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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Domestication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensive_animal_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensive_animal_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Intensive animal farming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensive_animal_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Selective breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_growth_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_growth_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Animal growth and development </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animal_growth_and_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Animal growth and development subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Animal_growth_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Animal nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_welfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_welfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Animal welfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_welfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Human intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Composition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Composition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biochemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Biochemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Nutritional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaughter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaughter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Slaughter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaughter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dressing_and_cutting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dressing_and_cutting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dressing and cutting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dressing_and_cutting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Conditioning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Additives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consumption </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Consumption subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Historical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Methods of preparation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacterial_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Bacterial contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Diabetes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infectious_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectious_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Infectious diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectious_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_in_consumer_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_consumer_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Changes in consumer behavior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_consumer_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Heart disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Environmental impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Land use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Biodiversity loss </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Reducing environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_meat_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_meat_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Reducing meat consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_meat_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Cultural aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethical_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ethical issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Religious traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Meat</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" > 166 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleis" title="Vleis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vleis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleisch" title="Fleisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fleisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%8B" title="ስጋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስጋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Акәац – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акәац" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85" title="لحم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لحم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A3%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܒܣܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܣܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carni" title="Carni – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="মাংস – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাংস" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wias" title="Wias – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Wias" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%27o" title="So'o – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="So'o" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aycha" title="Aycha – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Aycha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ft" title="Ət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera" title="Sera – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sera" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8" title="মাংস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাংস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah-l%C5%ABi" title="Bah-lūi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bah-lūi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82" title="Ит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Мяса – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мяса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Мяса – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мяса" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne" title="Karne – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karne" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Месо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Месо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleisch" title="Fleisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fleisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso" title="Meso – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Meso" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kig" title="Kig – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kig" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мяхан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мяхан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carn" title="Carn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_(pagkaon)" title="Karne (pagkaon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karne (pagkaon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maso" title="Maso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cig" title="Cig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdi" title="Nimdi – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nimdi" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8d" title="Kød – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleisch" title="Fleisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fleisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ats%C4%AF%CA%BC" title="Atsįʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atsįʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liha" title="Liha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κρέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherna" title="Cherna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cherna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viando" title="Viando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Viando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carni" title="Carni – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carni" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haragi" title="Haragi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Haragi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="گوشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gos" title="Gos – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gos" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8t" title="Kjøt – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjøt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viande" title="Viande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feoil" title="Feoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feill" title="Feill – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Feill" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%C3%B2il" title="Feòil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Feòil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%89" title="肉 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="肉" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0" title="고기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Միս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="मांस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मांस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso" title="Meso – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meso" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karno" title="Karno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne" title="Karne – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karne" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging" title="Daging – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daging" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqipiaq" title="Niqipiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Niqipiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyama" title="Inyama – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inyama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B6t" title="Kjöt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kjöt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A8" title="בשר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בשר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging" title="Daging – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Daging" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8" title="ಮಾಂಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಂಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karni" title="Karni – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Karni" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ხორცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხორცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ماز – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82" title="Ет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kig" title="Kig – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kig" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyama" title="Inyama – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Inyama" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyama" title="Inyama – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Inyama" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama" title="Nyama – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyama" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyann" title="Vyann – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vyann" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyann" title="Vyann – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vyann" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C5%9Ft" title="Goşt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Goşt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82" title="Эт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro" title="Caro – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caro" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C4%BCa" title="Gaļa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaļa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleesch" title="Fleesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fleesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%97sa" title="Mėsa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mėsa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagole" title="Nagole – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Nagole" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleisj" title="Vleisj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vleisj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liha" title="Liha – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Liha" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carna" title="Carna – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BAs" title="Hús – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hús" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Месо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Месо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hena" title="Hena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF" title="ഇറച്ചി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറച്ചി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%87" title="لحمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لحمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging" title="Daging – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daging" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%83h_g%C3%AC_n%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k" title="Siăh gì nṳ̆k – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siăh gì