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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴利經典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴利經典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>巴利經典</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-巴利經典-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去巴利經典細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-巴利經典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-存在同非存在" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#存在同非存在"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>存在同非存在</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-存在同非存在-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-永遠同消滅" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#永遠同消滅"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>永遠同消滅</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-永遠同消滅-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-業、輪迴、無我" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#業、輪迴、無我"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>業、輪迴、無我</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-業、輪迴、無我-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>經文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分析我同無我" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分析我同無我"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>分析我同無我</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分析我同無我-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上座部" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上座部"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>上座部</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-上座部-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去上座部細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-上座部-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-說一切有部" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#說一切有部"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>說一切有部</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-說一切有部-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-犢子部" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#犢子部"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>犢子部</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-犢子部-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-三特相" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三特相"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>三特相</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三特相-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大乘佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大乘佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>大乘佛教</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-大乘佛教-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去大乘佛教細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-大乘佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-二無我" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#二無我"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>二無我</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-二無我-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-修行境地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#修行境地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>修行境地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-修行境地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-之後嘅發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#之後嘅發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>之後嘅發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-之後嘅發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參攷資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參攷資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參攷資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參攷資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">無我</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有41種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="أناتا – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أناتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Аната – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аната" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অনাত্তা – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনাত্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="བདག་མ་མཆིས་པ། – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བདག་མ་མཆིས་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C3%A1" title="Anattá – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anattá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%84%CE%AC" title="Αναττά – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναττά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Anattā" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81tman" title="Anātman – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anātman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetus" title="Isetus – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آناتا – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آناتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81tman" title="Anātman – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anātman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="अनत्त – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनत्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpa_atma" title="Tanpa atma – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanpa atma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%81tman" title="Anātman – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anātman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="無我 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無我" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%95%84" title="무아 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesavastingumas" title="Nesavastingumas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nesavastingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अनत्ता – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनत्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90" title="အနတ္တ – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနတ္တ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman" title="Anatman – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anatman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā – 潘帕嘉文" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Anattā" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="潘帕嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman" title="Anatman – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anatman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анатман – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анатман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesopstvo" title="Nesopstvo – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nesopstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8" title="අනාත්ම – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අනාත්ම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anattā" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Несопство – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Несопство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatman" title="Anatman – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="อนัตตา – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนัตตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatta" title="Anatta – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anatta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анатман – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="انتا – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4_ng%C3%A3" title="Vô ngã – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vô ngã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非我" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q488506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&oldid=1558466" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&id=1558466&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2584%25A1%25E6%2588%2591"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2584%25A1%25E6%2588%2591"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q488506" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  <small>呢篇文講佛學思想。</small><small>想搵同名嘅人嘅話，請睇<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91_(%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85)" title="無我 (學者)">無我 (學者)</a></b></small><small>。</small></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:#FFD068">佛教用語<br />無我</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="">英文</th><td style="">non-self／Anatta</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="pi" title="巴利文文字">anattā</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">अनात्मन्, anātman</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E6%96%87" title="緬甸文">緬甸文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="my" title="緬甸文文字">အနတ္တ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="中文">漢文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="zh" title="中文文字">無我</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文">日文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="ja" title="日文文字">無我</span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日文羅馬字">羅馬字</a>: <span lang="ja-Latn" title="日文文字">muga</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87" title="韓文">韓文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">無我/무아</span> <br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%A7%80%E9%83%A8%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文觀部式轉寫 (無呢版)">文觀部式轉寫</a>: <span lang="ko-Latn" title="韓文文字">mua</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%87" title="僧伽羅文">僧伽羅文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="si" title="僧伽羅文文字">අනාත්ම</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文">藏文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="bo" title="藏文文字">བདག་མ་མཆིས་པ།</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%87" title="泰文">泰文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="th" title="泰文文字">อนัตตา</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87" title="越南文">越南文</a></th><td style=""><span lang="vi" title="越南文文字">vô ngã</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>無我</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/無我/#yue"><span>mou<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> ngo<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span></a></span>；<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文">梵文</a>：<span lang="sa"><b>अनात्मन्</b></span>，拉丁轉寫：anātman；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>：anattā<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），又有類近譯語<b>非我</b>（<span>fei<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> ngo<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span>；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字"><b>निरात्मन्</b>/<b>नैरात्म्य</b></span>，轉寫：nirātman/nairātmya<sup id="cite_ref-無我同係_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無我同係-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）<sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>其中一個根本教義，列爲佛教事物中嘅<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三法印" data-lang-code="zh" data-lang-name="中文" data-foreign-title="三法印"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三法印 (無呢版)">三法印</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" class="extiw" title="zh:三法印"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">三法印</span></a></span>）</span></span>之一，呢個法印只喺佛教有。喺初時佢係種立場主張，要去實踐上禁制、破除將自己嘅擁有物當做自己嘢嘅執着。即係，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼">佛佗</a>講嘅無我唔係針對存在同虛無嘅理論，而係有實踐意味，係講<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諸法 (無呢版)">諸法</a>皆因<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起</a>而來，即係啲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有爲法 (無呢版)">有爲法</a>佢哋喺本質上都係冇<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實體 (無呢版)">實體</a>嘅，而修行者就必須要睇穿呢一點<sup id="cite_ref-無我事典_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無我事典-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>呢個佛教用語喺意味上，係講一切事物都只係作爲<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="現象">現象</a>來生成，而作爲自體所根據嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA" title="本質">本質</a>唔存在永恆不變<sup id="cite_ref-無我同係_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無我同係-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。無我分爲<b>人無我</b>同<b>法無我</b>，叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諸法無我 (無呢版)">諸法無我</a><sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佢反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門教">婆羅門教</a>嘅教義，婆羅門教主張<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自我 (無呢版)">自我</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E6%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵我 (無呢版)">梵我</a>）係永遠獨立而常駐人間嘅實在<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而佛教認爲人（亦即<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%83%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有情 (無呢版)">有情</a>）係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蘊 (無呢版)">五蘊</a>和合而生嘅集合，所以冇作爲<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="主體">主體</a>嘅實體<sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，全然冇婆羅門敎宣稱嘅噉樣嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="我 (佛教)">我</a>（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">आत्मन्</span>，轉寫：ātman；拉丁巴利文：attā），亦即人無我；同樣所有嘅存在都係因爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因緣 (無呢版)">因緣</a>而生，所以佢哋本來都冇固定嘅獨自本性（自性），亦即法無我<sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；呢個就係佛教主張嘅無我說<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。正因爲事物由緣（事物隨屬嘅條件）而發生，所以事物干涉唔到自身嘅生成同壞滅。按佛學觀點，「我」正因爲根本唔存在、只係個五蘊嘅集合，所以「我」不停變化、生滅。 </p><p>無我同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苦 (佛教) (無呢版)">苦</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無常 (無呢版)">無常</a>一齊並列爲佛教嘅根本教條，稱做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三相 (佛教) (無呢版)">三相</a>，三相合埋就係三法印。除咗係三法印，亦列入爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四法印 (無呢版)">四法印</a><sup id="cite_ref-無我同係_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無我同係-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。「法印」意思係話，無論佛教有冇出世，無論人類係咪存在，呢三法印都會喺宇宙中如同真理噉現身：任何有爲法（有生亦有滅嘅法）都係苦、無常、無我。而無爲法（冇創造所以冇毀滅嘅法）亦係無我。無爲法冇無常同苦嘅性質，呢點同有爲法唔同。三法印嘅理解係要合埋嘅：有生，就隨時有滅，呢個係無常；無常嘅嘢會帶來苦；但帶來苦嘅嘢，佢本身嘅變化係隨緣而生（唔附屬於佢嘅意願，唔隨意志轉移），呢樣就叫無我。 </p><p>無我嘅概念係佛教同印度教根本唔同嘅地方之一，印度教主張存在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="我 (印度教) (無呢版)">我</a>（自己、靈魂）<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 詞源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anattā係巴利文，由an（意「冇」）加attā（意「靈魂」）構成<sup id="cite_ref-巴英辭典_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-巴英辭典-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢個詞指佛教嘅中心教義，話「人世間唔存在稱呼做靈魂嘅嘢，冇呢種恆久嘅基礎物質」<sup id="cite_ref-大英百科_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大英百科-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佢同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苦 (佛教) (無呢版)">苦</a>以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無常 (無呢版)">無常</a>一樣，係所有存在嘅共通特徵（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三相 (無呢版)">三相</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-大英百科_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大英百科-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-巴英辭典_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-巴英辭典-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 概述"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>無我喺理論上係話冇<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91" title="我">我</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E6%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵我 (無呢版)">梵我</a>），呢個我指固定不變嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實體 (無呢版)">實體</a>。