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– German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konverb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwerb" title="Konwerb – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Konwerb" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverb" title="Konverb – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konverb" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konverbo" title="Konverbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konverbo" 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistics</a>, a <b>converb</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><b>cvb</b></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">nonfinite verb</a> form that serves to express <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbial</a> <a href="/wiki/Subordination_(linguistics)" title="Subordination (linguistics)">subordination</a>: notions like 'when', 'because', 'after' and 'while'. Other terms that have been used to refer to converbs include <i>adverbial participle</i>, <i>conjunctive participle</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundive</a></i> and <i>verbal adverb</i> (Ylikoski 2003). </p><p>Converbs are differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">coverbs</a>, verbs in <a href="/wiki/Complex_predicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex predicate">complex predicates</a> in languages that have the <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">serial verb construction</a>. </p><p>Converbs can be observed in most <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a>, as well as in all language families of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baek_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baek-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Converb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term was coined for <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha Mongolian</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_John_Ramstedt" title="Gustaf John Ramstedt">Ramstedt</a> (1902) and until recently, it was used mostly by specialists of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> to describe non-finite verbs that could be used for both <a href="/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)" title="Coordination (linguistics)">coordination</a> and subordination. Nedjalkov & Nedjalkov (1987) first adopted the term for general <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typological</a> use, followed by Haspelmath & König (1995). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Converb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A converb depends syntactically on another verb form, but is not its <a href="/wiki/Verb_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb argument">argument</a>. It can be an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjunct</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adverbial" title="Adverbial">adverbial</a>, but it cannot be the only <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> of a simple sentence or clausal argument. It cannot depend on predicates such as 'order' (Nedjalkov 1995: 97). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Converb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>On <b>being elected</b> president, he moved with his family to the capital.</i></li> <li><i>He walks the streets <b>eating</b> cakes.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khalkha_Mongolian">Khalkha Mongolian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Converb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Khalkha Mongolian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">хүн</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hün</p><p style="margin: 0px;">human</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">инээж</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>inee-ž</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">laugh-<i>ž</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">эхэлмэгц</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>ehel-megc</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">begin-<i>megc</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">зүрх</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zürh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">heart</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">анхандаа</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">anh-and-aa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">first-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="reflexive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">REFL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">хүчтэй</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hüčtej</p><p style="margin: 0px;">strong</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">цохилж</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>cohil-ž</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">beat-<i>ž</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">аажмаар</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aažmaar</p><p style="margin: 0px;">slowly</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">цохилтын</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cohilt-yn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">beat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">хэм</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rhythm</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">нэг</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">neg</p><p style="margin: 0px;">one</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">хэвэнд</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hev-end</p><p style="margin: 0px;">form-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DAT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ордог</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">or-dog</p><p style="margin: 0px;">enter-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle of habit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HAB.PTCP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">байна.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">baj-na.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">be-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="non-past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NPAST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">хүн инээж эхэлмэгц зүрх анхандаа хүчтэй цохилж аажмаар цохилтын хэм нэг хэвэнд ордог байна.</p><p style="display: none;">hün <b>inee-ž</b> <b>ehel-megc</b> zürh anh-and-aa hüčtej <b>cohil-ž</b> aažmaar cohilt-yn hem neg hev-end or-dog baj-na.</p><p style="display: none;">human laugh-<i>ž</i> begin-<i>megc</i> heart first-DAT-REFL.POSS strong beat-<i>ž</i> slowly beat-GEN rhythm one form-DAT enter-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle of habit" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HAB.PTCP</abbr> be-NPAST</p><p style="clear: left;">"As soon as a human begins to laugh, at first his heart beats strong, and slowly the rhythm of the beat assumes one (continuous) form."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The converb <i>-megc</i> denotes that as soon as the first action has been begun/completed, the second action begins. Thus, the subordinate sentence can be understood as a temporal adverbial. There is no context in which the argument structure of another verb or construction would require <i>-megc</i> to appear, and there is no way (possibly except for afterthought) in which a <i>-megc</i>-clause could come sentence-final. Thus, <i>-megc</i> qualifies as a converb in the general linguistic sense. </p><p>However, from the viewpoint of Mongolian philology (and quite in agreement with Nedjalkov 1995 and Johanson 1995), there is a second converb in this sentence: <i>-ž</i>. At its first occurrence, it is modified by the <a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">coverb</a> <i>ehel-</i> ‘to begin’ and this coverb determines that the modified verb has to take the suffix. Yet, the same verbal suffix is used after the verb ‘to beat’ which ends an independent non-finite clause that temporally precedes the following clause but without modifying it in any way that would be fit for an adverbial. It would be possible for <i>-ž</i> to mark an adverbial: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Би</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Bi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">…</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">…</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">хүмүүсийн</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hümüüs-ijn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">people-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">татгалзахыг</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tatgalza-h-yg</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hesitate-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">тэвчиж</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tevči-ž</p><p style="margin: 0px;">bear-<i>ž</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">чадахгүй</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">čada-h-güj</p><p style="margin: 0px;">can-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">гэж</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gež</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><b>айж</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"><b>aj-ž</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">fear-<i>ž</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">зарж</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">zar-ž</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sell-<i>ž</i></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">эхэлсэн.