nṳ̆k" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အသား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အသား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kania" title="Kania – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kania" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlees" title="Vlees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="मासु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मासु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%82%89" title="食肉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="食肉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Жижиг – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жижиг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%A4%C3%A4sk" title="Flääsk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Flääsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8tt" title="Kjøtt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjøtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8tt" title="Kjøtt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjøtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%C3%AE" title="Chaî – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chaî" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carn" title="Carn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%CA%BBsht" title="Goʻsht – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goʻsht" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9F" title="ਮੀਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="گوشت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوشت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%DA%9A%D9%87" title="غوښه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غوښه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miit" title="Miit – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Miit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleesch" title="Fleesch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Fleesch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99so" title="Mięso – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mięso" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aycha" title="Aycha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aycha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Мясо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мясо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82" title="Эт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱡᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishi" title="Mishi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mishi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carni" title="Carni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat" title="Meat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Meat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="گوشت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گوشت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyama" title="Inyama – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Inyama" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4so" title="Mäso – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mäso" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso" title="Meso – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Meso" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%A7%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Мѧсо – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мѧсо" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilib" title="Hilib – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hilib" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="گۆشت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆشت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Месо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Месо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meso" title="Meso – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meso" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daging" title="Daging – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Daging" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liha" title="Liha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6tt" title="Kött – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kött" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne" title="Karne – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karne" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="இறைச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இறைச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksum" title="Aksum – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aksum" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82" title="Ит – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ит" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="మాంసము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాంసము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="เนื้อสัตว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนื้อสัตว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%AF%D1%88%D1%82" title="Гӯшт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гӯшт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et" title="Et – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Et" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam" title="Nam – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nam" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%27%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BE" title="М'ясо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="М'ясо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="گوشت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوشت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne" title="Carne – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carne" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liha" title="Liha – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Liha" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meat_consumption&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat consumption">Meat consumption</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Animal flesh eaten as food</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Meat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Meat (disambiguation)">Meat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/330px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/495px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/660px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Raw meat (clockwise from left): <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork_chop" title="Pork chop">pork chops</a></figcaption></figure> Meat is animal <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, that is eaten as food. Humans have hunted and farmed other animals for meat since prehistory. The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> allowed the <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_vertebrates" title="Domestication of vertebrates">domestication of vertebrates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, starting around 11,000 years ago. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> has enabled farmers to produce meat with the qualities desired by producers and consumers. Meat is mainly composed of water, protein, and fat. Its quality is affected by many factors, including the genetics, health, and nutritional status of the animal involved. Without preservation, bacteria and fungi decompose and <a href="/wiki/Meat_spoilage" title="Meat spoilage">spoil unprocessed meat</a> within hours or days. Under optimal conditions, meat is <a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">edible raw</a>, but is often normally eaten cooked—such as by <a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">stewing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a>—or <a href="/wiki/Processed_meat" title="Processed meat">processed</a>—such as by <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)" title="Salting (food)">salting</a>. The consumption of meat (especially red and processed meat) increases the risk of certain negative health outcomes including cancer, <a href="/wiki/Coronary_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary heart disease">coronary heart disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. Meat production is a major contributor to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">environmental issues</a> including <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, pollution, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, at every scale from local to global. Some people choose not to eat meat (<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegans" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegans">vegans</a>) for reasons such as <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">ethics</a>, environmental effects, health concerns, or religious dietary rules. However, meat is important to economies and cultures around the world. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word meat comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word mete, meaning food in general. In modern usage, meat primarily means <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> with its associated fat and connective tissue, but it can include <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, other edible organs such as <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward20061–2-1">[1]</a> The term is sometimes used in a more restrictive sense to mean the flesh of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> species (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.) raised and prepared for human consumption, to the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">fish</a>, other seafood, <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">insects</a>, poultry, or other animals.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definition_of_MEAT-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontological</a> evidence suggests that meat constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of the earliest humans. Early <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> depended on the organized hunting of large animals such as <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>. Animals were <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, enabling the systematic production of meat and the <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">breeding</a> of animals to improve meat production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward20061–2-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Major animal domestications </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Animal</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vavilov_center" title="Vavilov center">Centre of origin</a></th> <th>Purpose</th> <th>Date/years ago </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a></td> <td>Near East, South Asia</td> <td>Food</td> <td>11,000–10,000<a href="#cite_note-McHugo_Dover_MacHugh_2019-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chicken</a></td> <td>East Asia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></td> <td>7,000<a href="#cite_note-Lawler_Adler_2012-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></td> <td>Central Asia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">Draft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">riding</a></td> <td>5,500<a href="#cite_note-MacHugh_Larson_Orlando_2017-6">[6]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensive_animal_farming">Intensive animal farming</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">postwar period</a>, governments gave farmers <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">guaranteed prices</a> to increase animal production. The effect was to raise output at the cost of increased inputs such as of animal feed and veterinary medicines, as well as of animal disease and environmental pollution.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1966, the United States, the United Kingdom and other industrialized nations, began factory farming of beef and dairy cattle and domestic pigs.<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenburg_2005-8">[8]</a> Intensive animal farming became globalized in the later years of the 20th century, replacing traditional stock rearing in countries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenburg_2005-8">[8]</a> In 1990 intensive animal farming accounted for 30% of world meat production and by 2005, this had risen to 40%.<a href="#cite_note-Danielle_Nierenburg_2005-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_breeding">Selective breeding</h3></div> Modern agriculture employs techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Progeny_testing" title="Progeny testing">progeny testing</a> to speed <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, allowing the rapid acquisition of the qualities desired by meat producers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200610–14-9">[9]</a> For instance, in the wake of well-publicized health concerns associated with <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a> in the 1980s, the fat content of United Kingdom beef, pork and lamb fell from 20–26 percent to 4–8 percent within a few decades, due to both selective breeding for leanness and changed methods of butchery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200610–14-9">[9]</a> Methods of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> that could improve the meat-producing qualities of animals are becoming available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200610–14-9">[9]</a> Meat production continues to be shaped by the demands of customers. The trend towards selling meat in pre-packaged cuts has increased the demand for larger breeds of cattle, better suited to producing such cuts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200610–14-9">[9]</a> Animals not previously exploited for their meat are now being farmed, including mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, zebra, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> and camel,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200610–14-9">[9]</a> as well as non-mammals, such as crocodile, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> and ostrich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200610–14-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a> supports an increasing demand for meat produced to that standard.