="PAX2">Pax2</a>, which in turn are controlled by the master <a href="/wiki/SHH_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SHH (gene)">gene Shh</a>. Shh is secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sumantra2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sumantra2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_ear_2">Middle ear</h3></div> <p>The middle ear and its components develop from the first and second <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tympanic cavity and auditory tube develop from the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_pouch_(embryology)" title="Pharyngeal pouch (embryology)">pharyngeal pouch</a> between the first two arches in an area which will also go on to develop the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. This develops as a structure called the <a href="/wiki/Tubotympanic_recess" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubotympanic recess">tubotympanic recess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) normally appear during the first half of fetal development. The first two (malleus and incus) derive from the first pharyngeal arch and the stapes derives from the second.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three ossicles develop from the <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, cells from the tissue surrounding the ossicles will experience <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> and a new layer of endodermal epithelial will constitute the formation of the tympanic cavity wall.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moore2008_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_ear_2">Outer ear</h3></div> <p>Unlike structures of the inner and middle ear, which develop from pharyngeal pouches, the ear canal originates from the dorsal portion of the first <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal cleft">pharyngeal cleft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is fully expanded by the end of the 18th week of development.<sup id="cite_ref-UNSWembryology_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSWembryology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eardrum is made up of three layers (ectoderm, endoderm and connective tissue). The auricle originates as a fusion of six hillocks. The first three hillocks are derived from the lower part of the first pharyngeal arch and form the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix, respectively. The final three hillocks are derived from the upper part of the second pharyngeal arch and form the antihelix, antitragus, and earlobe.<sup id="cite_ref-sadler2012_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadler2012-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRAYS40th_38_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAYS40th_38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNSWembryology_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNSWembryology-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer ears develop in the lower <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> forms, they move towards their final position level with the eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drake2010_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drake2010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3></div> <p>The ears of newborn humans are proportionally very large, even more so than the head's largeness as compared to the body. Ears grow quickly until about the age of nine, then continue to grow steadily in circumference (about 0.5 millimeters a year) throughout life, with the increase in length more extreme in males.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniqueness">Uniqueness</h3></div> <p>Ears are individually very unique, with the odds of two people having matching ears very low.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the ear's proportions are normally retained for life, and have thus been employed for <a href="/wiki/Forensic_identification" title="Forensic identification">forensic identification</a> since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing_loss">Hearing loss</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></div> <p>Hearing loss may be either partial or total. This may be a result of injury or damage, <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disease">congenital disease</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> causes. When hearing loss is a result of injury or damage to the outer ear or middle ear, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">conductive hearing loss</a>. When deafness is a result of injury or damage to the inner ear, vestibulochoclear nerve, or brain, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing loss</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:298px;max-width:298px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg/145px-Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg/218px-Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg/290px-Otitis_chron_mesotymp_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Perforation (<a href="/wiki/Otoscope" title="Otoscope">otoscope</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg/145px-Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg/218px-Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg/290px-Otitis_media_entdifferenziert2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Fluid in middle ear cavity</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a> complications can lead to hearing loss.</div></div></div></div> <p>Causes of conductive hearing loss include an ear canal blocked by earwax, ossicles that are fixed together or absent, or holes in the eardrum. Conductive hearing loss may also result from middle ear inflammation causing fluid build-up in the normally air-filled space, such as by <a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">otitis media</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tympanoplasty" title="Tympanoplasty">Tympanoplasty</a> is the general name of the operation to repair the middle ear's eardrum and ossicles. Grafts from muscle fascia are ordinarily used to rebuild an intact eardrum. Sometimes artificial ear bones are placed to substitute for damaged ones, or a disrupted ossicular chain is rebuilt in order to conduct sound effectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">Hearing aids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cochlear_implant" title="Cochlear implant">cochlear implants</a> may be used if the hearing loss is severe or prolonged. Hearing aids work by amplifying the sound of the local environment and are best suited to conductive hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cochlear implants transmit the sound that is heard as if it were a nervous signal, bypassing the cochlea. Active <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_implant" title="Middle ear implant">middle ear implants</a> send sound vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear, bypassing any non-functioning parts of the outer and middle ear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congenital_abnormalities">Congenital abnormalities</h3></div> <p>Anomalies and malformations of the auricle are common. These anomalies include chromosome syndromes such as <a href="/wiki/Ring_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring 18">ring 18</a>. Children may also present cases of abnormal ear canals and low ear implantation.