</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ehel-sen.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">begin-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Би … хүмүүсийн татгалзахыг тэвчиж чадахгүй гэж <b>айж</b> зарж эхэлсэн.</p><p style="display: none;">Bi … hümüüs-ijn tatgalza-h-yg tevči-ž čada-h-güj gež <b>aj-ž</b> zar-ž ehel-sen.</p><p style="display: none;">I {} people-GEN hesitate-FUT.PTCP-ACC bear-<i>ž</i> can-FUT.PTCP-NEG that fear-<i>ž</i> sell-<i>ž</i> begin-PAST</p><p style="clear: left;">"I started my business, at the very beginning fearing that... I wouldn’t be able to bear the hesitating of the people."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Such "polyfunctionality" is common. Japanese and Korean could provide similar examples, and the definition of subordination poses further problems. There are linguists who suggest that a reduction of the domain of the term converb to adverbials does not fit language reality (e.g. Slater 2003: 229). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_Uzbek">Standard Uzbek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Converb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Standard Uzbek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mostly, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> converbs can be translated into English as gerunds, but the context is important as the translation has to be changed as per the former. For example, below are the two sentences including the converb <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">turib</i></span> from the verb stem <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">tur-</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stand</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Buni</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">turib</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yozgan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">esangizlar.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Buni turib yozgan esangizlar.</p><p style="clear: left;">If you wrote it standing.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Alternatively, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">turib</i></span> may denote the meaning of “then” i.e. consecutiveness, so the sentence in this case can be translated as “If you stood up (and) then wrote it”. But in the second example below the same converb <span title="Uzbek-language text"><i lang="uz">turib</i></span> can in no way be translated either with gerunditive or consecutive meaning: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Uydan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chiqmasimizdan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">turib</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ketib</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="uz" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bo’lishibdi.</p></div><p style="display: none;">Uydan chiqmasimizdan turib ketib bo’lishibdi.</p><p style="clear: left;">They have gone out before we left (our) home.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Converb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmathKönig1995" class="citation book cs1">Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard, eds. (1995). <i>Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884463">10.1515/9783110884463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088446-3"><bdi>978-3-11-088446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converbs+in+cross-linguistic+perspective&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110884463&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088446-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson1995" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars (1995). "On Turkic Converb Clauses". In Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard (eds.). <i>Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 313–347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884463-010">10.1515/9783110884463-010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088446-3"><bdi>978-3-11-088446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Turkic+Converb+Clauses&rft.btitle=Converbs+in+cross-linguistic+perspective&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=313-347&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110884463-010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088446-3&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedjalkovNedjalkov1987" class="citation book cs1">Nedjalkov, Vladimir P.; Nedjalkov, Igor’ V. (1987). "On the typological characteristics of converbs". In Help, Toomas (ed.). <i>Symposium on language universals</i>. Tallinn: Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. pp. 75–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.11401365">10.5281/zenodo.11401365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+typological+characteristics+of+converbs&rft.btitle=Symposium+on+language+universals&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pages=75-79&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Estonian+SSR&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.11401365&rft.aulast=Nedjalkov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+P.&rft.au=Nedjalkov%2C+Igor%E2%80%99+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedjalkov1995" class="citation book cs1">Nedjalkov, Vladimir (1995). "Some Typological Parameters of Converbs". In Haspelmath, Martin; König, Ekkehard (eds.). <i>Converbs in cross-linguistic perspective</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 97–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110884463-005">10.1515/9783110884463-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088446-3"><bdi>978-3-11-088446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Typological+Parameters+of+Converbs&rft.btitle=Converbs+in+cross-linguistic+perspective&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=97-136&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110884463-005&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088446-3&rft.aulast=Nedjalkov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamstedt1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ramstedt, Gustav John (1902). <i>Über die Konjugation des Khalkha-Mongolischen</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsingfors</a>: Finnischen Litteraturgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13921494">13921494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Konjugation+des+Khalkha-Mongolischen&rft.place=Helsingfors&rft.pub=Finnischen+Litteraturgesellschaft&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13921494&rft.aulast=Ramstedt&rft.aufirst=Gustav+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2003" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Keith (2003). <i>A Grammar of Mangghuer: A Mongolic Language of China's Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund</i>. London: RoutledgeCurzon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Mangghuer%3A+A+Mongolic+Language+of+China%27s+Qinghai-Gansu+Sprachbund&rft.place=London&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlikoski2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ylikoski, Jussi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.utu.fi/jumyli/wp-content/uploads/sites/1378/2022/09/defining.pdf">"Defining non-finites: action nominals, converbs and infinitives"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SKY Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>16</b>: 185–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SKY+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Defining+non-finites%3A+action+nominals%2C+converbs+and+infinitives&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=185-237&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ylikoski&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.utu.fi%2Fjumyli%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F1378%2F2022%2F09%2Fdefining.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Baek-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baek_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangyub_Baek2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sangyub Baek (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iub.edu/~celcar/ConCALL2014/proceedings/Baek.pdf">"Tungusic converbs in -mi from the perspective of linguistic area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Central Asian Languages and Linguistics (ConCALL)</i>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780996176200" title="Special:BookSources/9780996176200"><bdi>9780996176200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+1st+Conference+on+Central+Asian+Languages+and+Linguistics+%28ConCALL%29&rft.atitle=Tungusic+converbs+in+-mi+from+the+perspective+of+linguistic+area&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780996176200&rft.au=Sangyub+Baek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iub.edu%2F~celcar%2FConCALL2014%2Fproceedings%2FBaek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConverb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Converb&oldid=1226691761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Converb&oldid=1226691761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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