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_meat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A shoulder of lamb"><img alt="A shoulder of lamb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lamb_meat.jpg/177px-Lamb_meat.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lamb_meat.jpg/265px-Lamb_meat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lamb_meat.jpg/353px-Lamb_meat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1019" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A shoulder of <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereford_bull_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Hereford bull, a breed of beef cattle"><img alt="A Hereford bull, a breed of beef cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hereford_bull_large.jpg/220px-Hereford_bull_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hereford_bull_large.jpg/330px-Hereford_bull_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hereford_bull_large.jpg/440px-Hereford_bull_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="369" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Hereford_(cattle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereford (cattle)">Hereford</a> bull, a breed of beef cattle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supermarket meat, North America"><img alt="Supermarket meat, North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg/220px-SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg/330px-SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg/440px-SelectionOfPackageMeats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supermarket meat, North America</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal_growth_and_development">Animal growth and development</h2></div> Several factors affect the growth and development of meat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Trait </th> <th>Heritability<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Reproductive efficiency </td> <td>2–10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meat quality </td> <td>15–30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Growth </td> <td>20–40% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muscle/fat ratio </td> <td>40–60% </td></tr></tbody></table> Some economically important traits in meat animals are heritable to some degree, and can thus be selected for by <a href="/wiki/Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">animal breeding</a>. In cattle, certain growth features are controlled by <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive genes</a> which have not so far been controlled, complicating breeding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> One such trait is <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>; another is the doppelender or "<a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">double muscling</a>" condition, which causes <a href="/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy" title="Muscle hypertrophy">muscle hypertrophy</a> and thereby increases the animal's commercial value.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_analysis" title="Genetic analysis">Genetic analysis</a> continues to reveal the genetic mechanisms that control numerous aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> and, through it, meat growth and quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a> techniques can shorten breeding programs significantly because they allow for the identification and isolation of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> coding for desired traits, and for the reincorporation of these genes into the animal <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> To enable such manipulation, the genomes of many animals <a href="/wiki/Genome_project" title="Genome project">are being mapped</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> Some research has already seen commercial application. For instance, a <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterium</a> has been developed which improves the digestion of grass in the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> of cattle, and some specific features of muscle fibers have been genetically altered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> Experimental <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">reproductive cloning</a> of commercially important meat animals such as sheep, pig or cattle has been successful. Multiple asexual reproduction of animals bearing desirable traits is anticipated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200617–22-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> Heat regulation in livestock is of economic significance, as mammals attempt to maintain a constant optimal body temperature. Low temperatures tend to prolong animal development and high temperatures tend to delay it. Depending on their size, body shape and insulation through tissue and fur, some animals have a relatively narrow zone of temperature tolerance and others (e.g. cattle) a broad one. Static <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, for reasons still unknown, retard animal development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200622–23-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_nutrition">Animal nutrition</h3></div> The quality and quantity of usable meat depends on the animal's plane of nutrition, i.e., whether it is over- or underfed. Scientists disagree about how exactly the plane of nutrition influences carcase composition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200625–30-13">[13]</a> The composition of the diet, especially the amount of protein provided, is an important factor regulating animal growth. <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a>, which may digest <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess. Because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive, several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formalin</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> during their passage through the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, the recycling of <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the conversion of petroleum <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> to protein through microbial action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200625–30-13">[13]</a> In plant feed, environmental factors influence the availability of crucial <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> or <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments. In Australia, where the soil contains limited <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, cattle are fed additional phosphate to increase the efficiency of beef production. Also in Australia, cattle and sheep in certain areas were often found losing their appetite and dying in the midst of rich pasture; this was found to be a result of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> deficiency in the soil. Plant <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> are a risk to grazing animals; for instance, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoroacetate" title="Sodium fluoroacetate">sodium fluoroacetate</a>, found in some African and Australian plants, kills by disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Cellular_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular metabolism">cellular metabolism</a>. Some man-made <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> residues present a particular hazard as they <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate</a> in meat, potentially poisoning consumers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200625–30-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_welfare">Animal welfare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_labelling" title="Animal welfare labelling">Animal welfare labelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg/220px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg/330px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg/440px-Animal_Abuse_Battery_Cage_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>The welfare of farm animals such as hens in <a href="/wiki/Battery_cages" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery cages">battery cages</a> and other systems is debated.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> Practices such as confinement in <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">factory farming</a> have generated concerns for <a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a>. Animals have <a href="/wiki/List_of_abnormal_behaviours_in_animals" title="List of abnormal behaviours in animals">abnormal behaviors</a> such as tail-biting, cannibalism, and <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_behaviour_of_birds_in_captivity" title="Abnormal behaviour of birds in captivity">feather pecking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_discretionary_invasive_procedures_on_animals" title="Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals">Invasive procedures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Debeaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Debeaking">beak trimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_identification" title="Animal identification">ear notching</a> have similarly been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Breeding for high productivity may affect welfare, as when <a href="/wiki/Broiler" title="Broiler">broiler</a> chickens are bred to be very large and to grow rapidly. Broilers often have leg deformities and become lame, and many die from the stress of handling and transport.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_intervention">Human intervention</h3></div> Meat producers may seek to improve the <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> of female animals through the administration of <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropic_cell" title="Gonadotropic cell">gonadotrophic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>-inducing <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. In pig production, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">sow</a> infertility is a common problem – possibly due to excessive fatness. No methods currently exist to augment the fertility of male animals. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">Artificial insemination</a> is now routinely used to produce animals of the best possible genetic quality, and the efficiency of this method is improved through the administration of hormones that synchronize the ovulation cycles within groups of females.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200631–33-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">Growth hormones</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolic</a> agents such as <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a>, are used in some countries to accelerate muscle growth in animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200631–33-19">[19]</a> This practice has given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">beef hormone controversy</a>, an international trade dispute. It may decrease the tenderness of meat, although research on this is inconclusive, and have other effects on the composition of the muscle flesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200635–39-20">[20]</a> Where <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> is used to improve control over male animals, its side effects can be counteracted by the administration of hormones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200631–33-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myostatin" title="Myostatin">Myostatin</a> has been used to produce <a href="/wiki/Myostatin-related_muscle_hypertrophy" title="Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy">muscle hypertrophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a> may be administered to animals to counteract stress factors and increase weight gain. The feeding of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> to certain animals increases growth rates. This practice is particularly prevalent in the US, but has been banned in the EU, partly because it causes <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200635–39-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemical">Biochemical</h3></div> The biochemical composition of meat varies in complex ways depending on the species, breed, sex, age, plane of nutrition, training and exercise of the animal, as well as on the anatomical location of the musculature involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200694–126-22">[22]</a> Even between animals of the same litter and sex there are considerable differences in such parameters as the percentage of intramuscular fat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006126-23">[23]</a> Adult mammalian <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> consists of roughly 75 percent water, 19 percent protein, 2.5 percent intramuscular fat, 1.2 percent <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and 2.3 percent other soluble substances. These include organic compounds, especially <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, and inorganic substances such as minerals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200676–80-24">[24]</a> Muscle proteins are either soluble in water (<a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasm" title="Sarcoplasm">sarcoplasmic</a> proteins, about 11.5 percent of total muscle mass) or in concentrated salt solutions (<a href="/wiki/Myofibril" title="Myofibril">myofibrillar</a> proteins, about 5.5 percent of mass).