但係<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-disambig" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>講嘅無我唔係淨係針對有冇我嘅理論，而係意味住實踐：依住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起</a>而來嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諸法 (無呢版)">諸法</a>係冇實體嘅嘢，即一切<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有爲法 (無呢版)">有爲法</a>都要睇到佢哋都冇實體。即係講，睇穿有爲法實體嘅性質係種具體嘅修行，要按住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E8%AB%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道諦 (無呢版)">道諦</a>（八正道、三十七道品、六波羅蜜等修行），修行達至實際<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%88%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無爲法 (無呢版)">無爲法</a>）。而至於實體（無爲法）嘅性質，諸如「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" title="時間">時間</a>上或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>上係咪永遠㗎？叫做我（梵我）嘅實體（無爲）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="肉體">肉體</a>（有爲）有咩唔同？」之類嘅命題，呢啲討論接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形而上學">形而上學</a>，喺佛學中屬於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%84%A1%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十四無記 (無呢版)">十四無記</a>，佛陀眼中睇來係無意義嘅，有個比喻講呢樣嘢，話有個人中咗毒箭，佢唔係惗住點樣掹出毒箭、解走啲毒，而係喺度惗毒箭用咩整之類嘅無關緊要問題<sup id="cite_ref-無我事典_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無我事典-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>無我一般用<b>諸法無我</b>嘅命題來說明，作爲佛教根本道理嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起說</a>係以無我說爲起初嘅組織。而喺實踐面上，將佛教嘅無我喺生命中實踐，叫做<b>無我行</b>。無我行即係世上所有嘢都冇固定性（無我），不停噉變化（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無常 (無呢版)">無常</a>），所以我哋要依靠修養同努力來克服逆境，以此向上。而佛教嘅理想<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>係無我行修行到徹底時嘅境地<sup id="cite_ref-無我事典_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-無我事典-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="巴利經典"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E5.88.A9.E7.B6.93.E5.85.B8"></span>巴利經典</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 巴利經典"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南傳大藏經 (無呢版)">南傳大藏經</a>》呢啲最初期嘅韻文經典中，多次提到無我嘅學說。按呢啲經典講法，「無我」意味住否定<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%9F%B7" title="我執">我執</a>，就噉樣，觀察到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%B8%E6%B3%95%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諸法無我 (無呢版)">諸法無我</a>（所有嘢都冇我；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>：<span lang="pi" title="巴利文文字">सब्बे धम्मा अनत्ता</span>，轉寫：sabbe-dhammā-anattā），用智慧（拉丁巴利文：paññā；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">प्रज्ञा</span>，轉寫：prajñā）理解事物，捨棄一切慾望，到達清淨平安嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>理想。 </p><p>喺最初期嘅佛教經典中，我（自己、靈魂；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">आत्मन्</span>，ātman）分成咗三種： </p> <ul><li>「我嘅嘢」（<span lang="pi" title="巴利文文字">मम</span>，mama）</li> <li>「我」（<span lang="pi" title="巴利文文字">अहं</span>，ahaṃ）</li> <li>「屬於我嘅自我（自己、靈魂）」（<span lang="pi" title="巴利文文字">मे अत्ता</span>，me attā）</li></ul> <p>對於一切嘅具體事物、具體嘅每一件事，要用「呢個唔係我嘅嘢」「呢個唔係我」「呢個唔係我嘅自我」呢三種立場去觀察。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="存在同非存在"><span id=".E5.AD.98.E5.9C.A8.E5.90.8C.E9.9D.9E.E5.AD.98.E5.9C.A8"></span>存在同非存在</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 存在同非存在"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>無我（自己/靈魂/本質上嘅非存在）係生物嘅性質，加埋<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無常 (無呢版)">無常</a>（非恆常、冇永遠）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苦 (佛教) (無呢版)">苦</a>（痛苦、唔滿足），就係佛教嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三相 (無呢版)">三相</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢樣嘢有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法句經 (無呢版)">法句經</a>》等好多經典確認<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛教講述四諦，主張有道路可以脫離<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="永遠同消滅"><span id=".E6.B0.B8.E9.81.A0.E5.90.8C.E6.B6.88.E6.BB.85"></span>永遠同消滅</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 永遠同消滅"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float:right; clear:right; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:80%; border:1px solid DarkGray; margin:0px 0px 15px 15px; width:300px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray; background:DarkSlateGray; color:white"><span style="font-size:130%">巴利經典中出現嘅沙門<sup id="cite_ref-水野巴利_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-水野巴利-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> （<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E5%B8%AB%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六師外道 (無呢版)"><span style="color:white">六師外道</span></a>）</span><br />（據<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80%E6%9E%9C%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙門果經 (無呢版)"><span style="color:white">沙門果經</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-dn2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dn2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>） </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:DarkSlateGray; color:white; width:120px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙門 (無呢版)"><span style="color:white">沙門</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-水野巴利_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-水野巴利-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray;border-left:1px solid Silver; background:Gainsboro">論（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%8B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="見 (佛教) (無呢版)">思想</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-dn2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dn2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:Gainsboro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E8%98%AD%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不蘭迦葉 (無呢版)">不蘭迦葉</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid Silver; border-bottom:1px solid DimGray;"><b>道德否定論：</b>道德虛無主義，認爲無論係善行定惡行，都否定應該獎賞報酬抑或給予刑罰。 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:Gainsboro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9E%BF%E8%88%8D%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瞿舍羅 (無呢版)">瞿舍羅</a><br />（<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%91%BD%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正命派 (無呢版)">正命派</a></b>） </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid Silver; border-bottom:1px solid DimGray;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></b>（宿命論）：我哋人生在世係無力嘅，所受嘅苦係前定嘅。 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:Gainsboro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%85%E8%88%8D%E6%AC%BD%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翅舍欽婆羅 (無呢版)">翅舍欽婆羅</a><br />（<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E4%B8%96%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="順世派 (無呢版)">順世派</a></b>） </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid Silver; border-bottom:1px solid DimGray;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96" title="唯物論">唯物論</a>：</b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8A%E6%99%82%E8%A1%8C%E6%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="及時行樂 (無呢版)">人生在世就係爲咗幸福</a>，而死咗之後就乜嘢都冇。 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:Gainsboro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迦旃延 (無呢版)">迦旃延</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid Silver; border-bottom:1px solid DimGray;"><b>不變論</b>（永遠論）：物質、喜樂、悲痛、靈魂都係永遠嘅，而佢哋之間唔會相互作用。 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:Gainsboro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%90%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伐達摩那 (無呢版)">伐達摩那</a><br />（<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a></b>） </td> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; border-left:1px solid Silver;"><b>戒律主義：</b>躲避全部嘅邪惡，去淨化，去祝福<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-bottom:1px solid DimGray; background:Gainsboro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%83%9D%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毗羅胝子 (無呢版)">毗羅胝子</a> </td> <td style="border-left:1px solid Silver; border-bottom:1px solid DimGray;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" title="不可知論">不可知論</a>：</b>我唔惗嗰啲嘢。所以，有關嗰啲嘢嘅其他方法亦唔會去惗。佢係啱，抑或佢唔啱，我亦唔惗。放棄判斷。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%AD%E5%B8%AB%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93" title="Template:六師外道"><span title="睇呢個模" style="">睇</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%85%AD%E5%B8%AB%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:六師外道 (無呢版)"><span title="討論呢個模" style="">論</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%85%AD%E5%B8%AB%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93&action=edit"><span title="編輯呢個模" style=";">改</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E5%85%AD%E5%B8%AB%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93&action=history"><span title="睇呢個模嘅歷史" style=";">歷</span></a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>關於靈魂嘅概念，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>同埋<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>嘅見解當然同主張無我嘅佛教唔同，但含埋佛教在內嘅呢三門宗教都共同相信輪迴，同以前印度哲學中嘅物質主義派唔同，佢哋用各種各樣嘅方法強調道德嘅責任<sup id="cite_ref-關大眠_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-關大眠-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。印度哲學中嘅唯物論者（例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A0%86%E4%B8%96%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="順世派 (無呢版)">順世派</a>），認爲死係一切嘅終結，所以佢哋又稱呼做終末論者，認爲死後嘅世界、靈魂、轉世、業力呢啲嘢都唔存在，死就係啲生物完全噉消滅咗，似霧散噉煙消雲散<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>因爲唯物論、斷滅論否定轉世同業力，所以釋迦批判呢啲見解<sup id="cite_ref-關大眠_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-關大眠-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。釋迦認爲，噉樣嘅信念係鼓勵道德上嘅唔負責任、同埋物質享樂主義，係唔適切兼且危險嘅<sup id="cite_ref-關大眠_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-關大眠-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。無我並唔意味住冇死後嘅世界、轉世、業力嘅異熟，呢點令釋迦同斷滅論者形成對照<sup id="cite_ref-關大眠_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-關大眠-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但係，釋迦又有一個同其他印度宗教嘅對照點，就係喺人間之中，係有不滅嘅、永遠嘅精神實體，呢個精神實體支持道德責任，因爲佢係生物、存在、形而上學現實中性質嘅一部分<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="業、輪迴、無我"><span id=".E6.A5.AD.E3.80.81.E8.BC.AA.E8.BF.B4.E3.80.81.E7.84.A1.E6.88.91"></span>業、輪迴、無我</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 業、輪迴、無我"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四向四果 (無呢版)">四向四果</a></div> <p>釋迦將業同無我列爲兩個基本教義<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>釋迦批判兩種教法：一種教法係以靈魂不變作爲業力上嘅道德責任根據（稱呼做<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">अत्थिकवाद</span>，atthikavāda）；一種教義係否定業力嘅道德責任、否認靈魂同轉世呢兩方面嘅唯物論（稱呼做<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">नत्थिकवाद</span>，natthikavāda）<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>因此，釋迦否定靈魂嘅存在（無我），但爲咗擔保業力嘅道德上嘅責任，所以輪迴係必要嘅。喺佛教業力嘅框架內，要從輪迴中解脫，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八正道 (無呢版)">八正道</a>係必要嘅嘢<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經文"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.96.87"></span>經文</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 經文"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>無我嘅觀點喺經藏嘅《無我相經》中特別噉強調<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div class="toccolours"> <dl><dd>1) 嗰陣時<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼">世尊</a>喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%8B%BF%E6%96%AF" title="維華拿斯">波羅奈</a>諸仙墮處嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B9%BF%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鹿野苑 (無呢版)">鹿野苑</a>。</dd> <dd>2) 喺呢度世尊同五位<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比丘 (無呢版)">比丘</a>講：「各位比丘。」</dd> <dd>- 「尊師！」各個比丘應世尊聲。世尊講以下嘅話：</dd> <dd>3) 色，係無我嘅。各位比丘，若果色係我，噉色就唔會患病，啲色就可以噉樣：「我要我嘅色變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅色變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>4) 然而各位比丘，因爲色係無我嘅，由此色會患病，而無法令色噉樣：「我要我嘅色變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅色變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>5) 受，係無我嘅。各位比丘，若果受係我，噉受就唔會患病，啲受就可以噉樣：「我要我嘅受變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅受變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>6) 然而各位比丘，因爲受係無我嘅，由此受會患病，而無法令受噉樣：「我要我嘅受變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅受變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>7) 想，係無我嘅。各位比丘，若果想係我，噉想就唔會患病，啲想就可以噉樣：「我要我嘅想變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅想變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>8) 然而各位比丘，因爲想係無我嘅，由此想會患病，而無法令想噉樣：「我要我嘅想變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅想變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>9) 行，係無我嘅。各位比丘，若果行係我，噉行就唔會患病，啲行就可以噉樣：「我要我嘅行變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅行變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>10) 然而各位比丘，因爲行係無我嘅，由此行會患病，而無法令行噉樣：「我要我嘅行變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅行變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>11) 識，係無我嘅。各位比丘，若果識係我，噉識就唔會患病，啲識就可以噉樣：「我要我嘅識變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅識變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>12) 然而各位比丘，因爲識係無我嘅，由此識會患病，而無法令識噉樣：「我要我嘅識變成噉樣！我唔要我嘅識變成噉樣！」</dd> <dd>13) 噉各位比丘，你哋點惗？色係有常定無常？</dd> <dd>- 係無常嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅，噉佢係苦定樂？</dd> <dd>- 係苦嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅、苦嘅、會壞滅嘅，噉呢個惗法係咪合理呢：「呢個係我嘅嘢，呢個係我，呢個係我嘅自我」？</dd> <dd>- 都唔啱，世尊。</dd> <dd>14) 受係有常定無常？</dd> <dd>- 係無常嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅，噉佢係苦定樂？</dd> <dd>- 係苦嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅、苦嘅、會壞滅嘅，噉呢個惗法係咪合理呢：「呢個係我嘅嘢，呢個係我，呢個係我嘅自我」？</dd> <dd>- 都唔啱，世尊。</dd> <dd>15) 想係有常定無常？</dd> <dd>- 係無常嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅，噉佢係苦定樂？</dd> <dd>- 係苦嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅、苦嘅、會壞滅嘅，噉呢個惗法係咪合理呢：「呢個係我嘅嘢，呢個係我，呢個係我嘅自我」？</dd> <dd>- 都唔啱，世尊。</dd> <dd>16) 行係有常定無常？</dd> <dd>- 係無常嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅，噉佢係苦定樂？</dd> <dd>- 係苦嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅、苦嘅、會壞滅嘅，噉呢個惗法係咪合理呢：「呢個係我嘅嘢，呢個係我，呢個係我嘅自我」？</dd> <dd>- 都唔啱，世尊。</dd> <dd>17) 識係有常定無常？</dd> <dd>- 係無常嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅，噉佢係苦定樂？</dd> <dd>- 係苦嘅，世尊。</dd> <dd>- 佢係無常嘅、苦嘅、會壞滅嘅，噉呢個惗法係咪合理呢：「呢個係我嘅嘢，呢個係我，呢個係我嘅自我」？</dd> <dd>- 都唔啱，世尊。</dd> <dd>18) 由是，各位比丘，凡係色，無論係過去、未來、而家，無論屬內或外、粗或細、卑劣或高尚、遠或近，所有色都應該用正智慧如實噉看待：「呢個唔係我嘅嘢，呢個唔係我，呢個唔係我嘅自我。」</dd> <dd>19) 凡係受，無論係過去、未來、而家，無論屬內或外、粗或細、卑劣或高尚、遠或近，所有受都應該用正智慧如實噉看待：「呢個唔係我嘅嘢，呢個唔係我，呢個唔係我嘅自我。」</dd> <dd>20) 凡係想，無論係過去、未來、而家，無論屬內或外、粗或細、卑劣或高尚、遠或近，所有想都應該用正智慧如實噉看待：「呢個唔係我嘅嘢，呢個唔係我，呢個唔係我嘅自我。」</dd> <dd>21) 凡係行，無論係過去、未來、而家，無論屬內或外、粗或細、卑劣或高尚、遠或近，所有行都應該用正智慧如實噉看待：「呢個唔係我嘅嘢，呢個唔係我，呢個唔係我嘅自我。」</dd> <dd>22) 凡係識，無論係過去、未來、而家，無論屬內或外、粗或細、卑劣或高尚、遠或近，所有識都應該用正智慧如實噉看待：「呢個唔係我嘅嘢，呢個唔係我，呢個唔係我嘅自我。」</dd> <dd>23) 各位比丘，睇到呢樣，善學嘅聖弟子會厭離色，厭離受，厭離想，厭離行，厭離識。由於厭離，而離貪。由於離貪，而解脫。喺解脫之中，就會起出噉樣嘅智：「我得到解脫。」因爲噉會好清楚：「生已經盡，梵行已成，該做嘅嘢都做咗，唔再返去原先嘅狀態。」</dd> <dd>24) 世尊如是說。五位比丘好歡喜，信受咗世尊講嘅話。呢啲教誨講完後，五位比丘嘅心得到解脫，遠離漏惑，唔再執着。</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分析我同無我"><span id=".E5.88.86.E6.9E.90.E6.88.91.E5.90.8C.E7.84.A1.E6.88.91"></span>分析我同無我</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 分析我同無我"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>基本上無我係思考萬物<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無常 (無呢版)">無常</a>性質後嘅邏輯結論。冇長存嘅「個人」，因爲五蘊冇穩定嘅核心，佢係由緣而生嘅。蘊係組合、聚處、集合。對於人，蘊有五個。色蘊係色嘅集合，指身體（啲器官、各部分）。受蘊係感覺嘅集合，如苦、樂、不苦不樂。行蘊係各種心理活動（心行）嘅集合，有主意、造業，共有50種心行（唔計受、想）。想蘊係啲思想、回憶嘅集合。識蘊係啲心（心嘅進程、啲心所，如受想行）嘅集合，同心靈一齊同生同滅。喺阿含經嘅語境中，識同心同義。經藏中有話：「由是，各位比丘，凡係色/受/想/行/識，無論係過去、未來、而家，無論屬內或外、粗或細、卑劣或高尚、遠或近，所有色/受/想/行/識都應該用正智慧如實噉看待：『呢個唔係我嘅嘢，呢個唔係我，呢個唔係我嘅自我。』」所有呢啲色蘊、受蘊、想蘊、行蘊、識蘊都係無我，喺呢11個境遇中都係：1/過去 2/而家 3/未來 4/屬內（機體內） 5/屬外（機體外） 6/粗（醜、唔微妙） 7/細（靚、微妙） 8/卑賤下劣 9/高尚殊勝 10/遠 11/近。修行者要實現對呢11個境遇嘅禪觀，來全面證得無我（阿羅漢程度）。點解話係全面？係因爲須陀洹、斯陀含、阿那含嘅果位仲未可以睇盡呢11個境遇。只有阿羅漢嘅果位，達到漏盡、無學，先至會睇明白，用四念處嘅禪觀法（身受心法）睇清晒呢11個境遇。