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id="toc-Order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Order of battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Order of battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regia_Marina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regia_Marina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Regia Marina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regia_Marina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Royal Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Abstention" title="Operazione Abstention – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Abstention" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Abstention" title="Operatie Abstention – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Abstention" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="アブステンション作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブステンション作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ปฏิบัติการแอ็บเซนชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิบัติการแอ็บเซนชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstention_Operasyonu" title="Abstention Operasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abstention Operasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Abstention&params=36_09_00_N_29_35_24_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°09′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°35′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.15000°N 29.59000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.15000; 29.59000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1941 British operation in World War II</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Abstention</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg/260px-RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg/390px-RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d4/RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg/520px-RM-Crispi_in_the_Aegean_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="277" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Francesco_Crispi" title="Italian destroyer Francesco Crispi">Italian destroyer <i>Francesco Crispi</i></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25–28 February 1941</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Island of <a href="/wiki/Kastelorizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastelorizo">Kastelorizo</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Abstention&params=36_09_00_N_29_35_24_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°09′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°35′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.15000°N 29.59000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.15000; 29.59000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Andrew Cunningham</a><br />E. de F. Renouf<br /> H. J. Egerton</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Biancheri" title="Luigi Biancheri">Luigi Biancheri</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mimbelli" title="Francesco Mimbelli">Francesco Mimbelli</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 light cruisers<br />7 destroyers<br />1 gunboat<br />1 submarine<br />1 armed yacht<br />200 commandos<br />200 soldiers and marines</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2 destroyers<br />2 torpedo boats<br />2 MAS boats<br /><a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">SM.79</a> bombers<br /><a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.81" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.81">SM.81</a> bombers<br />280 soldiers<br />88 marines</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5 killed<br />10 wounded<br />20 captured or interned<br />7 missing<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1 destroyer damaged<br />1 gunboat damaged</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 14 killed<br />12 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWalker197422_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWalker197422-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign" title="Template:Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mediterranean_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_the_Mediterranean6408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean"><span class="wrap">Battle of the Mediterranean</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vado" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vado"><i>Vado</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)"><b>Malta</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Run" title="Club Run">Club Run</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero</a>¹²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Calabria</a>¹²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Cape Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurry" title="Operation Hurry"><i>Hurry</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Cape_Passero" title="Action off Cape Passero">Cape Passero</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_MB8" title="Operation MB8"><i>MB8</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto"><b>Taranto</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Otranto</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White"><i>White</i></a> ¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Cape Spartivento</a>¹</li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Excess</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog"><i>Genoa</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Abstention</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Souda Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan"><b>Matapan</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Substance" title="Operation Substance"><i>Substance</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Grand Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Halberd" title="Operation Halberd"><i>Halberd</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy"><i>Duisburg</i></a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Bon</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sirte" title="First Battle of Sirte">1st Sirte</a>¹²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Alexandria</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sirte" title="Second Battle of Sirte">2nd Sirte</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Calendar" title="Operation Calendar"><i>Calendar</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bowery" title="Operation Bowery"><i>Bowery</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen"><i>Albumen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)"><i>Harpoon</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous"><i>Vigorous</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal"><i>Pedestal</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stoneage" title="Operation Stoneage"><i>Stoneage</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Portcullis" title="Operation Portcullis"><i>Portcullis</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Skerki</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_ship_Olterra" title="Italian auxiliary ship Olterra"><i>Olterra</i></a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Algiers" title="Raid on Algiers">Algiers</a>¹</li></ul> <p><b>1943</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Zuwarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy"><i>Cigno</i></a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy"><i>Campobasso</i></a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew" title="Operation Corkscrew">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily"><b>Sicily</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gela_(1943)" title="Battle of Gela (1943)">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla"><i>Scylla</i></a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Messina_Convoy" title="Battle of the Messina Convoy">Messina convoy</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bastia" title="Action off Bastia">Bastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)#Service_history" title="Italian