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200676–80-24">[24]</a> There are several hundred sarcoplasmic proteins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200676–80-24">[24]</a> Most of them – the glycolytic <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> – are involved in <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a>, the conversion of sugars into high-energy molecules, especially <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200676–80-24">[24]</a> The two most abundant myofibrillar proteins, <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200676–80-24">[24]</a> form the muscle's overall structure and enable it to deliver power, consuming ATP in the process. The remaining protein mass includes <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> (<a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200676–80-24">[24]</a> Fat in meat can be either <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>, used by the animal to store energy and consisting of "true fats" (<a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200682-25">[25]</a> or intramuscular fat, which contains <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200682-25">[25]</a> Meat can be broadly classified as "red" or "white" depending on the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> in muscle fiber. When myoglobin is exposed to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, reddish oxymyoglobin develops, making myoglobin-rich meat appear red. The redness of meat depends on species, animal age, and fiber type: <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a> contains more narrow muscle fibers that tend to operate over long periods without rest,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200693-26">[26]</a> while <a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">white meat</a> contains more broad fibers that tend to work in short fast bursts, such as the brief flight of the chicken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200693-26">[26]</a> The meat of adult mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">cows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">sheep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">horses</a> is considered red, while <a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">chicken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">turkey</a> breast meat is considered white.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blade_steak_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Red" meat: beef steak"><img alt=""Red" meat: beef steak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blade_steak_%28cropped%29.jpg/265px-Blade_steak_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blade_steak_%28cropped%29.jpg/397px-Blade_steak_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Blade_steak_%28cropped%29.jpg/529px-Blade_steak_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="1155" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Red" meat: beef steak</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 280px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 275px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""White" meat: chicken breast (flight muscle)"><img alt=""White" meat: chicken breast (flight muscle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_%28cropped%29.JPG/236px-H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="236" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_%28cropped%29.JPG/353px-H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_%28cropped%29.JPG/471px-H%C3%BChnerbrustfilet_20090502_001_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3827" data-file-height="2278" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"White" meat: chicken breast (flight muscle)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutritional">Nutritional</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a> tissue is high in protein, containing all of the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acids</a>, and in most cases is a good source of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">vitamin B6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">choline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a> and iron.<a href="#cite_note-beef.org-28">[28]</a> Several forms of meat are high in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k2_foods-29">[29]</a> Muscle tissue is very low in carbohydrates and does not contain dietary fiber.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The fat content of meat varies widely with the <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breed</a> of animal, the way in which the animal was raised, what it was fed, the part of the body, and the methods of butchering and cooking. Wild animals such as <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> are leaner than farm animals, leading those concerned about fat content to choose <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>. Decades of breeding meat animals for fatness is being reversed by consumer demand for leaner meat. The fatty deposits near the muscle fibers in meats soften meat when it is cooked, improve its flavor, and make the meat seem juicier. Fat around meat further contains <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>. The increase in meat consumption after 1960 is associated with significant imbalances of fat and cholesterol in the human diet.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Nutritional content of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>110 g (1⁄4 lb); data vary widely with selection (e.g. skinless, boneless) and preparation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a>: kJ (kcal) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbs</a> </th> <th>Fat </th></tr> <tr> <th>Chicken breast<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </th> <td>490 (117) </td> <td>25 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>2 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lamb mince<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </th> <td>1,330 (319) </td> <td>19 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>26 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>Beef mince<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </th> <td>1,200 (287) </td> <td>19 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>22 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dog<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </th> <td>1,100 (270) </td> <td>20 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>22 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>Horse<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </th> <td>610 (146) </td> <td>23 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>5 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pork loin<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </th> <td>1,010 (242) </td> <td>14 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>30 g </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rabbit<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </th> <td>900 (215) </td> <td>32 g </td> <td>0 g </td> <td>9 g </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Meat-packing industry</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 444.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 442.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_production_of_meat,_main_items.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World production of meat, main items[39]"><img alt="World production of meat, main items[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/World_production_of_meat%2C_main_items.svg/664px-World_production_of_meat%2C_main_items.svg.png" decoding="async" width="443" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/World_production_of_meat%2C_main_items.svg/996px-World_production_of_meat%2C_main_items.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/World_production_of_meat%2C_main_items.svg/1328px-World_production_of_meat%2C_main_items.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="347" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">World production of meat, main items<a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT_2021-39">[39]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 331.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 329.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:World_production_of_main_meat_items,_main_producers_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World production of main meat items, main producers (2019)[39]"><img alt="World production of main meat items, main producers (2019)[39]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/World_production_of_main_meat_items%2C_main_producers_%282019%29.svg/494px-World_production_of_main_meat_items%2C_main_producers_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/World_production_of_main_meat_items%2C_main_producers_%282019%29.svg/742px-World_production_of_main_meat_items%2C_main_producers_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/World_production_of_main_meat_items%2C_main_producers_%282019%29.svg/989px-World_production_of_main_meat_items%2C_main_producers_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="466" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">World production of main meat items, main producers (2019)<a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT_2021-39">[39]</a></div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Land Animals Killed for Meat, 2013<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Animals </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 10em">Number Killed </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chickens </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10em;"></div>61,171,973,510</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Ducks </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div>2,887,594,480</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pigs </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div>1,451,856,889</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rabbits </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div>1,171,578,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Geese </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div>687,147,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Turkeys </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div>618,086,890</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sheep </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div>536,742,256</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Goats </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.1em;"></div>438,320,370</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cattle </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>298,799,160</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Rodents </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>70,371,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other birds </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>59,656,000</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Buffalo </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>25,798,819</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Horses </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>4,863,367</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Donkeys, mules </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>3,478,300</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Camelids </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 10em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div>3,298,266</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:58.778525229247px 80.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> on Earth<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Livestock, mostly cattle and pigs (60%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Humans (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wild mammals</a> (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> Upon reaching a predetermined age or weight, livestock are usually transported en masse to the slaughterhouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006129–130-42">[42]</a> Depending on its length and circumstances, this may exert stress and injuries on the animals, and some may die en route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006129–130-42">[42]</a> Unnecessary stress in transport may adversely affect the quality of the meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006129–130-42">[42]</a> In particular, the muscles of stressed animals are low in water and <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> fails to attain acidic values, all of which results in poor meat quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006129–130-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaughter">Slaughter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></div> Animals are usually slaughtered by being first <a href="/wiki/Stunned" class="mw-redirect" title="Stunned">stunned</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Exsanguination" title="Exsanguination">exsanguinated</a> (bled out). Death results from the one or the other procedure, depending on the methods employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006134–138-43">[43]</a> Stunning can be effected through <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiating</a> the animals with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, shooting them with a gun or a <a href="/wiki/Captive_bolt_pistol" title="Captive bolt pistol">captive bolt pistol</a>, or shocking them with electric current.