啲修行者要曉呢個四念處，實行佢哋，先至有可能觀察晒呢啲境遇。譬喻須陀洹可以睇到入便嘅色（身體）係無我，呢位修行者完全睇到個身係無我，即可以離咗對身嘅貪愛，但呢位修行者仲未可以睇穿喺身體外褸住嘅色（得人鍾意嘅第個人或物）。要留意嘅係佛陀嘅立論： </p><p>總括：「因爲色/受/想/行/識係無常嘅（有生必定有滅），所以色/受/想/行/識嘅性質係苦（唔遂意）。因爲唔遂意嘅性質（苦），所以講色/受/想/行/識冇法子話係我嘅嘢、係我、係我嘅自我。由此，色/受/想/行/識係無我。進一步講，色/受/想/行/識之所以唔係我嘅嘢、唔係我、唔係我嘅自我，係因爲控制唔到色/受/想/行/識嘅生滅，色/受/想/行/識嘅生出係由於緣（即足夠嘅條件），而色/受/想/行/識嘅壞滅亦係由於緣。所以色/受/想/行/識係無我。」 </p><p>譬喻：觀察（禪觀）呼吸嘅吸氣、呼氣（呼吸係色蘊嘅成份），會睇到吸氣同呼氣都係隨緣生。無論我哋想定唔想，條氣都會呼吸。冇人可以自己撳住條氣而死得，只有當條命盡時，條氣先至斷。又譬喻：觀察（禪觀）啲身體舉動，我哋會睇到每親手、腳運動，都跟呢個程序：1. 有咗動機（行）2. 引發色嘅動作。所以：由於動機（行）嘅緣，引起機體（色）動作。雖然我哋會話我哋係「唔小心」做咗乜嘢，但絕對唔係噉樣，都係有動機嘅（比如話習慣），先至生出機體嘅舉動。由於無明，而令人唔知道噉樣。啲動機、啲轉動係由無意識嘅貪愛差遣嘅。喺呢點，想要更明白，就要聯繫十二因緣（緣起法）。 </p><p>觀察（禪觀）呢11個境遇嘅目的係斬斷對五蘊嘅依戀。噉就係斬除貪愛（十二因緣當中嘅一環）。喺呢個觀察過程會發生慧覺，又叫做正智，會曉透（又叫瞭知）所有世間法，無論無爲定有爲都係無我。 </p><p>以上《無我相經》嘅第23段嘅解釋係：由於睇清咗，明曉啲有爲法（色、受、想、行、識）都係無我，所以正智就生出。因爲用正智睇到啲有爲法係無常嘅，於是生出睇到危險嘅慧覺。呢個危險實際出自沉溺、依戀呢啲有爲法嘅無常性，所以嗰啲行動係種愚癡。由睇到危險嘅慧覺，而生出厭離嘅慧覺（即係遠離有爲法）。由厭離嘅慧覺而生出離貪嘅慧覺。離貪嘅慧覺所生嘅正係涅槃觀。從有爲法中永遠解脫，唔再再生，意思就係斬斷十二因緣中令人紅晒眼嘅貪愛。有一點要特別留意：佛經話無論下劣（凡俗）或高尚（生出聖嘅法），都要睇佢哋係無我。喺禪觀過程，善法、惡法會發生，而修行者要觀察（憑正智睇清楚），睇出佢哋都係無我。冇乜嘢係我嘅嘢、係我、係我嘅自我。特別喺禪觀當中，會有幾多破法階段，令修行者生出認爲自己係聖人嘅想蘊，從而沉迷入貪愛。所以要觀察晒呢11個境遇，冇得賴低。要注意：須陀洹仲喺我執程度（仲有住貪愛）。噉就係點解佛講：無爲法（涅槃）亦係無我。 </p><p>有兩個極端：一係修行時用苦行折磨身軀，一係享受奢華物質，而呢兩個極端都唔去用四念處禪觀法來睇清啲色蘊、受蘊、想蘊、行蘊、識蘊，所以呢兩個極端都係偏離咗中道。修行應該要遵循中道，即係實行對五蘊嘅觀察（相當於實行咗四念處）。而呢度嘅禪觀法叫做正念，即係四念處，喺分析道品嘅《相應經》中，佛畀咗定義<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：「各位比丘，乜嘢係正念？喺呢度，各位比丘，比丘要喺身上觀察身、熱心、醒覺、正念，目的在於調伏世間嘅貪憂；比丘要喺受中觀察受、熱心、醒覺、正念，目的在於調伏世間嘅貪憂；比丘要喺心內觀察心、熱心、醒覺、正念，目的在於調伏世間嘅貪憂；比丘要喺法度觀察法、熱心、醒覺、正念，目的在於調伏世間嘅貪憂。各位比丘，呢個就叫做正念。」修行人想睇見無我，唔可以只憑誦讀經文或靠頭腦推擬，而係要實行四念處嘅禪觀來體認無我。去禪觀色受想行識，係同義於去禪觀身受心法，亦即四念處。 </p><p>所以佛陀教理中嘅精要點係一切諸法、無論有爲定無爲，都係無我。執着於「真我」喺解脫之路上冇益處，係依戀住貪愛（自我），會導致痛苦嘅輪迴。調反轉頭，啲人要減輕依戀，就要拋棄對世間嘅見解（想蘊嘅想解），而入到禪觀之中，去睇色受想行識嘅無我事實。未實行四念處禪觀嘅人，會睇無我只係一種理說，而經驗過禪觀嘅人會得出結果就係無我係種事實——抵賴唔得嘅事實。打個比方：當人類仲喺地球時，啲人嘅觀念認爲太陽兜住地球轉，但事實相反——係地球圍住太陽轉，當啲人走出地球就會睇到呢件事。同樣，要睇得無我，只能靠實行四念處禪觀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="上座部"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.BA.A7.E9.83.A8"></span>上座部</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 上座部"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>無我教理事實係咩、以及佛陀歷史上有冇講過呢個教理，就喺佛學界引出幾多爭論辯說。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="上座部">上座部</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="說一切有部 (無呢版)">說一切有部</a>靠一啲方法宣講佛陀嘅話，透過呢啲，佢哋非常肯定冇任何嘅自我，呢點可以輕易喺佢哋嘅作品中搵見。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>中嘅詞「attā」係個常規反身代詞，隨場合可以譯成「嗰個人喺正嘅埞方」、「正係我」。當「attā」化用成名詞時，亦唔係話譯做「我」就啱，而更妥貼正確嘅譯法用詞係「本質」、或者「【嗰個人嘅】內在」。要描寫「個人」時，上座部會用巴利詞「補特伽羅」（puggala；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">पुद्गल</span>，轉寫：pudgala），喺日常語言中表示呢個係各種心理、身體活動嘅主體。有另外兩個詞會經常遇到：「衆生」（satta；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">सत्त्व</span>，轉寫：sattva）、合成詞「名色」（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">नामरूप</span>，轉寫：nāmarūpa）；喺呢個場合特別指「和合而成嘅個人」。 </p><p>上座部亦搵辦法搞掂無我嘅問題，但又冇完全拋棄純理論方法，比如說一切有部。佢哋亦冇惗計去解決佛陀喺歷史上留低嘅冇解釋過嘅嘢。不過，佢哋仲係想建立前後一致嘅思想體系，綜合、解釋啲<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>問題，尤其係屬於「無我」呢個哲學嘅課題，按好多經書所記，呢個問題係「最無上」嘅。上座部嘅七論<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘達磨 (無呢版)">阿毘達磨</a>就形成喺呢個基礎上。 </p><p>輪迴轉世唔意味住有自我，呢個畀佛陀解釋過，用嘅係十二因緣<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起</a>說。啲上座部高僧從呢個基礎發展出有相關性質嘅動態世界觀。所有現有嘅嘢，包埋所有人類，都係由啲特殊條件下所形成嘅進程，叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法 (佛教) (無呢版)">法</a>（又譯達摩，拉丁巴利文：dhamma；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">धर्म</span>，轉寫：dharma），H.W.舒曼詮釋如下<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>啲法都係建造自第啲法，同啲現成嘅法結合，變成唔同嘅組合，形成現有嘅世界，然之後佢哋毀壞，造成接落來第啲法嘅因緣，讓出埞方畀接落第啲法嘅出現。佢哋嘅特性唔代表某種實質，而佢哋之間嘅配合亦唔需要某個主體，但就能夠產生啲「人類」同「世界」嘅現象。啲法就好似啲音樂旋律。冇邊個音可以存在多過一秒，啲人能夠聽見佢就嗰一刻，但正係過咗佢呢個音之後，先有接落來咁多個單音，咁多個音彼此配合，先至產生咗旋律。現實只存在喺由諸法所造嘅現象世界中。冇所謂本質嘅存在，只有轉換中嘅流傳。</dd></dl> <p>諸法嘅進程要分別爲兩種：內在同外在。內在進程解釋咗內心所發生嘅現象、人類心識嘅起伏、思維嘅連續轉變。因爲佛陀所定義嘅「世界」正係心識中所反映嘅嘢，所以上座部所講嘅內在進程亦去解釋啲「主觀世界」嘅現象。隨住喺心識中諸法嘅出現同結合，外在世界嘅形象就跟住變換。 </p><p>外在進程締造咗輪迴再世冇主體嘅理論基礎。一個進程嘅起動靠嘅係業，所形成嘅「個人」一定係隨屬於呢個業嘅特質。雖則諸如「苦」、「業」、「解脫」嘅表現都會歸喺一個主體身上，但按照上座部，呢個主體只係某個帶住經驗性質嘅嘢，係諸法暫時嘅綜合，裏頭冇咩實體。 </p><p>大論師<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛音 (無呢版)">佛音</a>喺佢嘅論著《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%B7%A8%E9%81%93%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清淨道論 (無呢版)">清淨道論</a>》如下噉寫<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <div class="toccolours"> <dl><dd>只有苦，而冇受苦之人</dd> <dd>有業，而冇造業之人</dd> <dd>有解脫，而冇達得解脫嘅人</dd> <dd>有行得嘅路，但睇唔見去行嘅人（原文第513頁，第16章：說根諦品）</dd> <dd>✧✧✧</dd> <dd>唔會搵到造業嘅人</dd> <dd>亦冇受業果嘅衆生</dd> <dd>唯有諸法喺空之中嘅轉起</dd> <dd>邊個認識到呢樣，就係得智之人（原文第602頁，第19章：說度疑清淨品）</dd></dl> </div> <p>上座部列出82種唔同嘅法，緊要點在於將諸法分類成有爲同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%88%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無爲 (佛教) (無呢版)">無爲</a>。啲有爲法正係形成生存、世界、苦厄嘅因素。無爲法係唯一嘅，只有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>。正如佢嘅「無爲」特性所示，呢種法唔係由業力所造，所以能夠恆常存在。 </p><p>所以按照上座部，世界終歸由諸法所形成。只有諸法先係現實。上座部強調語言喺人類世界中嘅作用。那先比丘同彌蘭陀王講：「車」只係個表示、一種嗌法，當啲要素歸聚時呢個名先至用得，而「個人」呢種存在亦類似噉樣<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>但透過呢啲，一個問題又會出現：承認諸法會帶來一個實體、一個我。不過，呢個法有我嘅立場同婆羅門教對我嘅承認有一點相反得非常大，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8F%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E4%BD%90%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伏卡·佐茨 (無呢版)">伏卡·佐茨</a>（<span lang="de" title="德文文字">Volker Zotz</span>）嘅解釋如下<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd>「反駁主觀實體會導致嘅情況係承認啲法所造就嘅客觀現實。爲咗證明『人』冇我而引入補特伽羅，但諸法又會帶來我嘅特性。不過，因爲呢處唔係種原則，而只係一種因緣而生起嘅生命，所以，冇任何邊個法成咗絕對，會如同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>中嘅梵我噉咁絕對。」</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="說一切有部"><span id=".E8.AA.AA.E4.B8.80.E5.88.87.E6.9C.89.E9.83.A8"></span>說一切有部</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 說一切有部"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="說一切有部 (無呢版)">說一切有部</a>，作爲要素嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法 (佛教) (無呢版)">法</a>佢得出嘅分析唔同，就認爲呢啲法都係有。原先初期佛教傳落嘅無我說作爲暗流繼承咗落來，但誕生咗「人無我、法有我」呢一種折衷學說。 </p><p>呢個「法有我」係表示話啲法喺佢自身度有獨立存在嘅實體，呢個就稱呼做自性（梵文：<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">स्वभाव</span>，svabhāva）。於是喺以說一切有部做中心嘅部派佛教中，確立咗法嘅體系（一種物理學體系）。 </p><p>雖然作爲宗派嘅說一切有部已經毀滅咗，但呢啲研究作爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘達磨 (無呢版)">阿毘達磨</a>教學畀大乘諸派繼承，直到而家啲人仲會熱心學習。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="犢子部"><span id=".E7.8A.A2.E5.AD.90.E9.83.A8"></span>犢子部</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 犢子部"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>犢子部由高僧犢子開創，屬於上座部之一。入僧團之前，佢原本遵循婆羅門嘅教理。呢個部派嘅資料近乎毀晒，只得返四部作品譯成漢文，收入<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大正新脩大藏經" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日文" data-foreign-title="大正新脩大蔵経"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大正新脩大藏經 (無呢版)">大正新脩大藏經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%94%B5%E7%B5%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:大正新脩大蔵経"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">大正新脩大蔵経</span></a></span>）</span></span>。另外，啲人亦可以喺第啲部派嘅部論中搵見犢子部嘅立場。 </p><p>同其他佛教部派嘅觀點反轉，犢子部承認補特伽羅，即「個人」，而個人係存在、轉變、寂滅嘅主體。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="三特相"><span id=".E4.B8.89.E7.89.B9.E7.9B.B8"></span>三特相</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 三特相"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>據《三彌底部論》，有三特相來確定補特伽羅： </p><p>1. <b>由基礎所確定嘅補特伽羅</b>（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">आश्रय प्रज्ञप्त पुद्गल</span>，āśrayaprajñaptapudgala） </p> <div class="toccolours"> <dl><dd>T32n1649_p0466b03║問曰。云何依說</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b04║答如佛所說。語跋婆耶言。是是行所依說。是</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b05║是其名安</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b06║是名依說如火譬。如佛語舍利弗。有人名象</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b07║白淨可愛。四大所成是名我。如是一切亦如</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b08║乳譬。如是依修多羅等所說。是名依說</dd></dl> <dl><dd>問：乜嘢係「由基礎所確定」？答：同佛所講相似。大德佢同跋婆耶講過：「喺呢啲行（呢度指啲有爲法，唔係五蘊中嘅行蘊）嘅基礎上，啲行係啲人講嘅『由基礎所確定』。由基礎所確定嘅個人就如同火噉。」佛亦話過畀舍利弗聽：「有個人個名叫象，白淨可愛，佢由四大所形成，稱呼做『我』。而所有第啲嘢亦如同噉。就好似奶嘅譬喻。」經文都解說成噉，而呢個正係「由基礎所確定」。</dd></dl> </div> <p>呢個基礎就係五蘊。呢個補特伽羅唔止係五蘊嘅總合，亦係配合個人存在嘅因素。換句講：補特伽羅正係擁有一具身體嘅人物，佔守佢一定時間，喺死後接入另一具身體。補特伽羅就好似同一個人不斷着住唔同嘅衫。五蘊同補特伽羅之間嘅特殊相關性稱做某個個人嘅相續統一體，呢個相續統一體係獨立嘅嘢，唔從屬咩嘢。有相續統一體，就會有呢個相續嘅主人。補特伽羅就係生存咗一段時間嘅人，呢個人因自己嘅業果而歡樂或閉翳。補特伽羅係智慧、記憶等心識嘅基礎。 </p><p>2. <b>由轉變所確定嘅補特伽羅</b>（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">संक्रमः प्रज्ञप्त पुद्गल</span>，saṃkramaprajñaptapudgala） </p> <div class="toccolours"> <dl><dd>T32n1649_p0466b27║問曰。云何度說人</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b28║答曰。以是時度異有是時。佛說度眾生。云何</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466b29║度說眾生。過去說未來說現在說</dd> <dd>✧✧✧✧</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c15║✧✧✧佛依三世行制三說。如是</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c16║應知</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c17║以是行度說是名度說</dd> <dd>問：乜嘢係「由轉變所確定嘅人？」（漢文嘅「度」對應嘅梵文係<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">संक्रमः</span>，saṃkrama）答：喺從呢場生命轉世向第個現有嘅時間點時，佛稱佢做「一個喺基礎上轉生嘅衆生」。點解講「衆生由轉世所確定」？係因爲過去、未來同而家嘅確定。</dd> <dd>要知，佛係用三世嘅諸行來訂立三個確定。呢個就係透過轉變來確定諸行嘅辦法，亦係透過轉世去確定〔補特伽羅〕嘅方法。</dd></dl> </div> <p>用轉生去確定補特伽羅用嘅係相應三分支：過去、未來、目前。呢件事講明相續統一體唔單只流轉喺而家，仲源自以往，亦將接住流轉喺將來。兼且，呢個亦係犢子部對「受認果報嘅人」嘅解釋，即造業人同承受者之間嘅相關性。 </p><p>3. <b> 由寂滅所確定嘅補特伽羅</b>（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">निरोध प्रज्ञप्त पुद्गाल</span>，nirodhaprajñaptapudgala） </p> <div class="toccolours"> <dl><dd>T32n1649_p0466c18║云何滅說。答逐依說人度說人</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c19║佛說滅說人。如過去身壞時。是名滅說。</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c20║如是</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c21║如佛所說。漏盡比丘五陰無常滅。是名滅說。</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c22║如佛說偈言</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c23║ 智者莫能測得至無動樂</dd> <dd>T32n1649_p0466c24║是名滅說。</dd> <dd>問：乜嘢係「由寂滅所確定？」（漢文嘅「滅」對應嘅梵文係<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">निरोध</span>，nirodha）答：講過基礎上嘅確定、同埋轉生上嘅確定後，佛就講咗由寂滅所確定嘅個人。因爲過去嘅身體被毀滅，所以話係由寂滅所確定。佛話：「比丘達到盡滅漏惑嘅境界時（漢文嘅「漏」對應梵文係<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">आस्रवः</span>，āsrava），五陰嘅無常就會入滅。」佛講咗個偈：「智者嘅玄奧好難測量得出，因爲佢達到咗安樂不動嘅境地。」呢個就係通過寂滅去確定【一個補特伽羅】嘅辦法。</dd></dl> </div> <p>呢度嘅目的係提高修行境界，達至佛或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E6%BC%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿羅漢 (無呢版)">阿羅漢</a>、達到無餘依<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>後，呢個人嘅現身達得解脫，而留駐喺安樂中。 </p><p>按犢子部，有五種因素能夠認識到（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">ज्ञेय</span>，jñeya），當中頭三個因素係三類有爲法，呢啲法可以喺過去、現時、未來中搵見。第四因素係無爲法，即係涅槃。第五因素叫做「不可說」（<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">अवक्तव्य</span>，avaktavya），正係補特伽羅，既唔屬無爲法，亦唔屬有爲法。 </p><p>補特伽羅唔係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蘊 (無呢版)">五蘊</a>，但同五蘊冇乜唔同。補特伽羅唔會就係五蘊，因爲若果係噉，佢會共五蘊一齊出現同毀滅。但補特伽羅亦冇乜區別於五蘊，因爲真係噉，佢就可以存在喺五蘊外邊，兼且能夠長存，同時唔帶咩特性，就如同虛空噉，冇可能識活動。 </p><p>此外，犢子部提倡咗十五說，當中有兩點好重要，都關於無我說：1. 有個不壞嘅實體 2. 只有一種絕對，即係涅槃。 </p><p>犢子部嘅教理係對上座部達磨學說嘅直接回應，特別係專門研習<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘達磨 (無呢版)">阿毘達磨</a>嘅學者。犢子部係搵計解決佛陀留低嘅問題，即講到無我說時嘅顯然矛盾：一方面，講解輪迴再生同解脫時，呢個衆生好似就係某個具體存在；但另一方面，講解生嘅因緣學說時，又話係無我，因而呢個衆生又係唔存在嘅。犢子部辯論話，若果有再世同解脫，就必然有個再世同達到解脫嘅主體。 </p><p>犢子部對「做咗而冇做嘅人」嘅無我命題推擬出另一個實際問題：若果唔係正係佢自己受認啲結果，噉呢個人爲乜要去培養見識、遵守戒律、實行禪定？對此犢子部認爲只有當有個主體續認自身做出嘅果報，因果律先會有意義，無論呢個因果業報係好壞善惡。 </p><p>由於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犢子部 (無呢版)">犢子部</a>同其他佛教流派嘅觀點好唔同，因此稱爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%9C%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="補特伽羅論者 (無呢版)">補特伽羅論者</a>，曾經畀其他流派認爲佢係<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93" title="附佛外道">附佛外道</a>，但而家基本承認佢係佛教嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部派 (無呢版)">部派</a>之一。爲咗解決無我命題帶出嘅顯然矛盾，到大乘佛教階段就用「空」嘅理念詮釋呢個根本教義。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="大乘佛教"><span id=".E5.A4.A7.E4.B9.98.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>大乘佛教</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 大乘佛教"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於說一切有部「法有我」、「自性」噉樣嘅思想，諸如經量部等其他部派、仲有保持住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若經典 (無呢版)">般若經典</a>嘅初期<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>呢啲流派都批判佢。特別係大乘出咗個論師<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>，佢用論理學徹底批判咗佢哋嘅法有我說。 </p><p>佢哋反對自性，鮮明表示<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E8%87%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無自性 (無呢版)">無自性</a>，係徹底嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-disambig" title="空">空</a>。呢啲學論嘅根據係阿含經古來所講嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起</a>說。 </p><p>噉樣嘅「緣起—無自性—空」嘅理論所言及嘅係一切嘢，諸如存在、對象、機能，仲包括埋承載教義嘅語言字句本身，由此從無我說發展，最後完成「空嘅思想」。龍樹以後嘅大乘佛教發展咗無我說，「空嘅思想」佔據咗教義核心，印度、西藏、中土、日本等各地都喺佢嘅影響下。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二無我"><span id=".E4.BA.8C.E7.84.A1.E6.88.91"></span>二無我</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 二無我"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>按照<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>嘅教義，無我分爲<b>人無我</b>（<span>jan<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> mou<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> ngo<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span>；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">पुद्गल नैरातम्य</span>，轉寫：Pudgala-nairātmya）同<b>法無我</b>（<span>faat<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> mou<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> ngo<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span>；<span lang="sa" title="梵文文字">धर्म नैरातम्य</span>，轉寫：Dharma-nairātmya），稱做<b>二無我</b>（<span>ji<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> mou<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> ngo<span class="Jpingtone">5</span></span>）。 </p><p>人無我又叫我空，法無我又叫法空<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而佢哋就通稱做二空，二空嘅意思同二無我一樣<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。二空或者二無我又叫<b>我法二空</b>（<span>ngo<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> faat<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> ji<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> hung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>），因爲我空又叫人空，所以又嗌做<b>人法二空</b>（<span>jan<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> faat<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> ji<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> hung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。二空嘅教義係大乘佛教初期嘅根本教義、思想。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 定義"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>人無我</dt></dl> <p>將人類自身嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實體 (無呢版)">實體</a>睇做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自我 (無呢版)">自我</a>，叫做<b>我執</b>，針對呢樣，睇穿呢種自我，得到人無我嘅見解或者意識<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，從而達到證得呢啲嘢嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%92%E6%82%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醒悟 (無呢版)">醒悟</a>境界<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。我執又叫<b>煩惱障</b>，煩惱障係話衆生嘅身體同心靈因此而煩憂，因而無法<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>（又或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解脫 (無呢版)">解脫</a>），於是衆生陷入<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>，所以呢樣係種障礙<sup id="cite_ref-唯識論引_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-唯識論引-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>法無我</dt></dl> <p>對於存在嘅萬物，佢哋各自嘅實體都睇成有自我，叫做<b>法執</b>，若果證得<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7" title="智慧">智慧</a>境地，就會見到啲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有爲法 (無呢版)">有爲法</a>、亦即所有存在嘅嘢，係依照<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因緣 (無呢版)">因緣</a>生起嘅，所以佢哋都冇作爲自我嘅實體<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。