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2008_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rare cases, no auricle is formed (<a href="/wiki/Aural_atresia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aural atresia">atresia</a>), or is extremely small (<a href="/wiki/Microtia" title="Microtia">microtia</a>). Small auricles can develop when the auricular hillocks do not develop properly. The ear canal can fail to develop if it does not channelise properly or if there is an obstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2008_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstructive surgery to treat hearing loss is considered as an option for children older than five,<sup id="cite_ref-kliegman2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliegman2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a cosmetic surgical procedure to reduce the size or change the shape of the ear is called an <a href="/wiki/Otoplasty" title="Otoplasty">otoplasty</a>. The initial medical intervention is aimed at assessing the baby's hearing and the condition of the ear canal, as well as the middle and inner ear. Depending on the results of tests, reconstruction of the outer ear is done in stages, with planning for any possible repairs of the rest of the ear.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately one out of one thousand children suffer some type of congenital deafness related to the development of the inner ear.<sup id="cite_ref-lalwani2009_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lalwani2009-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inner ear congenital anomalies are related to sensorineural hearing loss and are generally diagnosed with a <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT) scan or a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) scan.<sup id="cite_ref-kliegman2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliegman2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hearing loss problems also derive from inner ear anomalies because its development is separate from that of the middle and external ear.<sup id="cite_ref-moore2008_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Middle ear anomalies can occur because of errors during head and neck development. The first pharyngeal pouch syndrome associates middle ear anomalies to the malleus and incus structures as well as to the non-differentiation of the <a href="/wiki/Annular_stapedial_ligament" class="mw-redirect" title="Annular stapedial ligament">annular stapedial ligament</a>. Temporal bone and ear canal anomalies are also related to this structure of the ear and are known to be associated with sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss.<sup id="cite_ref-kliegman2007_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kliegman2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertigo">Vertigo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></div> <p>Vertigo refers to the inappropriate perception of motion. This is due to dysfunction of the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular system</a>. One common type of vertigo is <a href="/wiki/Benign_paroxysmal_positional_vertigo" title="Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo">benign paroxysmal positional vertigo</a>, when an <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otolith</a> is displaced from the ventricles to the semicircular canal. The displaced otolith rests on the cupola, causing a sensation of movement when there is none. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">labyrinthitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, and other infective and congenital diseases may also result in the perception of vertigo.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injury">Injury</h3></div> <dl><dt>Outer ear</dt></dl> <p>Injuries to the external ear occur fairly frequently, and can leave minor to major deformity. Injuries include: <a href="/wiki/Laceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Laceration">laceration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Avulsion injuries">avulsion injuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burn</a> and repeated twisting or pulling of an ear, for discipline or torture.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexandru2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexandru2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic damage to the ears can cause <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_ear" title="Cauliflower ear">cauliflower ear</a>, a common condition in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestlers</a> in which the cartilage around the ears becomes lumpy and distorted owing to persistence of a <a href="/wiki/Haematoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Haematoma">haematoma</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Perichondrium" title="Perichondrium">perichondrium</a>, which can impair blood supply and healing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to its exposed position, the external ear is susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma" title="Squamous-cell carcinoma">squamous-cell carcinoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma" title="Basal-cell carcinoma">basal-cell carcinomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Middle ear</dt></dl> <p>The ear drum may become perforated in the event of a large sound or explosion, when diving or flying (called <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>), or by objects inserted into the ear. Another common cause of injury is due to an infection such as otitis media.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These may cause a discharge from the ear called <a href="/wiki/Otorrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Otorrhea">otorrhea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are often investigated by <a href="/wiki/Otoscope" title="Otoscope">otoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audiometry" title="Audiometry">audiometry</a>. Treatment may include <a href="/wiki/Watchful_waiting" title="Watchful waiting">watchful waiting</a>, antibiotics and possibly surgery, if the injury is prolonged or the position of the ossicles is affected.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skull fractures that go through the part of the skull containing the ear structures (the temporal bone) can also cause damage to the middle ear.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Cholesteatoma" title="Cholesteatoma">cholesteatoma</a> is a cyst of squamous skin cells that may develop from birth or secondary to other causes such as chronic ear infections. It may impair hearing or cause dizziness or vertigo, and is usually investigated by otoscopy and may require a CT scan. The treatment for cholesteatoma is surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Inner ear</dt></dl> <p>There are two principal damage mechanisms to the inner ear in industrialised society, and both injure hair cells. The first is exposure to elevated sound levels (noise trauma), and the second is exposure to drugs and other substances (<a href="/wiki/Ototoxicity" title="Ototoxicity">ototoxicity</a>). A large number of people are exposed to sound levels on a daily basis that are likely to lead to significant <a href="/wiki/Noise_health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise health effects">hearing loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> has recently published research on the estimated numbers of persons with hearing difficulty (11%) and the percentage of those that can be attributed to occupational noise exposure (24%).