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006134–138-43">[43]</a> The exsanguination is accomplished by severing the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid artery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">jugular vein</a> in cattle and sheep, and the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_vena_cava" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior vena cava">anterior vena cava</a> in pigs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006134–138-43">[43]</a> Draining as much blood as possible from the carcass is necessary because blood causes the meat to have an unappealing appearance and is a breeding ground for microorganisms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006134–138-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dressing_and_cutting">Dressing and cutting</h3></div> After exsanguination, the carcass is dressed; that is, the head, feet, hide (except hogs and some veal), excess fat, <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> are removed, leaving only bones and edible muscle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006134–138-43">[43]</a> Cattle and pig carcases, but not those of sheep, are then split in half along the mid ventral axis, and the carcase is cut into wholesale pieces. The dressing and cutting sequence, long a province of manual labor, is being progressively automated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006134–138-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditioning">Conditioning</h3></div> Under hygienic conditions and without other treatment, meat can be stored at above its freezing point (−1.5 °C) for about six weeks without spoilage, during which time it undergoes an aging process that increases its tenderness and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006141–146-44">[44]</a> During the first day after death, <a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> continues until the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> causes the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> to reach about 5.5. The remaining <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, about 18 g per kg, increases the water-holding capacity and tenderness of cooked meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200687-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a> sets in a few hours after death as <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> is used up. This causes the muscle proteins <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">myosin</a> to combine into rigid <a href="/wiki/Actomyosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Actomyosin">actomyosin</a>. This in turn lowers the meat's water-holding capacity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward200690-46">[46]</a> so the meat loses water or "weeps".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006141–146-44">[44]</a> In muscles that enter rigor in a contracted position, actin and myosin filaments overlap and cross-bond, resulting in meat that becomes tough when cooked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006141–146-44">[44]</a> Over time, muscle proteins <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denature</a> in varying degree, with the exception of the collagen and <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006141–146-44">[44]</a> and rigor mortis resolves. These changes mean that meat is tender and pliable when cooked just after death or after the resolution of rigor, but tough when cooked during rigor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006141–146-44">[44]</a> As the muscle pigment <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a> denatures, its iron <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidizes</a>, which may cause a brown discoloration near the surface of the meat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006141–146-44">[44]</a> Ongoing <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolysis</a> contributes to conditioning: <a href="/wiki/Hypoxanthine" title="Hypoxanthine">hypoxanthine</a>, a breakdown product of ATP, contributes to meat's flavor and odor, as do other products of the decomposition of muscle fat and protein.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward2006155-47">[47]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A slaughterhouse, Finland"><img alt="A slaughterhouse, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG/220px-Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG/330px-Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG/440px-Atria_slaughterhouse_in_Nurmo_Seinajoki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouse</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rungis International Market, France"><img alt="Rungis International Market, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg/220px-MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg/330px-MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg/440px-MIN_Rungis_viandes_de_boucherie_veau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4201" data-file-height="2866" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/March%C3%A9_d%27Int%C3%A9r%C3%AAt_National_de_Rungis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis">Rungis International Market</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucuk-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The word "sausage" is derived from Old French saussiche, from Latin salsus, "salted".[48]"><img alt="The word "sausage" is derived from Old French saussiche, from Latin salsus, "salted".[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sucuk-1.jpg/220px-Sucuk-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sucuk-1.jpg/330px-Sucuk-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sucuk-1.jpg/440px-Sucuk-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1386" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The word "<a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a>" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> saussiche, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> salsus, "salted".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additives">Additives</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Meat_spoilage" title="Meat spoilage">Meat spoilage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meat_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat preservation">Meat preservation</a></div> When meat is industrially processed, <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">additives</a> are used to protect or modify its flavor or color, to improve its tenderness, juiciness or cohesiveness, or to aid with its <a href="/wiki/Meat_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat preservation">preservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mills,_Additives-49">[49]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Additives used in industrial meat processing<a href="#cite_note-Mills,_Additives-49">[49]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Additive</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Function</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>Imparts flavor, inhibits microbial growth, extends the product's shelf life and helps <a href="/wiki/Emulsifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsifier">emulsifying</a> finely processed products, such as sausages.</td> <td>The most common additive. Ready-to-eat meat products often contain 1.5 to 2.5 percent salt. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrite</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curing_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Curing meat">Curing meat</a>, to stabilize color and flavor, and inhibit growth of spore-forming microorganisms such as <a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a>.</td> <td>The use of nitrite's precursor <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> is now limited to a few products such as dry sausage, <a href="/wiki/Prosciutto" title="Prosciutto">prosciutto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parma_ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Parma ham">parma ham</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alkaline <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">polyphosphates</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tripolyphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium tripolyphosphate">Sodium tripolyphosphate</a></td> <td>Increase the water-binding and emulsifying ability of meat proteins, limit lipid oxidation and flavor loss, and reduce microbial growth.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">Ascorbic acid</a> (vitamin C)</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>Stabilize the color of cured meat.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweeteners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweeteners">Sweeteners</a></td> <td>Sugar, <a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">corn syrup</a></td> <td>Impart a sweet flavor, bind water and assist surface browning during cooking in the <a href="/wiki/Maillard_reaction" title="Maillard reaction">Maillard reaction</a>.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasonings</a></td> <td>Spices, herbs, essential oils</td> <td>Impart or modify flavor.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate</a></td> <td>Strengthen existing flavors.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenderizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenderizing">Tenderizers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proteolytic_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic enzyme">Proteolytic enzymes</a>, acids</td> <td>Break down <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> to make the meat more palatable for consumption.</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cetylpyridinium_chloride" title="Cetylpyridinium chloride">cetylpyridinium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">lactoferrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteriocin" title="Bacteriocin">bacteriocins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Nisin" title="Nisin">nisin</a>.</td> <td>Limit growth of <a href="/wiki/Meat_spoilage" title="Meat spoilage">meat spoilage</a> bacteria</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">Antioxidants</a></td> <td></td> <td>Limit <a href="/wiki/Lipid_oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid oxidation">lipid oxidation</a>, which would create an undesirable "off flavor".</td> <td>Used in precooked meat products. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acidifier" title="Acidifier">Acidifiers</a></td> <td>Lactic acid, citric acid</td> <td>Impart a tangy or tart flavor note, extend shelf-life, tenderize fresh meat or help with protein <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturation</a> and moisture release in dried meat.</td> <td>They substitute for the process of natural fermentation that acidifies some meat products such as hard <a href="/wiki/Salami" title="Salami">salami</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prosciutto" title="Prosciutto">prosciutto</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical">Historical</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">bioarchaeological</a> (specifically, <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic analysis">isotopic analysis</a>) study of <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Early medieval England">early medieval England</a> found, based on the funerary record, that high-meat protein diets were extremely rare, and that (contrary to previously held assumptions) elites did not consume more meat than non-elites, and men did not consume more meat than women.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In the nineteenth century, meat consumption in Britain was the highest in Europe, exceeded only by that in British colonies. In the 1830s consumption per head in Britain was about 34 kilograms (75 lb) a year, rising to 59 kilograms (130 lb) in 1912. In 1904, laborers consumed 39 kilograms (87 lb) a year while aristocrats ate 140 kilograms (300 lb). There were some 43,000 butcher's shops in Britain in 1910, with "possibly more money invested in the meat industry than in any other British business" except finance.<a href="#cite_note-Otter_2020-51">[51]</a> The US was a meat importing country by 1926.<a href="#cite_note-Otter_2020-51">[51]</a> Truncated lifespan as a result of intensive breeding allows more meat to be produced from fewer animals. The world cattle population was about 600 million in 1929, with 700 million sheep and goats and 300 million pigs.<a href="#cite_note-Otter_2020-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends">Trends</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">List of countries by meat consumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">List of countries by meat production</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png/300px-Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png/450px-Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png/600px-Meat_Atlas_2014_--_Meat_Consumption_in_industrialised_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1027" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">While meat consumption in most industrialized countries is at high, stable levels...<a href="#cite_note-Meat_Atlas-52">[52]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png/300px-Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png/450px-Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png/600px-Meat_Atlas_2014_meat_consumption_developing_countries.png 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1027" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">... it is rising in emerging economies.