法執又叫<b>所知障</b>，所知障意味住呢種障礙阻住人發現真正嘅智慧，即係令人見唔到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提 (無呢版)">菩提</a><sup id="cite_ref-唯識論引_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-唯識論引-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="修行境地"><span id=".E4.BF.AE.E8.A1.8C.E5.A2.83.E5.9C.B0"></span>修行境地</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 修行境地"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>，通過修行，而成就<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E8%A6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="究竟覺 (無呢版)">究竟覺</a>，就一定要實際證得二無我，同樣，達到呢個境地時，亦會自然證得呢樣。 </p><p>舉例講，比如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑜伽唯識派 (無呢版)">瑜伽唯識派</a>，呢個宗派所依嘅論書係《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成唯識論 (無呢版)">成唯識論</a>》，按書中講法，二無我中能夠達到人無我嘅境地時，就會消滅<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%9F%B7" title="我執">我執</a>呢個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煩惱障 (無呢版)">煩惱障</a>，從而成就到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解脫 (無呢版)">解脫</a>），而達到咗法無我嘅境地時，就會消滅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法執 (無呢版)">法執</a>呢個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%80%E7%9F%A5%E9%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="所知障 (無呢版)">所知障</a>，而成就到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提 (無呢版)">菩提</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若 (無呢版)">般若</a>、大智慧、完全嘅醒覺）<sup id="cite_ref-唯識論引_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-唯識論引-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>《成唯識論》仔細說明咗相關嘅修行階段，佢分出咗<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%87%E7%B3%A7%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="資糧位 (無呢版)">資糧位</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E8%A1%8C%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加行位 (無呢版)">加行位</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E9%81%94%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通達位 (無呢版)">通達位</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E7%BF%92%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修習位 (無呢版)">修習位</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="究竟位 (無呢版)">究竟位</a>呢五個階段（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五位 (無呢版)">五位</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺佢哋當中，第四位嘅修習位又再分成叫做<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十地 (無呢版)">十地</a>嘅階段，呢十地分別係：極喜地、離垢地、發光地、焰慧地、極難勝地、現前地、<b>遠行地</b>（第七地）、不動地、善慧地、<b>法雲地</b>（第十地）<sup id="cite_ref-十地頌論_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-十地頌論-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。按《成唯識論》，到咗修習位十地中嘅第七地<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%A0%E8%A1%8C%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遠行地 (無呢版)">遠行地</a>，我執呢個煩惱障就會完全除去，入到第八地人無我嘅境地<sup id="cite_ref-十地頌論_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-十地頌論-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而到咗修習位十地中嘅第十地<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%B2%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法雲地 (無呢版)">法雲地</a>，法執呢個所知障就會完全除去，完咗之後會入到五位中最後嘅階段究竟位，呢陣時大概相當於係<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="菩薩">菩薩</a>，即係<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>修行者所能成就嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="佛體">佛體</a><sup id="cite_ref-十地頌論_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-十地頌論-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺瑜伽唯識派，涅槃係同解脫同義嘅用語，而涅槃同菩提係區分使用嘅用語。喺瑜伽唯識派嘅語境中，涅槃（又叫解脫）意味住完全除去我執呢個煩惱障、達到人無我嘅狀態<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而菩提意味住完全除去法執呢個所知障、達到法無我嘅狀態<sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺《成唯識論》，涅槃表現爲真解脫，而菩提表現爲大菩提（大徹大悟、完全嘅醒悟）<sup id="cite_ref-唯識論引_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-唯識論引-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-成唯識論_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="之後嘅發展"><span id=".E4.B9.8B.E5.BE.8C.E5.98.85.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>之後嘅發展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 之後嘅發展"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺大乘佛教中，「大乘」意思係話「去救所有人」，按照噉嘅理念，就產生咗「存在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛性 (無呢版)">佛性</a>（又叫如來我，意思係真我）」同埋「如來係常住不變」嘅理念。喺呢個過渡期所創作嘅經典係《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="法華經">法華經</a>》。但係喺寫作《法華經》嗰陣時，記敘所用嘅係宏大嘅敘事風格，就冇辦法詳細說明點樣將無我同空嘅教理轉換成「常住」嘅概念。 </p><p>然後隨住大乘佛教嘅教學發展，佢嘅最終形式係寫出咗《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大般涅槃經 (無呢版)">大般涅槃經</a>》，裏頭除咗宣講「無我說」同「空」嘅關聯外，亦細密噉說明《法華經》展示得好淺嘅「如來常住」以及「悉有佛性」，將「無我、空」同「如來、佛性」嘅「常住」融和一齊。 </p><p>喺佛教，一般來講，佛陀成道之後，將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E6%A8%82%E6%88%91%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="常樂我淨 (無呢版)">常樂我淨</a>視爲世間邪見，稱做四顛倒，而「無常、苦、無我、不淨」先係正見。但發展咗大乘佛教後，喺理解「無常、苦、無我、不淨」嘅基礎上，再批判佢哋嘅形式，將「常樂我淨」（四德、四波羅密）學說嘅位置賦予畀涅槃同如來。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參攷資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E6.94.B7.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參攷資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 參攷資料"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription 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.hai2zeoi3mei1ge3.zi6:after{transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.5em)}.mw-parser-output .fan1gaak3+.zi6:after{clip-path:inset(0 0 0 0.1em)}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{position:absolute;align-self:baseline;margin-left:-1em}.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4 .zi6:after,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4 .zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFH.W.舒曼（H.W.Schumann）1993" class="citation book cs1">H.W.舒曼（H.W.Schumann） (1993年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Buddhismus. Stifter, Schulen und Systeme》（佛教：捐資、學者、系統）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>B</span><span class="zit3">uddhismus. Stifter, Schulen und Systeme</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（佛</span><span class="zit3">教：捐資、學者、系統</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。慕尼黑：Diederichs。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8ABuddhismus.+Stifter%2C+Schulen+und+Systeme%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%EF%BC%9A%E6%8D%90%E8%B3%87%E3%80%81%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E3%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91&rft.pub=Diederichs&rft.date=1993&rft.au=H.W.%E8%88%92%E6%9B%BC%EF%BC%88H.W.Schumann%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFNyanatiloka1952" class="citation book cs1">Nyanatiloka (1952年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Der Weg zur Reinheit》（通往無垢之路）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>D</span><span class="zit3">er Weg zur Reinheit</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（通</span><span class="zit3">往無垢之路</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Konstanz。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8ADer+Weg+zur+Reinheit%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E9%80%9A%E5%BE%80%E7%84%A1%E5%9E%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Konstanz&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Nyanatiloka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF艾里希·弗樓威拿（Erich_Frauwallner）1953" class="citation book cs1">艾里希·弗樓威拿（Erich Frauwallner） (1953年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Geschichte der indischen Philosophie》（印度哲學史）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>G</span><span class="zit3">eschichte der indischen Philosophie</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（印</span><span class="zit3">度哲學史</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。薩爾茨堡。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AGeschichte+der+indischen+Philosophie%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8%E5%A0%A1&rft.date=1953&rft.au=%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%A8%93%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%BF%EF%BC%88Erich+Frauwallner%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF伏卡·佐茨1996" class="citation book cs1">伏卡·佐茨 (1996年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Geschichte der Buddhistischen Philosophie》（佛教哲學史）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>G</span><span class="zit3">eschichte der Buddhistischen Philosophie</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（佛</span><span class="zit3">教哲學史</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。漢堡。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AGeschichte+der+Buddhistischen+Philosophie%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1&rft.date=1996&rft.au=%E4%BC%8F%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E4%BD%90%E8%8C%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF橋本崇宣2001" class="citation book cs1">橋本崇宣 (2001年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《初期仏教にみられる実体観:ラーダークリシュナンの解釈を中心に》（初期佛教所示嘅實體觀：以拉他吉利舒能嘅解釋爲中心），《佛教文化學會紀要》第10卷》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>初</span><span class="zit3">期仏教にみられる実体観:ラーダークリシュナンの解釈を中心に</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（初</span><span class="zit3">期佛教所示嘅實體觀：以拉他吉利舒能嘅解釋爲中心</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span>，</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">《</span>佛</span><span class="zit3">教文化學會紀要</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">10卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。佛教文化學會。頁 159～169。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E3%81%AB%E3%81%BF%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B%E5%AE%9F%E4%BD%93%E8%A6%B3%3A%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%88%E3%82%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%81%AB%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%89%80%E7%A4%BA%E5%98%85%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%A5%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%96%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E8%88%92%E8%83%BD%E5%98%85%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E7%88%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC10%E5%8D%B7&rft.pages=159%EF%BD%9E169&rft.pub=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&rft.date=2001&rft.au=%E6%A9%8B%E6%9C%AC%E5%B4%87%E5%AE%A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF奈良康明2000" class="citation book cs1">奈良康明 (2000年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《真実の「はたらき」ということ : 無常を例として》（有關真實嘅「活着」：以無常做例），《駒澤大學佛教學部論集》第31卷》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>真</span><span class="zit3">実の<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">「</span>は</span><span class="zit3">たらき</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">」</span>と</span><span class="zit3">いうこと : 無常を例として</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（有</span><span class="zit3">關真實嘅<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">「</span>活</span><span class="zit3">着</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">」</span>：</span><span class="zit3">以無常做例</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span>，</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">《</span>駒</span><span class="zit3">澤大學佛教學部論集</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">31卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。駒澤大學。頁 1～21。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E3%81%AF%E3%81%9F%E3%82%89%E3%81%8D%E3%80%8D%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E3%81%93%E3%81%A8+%3A+%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8%E3%82%92%E4%BE%8B%E3%81%A8%E3%81%97%E3%81%A6%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E6%9C%89%E9%97%9C%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E5%98%85%E3%80%8C%E6%B4%BB%E7%9D%80%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%A5%E7%84%A1%E5%B8%B8%E5%81%9A%E4%BE%8B%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E9%A7%92%E6%BE%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E9%83%A8%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC31%E5%8D%B7&rft.pages=1%EF%BD%9E21&rft.pub=%E9%A7%92%E6%BE%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E5%BA%B7%E6%98%8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF早島鏡正、前田專學、高崎直道、原實1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E5%B3%B6%E9%8F%A1%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早島鏡正 (無呢版)">早島鏡正</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E5%B0%88%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前田專學 (無呢版)">前田專學</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%B4%8E%E7%9B%B4%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高崎直道 (無呢版)">高崎直道</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%AF%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原實 (無呢版)">原實</a> (1982年)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈第5章英領インドにおける思想運動（第五章英屬印度嘅思想運動）〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>第</span><span class="zit3">5章英領インドにおける思想運動<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>第</span><span class="zit3">五章英屬印度嘅思想運動</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《インド思想史》（印度思想史）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>イ</span><span class="zit3">ンド思想史</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（印</span><span class="zit3">度思想史</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。東京大學出版會。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC5%E7%AB%A0+%E8%8B%B1%E9%A0%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%AB%A0+%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%98%85%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E6%9C%83&rft.date=1982&rft.au=%E6%97%A9%E5%B3%B6%E9%8F%A1%E6%AD%A3%E3%80%81%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E5%B0%88%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%81%E9%AB%98%E5%B4%8E%E7%9B%B4%E9%81%93%E3%80%81%E5%8E%9F%E5%AF%A6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF真田康道1995" class="citation book cs1">真田康道 (1995年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《仏教における無我思想の論理》（佛教之中無我思想嘅論理），《文學部論集》第79卷》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>仏</span><span class="zit3">教における無我思想の論理</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（佛</span><span class="zit3">教之中無我思想嘅論理</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span>，</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">《</span>文</span><span class="zit3">學部論集</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">79卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。佛教大學。頁 21～40。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%98%85%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E9%83%A8%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC79%E5%8D%B7&rft.pages=21%EF%BD%9E40&rft.pub=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=1995&rft.au=%E7%9C%9F%E7%94%B0%E5%BA%B7%E9%81%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF卡蘿·安德臣（Anderson,_Carol）2013" class="citation book cs1">卡蘿·安德臣（Anderson, Carol） (2013年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon》（苦及其終結：小乘佛教經典中嘅四聖諦）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>P</span><span class="zit3">ain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（苦</span><span class="zit3">及其終結：小乘佛教經典中嘅四聖諦</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Routledge。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8APain+and+Its+Ending%3A+The+Four+Noble+Truths+in+the+Theravada+Buddhist+Canon%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%A6%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E7%B5%82%E7%B5%90%EF%BC%9A%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%98%85%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%E5%8D%A1%E8%98%BF%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E8%87%A3%EF%BC%88Anderson%2C+Carol%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF羅弼·E.巴士維；當努·S.羅丕茲（Robert_E._Buswell;_Donald_S._Lopez）2013" class="citation book cs1">羅弼·E.巴士維；當努·S.