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" title="National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a> (NHANES), approximately twenty-two million (17%) US workers reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers exposed to hazardous noise further exacerbate the potential for developing <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a> when they do not wear <a href="/wiki/Hearing_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing protection">hearing protection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a> is the hearing of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> when no external sound is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Lev2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While often described as a ringing, it may also sound like a clicking, hiss or roaring.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, unclear voices or music are heard.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound may be soft or loud, low <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitched</a> or high pitched and appear to be coming from one ear or both.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the time, it comes on gradually.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2013_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some people, the sound causes depression, anxiety, or concentration difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tinnitus is not a disease but a symptom that can result from a number of underlying causes. One of the most common causes is <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a>. Other causes include: <a href="/wiki/Ear_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear infection">ear infections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">disease of the heart or blood vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">emotional stress</a>, exposure to certain medications, a previous <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">head injury</a>, and earwax.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2014_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more common in those with depression and anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2013_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modified_Ear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Modified_Ear.jpg/220px-Modified_Ear.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Modified_Ear.jpg/330px-Modified_Ear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Modified_Ear.jpg/440px-Modified_Ear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Stretching of the earlobe and various cartilage piercings</figcaption></figure> <p>The ears have been ornamented with jewelry for thousands of years, traditionally by <a href="/wiki/Ear_piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear piercing">piercing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earlobe" title="Earlobe">earlobe</a>. In ancient and modern cultures, ornaments have been placed to stretch and enlarge the earlobes, allowing for larger <a href="/wiki/Plug_(jewellery)" title="Plug (jewellery)">plugs</a> to be slid into a large fleshy gap in the lobe. Tearing of the earlobe from the weight of heavy <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a>, or from traumatic pull of an earring (for example, by snagging on a sweater), is fairly common.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Injury to the ears has been present since Roman times as a method of reprimand or punishment – "In Roman times, when a dispute arose that could not be settled amicably, the injured party cited the name of the person thought to be responsible before the Praetor; if the offender did not appear within the specified time limit, the complainant summoned witnesses to make statements. If they refused, as often happened, the injured party was allowed to drag them by the ear and to pinch them hard if they resisted. Hence the French expression "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">se faire tirer l’oreille</i></span>", of which the literal meaning is "to have one's ear pulled" and the figurative meaning "to take a lot of persuading". We use the expression "to tweak (or pull) someone's ears" to mean "inflict a punishment"."<sup id="cite_ref-Alexandru2004_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexandru2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The auricles have an effect on facial appearance. In Western societies, protruding ears (present in about 5% of ethnic <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">Europeans</a>) have been considered unattractive, particularly if asymmetric.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first surgery to reduce the projection of prominent ears was published in the medical literature by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Dieffenbach" title="Ernst Dieffenbach">Ernst Dieffenbach</a> in 1845, and the first <a href="/wiki/Case_report" title="Case report">case report</a> in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg/230px-2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg/345px-2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg/460px-2017-07-22_Amphi_festival_2017_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pointy_ears#Humans" title="Pointy ears">Pointy ears</a> are a characteristic of some creatures in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> such as the French <a href="/wiki/Croquemitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Croquemitaine">croquemitaine</a>, Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">curupira</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bane2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bane2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Japanese <a href="/wiki/Earth_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth spider">earth spider</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It has been a feature of characters on art as old as that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a><sup id="cite_ref-Winckelmann1850_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winckelmann1850-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bovey2002_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bovey2002-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pointy ears are a common characteristic of many creatures in the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre,<sup id="cite_ref-Peffer2012_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peffer2012-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tresca2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tresca2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Okum2006_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okum2006-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knight2005_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight2005-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Faeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Faeries">faeries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greer2011_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greer2011-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hart2008_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">pixies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton2011_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton2011-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hobbit" title="Hobbit">hobbits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KavkaLawn2006_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KavkaLawn2006-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Orcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcs">orcs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins2010_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins2010-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a