battleship Roma (1940)">Strait of Bonifacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhodes_(1943)" title="Battle of Rhodes (1943)">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leros" title="Battle of Leros">Leros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kos_(1943)" title="Battle of Kos (1943)">Kos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Cape_Bougaroun" title="Action off Cape Bougaroun">Cape Bougaroun</a>¹</li></ul> <p><b>1944</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santorini" title="Raid on Santorini">Santorini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Symi" title="Raid on Symi">Symi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">La Ciotat</a></li></ul> <p><b>1945</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>¹</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_convoys_during_World_War_II_by_region#Mediterranean_and_North_African_Coastal_Convoys" title="List of Allied convoys during World War II by region">Allied convoys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean U-boat campaign of World War II">U-boat Campaign</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission<br /> ² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p><b>Operation Abstention</b> (25–28 February 1941) was the code name of a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Kastelorizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastelorizo">Kastelorizo</a> (Castellorizo) off the Turkish Aegean coast, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The goal was to establish a motor torpedo-boat base to challenge Italian naval and air supremacy on the Greek <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200485_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200485-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British landings were opposed by Italian land, air and naval forces, which forced the British troops to re-embark amidst some confusion and led to recriminations between the British commanders for underestimating the Italians. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on Taranto">attack on Taranto</a> and the success of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, an offensive in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> from December 1940 – February 1941, the British conducted operations to neutralise Italian forces in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Andrew Cunningham</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a> planned to occupy <a href="/wiki/Kastelorizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastelorizo">Kastelorizo</a>, the easternmost Greek island in the chain just off the Turkish coast, about 80 nmi (150 km; 92 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat" title="Motor torpedo boat">motor torpedo boat</a> base at a time when Axis air attacks on Malta had led to the last flying boat being withdrawn to Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation was intended as a first step towards the control of the Aegean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200485Koburger1993107–108_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200485Koburger1993107–108-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite isolation, Italian naval and air forces in the area were still capable of carrying out hit-and-run attacks on Allied shipping between <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="24_February">24 February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 24 February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British planned to land a force of about 200 men of <a href="/wiki/No._50_Commando" title="No. 50 Commando">No. 50 Commando</a>, assisted by a 24-man detachment of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> to establish a <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a> on the island, to be followed 24-hours later by an army unit to consolidate the British position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200998Seymour198569–70_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200998Seymour198569–70-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 February the commandos, transported by the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Decoy_(H75)" title="HMS Decoy (H75)">HMS <i>Decoy</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hereward_(H93)" title="HMS Hereward (H93)"><i>Hereward</i></a> and the marines on the gunboat <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ladybird_(1916)" title="HMS Ladybird (1916)">HMS <i>Ladybird</i></a>, sailed from <a href="/wiki/Suda_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Suda Bay">Suda Bay</a>. The second force, a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters" title="Sherwood Foresters">Sherwood Foresters</a> on board the armed <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yacht</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Dieppe_(1905)" title="SS Dieppe (1905)">HMS <i>Rosaura</i></a>, escorted by the light cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D29)" title="HMAS Perth (D29)">HMAS <i>Perth</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonaventure_(31)" title="HMS Bonaventure (31)">HMS <i>Bonaventure</i></a>, awaited developments in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="25_February">25 February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 25 February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyisti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meyisti.png/220px-Meyisti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meyisti.png/330px-Meyisti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meyisti.png/440px-Meyisti.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of the South-eastern Aegean Sea</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Before dawn, fifty of the Commandos landed from ten <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">whaleboats</a> on Nifti Point, south of the settlement, while the Royal Marines occupied the harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The landings were supported by the submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Parthian_(N75)" title="HMS Parthian (N75)">HMS <i>Parthian</i></a>, which had made a reconnaissance of the landing points and acted as a beacon for the incoming ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780RohwerHümmelchen200561_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780RohwerHümmelchen200561-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian garrison on Kastelorizo consisted of 35 soldiers and agents of the <i><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a></i> in charge of a wireless station.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commandos ambushed an Italian patrol on the truck between Nifti Point and the port, killing two soldiers and wounding one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British surprised the garrison, seized the radio outpost and inflicted 13 casualties, including twelve prisoners, the rest of the commandos coming ashore during the action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before being overrun, the Italians had managed to send a message to Rhodes, the main Italian air and naval base in the Dodecanese. <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ammiraglio di Divisione</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a>) <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Biancheri" title="Luigi Biancheri">Luigi Biancheri</a>, commander of the Italian naval forces in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> reacted swiftly. From 08:00 and 09:30, aircraft of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></i></span> (Italian Royal Air Force) raided the harbour castle and the main hills of the island, where the commandos were dug in. <i>Ladybird</i> was struck by a bomb and three sailors were wounded. Short of fuel, <i>Ladybird</i> re-embarked the Royal Marines and made for <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, which cut the radio link of the commandos with Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200999–101_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200999–101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200272–73_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200272–73-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After communications breakdowns and other mishaps, the follow-up force from Cyprus was diverted to Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="26_February">26 February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 26 February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kastelorizo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kastelorizo.svg/220px-Kastelorizo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kastelorizo.svg/330px-Kastelorizo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kastelorizo.svg/440px-Kastelorizo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location of Kastelorizo</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i></span> (Royal Italian Navy) counter-attack began after sunset on 26 February, when the torpedo boats <a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Lupo" title="Italian torpedo boat Lupo"><i>Lupo</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Lince" title="Italian torpedo boat Lince"><i>Lince</i></a> landed about 240 soldiers north of the port and used their 3.9 in (99 mm) guns to bombard British positions at the docks and the Governor's palace, killing three and wounding seven Commandos. The Italian warships evacuated a number of Italian civilians who had gathered at harbour after learning of their presence in the port.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780O'Hara2009101_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780O'Hara2009101-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="27_February">27 February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 27 February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biancheri, with <i>Lupo</i>, <i>Lince</i>, <a href="/wiki/MAS_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (ship)">MAS</a> 546 and MAS 561, landed troops on the morning of 27 February, the operation having been delayed by high seas. Italian forces already ashore harassed the exhausted and isolated British Commandos, who were equipped only for a 24-hour operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780Seymour198570_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780Seymour198570-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destroyers <a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Francesco_Crispi" title="Italian destroyer Francesco Crispi"><i>Francesco Crispi</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Quintino_Sella" title="Italian destroyer Quintino Sella"><i>Quintino Sella</i></a> arrived later in the day with more ground forces; a total of 258 troops and 80 marines were eventually disembarked by Italian ships. As the Italians attacked, the Commandos retreated to their encampment at the landing beach near Nifti point, under fire from <i>Lupo</i>. One company remained in the area of the local cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The captain of <i>Hereward</i> was warned by the commandos and joined <i>Decoy</i>, about 40 nmi (74 km; 46 mi) off the coast. The commander ordered the warships to disrupt the Italian landings but the destroyers did not find the Italian ships. <i>Hereward</i> reported that the Italian surface action threatened the landing of the main British force embarked on <i>Rosaura</i>, which had already been compromised by the air attacks on the harbour. The landing was postponed and rearranged, to be carried out by the destroyers <i>Decoy</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hero_(H99)" title="HMS Hero (H99)"><i>Hero</i></a>, after embarking the Sherwood Foresters company from <i>Rosaura</i>. The ships were ordered to Alexandria to reorganise; Admiral Renouf fell ill and was replaced by Captain Egerton, commander of <i>Bonaventure</i>, which complicated matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="28_February">28 February</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 28 February"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More British forces from Alexandria arrived in the early hours of 28 February. A platoon of the Sherwood Foresters found the landing point abandoned by the Commandos; along with scattered equipment and ammunition were a dead soldier and two stragglers, who told them of the Italian counter-attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWalker19744–6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWalker19744–6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Cooper of the Sherwood Foresters, who had sailed back to <i>Decoy</i>, concluded, after talks with the other commanders, that lack of naval and air support made withdrawal inevitable. The bulk of the landing party, isolated on a small plateau in the east end of Kastelorizo, was re-embarked by 03:00.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian troops surrounded and eventually captured a number of Commandos who had been left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While covering the withdrawal, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jaguar_(F34)" title="HMS Jaguar (F34)">HMS <i>Jaguar</i></a> was attacked by <i>Crispi</i>, which had fired twenty shells on British positions at Nifti Point, steaming from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2013116_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2013116-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian destroyer fired two torpedoes which missed and <i>Jaguar</i> replied with her 4.7 in (120 mm) main armament. <i>Jaguar</i> received a 40 mm hit on her searchlight that made its gunfire ineffective and the British force sailed back to Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74O'Hara2013116_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74O'Hara2013116-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nubian_(F36)" title="HMS Nubian (F36)">HMS <i>Nubian</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hasty_(H24)" title="HMS Hasty (H24)"><i>Hasty</i></a> and <i>Jaguar</i> made a sweep between Rhodes and Kastelorizo after a radar contact and detecting wireless traffic in the area but failed to intercept the Italian warships as they returned to base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1999292–293_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1999292–293-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzina.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Palazzina.2.jpg/170px-Palazzina.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Palazzina.2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Damage on Governor's palace after the Italian reconquest</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Cunningham described the operation as "a rotten business and reflected little credit to everyone" and laid blame on Renouf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200485O'Hara2009102_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200485O'Hara2009102-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Inquiry">Board of Inquiry</a> found that <i>Hereward</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s commander made a misjudgement by rejoining <i>Decoy</i>, instead of engaging the Italian force without delay, which caused the failure of the main landing and the isolation of the commandos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British commanders had also been surprised by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Riposte#Military_usage" title="Riposte">riposte</a>, especially the frequent air attacks which were unopposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadkovich1994119SmithWalker197432PlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich1994119SmithWalker197432PlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greene and Massignani, writing in 1998, noted the British capture of Y-I, an Italian cipher book.