<a href="#cite_note-Meat_Atlas-52">[52]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:912px;max-width:912px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png/300px-Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png/450px-Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png/600px-Per_capita_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="776" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Per capita annual meat consumption by region<a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340-53">[53]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png/300px-Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png/450px-Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png/600px-Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_region.png 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="821" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Total annual meat consumption by region</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png/300px-Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png/450px-Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png/600px-Total_annual_meat_consumption_by_type_of_meat.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="861" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Total annual meat consumption by type of meat</div></div></div></div></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>, the overall consumption for <a href="#Red_and_white_meat">white meat</a> has increased from the 20th to the 21st centuries. Poultry meat has increased by 76.6% per kilo per capita and pig meat by 19.7%. Bovine meat has decreased from 10.4 kg (22 lb 15 oz) per capita in 1990 to 9.6 kg (21 lb 3 oz) per capita in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> FAO analysis found that 357 million tonnes of meat were produced in 2021, 53% more than in 2000, with chicken meat representing more than half the increase.<a href="#cite_note-:14-55">[55]</a> Overall, diets that include meat are the most common worldwide according to the results of a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Ipsos_MORI" title="Ipsos MORI">Ipsos MORI</a> study of 16–64 years olds in 28 countries. Ipsos states "An omnivorous diet is the most common diet globally, with non-meat diets (which can include fish) followed by over a tenth of the global population." Approximately 87% of people include meat in their diet in some frequency. 73% of meat eaters included it in their diet regularly and 14% consumed meat only occasionally or infrequently. Estimates of the non-meat diets were analysed. About 3% of people followed vegan diets, where consumption of meat, eggs, and dairy are abstained from. About 5% of people followed vegetarian diets, where consumption of meat is abstained from, but egg and/or dairy consumption is not strictly restricted. About 3% of people followed <a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">pescetarian</a> diets, where consumption of the meat of land animals is abstained from, fish meat and other seafood is consumed, and egg and/or dairy consumption may or may not be strictly restricted.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The type of meat consumed varies between different cultures. The amount and kind of meat consumed varies by income, both between countries and within a given country.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horses</a> are commonly eaten in countries such as France,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Italy, Germany and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Horses and other large <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> were hunted during the late <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dogs</a> are consumed in China,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> South Korea<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Dogs are occasionally eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> regions.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Historically, dog meat has been consumed in various parts of the world, such as Hawaii,<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Switzerland<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a> and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cats</a> are sometimes eaten, such as in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pigs</a> are raised for their flesh in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> are hunted, partly for their flesh, in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Misidentification is a risk; in 2013, products in Europe labelled as beef <a href="/wiki/2013_meat_adulteration_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 meat adulteration scandal">actually contained horse meat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_of_preparation">Methods of preparation</h3></div> Meat can be cooked in many ways, including <a href="/wiki/Braise" class="mw-redirect" title="Braise">braising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Broiling">broiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Meat can be <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a> by <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking (food)">smoking</a>, which preserves and flavors food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering wood.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other methods of curing include <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salted_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salted meat">salting</a>, and air-drying.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Some recipes call for raw meat; <a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">steak tartare</a> is made from minced raw beef.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâtés</a> are made with ground meat and fat, often including <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Types of meat and techniques used to prepare it</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spit-roasting a lamb and a suckling pig"><img alt="Spit-roasting a lamb and a suckling pig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Janjetina_i_odojak_na_ra%C5%BEnju_u_Novalji.2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1521" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spit-roasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Spit-roasting">Spit-roasting</a> a lamb and a suckling pig</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geese being smoked in a smokehouse"><img alt="Geese being smoked in a smokehouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/165px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/247px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geese being <a href="/wiki/Smokehouse" title="Smokehouse">smoked in a smokehouse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stewing mutton with vegetables"><img alt="Stewing mutton with vegetables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg/220px-Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg/330px-Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg/440px-Papaz_yahnisi_-_cooking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewing">Stewing</a> mutton with vegetables</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_frying_sausages.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frying pork sausages in a pan"><img alt="Frying pork sausages in a pan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pan_frying_sausages.jpg/220px-Pan_frying_sausages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pan_frying_sausages.jpg/330px-Pan_frying_sausages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pan_frying_sausages.jpg/440px-Pan_frying_sausages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Frying</a> pork sausages in a pan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raw beef: steak tartare"><img alt="Raw beef: steak tartare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg/220px-Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg/330px-Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg/440px-Steak_Tartare_in_Dresden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2148" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raw beef: <a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">steak tartare</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Duck liver pâté"><img alt="Duck liver pâté" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Duck_Liver_P%C3%A2t%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1302" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Duck <a href="/wiki/Liver_p%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Liver pâté">liver pâté</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Red_meat#Health_effects" title="Red meat">Red meat § Health effects</a></div> Meat, in particular red and processed meat, is linked to a variety of health risks.<a href="#cite_note-who-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Staph-78">[78]</a> The 2015–2020 <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans" title="Dietary Guidelines for Americans">Dietary Guidelines for Americans</a> asked men and teenage boys to increase their consumption of vegetables or other underconsumed foods (fruits, whole grains, and dairy) while reducing intake of protein foods (meats, poultry, and eggs) that they currently overconsume.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination">Contamination</h3></div> Toxic compounds including <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> residues, <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">dioxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> can contaminate meat. Processed, smoked and cooked meat may contain <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PAHs-80">[80]</a> Toxins may be introduced to meat as part of animal feed, as veterinary drug residues, or during processing and cooking. Such compounds are often metabolized in the body to form harmful by-products. Negative effects depend on the individual genome, diet, and history of the consumer.<a href="#cite_note-Püssa-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_meat#Cancer" title="Red meat">Red meat § Cancer</a></div> The consumption of processed and red meat carries an increased risk of cancer. The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC), a specialized agency of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), classified processed meat (e.g., bacon, ham, hot dogs, sausages) as, "carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence in humans that the consumption of processed meat causes colorectal cancer."<a href="#cite_note-who-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> IARC classified red meat as "probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A), based on limited evidence that the consumption of red meat causes cancer in humans and strong mechanistic evidence supporting a carcinogenic effect."<a href="#cite_note-WHO-20151026-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> have stated that red and processed meat intake increases risk of <a href="/wiki/Bowel_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowel cancer">bowel cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> in their "Diet and Physical Activity Guideline", stated "evidence that red and processed meats increase cancer risk has existed for decades, and many health organizations recommend limiting or avoiding these foods."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cancer_Society" title="Canadian Cancer Society">Canadian Cancer Society</a> have stated that "eating red and processed meat increases cancer risk".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A 2021 review found an increase of 11–51% risk of multiple cancer per 100g/d increment of red meat, and an increase of 8–72% risk of multiple cancer per 50g/d increment of processed meat.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Cooking muscle meat creates <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">heterocyclic amines</a> (HCAs), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute published results of a study which found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> While eating muscle meat raw may be the only way to avoid HCAs fully, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a> states that cooking meat below 100 °C (212 °F) creates "negligible amounts" of HCAs. <a href="/wiki/Microwaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaving">Microwaving</a> meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90%.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a>, present in processed and cooked foods, are carcinogenic, being linked to colon cancer. <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a>, present in processed, smoked and cooked foods, are similarly carcinogenic.<a href="#cite_note-PAHs-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial_contamination">Bacterial contamination</h3></div> Bacterial contamination has been seen with meat products. A 2011 study by the <a href="/wiki/Translational_Genomics_Research_Institute" title="Translational Genomics Research Institute">Translational Genomics Research Institute</a> showed that nearly half (47%) of the meat and poultry in U.S. grocery stores were contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a>, with more than half (52%) of those bacteria resistant to antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-Staph-78">[78]</a> A 2018 investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Investigative Journalism">Bureau of Investigative Journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> found that around 15 percent of the US population suffers from foodborne illnesses every year. The investigation highlighted unsanitary conditions in US-based meat plants, which included meat products covered in excrement and abscesses "filled with pus".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Complete cooking and the careful avoidance of recontamination reduce the risk of bacterial infections from meat.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes">Diabetes</h3></div> Consumption of 100 g/day of red meat and 50 g/day of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Giosuè_Calabrese_Riccardi_Vaccaro_2022-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_UK" title="Diabetes UK">Diabetes UK</a> advises people to limit their intake of red and processed meat.