characteristic of creatures in the <a href="/wiki/Horror_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror literature">horror</a> genre, such as <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isenberg2013_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isenberg2013-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gelder2000_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelder2000-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pointy ears are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> genre; for example among the <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(Star_Trek)" title="Vulcan (Star Trek)">Vulcan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romulan" title="Romulan">Romulan</a> races of the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> universe<sup id="cite_ref-IIIMcPherson2003_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIIMcPherson2003-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nightcrawler_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightcrawler (comics)">Nightcrawler</a> character from the <a href="/wiki/X-Men" title="X-Men">X-Men</a> universe.<sup id="cite_ref-IrwinHousel2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrwinHousel2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a> was a Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysicist</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. In 1961, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> for his research on the function of the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a> in the mammalian hearing organ.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vacanti_mouse" title="Vacanti mouse">Vacanti mouse</a> was a laboratory <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a> that had what looked like a human ear grown on its back. The "ear" was actually an ear-shaped <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> structure grown by seeding cow cartilage cells into a biodegradable ear-shaped mold and then implanted under the skin of the mouse; then the cartilage naturally grew by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed as an alternative to ear repair or grafting procedures and the results met with much publicity and controversy in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg/220px-Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg/330px-Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg/440px-Darwin-s-tubercle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primate</a> ears<br />Human and <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaque</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_tubercle" title="Darwin's tubercle">Darwin's tubercle</a> highlighted)</small></div></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/200px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/300px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg/400px-Haeckel_Chiroptera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">Pinnae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The pinna helps direct sound through the ear canal to the eardrum. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of some mammalian ears helps to sharply focus sounds produced by prey, using echolocation signals. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a>, and may be seen in a wide range of animals, including the <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aye-aye" title="Aye-aye">aye-aye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_galago" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser galago">lesser galago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">bat-eared fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse_lemur" title="Mouse lemur">mouse lemur</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some large <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Gorilla" title="Gorilla">gorillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutans</a> (and also <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>) have undeveloped ear <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> that are non-functional <a href="/wiki/Vestigial_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial structure">vestigial structures</a>, yet are still large enough to be easily identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Descent_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descent-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ear muscle that cannot move the ear, for whatever reason, has lost that biological function. This serves as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a> between related species. In humans, there is variability in these muscles, such that some people are able to move their ears in various directions, and it has been said that it may be possible for others to gain such movement by repeated trials.<sup id="cite_ref-Descent_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descent-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such primates, the inability to move the ear is compensated for mainly by the ability to easily turn the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a> on a horizontal plane, an ability which is not common to most monkeys—a function once provided by one structure is now replaced by another.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some animals with mobile pinnae (like the horse), each pinna can be aimed independently to better receive the sound. For these animals, the pinnae help <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">localise the direction of the sound source</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="African bush elephant Loxodonta africana"><img alt="African bush elephant Loxodonta africana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg/180px-Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg/270px-Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg/360px-Elephant_near_ndutu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a><br /><i>Loxodonta africana</i></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fennec fox (desert regions) Vulpes zerda"><img alt="Fennec fox (desert regions) Vulpes zerda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg/320px-2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg/480px-2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg/640px-2009-03-07Vulpes_zerda016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox</a> (desert regions)<br /><i>Vulpes zerda</i></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceland-1979445.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus"><img alt="Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iceland-1979445.jpg/360px-Iceland-1979445.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iceland-1979445.jpg/540px-Iceland-1979445.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Iceland-1979445.jpg/719px-Iceland-1979445.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a><br /><i>Vulpes lagopus</i></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 218px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Domestic rabbit – French Lop breed Oryctolagus cuniculus"><img alt="Domestic rabbit – French Lop breed Oryctolagus cuniculus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg/327px-Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg/491px-Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg/654px-Rabbit_-_French_Lop_breed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_rabbit" title="Domestic rabbit">Domestic rabbit</a> – <a href="/wiki/French_Lop" title="French Lop">French Lop</a> breed<br /><i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i></div></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_Domestic_105.