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_O%27Hara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent O'Hara">Vincent O'Hara</a> wrote that the operation showed that the Italians dominated the seas around even their outlying bases and that this was not to be the last time that the British underestimated them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2009102_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2009102-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians retained control of the Dodecanese Islands until the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Italy">armistice</a> of September 1943. When Italy changed sides, British forces landed on the islands to support the Italian garrisons in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Dodecanese Campaign</a> (8 September – 22 November 1943). British and Italian troops were attacked and defeated by a German operation and the islands came under German control until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1960191–205_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1960191–205-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, Greene and Massignani wrote that the British suffered three men killed, eleven wounded and 27 missing for an Italian loss of eight men killed, eleven wounded and ten missing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle">Order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regia_Marina">Regia Marina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Regia Marina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/50px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/75px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/100px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Biancheri" title="Luigi Biancheri">Luigi Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers">destroyers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Francesco_Crispi" title="Italian destroyer Francesco Crispi"><i>Francesco Crispi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Quintino_Sella" title="Italian destroyer Quintino Sella"><i>Quintino Sella</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo boats">torpedo boats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Lupo" title="Italian torpedo boat Lupo"><i>Lupo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Lince" title="Italian torpedo boat Lince"><i>Lince</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS_(motorboat)" title="MAS (motorboat)">MAS</a> motor launches <ul><li><i>MAS-541</i></li> <li><i>MAS-546</i></li></ul></li> <li>Garrison: <ul><li>30 signallers</li> <li>10 <i><a href="/wiki/Carabinieri" title="Carabinieri">carabinieri</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza" title="Guardia di Finanza">Guardia di Finanza</a></i> (custom agents)</li></ul></li> <li>Landing force <ul><li>240 infantry</li> <li>88 marines</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Navy">Royal Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Royal Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/50px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/75px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </p> <ul><li>Admiral Andrew Cunningham</li> <li>Suda Force:</li> <li>destroyers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hereward_(H93)" title="HMS Hereward (H93)">HMS <i>Hereward</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Decoy_(H75)" title="HMS Decoy (H75)">HMS <i>Decoy</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>gunboat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Ladybird_(1916)" title="HMS Ladybird (1916)">HMS <i>Ladybird</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>submarine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Parthian_(N75)" title="HMS Parthian (N75)">HMS <i>Parthian</i></a></li> <li>Commandos: 200</li> <li>Marines: 24</li></ul></li> <li>Cyprus Force (<a href="/wiki/3rd_Cruiser_Squadron" title="3rd Cruiser Squadron">3rd Cruiser Squadron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D29)" title="HMAS Perth (D29)">HMAS <i>Perth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonaventure_(31)" title="HMS Bonaventure (31)">HMS <i>Bonaventure</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Armed yacht <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Dieppe_(1905)" title="SS Dieppe (1905)"><i>Rosaura</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Garrison Force <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> soldiers</li> <li>Alexandria Force destroyers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Jaguar_(F34)" title="HMS Jaguar (F34)">HMS <i>Jaguar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hero_(H99)" title="HMS Hero (H99)">HMS <i>Hero</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_between_Italy_and_Turkey,_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention between Italy and Turkey, 1932">Convention between Italy and Turkey, 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Dodecanese Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mandibles" title="Operation Mandibles">Operation Mandibles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastelrosso2015_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCastelrosso2015">Castelrosso 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWalker197422-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWalker197422_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithWalker1974">Smith & Walker 1974</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200485-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200485_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2004">Simpson 2004</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreeneMassignani1998145_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreeneMassignani1998">Greene & Massignani 1998</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200485Koburger1993107–108-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200485Koburger1993107–108_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2004">Simpson 2004</a>, p. 85; <a href="#CITEREFKoburger1993">Koburger 1993</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBragadin1957">Bragadin 1957</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200998Seymour198569–70-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200998Seymour198569–70_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, p. 98; <a href="#CITEREFSeymour1985">Seymour 1985</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780RohwerHümmelchen200561-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780RohwerHümmelchen200561_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBragadin1957">Bragadin 1957</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFRohwerHümmelchen2005">Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200999–101-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara200999–101_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, pp. 99–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200272–73-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200272–73_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitterton2002">Titterton 2002</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957">Playfair et al. 1957</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780O'Hara2009101-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780O'Hara2009101_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBragadin1957">Bragadin 1957</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780Seymour198570-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBragadin195780Seymour198570_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBragadin1957">Bragadin 1957</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFSeymour1985">Seymour 1985</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitterton2002">Titterton 2002</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithWalker19744–6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithWalker19744–6_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithWalker1974">Smith & Walker 1974</a>, pp. 