羅丕茲（Robert E. Buswell; Donald S. Lopez） (2013年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism》（普林斯頓佛教詞典）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>T</span><span class="zit3">he Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（普</span><span class="zit3">林斯頓佛教詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。普林斯頓大學出版社。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AThe+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=%E7%BE%85%E5%BC%BC%C2%B7E.%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD%EF%BC%9B%E7%95%B6%E5%8A%AA%C2%B7S.%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%95%E8%8C%B2%EF%BC%88Robert+E.+Buswell%3B+Donald+S.+Lopez%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF莊·羅斯·卡特（Carter,_John_Ross）1987" class="citation book cs1">莊·羅斯·卡特（Carter, John Ross） (1987年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Four Noble Truths》（四聖諦），《MacMillan百科全書・宗教卷》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>F</span><span class="zit3">our Noble Truths</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（四</span><span class="zit3">聖諦</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span>，</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">《</span>M</span><span class="zit3">acMillan百科全書・宗教卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。MacMillan。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AFour+Noble+Truths%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8AMacMillan%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8D%B7%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.au=%E8%8E%8A%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%88Carter%2C+John+Ross%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF理察·干布力（Richard_Gombrich）1997" class="citation book cs1">理察·干布力（Richard Gombrich） (1997年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howbuddhismbegan0000gomb"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings》（佛教係點開始嘅：早期教義嘅條件性起源）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>H</span><span class="zit3">ow Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（佛</span><span class="zit3">教係點開始嘅：早期教義嘅條件性起源</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。Routledge。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-134-19639-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-134-19639-5"><bdi>978-1-134-19639-5</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AHow+Buddhism+Began%3A+The+Conditioned+Genesis+of+the+Early+Teachings%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%82%E9%BB%9E%E9%96%8B%E5%A7%8B%E5%98%85%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9%E5%98%85%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-134-19639-5&rft.au=%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E5%B9%B2%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%88Richard+Gombrich%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowbuddhismbegan0000gomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF格拉咸·哈維（Harvey,_Graham）2016" class="citation book cs1">格拉咸·哈維（Harvey, Graham） (2016年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices》（聚焦宗教：傳統嘅新嘗試同當代實踐）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>R</span><span class="zit3">eligions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（聚</span><span class="zit3">焦宗教：傳統嘅新嘗試同當代實踐</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Routledge。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AReligions+in+Focus%3A+New+Approaches+to+Tradition+and+Contemporary+Practices%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E8%81%9A%E7%84%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%EF%BC%9A%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%98%85%E6%96%B0%E5%98%97%E8%A9%A6%E5%90%8C%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.au=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%92%B8%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%B6%AD%EF%BC%88Harvey%2C+Graham%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註"><span id=".E8.A8.BB"></span>註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 註"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">anattan<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>嘅主格複數形式<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">呢個「我」長存不變而又堅固（稱做「常」）；獨立自存，唔附屬喺其他嘢身上（稱做「一」）；佢喺事物嘅核心，係佢嘅擁有主（稱做「主」）；有支配能力（稱做「宰」）；認爲「我」係種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實在 (無呢版)">實在</a><sup id="cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF水野弘元2013" class="citation book cs1">水野弘元 (2013年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《増補改訂パーリ語辞典》（粵譯：增補改訂巴利文辭典）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>増</span><span class="zit3">補改訂パーリ語辞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：增補改訂巴利文辭典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。春秋社。頁 17。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A2%97%E8%A3%9C%E6%94%B9%E8%A8%82%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%9E%E8%A3%9C%E6%94%B9%E8%A8%82%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E5%BC%98%E5%85%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manduuka.net/pali/p/pdisp.cgi?tb=nn&bm=anm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈「—an 男性」名詞・形容詞の変化(子音で終わるもの)（粵譯：—an 陽性：名詞、形容詞嘅變化（以輔音結尾））〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">「</span>—</span><span class="zit3">an 男性</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">」</span>名</span><span class="zit3">詞・形容詞の変化(子音で終わるもの)<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：—an 陽性：名詞、形容詞嘅變化<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>以</span><span class="zit3">輔音結尾</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<i>manduuka.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年10月7號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manduuka.net&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E2%80%94an+%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E3%80%8D%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E3%83%BB%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E5%8C%96%28%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E3%81%A7%E7%B5%82%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8B%E3%82%82%E3%81%AE%29%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%94an+%E9%99%BD%E6%80%A7%EF%BC%9A%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E3%80%81%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E%E5%98%85%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%EF%BC%88%E4%BB%A5%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E7%B5%90%E5%B0%BE%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manduuka.net%2Fpali%2Fp%2Fpdisp.cgi%3Ftb%3Dnn%26bm%3Danm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-無我同係-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-無我同係_4-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-無我同係_4-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-無我同係_4-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91-140234"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈無我〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>無</span><span class="zit3">我</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《朝日新聞社》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>朝</span><span class="zit3">日新聞社</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span><span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年10月7號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A4%BE&rft.atitle=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E7%2584%25A1%25E6%2588%2591-140234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-綜合佛教-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-3">4.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-4">4.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-5">4.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-綜合佛教_5-6">4.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF綜合佛教大辭典編輯委員會1988" class="citation book cs1">綜合佛教大辭典編輯委員會 (1988年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《総合仏教大辞典》（粵譯：綜合佛教大辭典；下卷）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>総</span><span class="zit3">合仏教大辞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：綜合佛教大辭典；下卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。法藏館。頁 1390～1391。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%B7%8F%E5%90%88%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%9B%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%B7%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=1390%EF%BD%9E1391&rft.pub=%E6%B3%95%E8%97%8F%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=1988&rft.au=%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-無我事典-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-無我事典_6-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-無我事典_6-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-無我事典_6-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈宗教·哲學"> 世界宗教 > 佛教 > 佛教思想 > 原始佛教思想 > 無我〉"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikisource.org/wiki/ko:%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84/%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%C2%B7%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90/%EB%B6%88_%EA%B5%90/%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81#무아" class="extiw" title="s:ko:글로벌 세계 대백과사전/종교·철학/세계의 종교/불 교/불교의 사상"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>宗</span><span class="zit3">教·哲學 > 世界宗教 > 佛教 > 佛教思想 > 原始佛教思想 > 無我</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></a></span>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《[[寰球世界大百科事典]]》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>[</span><span class="zit3">[寰球世界大百科事典]]</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%C2%B7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8+%3E+%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99+%3E+%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99+%3E+%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3+%3E+%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3+%3E+%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%AF%B0%E7%90%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈世界思想"> 思想用語 > 東方思想關係 > 佛教關係 > 無我〉"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikisource.org/wiki/ko:%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84/%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81/%EC%82%AC_%EC%83%81_%EC%9A%A9_%EC%96%B4/%EB%8F%99%EC%96%91%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84/%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" class="extiw" title="s:ko:글로벌 세계 대백과사전/세계사상/사 상 용 어/동양사상 관계/불교 관계"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>世</span><span class="zit3">界思想 > 思想用語 > 東方思想關係 > 佛教關係 > 無我</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></a></span>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《[[寰球世界大百科事典]]》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>[</span><span class="zit3">[寰球世界大百科事典]]</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3+%3E+%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E+%3E+%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82+%3E+%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82+%3E+%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%AF%B0%E7%90%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Plott（莊·C.普洛）2000" class="citation book cs1">John C. Plott（莊·C.普洛） (2000年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age（粵譯：世界哲學史：軸心時代）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>G</span><span class="zit3">lobal History of Philosophy: The Axial Age<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：世界哲學史：軸心時代</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。第1卷。Motilal Banarsidass。頁 63。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-8120801585" title="Special:書本來源/978-8120801585"><bdi>978-8120801585</bdi></a>。｢<span lang="en" title="英文文字">The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism</span>（參攷粵譯：佛教學者拒絕『我』嘅理念。就好似我哋見到噉，呢個係印度教同佛教間基本而無可剔除嘅明確區分。）｣</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+History+of+Philosophy%3A+The+Axial+Age%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120801585&rft.au=John+C.+Plott%EF%BC%88%E8%8E%8A%C2%B7C.%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-巴英辭典-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-巴英辭典_10-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-巴英辭典_10-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF湯馬斯·威廉·域斯·大衛；威廉·士迭（Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids;_William_Stede）1921" class="citation book cs1">湯馬斯·威廉·域斯·大衛；威廉·士迭（Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede） (1921年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC&redir_esc=y"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《Pali-English Dictionary（粵譯：巴利文—英文辭典）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>P</span><span class="zit3">ali-English Dictionary<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：巴利文—英文辭典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。Motilal Banarsidass。頁 22。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:書本來源/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E2%80%94%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=%E6%B9%AF%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%EF%BC%9B%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A3%AB%E8%BF%AD%EF%BC%88Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids%3B+William+Stede%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-大英百科-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-大英百科_11-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-大英百科_11-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈Anatta（粵譯：無我）〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>A</span><span class="zit3">natta<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：無我</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《大英百科全書》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>大</span><span class="zit3">英百科全書</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。2013年。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8&rft.atitle=Anatta%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fanatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026070416/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T02/0099_016.htm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《雜阿含經》第16卷四〇八. 思惟經〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>雜</span><span class="zit3">阿含經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">16卷四〇八. 思惟經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《CBETA 漢文大藏經》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>C</span><span class="zit3">BETA 漢文大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T02/0099_016.htm">原著</a>喺2007年10月26號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年11月4號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBETA+%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC16%E5%8D%B7%E5%9B%9B%E3%80%87%E5%85%AB.+%E6%80%9D%E6%83%9F%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT02%2F0099_016.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span>查T02n0099_p0109a29(00)到T02n0099_p0109b04(00)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026070430/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T02/0099_034.htm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《雜阿含經》第34卷九六二. 見經〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>雜</span><span class="zit3">阿含經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">34卷九六二. 見經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《CBETA 漢文大藏經》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>C</span><span class="zit3">BETA 漢文大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T02/0099_034.htm">原著</a>喺2007年10月26號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年11月4號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBETA+%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC34%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%8C.