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Darwin_Domestic_105.png/180px-Darwin_Domestic_105.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Darwin_Domestic_105.png/270px-Darwin_Domestic_105.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Darwin_Domestic_105.png/360px-Darwin_Domestic_105.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Half-Lop Rabbit<br /><i>Illustration by<br />Charles Darwin, 1868</i></small></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The ear, with its blood vessels close to the surface, is an essential thermoregulator in some land mammals, including the elephant, the fox, and the rabbit.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five types of <a href="/wiki/Lop_rabbit#Ear_type" title="Lop rabbit">ear carriage</a> in domestic rabbits, some of which have been bred for exaggerated ear length<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a potential health risk that is controlled in some countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitman_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitman-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abnormalities in the skull of a half-lop rabbit were <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_under_Domestication" class="extiw" title="s:The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication">studied by Charles Darwin</a> in 1868. In marine mammals, <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">earless seals</a> are one of three groups of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h3></div> <p>Only vertebrate animals have ears, though many invertebrates detect sound using other kinds of sense organs. In insects, <a href="/wiki/Tympanal_organ" title="Tympanal organ">tympanal organs</a> are used to hear distant sounds. They are located either on the head or elsewhere, depending on the insect <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tympanal organs of some insects are extremely sensitive, offering acute hearing beyond that of most other animals. The female cricket fly <i><a href="/wiki/Ormia_ochracea" title="Ormia ochracea">Ormia ochracea</a></i> has tympanal organs on each side of her abdomen. They are connected by a thin bridge of exoskeleton and they function like a tiny pair of eardrums, but, because they are linked, they provide acute directional information. The fly uses her "ears" to detect the call of her host, a male cricket. Depending on where the song of the cricket is coming from, the fly's hearing organs will reverberate at slightly different frequencies. This difference may be as little as 50 billionths of a second, but it is enough to allow the fly to home in directly on a singing male cricket and parasitise it.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simpler structures allow other <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> to detect <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/near-field" class="extiw" title="wikt:near-field">near-field</a> sounds. Spiders and cockroaches, for example, have hairs on their legs, which are used for detecting sound. Caterpillars may also have hairs on their body that perceive vibrations<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allow them to respond to sound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hear,_hear" title="Hear, hear">Hear, hear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_test" title="Hearing test">Hearing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righting_reflex" title="Righting reflex">Righting reflex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718030833/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ear">"Ear"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ear">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Ear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS40TH_36-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS40TH_36_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandring2008" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan (2008). Borley, Neil R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kvhkPQAACAAJ"><i>Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</i></a> (40 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Livingstone" title="Churchill Livingstone">Churchill Livingstone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. Chapter 36. "External and middle ear", 615–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06684-9"><bdi>978-0-443-06684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy%3A+The+Anatomical+Basis+of+Clinical+Practice&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=Chapter+36.+%22External+and+middle+ear%22%2C+615-631&rft.edition=40&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06684-9&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkvhkPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/GraysAnatomy40thEd_201403/Gray's%20Anatomy%20-%2040th%20Ed_djvu.txt">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAYS2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAYS2005_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakeVogl,_WayneTibbitts,_Adam_W.M._Mitchellillustrations_by_Richard2005" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. 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New York: Sinauer. pp. 332–336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-697-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-697-7"><bdi>978-0-87893-697-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=332-336&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sinauer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-697-7&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2005" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam W.M. (2005). <i>Gray's anatomy for students</i>. 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Borley, Neil R. (ed.). <i>Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</i> (40 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Livingstone" title="Churchill Livingstone">Churchill Livingstone</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. Chapter 37. "Inner ear", 633–650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06684-9"><bdi>978-0-443-06684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray%27s+Anatomy%3A+The+Anatomical+Basis+of+Clinical+Practice&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=Chapter+37.+%22Inner+ear%22%2C+633-650&rft.edition=40&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone%2FElsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06684-9&rft.aulast=Standring&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HALL2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HALL2005_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HALL2005_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HALL2005_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HALL2005_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005). <i>Textbook of medical physiology</i> (11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 651–657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0240-0"><bdi>978-0-7216-0240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+medical+physiology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=651-657&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=W.B.+Saunders&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0240-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.+Guyton%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greinwald, John H. Jr MD; Hartnick, Christopher J. MD The Evaluation of Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss. <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Otolaryngology%E2%80%93Head_%26_Neck_Surgery" title="JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery">Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery</a>. 