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infectious_diseases">Infectious diseases</h3></div> Meat production and trade substantially increase risks for infectious diseases (<a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">zoonosis</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">of pandemics</a>, whether though contact with wild and farmed animals, or via husbandry's environmental impact.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109341-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> from poultry meat production is a threat to human health.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Furthermore, the use of antibiotics in meat production contributes to <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> – which contributes to millions of deaths<a href="#cite_note-:8-102">[102]</a> – and makes it harder to control infectious diseases.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_consumer_behavior">Changes in consumer behavior</h3></div> In response to changing <a href="/wiki/Meat_price" title="Meat price">meat prices</a> as well as health concerns about <a href="/wiki/Lipid_hypothesis" title="Lipid hypothesis">saturated fat and cholesterol</a>, consumers have altered their consumption of various meats. Consumption of beef in the United States between 1970 and 1974 and 1990–1994 dropped by 21%, while consumption of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a> increased by 90%.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_disease">Heart disease</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg/220px-Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg/330px-Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg/440px-Relative_risk_and_95%25_confidence_intervals_of_ischemic_heart_disease_for_each_50_g_per_day_increase_in_processed_meat_consumption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1867" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>Risk of ischemic heart disease for each 50 g per day increase in processed meat consumption<a href="#cite_note-10.1080/10408398.2021.1949575-107">[107]</a></figcaption></figure> Except for poultry, at 50 g/day unprocessed red and processed meat are risk factors for ischemic heart disease, increasing the risk by about 9 and 18% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-10.1080/10408398.2021.1949575-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impacts of animal agriculture</a></div> A multitude of serious negative environmental effects are associated with meat production. Among these are greenhouse gas emissions, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil energy">fossil energy</a> use, water use, water quality changes, and effects on grazed ecosystems. They are so significant that according to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> researchers, "a <a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">vegan</a> diet is probably the single biggest way to reduce your impact on planet Earth... far bigger than cutting down on your flights or buying an electric car".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, this is often ignored in the public consciousness and in plans to tackle serious environmental issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The livestock sector may be the largest source of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> (due to animal wastes, fertilizers, pesticides), and it contributes to emergence of antibiotic resistance. It accounts for over 8% of global human water use. It is a significant driver of <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">biodiversity loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, as it causes <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> ocean <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> species extinction,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>, pollution, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Machovina_2015_419–431-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x-117">[117]</a> Cattle farming was estimated to be responsible for 80 per cent of Amazon deforestation in 2008 due to the clearing of forests to grow animal feed (especially soya) and cattle ranching.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Environmental effects vary among livestock production systems.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Grazing of livestock can be beneficial for some wildlife species, but not for others.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Targeted grazing of livestock is used as a food-producing alternative to herbicide use in some vegetation management.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_use">Land use</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cereals_allocated_to_food,_animal_feed_and_fuel,_World.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cereals_allocated_to_food%2C_animal_feed_and_fuel%2C_World.png/220px-Cereals_allocated_to_food%2C_animal_feed_and_fuel%2C_World.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cereals_allocated_to_food%2C_animal_feed_and_fuel%2C_World.png/330px-Cereals_allocated_to_food%2C_animal_feed_and_fuel%2C_World.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cereals_allocated_to_food%2C_animal_feed_and_fuel%2C_World.png/440px-Cereals_allocated_to_food%2C_animal_feed_and_fuel%2C_World.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Cereal-use statistic showing an estimated large fraction of crops used as animal feed (red) </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea,_Julho-2016_(29399454651).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg/220px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg/330px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg/440px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Hymenaea%2C_Julho-2016_%2829399454651%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Meat production is a main driver of tropical deforestation, in the Amazon largely <a href="/wiki/Beef#Environmental_impact" title="Beef">due to beef production</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">export</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></figcaption></figure> Meat production is by far the biggest user of land, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Just in the contiguous United States, 34% of its land area (265 million hectares or 654 million acres) are used as pasture and rangeland, mostly feeding livestock, not counting 158 million hectares (391 million acres) of cropland (20%), some of which is used for producing feed for livestock.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Roughly 75% of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforested</a> land around the globe is used for livestock <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Deforestation from practices like <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> releases CO2 and removes the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a> of grown tropical forest ecosystems which substantially mitigate climate change.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Land use is a major pressure on pressure on <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">fertile soils</a> which is important for global <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png/220px-Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png/330px-Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png/440px-Environmental-impact-of-food-by-life-cycle-stage.png 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> of GHG emissions for foods. Beef is the food with the largest carbon footprint, mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane production from cows</a>.</figcaption></figure> The rising global consumption of <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a> meat products has "exploded the global carbon footprint of agriculture," according to some top scientists.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Meat production is responsible for some 35% of global emissions of greenhouse gases, and 60% of the greenhouse gases attributable to food production.<a href="#cite_note-Milman_2021-134">[134]</a> Some nations show very different impacts to counterparts within the same group, with Brazil and Australia having emissions over 200% higher than the average of their respective income groups, driven by meat consumption.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Assessing_the_Environmental_Impacts_of_Consumption_and_Production" title="Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production">Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Consumption and Production</a> report produced by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>'s (UNEP) international panel for sustainable resource management, a worldwide transition in the direction of a meat and dairy free diet is indispensable if adverse global climate change were to be prevented.<a href="#cite_note-TG-20100602-136">[136]</a> A 2019 report in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a> recommended that global meat (and sugar) consumption be reduced by 50 percent to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Meat consumption in Western societies needs to be reduced by up to 90% according to a 2018 study published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The 2019 special report by the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> called for significantly reducing meat consumption, particularly in wealthy countries, in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/d41586-019-02409-7-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_loss">Biodiversity loss</h3></div> Meat consumption is a primary contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">sixth mass extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Machovina_2015_419–431-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> A 2017 study by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> found that 60% of global <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> is attributable to meat-based diets, in particular from the use of land for feed crops, resulting in large-scale loss of habitats and species.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Livestock make up 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> of all mammals on earth, followed by humans (36%) and wild mammals (4%).<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In November 2017, 15,364 world scientists signed a <a href="/wiki/World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity">Warning to Humanity</a> calling for a drastic reduction in per capita consumption of meat and "dietary shifts towards mostly plant-based foods".<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/Global_Assessment_Report_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services" title="Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services">Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a> recommended a reduction in meat consumption to mitigate biodiversity loss.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A 2021 <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> report asserted that a shift towards plant-based diets would free up land for the restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington-146">[146]</a> Meat consumption is predicted to rise as the human population increases and becomes more affluent; this in turn would increase greenhouse gas emissions and further reduce biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_environmental_impact">Reducing environmental impact</h3></div> The environmental impact of meat production can be reduced on the farm by conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Manure from meat-producing livestock is used as fertilizer; it may be composted before application to food crops. Substitution of animal manures for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 MJ of fossil fuel energy are used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_meat_consumption">Reducing meat consumption</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption#Sustainable_food_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption § Sustainable food consumption</a></div> The IPCC and others have stated that meat production has to be reduced substantially for any sufficient <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigation of</a> climate change and, at least initially, largely through <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption#Shifting_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">shifts</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">plant-based diets</a> where meat consumption is high.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/d41586-019-02409-7-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading" title="Personal carbon trading">Personal carbon allowances</a> that <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">allow a certain amount</a> of free meat consumption per person would be a form of restriction, <a href="/wiki/Meat_tax" title="Meat tax">meat taxes</a> would be a type of fiscal mechanism. Meat can be replaced by, for example, high-protein iron-rich low-emission <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> and common fungi, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> (e.g. of vitamin B12 and zinc) and <a href="/wiki/Fortified_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified food">fortified foods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">cultured meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_cultures" title="Microbial food cultures">microbial foods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycoprotein" title="Mycoprotein">mycoprotein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">meat substitutes</a>, and other alternatives,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> such as those based on mushrooms,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> legumes (pulses), and other food sources.