+%E8%A6%8B%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT02%2F0099_034.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span>查T02n0099_p0245c02(04)到T02n0099_p0245c06(04)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008065614/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T01/0026_060.htm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《中阿含經》第60卷第十. 箭喻經〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>中</span><span class="zit3">阿含經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">60卷第十. 箭喻經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《CBETA 漢文大藏經》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>C</span><span class="zit3">BETA 漢文大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T01/0026_060.htm">原著</a>喺2007年10月8號歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年11月4號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBETA+%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC60%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81.+%E7%AE%AD%E5%96%BB%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT01%2F0026_060.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span>查T01n0026_p0804a26(00)到T01n0026_p0804a29(11)及查T01n0026_p0805b22(02)到T01n0026_p0805b27(03)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF羅弼·E.巴士維；當努·S.羅丕茲（Robert_E._Buswell;_Donald_S._Lopez）2013" class="citation book cs1">羅弼·E.巴士維；當努·S.羅丕茲（Robert E. Buswell; Donald S. Lopez） (2013年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism》（粵譯：普林斯頓佛教詞典）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>T</span><span class="zit3">he Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：普林斯頓佛教詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。普林斯頓大學出版社。頁 42～43，581。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AThe+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=42%EF%BD%9E43%EF%BC%8C581&rft.pub=%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=%E7%BE%85%E5%BC%BC%C2%B7E.%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD%EF%BC%9B%E7%95%B6%E5%8A%AA%C2%B7S.%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%95%E8%8C%B2%EF%BC%88Robert+E.+Buswell%3B+Donald+S.+Lopez%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.sg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF弼越·弼越墮（著；ประยุทธ์_ปยุตฺโต；Prayudh_Payutto）；格蘭特·奧臣（譯；Grant_Olson）1995" class="citation book cs1">弼越·弼越墮（著；ประยุทธ์ ปยุตฺโต；Prayudh Payutto）；格蘭特·奧臣（譯；Grant Olson） (1995年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=ffsumKIixS8C&redir_esc=y"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Buddhadhamma: Natural Laws and Values for Life》（粵譯：佛法：自然法則同生命價值）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>B</span><span class="zit3">uddhadhamma: Natural Laws and Values for Life</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：佛法：自然法則同生命價值</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。紐約州立大學出版社。頁 62～63。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-7914-2631-9" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-7914-2631-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-2631-9</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8ABuddhadhamma%3A+Natural+Laws+and+Values+for+Life%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%9A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87%E5%90%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=62%EF%BD%9E63&rft.pub=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2631-9&rft.au=%E5%BC%BC%E8%B6%8A%C2%B7%E5%BC%BC%E8%B6%8A%E5%A2%AE%EF%BC%88%E8%91%97%EF%BC%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C+%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%BA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%EF%BC%9BPrayudh+Payutto%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9B%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%87%A3%EF%BC%88%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9BGrant+Olson%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.sg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffsumKIixS8C%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF莊·卡特；馬顯打·帕利哈華打那（John_Carter;_Mahinda_Palihawadana）2008" class="citation book cs1">莊·卡特；馬顯打·帕利哈華打那（John Carter; Mahinda Palihawadana） (2008年)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=AAcWDAAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Dhammapada》（粵譯：法句經）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>D</span><span class="zit3">hammapada</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：法句經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。牛津大學出版社。頁 30～31，74，80。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-955513-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-955513-0"><bdi>978-0-19-955513-0</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8ADhammapada%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=30%EF%BD%9E31%EF%BC%8C74%EF%BC%8C80&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955513-0&rft.au=%E8%8E%8A%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%9B%E9%A6%AC%E9%A1%AF%E6%89%93%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%88%A9%E5%93%88%E8%8F%AF%E6%89%93%E9%82%A3%EF%BC%88John+Carter%3B+Mahinda+Palihawadana%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.sg%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAcWDAAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-水野巴利-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-水野巴利_18-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-水野巴利_18-1">16.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF水野弘元2013" class="citation book cs1">水野弘元 (2013年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《增補改訂巴利文辭典》（増補改訂パーリ語辞典[[Category:有日文嘅文章]]）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>增</span><span class="zit3">補改訂巴利文辭典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">増</span><span class="zit3">補改訂パーリ語辞典</span></span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。春秋社。頁 334。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A2%9E%E8%A3%9C%E6%94%B9%E8%A8%82%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22+title%3D%22%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%22%3E%E5%A2%97%E8%A3%9C%E6%94%B9%E8%A8%82%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3A%E6%9C%89%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E5%98%85%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.au=%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E5%BC%98%E5%85%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dn2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dn2_19-0">17.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dn2_19-1">17.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80%E6%9E%9C%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙門果經 (無呢版)">DN 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.02.0.than.html">Thanissaro, 1997;</a> Walshe, 1995, 第91～109頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長部 (佛經) (無呢版)">DN</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E8%A8%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="義註 (無呢版)">a</a>（<span lang="sa-Latn" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Ñāṇamoli</span> & Bodhi, 1995年, 第1258～1259頁, <i>n</i>. 585）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-關大眠-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-關大眠_21-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-關大眠_21-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-關大眠_21-2">19.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-關大眠_21-3">19.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF關大眠2004" class="citation book cs1">關大眠 (2004年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Ucchedavāda, śāśvata-vāda, rebirth, in A Dictionary of Buddhism》（佛教辭典中嘅物質主義派、永恆、重生）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>U</span><span class="zit3">cchedavāda, śāśvata-vāda, rebirth, in A Dictionary of Buddhism</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（佛</span><span class="zit3">教辭典中嘅物質主義派、永恆、重生</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。牛津大學出版社。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-860560-7" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-860560-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860560-7</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AUcchedav%C4%81da%2C+%C5%9B%C4%81%C5%9Bvata-v%C4%81da%2C+rebirth%2C+in+A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%98%85%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%B4%BE%E3%80%81%E6%B0%B8%E6%81%86%E3%80%81%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%89&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860560-7&rft.au=%E9%97%9C%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%A0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF羅弼·E.巴士維；當努·S.羅丕茲（Robert_E._Buswell;_Donald_S._Lopez）2013" class="citation book cs1">羅弼·E.巴士維；當努·S.羅丕茲（Robert E. Buswell; Donald S. Lopez） (2013年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism》（粵譯：普林斯頓佛教詞典）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>T</span><span class="zit3">he Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：普林斯頓佛教詞典</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。普林斯頓大學出版社。頁 708～709。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AThe+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=708%EF%BD%9E709&rft.pub=%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.au=%E7%BE%85%E5%BC%BC%C2%B7E.%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E7%B6%AD%EF%BC%9B%E7%95%B6%E5%8A%AA%C2%B7S.%E7%BE%85%E4%B8%95%E8%8C%B2%EF%BC%88Robert+E.+Buswell%3B+Donald+S.+Lopez%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: 作者名單">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF彼得·哈維（Peter_Harvey）2012" class="citation book cs1">彼得·哈維（Peter Harvey） (2012年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices》（粵譯：佛教入門：教導、歷史、修行）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>A</span><span class="zit3">n Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：佛教入門：教導、歷史、修行</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。劍橋大學出版社。頁 32～33、38～39、46～49。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AAn+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80%EF%BC%9A%E6%95%99%E5%B0%8E%E3%80%81%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%81%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=32%EF%BD%9E33%E3%80%8138%EF%BD%9E39%E3%80%8146%EF%BD%9E49&rft.pub=%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%B6%AD%EF%BC%88Peter+Harvey%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF理·比靈頓（Ray_Billington）2002" class="citation book cs1">理·比靈頓（Ray Billington） (2002年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Understanding Eastern Philosophy》（粵譯：東方哲學通解）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>U</span><span class="zit3">nderstanding Eastern Philosophy</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：東方哲學通解</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Routledge。頁 43～44、58～60。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-134-79349-5" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-134-79349-5"><bdi>978-1-134-79349-5</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AUnderstanding+Eastern+Philosophy%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%80%9A%E8%A7%A3%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=43%EF%BD%9E44%E3%80%8158%EF%BD%9E60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-79349-5&rft.au=%E7%90%86%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93%EF%BC%88Ray+Billington%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF糯曼·C.麥吉利蘭（Norman_C._McClelland）2010" class="citation book cs1">糯曼·C.麥吉利蘭（Norman C. McClelland） (2010年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma》（輪迴同業力嘅百科全書）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>E</span><span class="zit3">ncyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（輪</span><span class="zit3">迴同業力嘅百科全書</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。McFarland。頁 89。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-7864-5675-8" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-7864-5675-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-5675-8</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AEncyclopedia+of+Reincarnation+and+Karma%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4%E5%90%8C%E6%A5%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%98%85%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5675-8&rft.au=%E7%B3%AF%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7C.%E9%BA%A5%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E8%98%AD%EF%BC%88Norman+C.+McClelland%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF曉·尼哥臣（Hugh_Nicholson）2016" class="citation book cs1">曉·尼哥臣（Hugh Nicholson） (2016年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《The Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism》（基督教同佛教中嘅矛盾精神）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>T</span><span class="zit3">he Spirit of Contradiction in Christianity and Buddhism</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（基</span><span class="zit3">督教同佛教中嘅矛盾精神</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。牛津大學出版社。頁 23～25。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-045534-7" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-19-045534-7"><bdi>978-0-19-045534-7</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AThe+Spirit+of+Contradiction+in+Christianity+and+Buddhism%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%98%85%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=23%EF%BD%9E25&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045534-7&rft.au=%E6%9B%89%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%93%A5%E8%87%A3%EF%BC%88Hugh+Nicholson%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF加那納·柯比耶次卡（Gananath_Obeyesekere）2006" class="citation web cs1">加那納·柯比耶次卡（Gananath Obeyesekere） (2006年)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study》（業力同轉世：跨文化研究）〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>K</span><span class="zit3">arma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（業</span><span class="zit3">力同轉世：跨文化研究</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。Motilal Banarsidass。頁 281～282。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-81-208-2609-0" title="Special:書本來源/978-81-208-2609-0"><bdi>978-81-208-2609-0</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AKarma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E6%A5%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%90%8C%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%9A%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=281%EF%BD%9E282&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2609-0&rft.au=%E5%8A%A0%E9%82%A3%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%A1%EF%BC%88Gananath+Obeyesekere%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF他尼沙羅比丘（Thanissaro_Bhikkhu）" class="citation book cs1">他尼沙羅比丘（Thanissaro Bhikkhu）。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/selvesnotself.html"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《Selves & Not-self: The Buddhist Teaching on Anatta（粵譯：自我同非我：佛教對無我嘅教導）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>S</span><span class="zit3">elves & Not-self: The Buddhist Teaching on Anatta<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>粵</span><span class="zit3">譯：自我同非我：佛教對無我嘅教導</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selves+%26+Not-self%3A+The+Buddhist+Teaching+on+Anatta%EF%BC%88%E7%B2%B5%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%9A%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%90%8C%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%B0%8D%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%E5%98%85%E6%95%99%E5%B0%8E%EF%BC%89&rft.au=%E4%BB%96%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%99%E7%BE%85%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%EF%BC%88Thanissaro+Bhikkhu%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fthanissaro%2Fselvesnotself.