128(1):84–87, January 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ultrasound">"Definition of "ultrasound" | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McFarland. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7111-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-7111-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Fairies+in+World+Folklore+and+Mythology&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7111-9&rft.au=Theresa+Bane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUqpAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winckelmann1850-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winckelmann1850_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohann_Joachim_Winckelmann1850" class="citation book cs1">Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyancienta00lodggoog"><i>The History of Ancient Art Among the Greeks</i></a>. Chapman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyancienta00lodggoog/page/n115">80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Art+Among+the+Greeks&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Chapman&rft.date=1850&rft.au=Johann+Joachim+Winckelmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryancienta00lodggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bovey2002-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bovey2002_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlixe_Bovey2002" class="citation book cs1">Alixe Bovey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rytlDZ4xdgC&pg=PA38"><i>Monsters and Grotesques in Medieval Manuscripts</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8512-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8512-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8512-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsters+and+Grotesques+in+Medieval+Manuscripts&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8512-2&rft.au=Alixe+Bovey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rytlDZ4xdgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peffer2012-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peffer2012_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Peffer2012" class="citation book cs1">J. Peffer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jcPqm5smoMMC&pg=PA28"><i>DragonArt Collector's Edition: Your Ultimate Guide to Drawing Fantasy Art</i></a>. IMPACT. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4403-2417-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4403-2417-8"><bdi>978-1-4403-2417-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DragonArt+Collector%27s+Edition%3A+Your+Ultimate+Guide+to+Drawing+Fantasy+Art&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=IMPACT&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4403-2417-8&rft.au=J.+Peffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjcPqm5smoMMC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tresca2010-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tresca2010_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Tresca2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. Tresca (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H8bzqj6S4sC&pg=PA34"><i>The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games</i></a>. McFarland. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6009-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-6009-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Fantasy+Role-Playing+Games&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6009-0&rft.au=Michael+J.+Tresca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H8bzqj6S4sC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okum2006-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okum2006_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Okum2006" class="citation book cs1">David Okum (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4aPjotgxJcC&pg=PA31"><i>Manga Fantasy Madness: Over 50 Basic Lessons for Drawing Warriors, Wizards, Monsters and more</i></a>. IMPACT. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60061-381-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-60061-381-0"><bdi>1-60061-381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Fantasy+Madness%3A+Over+50+Basic+Lessons+for+Drawing+Warriors%2C+Wizards%2C+Monsters+and+more&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=IMPACT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-60061-381-0&rft.au=David+Okum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4aPjotgxJcC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2005-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight2005_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirona_Knight2005" class="citation book cs1">Sirona Knight (7 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7m5s8HmpSp8C&pg=PT171"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Elves and Fairies</i></a>. DK Publishing. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-9638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-9638-1"><bdi>978-1-4406-9638-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Elves+and+Fairies&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=DK+Publishing&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-9638-1&rft.au=Sirona+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7m5s8HmpSp8C%26pg%3DPT171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greer2011-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greer2011_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Michael_Greer2011" class="citation book cs1">John Michael Greer (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDda4Q27kXYC&pg=PT107"><i>Monsters</i></a>. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-1600-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7387-1600-8"><bdi>978-0-7387-1600-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsters&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7387-1600-8&rft.au=John+Michael+Greer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDda4Q27kXYC%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart2008-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart2008_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Hart2008" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Hart (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=geE2AQAAIAAJ"><i>Astonishing Fantasy Worlds: The Ultimate Guide to Drawing Adventure Fantasy Art</i></a>. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-1472-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8230-1472-9"><bdi>978-0-8230-1472-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astonishing+Fantasy+Worlds%3A+The+Ultimate+Guide+to+Drawing+Adventure+Fantasy+Art&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Watson-Guptill+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8230-1472-9&rft.au=Christopher+Hart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgeE2AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton2011-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton2011_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Hamilton2011" class="citation book cs1">John Hamilton (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glzvoVQwqwoC&pg=PA23"><i>Elves and Fairies</i></a>. ABDO. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60453-215-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60453-215-9"><bdi>978-1-60453-215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elves+and+Fairies&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60453-215-9&rft.au=John+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DglzvoVQwqwoC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KavkaLawn2006-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KavkaLawn2006_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisha_KavkaJenny_LawnMary_Paul2006" class="citation book cs1">Misha Kavka; Jenny Lawn; Mary Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pshlAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gothic Nz: The Darker Side of Kiwi Culture</i></a>. Otago University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877372-23-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877372-23-0"><bdi>978-1-877372-23-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Nz%3A+The+Darker+Side+of+Kiwi+Culture&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Otago+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-877372-23-0&rft.au=Misha+Kavka&rft.au=Jenny+Lawn&rft.au=Mary+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpshlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins2010-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins2010_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Hopkins2010" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Hopkins (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4dmGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202"><i>Screening the Gothic</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77959-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77959-4"><bdi>978-0-292-77959-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screening+the+Gothic&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77959-4&rft.au=Lisa+Hopkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4dmGAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isenberg2013-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Isenberg2013_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_William_Isenberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Noah William Isenberg (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9vbWimrmcEC&pg=PT96"><i>Weimar Cinema: An Essential Guide to Classic Films of the Era</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 96–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50385-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50385-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar+Cinema%3A+An+Essential+Guide+to+Classic+Films+of+the+Era&rft.pages=96-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50385-3&rft.au=Noah+William+Isenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9vbWimrmcEC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelder2000-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gelder2000_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Gelder2000" class="citation book cs1">Ken Gelder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=upGM6haNBR8C&pg=PA27"><i>The Horror Reader</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21356-1"><bdi>978-0-415-21356-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horror+Reader&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21356-1&rft.au=Ken+Gelder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DupGM6haNBR8C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIIMcPherson2003-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIIMcPherson2003_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Jenkins_IIITara_McPhersonJane_Shattuc2003" class="citation book cs1">Henry Jenkins III; Tara McPherson; Jane Shattuc (2 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZSz3ThOv9gC&pg=PA119"><i>Hop on Pop: The Politics and Pleasures of Popular Culture</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-8350-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-8350-0"><bdi>0-8223-8350-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hop+on+Pop%3A+The+Politics+and+Pleasures+of+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-02&rft.isbn=0-8223-8350-0&rft.au=Henry+Jenkins+III&rft.au=Tara+McPherson&rft.au=Jane+Shattuc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZSz3ThOv9gC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IrwinHousel2009-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IrwinHousel2009_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_IrwinRebecca_HouselJ._Jeremy_Wisnewski2009" class="citation book cs1">William Irwin; Rebecca Housel; J. Jeremy Wisnewski (18 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bK-ax5Ttj3wC&pg=PA189"><i>X-Men and Philosophy: Astonishing Insight and Uncanny Argument in the Mutant X-Verse</i></a>. 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Am</i>. <b>86</b> (6): 677–682. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2F86.6.677">10.1093/aesa/86.6.677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Entomol.+Soc.+Am.&rft.atitle=What+is+an+insect+ear%3F&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=677-682&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faesa%2F86.6.677&rft.aulast=Yack&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Fullard%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Piper" title="Ross Piper">Piper, Ross</a> (2007), <i>Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scoble, M.J. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/ear" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/ear"><i>ear</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ears" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ears">Ears</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_hearing_and_balance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Template talk:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory_and_vestibular_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory and vestibular anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_hearing_and_balance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">hearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">balance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">Outer ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">Auricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helix_(ear)" title="Helix (ear)">helix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihelix" title="Antihelix">antihelix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragus_(ear)" title="Tragus (ear)">tragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitragus" title="Antitragus">antitragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertragic_notch" title="Intertragic notch">intertragic notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earlobe" title="Earlobe">earlobe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">Ear canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Auricular muscles">Auricular muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eardrum" title="Eardrum">Eardrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eardrum#Umbo" title="Eardrum">umbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_flaccida_of_tympanic_membrane" title="Pars flaccida of tympanic membrane">pars flaccida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">Middle ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">Tympanic cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medial structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oval_window" title="Oval window">oval window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_window" title="Round window">round window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_tympanic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary tympanic membrane">secondary tympanic membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prominence_of_facial_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prominence of facial canal">prominence of facial canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_of_tympanic_cavity" title="Promontory of tympanic cavity">promontory of tympanic cavity</a></li></ul></li> <li>Posterior structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastoid_cells" title="Mastoid cells">mastoid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditus_to_mastoid_antrum" title="Aditus to mastoid antrum">aditus to mastoid antrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_eminence" title="Pyramidal eminence">pyramidal eminence</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">Malleus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior ligament of malleus">superior ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral ligament of malleus">lateral ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_malleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ligament of malleus">anterior ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">Incus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ligament_of_incus" title="Superior ligament of incus">superior ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ligament_of_incus" title="Posterior ligament of incus">posterior ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">Stapes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anular_ligament_of_stapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Anular ligament of stapes">annular ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muscles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stapedius_muscle" title="Stapedius muscle">stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_tympani_muscle" title="Tensor tympani muscle">tensor tympani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory tube">Auditory tube /<br />Eustachian tube</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torus_tubarius" title="Torus tubarius">Torus tubarius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labyrinths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membranous_labyrinth" title="Membranous labyrinth">membranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">bony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">Cochlea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_duct" title="Vestibular duct">Vestibular duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicotrema" title="Helicotrema">Helicotrema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_duct" title="Tympanic duct">Tympanic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modiolus_(cochlea)" title="Modiolus (cochlea)">Modiolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_cupula" title="Cochlear cupula">Cochlear cupula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Perilymphatic space <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perilymph" title="Perilymph">Perilymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_aqueduct" title="Cochlear aqueduct">Cochlear aqueduct</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_cell" title="Claudius cell">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boettcher_cell" title="Boettcher cell">Boettcher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_duct" title="Cochlear duct">Cochlear duct /<br />scala media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%27s_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Reissner's membrane">Reissner's/vestibular membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_membrane" title="Basilar membrane">Basilar membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_membrane" title="Reticular membrane">Reticular membrane</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolymph" title="Endolymph">Endolymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stria_vascularis_of_cochlear_duct" title="Stria vascularis of cochlear duct">Stria vascularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_ligament" title="Spiral ligament">Spiral ligament</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_of_Corti" title="Organ of Corti">Organ of Corti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereocilia_(inner_ear)" title="Stereocilia (inner ear)">stereocilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_link" title="Tip link">tip links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectorial_membrane_(cochlea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectorial membrane (cochlea)">Tectorial membrane</a></li> <li><i>Sulcus spiralis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_spiralis_externus" title="Sulcus spiralis externus">externus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcus_spiralis_internus" title="Sulcus spiralis internus">internus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_limbus" title="Spiral limbus">Spiral limbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_of_the_ear" title="Vestibule of the ear">Vestibule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">Utricle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_utricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Macula of utricle">macula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">Saccule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macula_of_saccule" title="Macula of saccule">macula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinocilium" title="Kinocilium">Kinocilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otolithic_membrane" title="Otolithic membrane">Otolithic membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_aqueduct" title="Vestibular aqueduct">Vestibular aqueduct</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endolymphatic_duct" title="Endolymphatic duct">endolymphatic duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolymphatic_sac" title="Endolymphatic sac">endolymphatic sac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductus_reuniens" title="Ductus reuniens">Ductus reuniens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">Semicircular canals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior semicircular canal">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior semicircular canal">Posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal semicircular canal">Horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampullary_cupula" title="Ampullary cupula">Ampullary cupula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseous_ampullae" class="mw-redirect" title="Osseous ampullae">Ampullae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crista_ampullaris" title="Crista ampullaris">crista ampullaris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7362#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7362#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7362#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133604-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ear"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85040383">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oreille"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119755257">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oreille"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119755257">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567653">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="uši"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph195806&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567951205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A01.1.00.005">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A15.3.00.001">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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