<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.appet.2020.105058-157">[157]</a> Land previously used for meat production can be <a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">rewilded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x-117">[117]</a> The biologists <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Dirzo" title="Rodolfo Dirzo">Rodolfo Dirzo</a>, Gerardo Ceballos, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Paul R. Ehrlich</a> state that it is the "massive planetary monopoly of industrial meat production that needs to be curbed" while respecting the cultural traditions of indigenous peoples, for whom meat is an important source of protein.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_aspects">Cultural aspects</h2></div> Meat is part of the human diet in most cultures, where it often has symbolic meaning and important social functions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_issues">Ethical issues</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></div> Ethical issues regarding the consumption of meat include objecting to the act of killing animals or to the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">agricultural practices</a> used in meat production. Reasons for objecting to killing animals for consumption may include <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">environmental ethics</a>, or an aversion to inflicting <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> or harm on <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient animals</a>. Some people, while not vegetarians, refuse to eat the flesh of certain animals for cultural or religious reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Sandler_2014-160">[160]</a> The founders of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> disagreed about the ethics of eating meat. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> has <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> describe the ideal state as vegetarian.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> believed that humans and animals were equal and therefore disapproved of meat consumption, as did <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, whereas <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> were vegetarian but allowed meat-eating in their philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> assert that animals, as inferior beings,<a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-162">[162]</a> exist to serve humans, including as food.<a href="#cite_note-Aristotle-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> drew on Aristotle to argue that the universe's natural hierarchy allows humans to eat animals, and animals to eat plants.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosophers were likewise divided. <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> wrote that animals were merely animated machines, while <a href="/wiki/Kant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kant">Kant</a> considered them inferior beings for lack of discernment: means rather than ends.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> But <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> disagreed; Rousseau argued that meat-eating is a social rather than a natural act, because children are not interested in meat.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> Later philosophers examined the changing practices of eating meat in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern age">modern age</a> as part of a process of detachment from animals as living beings. <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a>, for instance, noted that in medieval times cooked animals were brought to the table whole, but that since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> only the edible parts are served, which are no longer recognizably part of an animal.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> Modern eaters, according to <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABlie_Vialles" class="extiw" title="fr:Noëlie Vialles">Noëlie Vialles</a>, demand an "<a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">ellipsis</a>" between meat and dead animals; for instance, calves' eyes are no longer considered a delicacy as in the Middle Ages, but provoke disgust.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> wrote that since the European diet of the 15th and 16th century was particularly heavy in meat, European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> helped export meat-eating across the globe, as colonized peoples took up the culinary habits of their colonizers, which they associated with wealth and power.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_traditions">Religious traditions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism and religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg/220px-Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg/330px-Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg/440px-Florenz_fleischtheke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> nuns buying meat in Italy</figcaption></figure> Among the Indian religions, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> opposes the eating of meat, while some <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">schools of Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Vegetarian_Hindus" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> advocate but do not mandate vegetarianism.<a href="#cite_note-Tähtinen_1976-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walters_Portmess_2001-164">[164]</a> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> dietary rules allow certain <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> meats and forbid others (<a href="/wiki/Treif" class="mw-redirect" title="Treif">treif</a>). The rules prohibit the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Unclean_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclean animals">unclean animals</a> such as pork, and mixtures of meat and milk.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Similar rules apply in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> explicitly forbids meat from animals that die naturally, blood, and the meat of pigs, which are <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>, forbidden, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>, allowed.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> groups oppose eating any meat.<a href="#cite_note-Takhar2005-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a></div> Research in <a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">applied psychology</a> has investigated meat eating in relation to <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, and personality.<a href="#cite_note-Loughnan2014-168">[168]</a> Psychological research suggests meat eating is correlated with <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rozin2012-169">[169]</a> and reduced <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits#Openness_to_experience" title="Big Five personality traits">openness to experience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keller2015-170">[170]</a> Research into the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer psychology">consumer psychology</a> of meat is relevant both to <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a> marketing<a href="#cite_note-Richardson1994-171">[171]</a> and to those advocating eating less meat.<a href="#cite_note-Klöckner_2014-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schösler-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3></div> Unlike most other foods, meat is not perceived as <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-neutral">gender-neutral</a>; it is associated with men and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>. Sociological research, ranging from African tribal societies to contemporary barbeque (cf. grilling), indicates that men are much more likely to participate in preparing meat than other food.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> This has been attributed to the influence of traditional male <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>, in view of what <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a> calls a "male familiarity with killing", or as <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> suggests, that <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasting</a> (meat) is more violent than <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> (grains and vegetables).<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> By and large, at least in modern societies, men tend to consume more meat than women, and further, men often prefer <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a> whereas women tend to prefer chicken and fish.<a href="#cite_note-Buscemi-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_name" title="Culinary name">Culinary name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a> (also called gristle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">List of meat dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_on_the_bone" title="Meat on the bone">Meat on the bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_separated_meat" title="Mechanically separated meat">Mechanically separated meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward20061–2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward20061–2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrieLedward20061–2_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawrieLedward2006">Lawrie & Ledward 2006</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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August 2018. pp. 2, 10, 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512072037/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2018-09/an_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ipsos&rft.atitle=An+exploration+into+diets+around+the+world&rft.pages=2%2C+10%2C+11&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipsos.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fct%2Fnews%2Fdocuments%2F2018-09%2Fan_exploration_into_diets_around_the_world.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Mark Gehlhar and William Coyle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/293589/wrs011c_1_.pdf">"Global Food Consumption and Impacts on Trade Patterns"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120905083755/http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/293589/wrs011c_1_.pdf">Archived</a> September 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter 1 in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/wrs-international-agriculture-and-trade-outlook/wrs01-1.aspx">Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226030129/http://@ers.usda.gov/publications/wrs-international-agriculture-and-trade-outlook/wrs01-1.aspx">Archived</a> February 26, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, edited by Anita Regmi, May 2001. 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Appetite. 58 (1): 39–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.appet.2011.09.009">10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983048">21983048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10495322">10495322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appetite&rft.atitle=Can+we+cut+out+the+meat+of+the+dish%3F+Constructing+consumer-oriented+pathways+towards+meat+substitution&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-47&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10495322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21983048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.appet.2011.09.009&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6sler&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft.au=Boer%2C+Joop+de&rft.au=Boersema%2C+Jan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.vu.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F54385240-11c1-41fd-86a4-25c10ac6f23a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en">World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</a>, FAO, FAO. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrieLedward2006" class="citation book cs1">Lawrie, R.A.; Ledward, D. A. (2006). Lawrie's meat science (7th ed.). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-159-2"><bdi>978-1-84569-159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawrie%27s+meat+science&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84569-159-2&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rft.au=Ledward%2C+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMeat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Meats">Meats</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Meat" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Meat">Meat</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Meat" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Meat"> Meat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Meat#Q10990" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Meat">Meat</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meatscience.org/">American Meat Science Association website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Monographs-Q&A.pdf">IARC Monographs Q&A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005091719/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Monographs-Q%26A.pdf">Archived</a> October 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Monographs-Q&A_Vol114.pdf">IARC Monographs Q&A on the carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123082730/http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/Monographs-Q%26A_Vol114.pdf">Archived</a> November 23, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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