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF大衛·卡路帕哈那（David_Kalupahana）1975" class="citation book cs1">大衛·卡路帕哈那（David Kalupahana） (1975年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism》（因果論：佛教嘅核心哲學）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>C</span><span class="zit3">ausality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（因</span><span class="zit3">果論：佛教嘅核心哲學</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。夏威夷大學出版社。頁 44。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8ACausality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AB%96%EF%BC%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%98%85%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1975&rft.au=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%B7%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%93%88%E9%82%A3%EF%BC%88David+Kalupahana%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF馬琴·B.咸務頓（Malcolm_B._Hamilton）2012" class="citation book cs1">馬琴·B.咸務頓（Malcolm B. Hamilton） (2012年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives》（宗教社會學：理論同比較視角）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>T</span><span class="zit3">he Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（宗</span><span class="zit3">教社會學：理論同比較視角</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。Routledge。頁 73～80。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-134-97626-3" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-134-97626-3"><bdi>978-1-134-97626-3</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AThe+Sociology+of+Religion%3A+Theoretical+and+Comparative+Perspectives%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%9A%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%90%8C%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A6%96%E8%A7%92%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=73%EF%BD%9E80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-97626-3&rft.au=%E9%A6%AC%E7%90%B4%C2%B7B.%E5%92%B8%E5%8B%99%E9%A0%93%EF%BC%88Malcolm+B.+Hamilton%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF普拉·提路帕提·拉珠（Poola_Tirupati_Raju）1985" class="citation book cs1">普拉·提路帕提·拉珠（Poola Tirupati Raju） (1985年)。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《Structural Depths of Indian Thought》（印度思想嘅結構深度）》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>S</span><span class="zit3">tructural Depths of Indian Thought</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span><span class="zit3">（印</span><span class="zit3">度思想嘅結構深度</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。紐約州立大學出版社。頁 147～151。<a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-0-88706-139-4" title="Special:書本來源/978-0-88706-139-4"><bdi>978-0-88706-139-4</bdi></a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8AStructural+Depths+of+Indian+Thought%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%98%85%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E6%B7%B1%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%89&rft.pages=147%EF%BD%9E151&rft.pub=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-139-4&rft.au=%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8F%90%E8%B7%AF%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%8F%A0%EF%BC%88Poola+Tirupati+Raju%EF%BC%89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhadipa.tw/%E7%B6%93/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%E7%9B%B8%E7%B6%93.htm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈無我相經〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>無</span><span class="zit3">我相經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<i>buddhadipa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2018年11月5號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buddhadipa&rft.atitle=%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%E7%9B%B8%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhadipa.tw%2F%25E7%25B6%2593%2F%25E7%2584%25A1%25E6%2588%2591%25E7%259B%25B8%25E7%25B6%2593.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agama.buddhason.org/SA/SAsearch1.php?str=611&path=SA0611.htm"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《雜阿含經》相應部·相應經/不善聚經（念住相應）〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>雜</span><span class="zit3">阿含經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>相</span><span class="zit3">應部·相應經/不善聚經<span class="koen1zo2siu2siu2">（</span>念</span><span class="zit3">住相應</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">）</span><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<i>buddhason.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2019年1月14號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buddhason.org&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E7%9B%B8%E6%87%89%E9%83%A8%C2%B7%E7%9B%B8%E6%87%89%E7%B6%93%2F%E4%B8%8D%E5%96%84%E8%81%9A%E7%B6%93%EF%BC%88%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%8F%E7%9B%B8%E6%87%89%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagama.buddhason.org%2FSA%2FSAsearch1.php%3Fstr%3D611%26path%3DSA0611.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.W.舒曼《佛教：捐資、學者、系統》第118頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF覺音（著）；葉均（譯）" class="citation book cs1">覺音（著）；葉均（譯）。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabodhi.org/zh-TW/classes/qjdl/qjdl.pdf"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《清淨道論》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>清</span><span class="zit3">淨道論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B8%85%E6%B7%A8%E9%81%93%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3%EF%BC%88%E8%91%97%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9B%E8%91%89%E5%9D%87%EF%BC%88%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabodhi.org%2Fzh-TW%2Fclasses%2Fqjdl%2Fqjdl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">輔佐譯文參攷：《通往無垢之路》第597頁、及第719～720頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/N63n0031_002"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈《彌蘭王問經》第二卷〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>彌</span><span class="zit3">蘭王問經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6siu2siu2">》</span>第</span><span class="zit3">二卷</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《CBETA 漢文大藏經》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>C</span><span class="zit3">BETA 漢文大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span><span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2019年4月2號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBETA+%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%BD%8C%E8%98%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%95%8F%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripitaka.cbeta.org%2FN63n0031_002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">弗樓威拿《印度哲學史》第69～70頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">佐茨《佛教哲學史》第73頁。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-成唯識論-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-1">38.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-2">38.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-3">38.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-4">38.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-5">38.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-6">38.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-7">38.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-成唯識論_40-8">38.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF護法（著）；玄奘（譯）" class="citation book cs1">護法（著）；玄奘（譯）。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span><成唯識論><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96/01"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《大正新修大藏經》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>大</span><span class="zit3">正新修大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。第1卷。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3C%E6%88%90%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%3E&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E8%AD%B7%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%88%E8%91%97%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9B%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98%EF%BC%88%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2588%2590%25E5%2594%25AF%25E8%25AD%2598%25E8%25AB%2596%2F01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF星雲" class="citation web cs1">星雲。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.fgs.org.tw/etext6/search-1-detail.asp?DINDEX=1103&DTITLE=%A4G%B5L%A7%DA"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈二無我〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>二</span><span class="zit3">無我</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a><span class="reference-accessdate">。喺2012年10月17號搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8C%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91&rft.au=%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.fgs.org.tw%2Fetext6%2Fsearch-1-detail.asp%3FDINDEX%3D1103%26DTITLE%3D%25A4G%25B5L%25A7%25DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-唯識論引-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-唯識論引_42-0">40.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-唯識論引_42-1">40.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-唯識論引_42-2">40.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-唯識論引_42-3">40.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF護法（著）；玄奘（譯）" class="citation book cs1">護法（著）；玄奘（譯）。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈成唯識論〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>成</span><span class="zit3">唯識論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T31n1585_001?format=line&linehead=yes"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《大正新修大藏經》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>大</span><span class="zit3">正新修大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。｢<blockquote><p><br /><b>原文</b>：<br />今造此論為於二空有迷謬者生正解故。生解為斷二重障故。由我法執二障具生。若證二空彼障隨斷。斷障為得二勝果故。由斷續生煩惱障故證真解脫。由斷礙解所知障故得大菩提。<br /><b>粵譯</b>：<br />而家著述呢個論說嘅理由係啲人對二空有迷惑，要令啲人正解個二空。要正解二空，就必要破解呢兩個沉重嘅障礙（二重障：煩惱障同所知障）。因爲我執同法執呢兩個執着，而一齊引發呢兩個障礙。若果證得咗二空，隨之呢兩個障礙都會化解。要令呢兩個障礙化解，必要嘅係得到兩個善果報（二勝果：涅槃同菩提，或者解脫同菩提）。（仔細噉講）之所以會輪迴噉繼續生落去，原因在於煩惱障，破除咗煩惱障，就會證得真正嘅解脫（真解脫：喺唯識學，解脫嘅意思同涅槃一樣）；利用智慧（解做：知道、理解、知識）破除所知障呢個障礙，就會證得大菩提（大徹大悟、完全嘅醒悟、出世嘅無分別智、無上正等菩提、阿耨多羅三藐三菩提）。</p></blockquote>｣</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%88%90%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E8%AD%B7%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%88%E8%91%97%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9B%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98%EF%BC%88%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripitaka.cbeta.org%2FT31n1585_001%3Fformat%3Dline%26linehead%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF護法（著）；玄奘（譯）" class="citation book cs1">護法（著）；玄奘（譯）。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈成唯識論〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>成</span><span class="zit3">唯識論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T31n1585_001?format=line&linehead=yes"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《大正新修大藏經》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>大</span><span class="zit3">正新修大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。｢何謂悟入唯識五位。一資糧位。謂修大乘順解脫分。二加行位。謂修大乘順決擇分。三通達位。謂諸菩薩所住見道。四修習位。謂諸菩薩所住修道。五究竟位。謂住無上正等菩提。｣</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E6%88%90%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E8%AD%B7%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%88%E8%91%97%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%9B%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98%EF%BC%88%E8%AD%AF%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripitaka.cbeta.org%2FT31n1585_001%3Fformat%3Dline%26linehead%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-十地頌論-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-十地頌論_44-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-十地頌論_44-1">42.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-十地頌論_44-2">42.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF護法（著）；玄奘（譯）" class="citation book cs1">護法（著）；玄奘（譯）。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈成唯識論〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>成</span><span class="zit3">唯識論</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/T31n1585_001?format=line&linehead=yes"><span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《《大正新修大藏經》》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>大</span><span class="zit3">正新修大藏經</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span></a>。｢<blockquote><p>次修習位其相云何。頌曰。<br /></p><center>２９無得不思議   是出世間智<br />捨二麤重故   便證得轉依</center><p><br />論曰。菩薩從前見道起已。為斷餘障證得轉依。復數修習無分別智。此智遠離所取能取。故說無得及不思議。或離戲論說為無得。妙用難測名不思議。是出世間無分別智。斷世間故名出世間。二取隨眠是世間本。唯此能斷獨得出名。或出世名依二義立。謂體無漏及證真如。此智具斯二種義故獨名出世。餘智不然。即十地中無分別智。數修此故捨二麤重。二障種子立麤重名。性無堪任違細輕故令彼永滅故說為捨。此能捨彼二麤重故便能證得廣大轉依。依謂所依即依他起與染淨法為所依故。染謂虛妄遍計所執。淨謂真實圓成實性。轉謂二分轉捨轉得。由數修習無分別智斷本識中二障麤重故能轉捨依他起上遍計所執及能轉得依他起中圓成實性。由轉煩惱得大涅槃。轉所知障證無上覺。成立唯識意為有情證得如斯二轉依果。或依即是唯識真如。生死涅槃之所依故。愚夫顛倒迷此真如。故無始來受生死苦。聖者離倒悟此真如。便得涅槃畢究安樂。由數修習無分別智斷本識中二障麤重故能轉滅依如生死及能轉證依如涅槃。此即真如離雜染性。如雖性淨而相雜染。故離染時假說新淨。即此新淨說為轉依。修習位中斷障證得。雖於此位亦得菩提而非此中頌意所顯。頌意但顯轉唯識性。二乘滿位名解脫身。在大牟尼名法身故。<br /><br />云何證得二種轉依。謂十地中修十勝行斷十重障證十真如二種轉依由斯證得。言十地者。一極喜地。初獲聖性具證二空能益自他生大喜故。二離垢地。具淨尸羅遠離能起微細毀犯煩惱垢故。三發光地。成就勝定大法總持能發無邊妙慧光故。四焰慧地。安住最勝菩提分法燒煩惱薪慧焰增故。五極難勝地。真俗兩智行相互違合令相應極難勝故。六現前地。住緣起智引無分別最勝般若令現前故。七遠行地。至無相住功用後邊出過世間二乘道故。八不動地。無分別智任運相續相用煩惱不能動故。九善慧地。成就微妙四無閡解能遍十方善說法故。十法雲地。大法智雲含眾德水蔽一切如空麤重充滿法身故。如是十地總攝有為無為功德以為自性。與所修行為勝依持令得生長故名為地。</p></blockquote>｣</cite><span 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(無呢版)">中觀派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E8%A1%8C%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑜伽行派 (無呢版)">瑜伽行派</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">禪宗</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨濟宗 (無呢版)">臨濟宗</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E6%B4%9E%E5%AE%97" title="曹洞宗">曹洞宗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏佛教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80%E5%AE%97" title="真言宗">真言宗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E4%BD%9B%E7%BF%92%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神佛習合 (無呢版)">神佛習合</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E9%A9%97%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修驗道 (無呢版)">修驗道</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新興宗教 (無呢版)">佛教系統嘅新興宗教</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">修行 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教修行 (無呢版)">一般修行</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修行 (無呢版)">修行</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皈依 (無呢版)">皈依</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信 (佛教) (無呢版)">信心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a 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title="冥想">冥想</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奢摩他 (無呢版)">奢摩他</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內觀 (無呢版)">內觀</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佈施 (無呢版)">佈施</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E9%81%93%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三十七道品 (無呢版)">三十七道品</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E8%99%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四念處 (無呢版)">四念處</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四正勤 (無呢版)">四正勤</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%A6%82%E6%84%8F%E8%B6%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四如意足 (無呢版)">四如意足</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五根 (無呢版)">五根</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五力 (無呢版)">五力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E8%A6%BA%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七覺支 (無呢版)">七覺支</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八正道 (無呢版)">八正道</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四無量心</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a 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class="new" title="尸羅 (無呢版)">戒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="zh:尸羅"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">尸羅</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三摩地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Samadhi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三摩地 (無呢版)">定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samadhi" class="extiw" title="en:Samadhi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samadhi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" 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navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五戒 (無呢版)">五戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩薩戒 (無呢版)">四弘誓願</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波羅提木叉 (無呢版)">出家戒律</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小乘佛教 (無呢版)">小乘佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="南傳佛教">上座部佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%A8%E5%BF%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隨念 (無呢版)">隨念</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E6%81%AF%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數息觀 (無呢版)">安般守意</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部派佛教 (無呢版)">部派佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E6%88%92%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持戒波羅密 (無呢版)">持戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ③ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%BA%E9%9B%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="出離波羅密 (無呢版)">出離</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ④ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若波羅密 (無呢版)">智慧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%B2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精進波羅密 (無呢版)">精進</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%8D%E8%BE%B1%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忍辱波羅密 (無呢版)">忍辱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真實波羅密 (無呢版)">真實</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑧ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BA%E6%84%8F%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="決意波羅密 (無呢版)">決意</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%88%E6%84%9B%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慈愛波羅密 (無呢版)">慈愛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑩ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E7%A9%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平穩波羅密 (無呢版)">平穩</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A2%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="止觀 (無呢版)">止觀</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">六波羅密</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">① <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佈施波羅密 (無呢版)">佈施</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ② <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%81%E6%88%92%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="持戒波羅密 (無呢版)">持戒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ③ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%8D%E8%BE%B1%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忍辱波羅密 (無呢版)">忍辱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ④ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E9%80%B2%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精進波羅密 (無呢版)">精進</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑤ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禪定波羅密 (無呢版)">禪定</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑥ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若波羅密 (無呢版)">般若（智慧）</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">十波羅密</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap">⑦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E4%BE%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方便波羅密 (無呢版)">方便</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑧ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="願波羅密 (無呢版)">願</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑨ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9B%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="力波羅密 (無呢版)">力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> ⑩ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智波羅密 (無呢版)">智</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">最上乘禪佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="看話禪 (無呢版)">看話禪</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗">禪修行</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%83%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="參禪 (無呢版)">參禪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%8B%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="看話禪 (無呢版)">看話・話頭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公案 (無呢版)">公案</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%90%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坐禪 (無呢版)">坐禪</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">以外 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="默照禪 (無呢版)">默照禪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E7%A6%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唸佛禪 (無呢版)">唸佛禪</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他修行法 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th id="西藏佛教" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏佛教</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">怛特羅</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E8%8C%B6%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼茶羅 (無呢版)">曼茶羅</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">修行位階</a><br /><small>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解脫 (無呢版)">解脫</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>）</small> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;color: #000000; font-size: 9pt;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提 (無呢版)">覺者</a> </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B2%E8%81%9E%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聲聞佛 (無呢版)">聲聞佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%A6%BA%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣覺佛 (無呢版)">緣覺佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="菩薩">菩薩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a> </span> </p> 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%98%E5%B0%B8%E9%82%A3%E6%8F%AD%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拘尸那揭羅 (無呢版)">拘尸那揭羅（涅槃）</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%AF%BA" title="摩訶菩提寺">摩訶菩提寺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A8%B9" title="菩提樹">菩提樹</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" title="四大佛教名山">四大菩薩道場</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%87%BA%E5%B1%B1" title="五臺山">五臺山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%A8%E5%B5%8B%E5%B1%B1" title="峨嵋山">峨嵋山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%99%80%E5%B1%B1" title="普陀山">普陀山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E8%8F%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="九華山">九華山</a>》<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%8A%E9%87%8E%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熊野三山 (無呢版)">熊野三山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8E%E5%B1%B1" title="高野山">高野山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E6%9B%86%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延曆寺 (無呢版)">比叡山</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%88%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="靈場 (無呢版)">靈場</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教修行 (無呢版)">修行</a>同生活 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%A7%E6%9C%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="僧服 (無呢版)">袈裟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9B%86" title="佛曆">曆法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安居 (無呢版)">安居</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="念珠 (無呢版)">念珠</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%BD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛齋 (無呢版)">飲食</a> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%BD%8B" title="食齋">食齋</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真言 (無呢版)">真言</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E5%AD%97%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="六字真言 (無呢版)">六字真言</a>》 </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他 </span></p> </div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%A9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教詩 (無呢版)">詩</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教音樂 (無呢版)">音樂</a> </span> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">各地佛教 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬來西亞佛教 (無呢版)">大馬</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星加坡佛教 (無呢版)">星加坡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="越南佛教 (無呢版)">越南</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泰國佛教 (無呢版)">泰國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印尼佛教 (無呢版)">印尼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼泊爾佛教 (無呢版)">尼泊爾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老撾佛教 (無呢版)">老撾</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄羅斯佛教 (無呢版)">俄國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙古佛教 (無呢版)">蒙古</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緬甸佛教 (無呢版)">緬甸</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟加拉國佛教 (無呢版)">孟加拉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不丹佛教 (無呢版)">不丹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里蘭卡佛教 (無呢版)">斯里蘭卡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度佛教 (無呢版)">印度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柬埔寨佛教 (無呢版)">柬埔寨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臺灣佛教 (無呢版)">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西藏佛教 (無呢版)">西藏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韓國佛教 (無呢版)">韓國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中東佛教 (無呢版)">中東</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗佛教 (無呢版)">伊朗</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦佛教 (無呢版)">巴基斯坦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西洋佛教 (無呢版)">西洋</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國佛教 (無呢版)">美國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國佛教 (無呢版)">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國佛教 (無呢版)">法國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳洲佛教 (無呢版)">澳洲</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲佛教 (無呢版)">非洲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中美洲佛教 (無呢版)">中美洲</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教哲學 (無呢版)">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教經濟學 (無呢版)">經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教倫理學 (無呢版)">倫理學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教無政府主義 (無呢版)">無政府主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學 (無呢版)">佛學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教社會主義 (無呢版)">社會主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教神觀 (無呢版)">神</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%84%A1%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十四無記 (無呢版)">十四無記</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E8%B8%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實踐佛教 (無呢版)">實踐佛教</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教實在論 (無呢版)">實在論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿毘達磨 (無呢版)">阿毘達磨</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教倫理 (無呢版)">倫理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教原子論 (無呢版)">原子論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人間佛教 (無呢版)">人本主義</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E6%97%A5%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教末日論 (無呢版)">末日論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教進化論 (無呢版)">進化論</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">其他 </span></p> 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(無呢版)">概念</a> </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFBB5; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B4%E6%84%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渴愛 (無呢版)">渴愛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空 (佛教) (無呢版)">空</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%8B%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="見性 (無呢版)">見性</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E8%A6%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="究竟覺 (無呢版)">妙覺</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道理 (無呢版)">道理</a><span 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">諸法無我</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">三性</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">善</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">惡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三性 (無呢版)">無記</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E8%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三身 (無呢版)">三身</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法身 (無呢版)">法身</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B1%E8%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="報身 (無呢版)">報身</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="化身">化身</a>》<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%8C%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相續心 (無呢版)">相續心</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業">業</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緣起 (無呢版)">緣起</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結 (佛教) (無呢版)">十結</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蓋 (無呢版)">五蓋</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五根 (無呢版)">五根</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五蘊 (無呢版)">五蘊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%BC%8F%E5%90%8C%E7%84%A1%E6%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有漏同無漏 (無呢版)">有漏同無漏</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E7%88%B2%E5%90%8C%E7%84%A1%E7%88%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有爲同無爲 (無呢版)">有爲同無爲</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" title="輪迴">輪迴</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大究竟 (無呢版)">大究竟</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%AA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罪 (佛教) (無呢版)">罪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="般若 (無呢版)">智慧</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真俗二諦 (無呢版)">真俗二諦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真如 (無呢版)">真如</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行 (佛教) (無呢版)">行</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="轉世">轉世</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%;background-color:#ffd068; width:8em; vertical-align: middle; padding: 0px 5px 0px 15px; font-size: 9pt;"> <p><span class="nowrap">一覽 </span></p> </th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF; width:auto; font-size: 9pt;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛一覽 (無呢版)">佛</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二十八佛 (無呢版)">二十八佛</a><span 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