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2013116-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2013116_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2013">O'Hara 2013</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74O'Hara2013116-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETitterton200273–74O'Hara2013116_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTitterton2002">Titterton 2002</a>, pp. 73–74; <a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2013">O'Hara 2013</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1999292–293-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunningham1999292–293_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham1999">Cunningham 1999</a>, pp. 292–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson200485O'Hara2009102-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson200485O'Hara2009102_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson2004">Simpson 2004</a>, p. 85; <a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich1994119SmithWalker197432PlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadkovich1994119SmithWalker197432PlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957326_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadkovich1994">Sadkovich 1994</a>, p. 119; <a href="#CITEREFSmithWalker1974">Smith & Walker 1974</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957">Playfair et al. 1957</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2009102-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2009102_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Hara2009">O'Hara 2009</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1960191–205-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1960191–205_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoskill1960">Roskill 1960</a>, pp. 191–205.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBragadin1957" class="citation book cs1">Bragadin, Marc'Antonio (1957). <i>The Italian Navy in World War II</i>. Annapolis, MD: United States Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-13031-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-13031-7"><bdi>0-405-13031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-405-13031-7&rft.aulast=Bragadin&rft.aufirst=Marc%27Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1999" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Andrew Browne (1999). <i>The Cunningham Papers: Selections from the Private and Official Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, O.M., K.T., G.C.B., D.S.O. and Two Bars, Volume 140</i>. London: Ashgate for the Navy Records Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840146226" title="Special:BookSources/9781840146226"><bdi>9781840146226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cunningham+Papers%3A+Selections+from+the+Private+and+Official+Correspondence+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet+Viscount+Cunningham+of+Hyndhope%2C+O.M.%2C+K.T.%2C+G.C.B.%2C+D.S.O.+and+Two+Bars%2C+Volume+140&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate+for+the+Navy+Records+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781840146226&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Browne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneMassignani1998" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Jack; Massignani, Alessandro (1998). <i>The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943</i>. London: Chatham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-057-4"><bdi>1-86176-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+in+the+Mediterranean%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86176-057-4&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Massignani%2C+Alessandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoburger1993" class="citation book cs1">Koburger, Charles W. Jr (1993). <i>Naval Warfare in the Eastern Mediterranean (1940–1945)</i>. Westport, CN: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-94465-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-94465-4"><bdi>0-275-94465-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+%281940%E2%80%931945%29&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-275-94465-4&rft.aulast=Koburger&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Vincent (2009). <i>Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-648-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Middle+Sea%3A+The+Great+Navies+at+War+in+the+Mediterranean+Theater%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-648-3&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Vincent P. (2013). <i>In Passage Perilous: Malta and the Convoy Battles of June 1942</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00603-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00603-5"><bdi>978-0-253-00603-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Passage+Perilous%3A+Malta+and+the+Convoy+Battles+of+June+1942&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00603-5&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairStittMolonyToomer1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (1957) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a> 1954]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-065-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-065-3"><bdi>1-84574-065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=1-84574-065-3&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Stitt%2C+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwerHümmelchen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer" title="Jürgen Rohwer">Rohwer, Jürgen</a>; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005). <i>Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two</i> (3rd rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-119-2"><bdi>1-59114-119-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Naval+History+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59114-119-2&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=H%C3%BCmmelchen%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roskill" title="Stephen Roskill">Roskill, S. W.</a> (1960). <i>The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Offensive Part 1: 1st June 1943 – 31st May 1944</i>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War</a> United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1099743425">1099743425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Offensive+Part+1%3A+1st+June+1943+%E2%80%93+31st+May+1944&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1099743425&rft.aulast=Roskill&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadkovich1994" class="citation book cs1">Sadkovich, James (1994). <i>The Italian Navy in World War II</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-057-4"><bdi>1-86176-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-86176-057-4&rft.aulast=Sadkovich&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1985" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, William (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishspecialfo0000seym"><i>British Special Forces</i></a></span>. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-98873-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-98873-8"><bdi>0-283-98873-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Special+Forces&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+and+Jackson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-283-98873-8&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishspecialfo0000seym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2004" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael (2004). <i>A Life of Admiral of the Fleet Andrew Cunningham. A Twentieth-Century Naval Leader</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5197-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5197-4"><bdi>0-7146-5197-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Admiral+of+the+Fleet+Andrew+Cunningham.+A+Twentieth-Century+Naval+Leader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7146-5197-4&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWalker1974" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter; Walker, Edwin (1974). <i>War in the Aegean</i>. London: Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7183-0422-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7183-0422-5"><bdi>0-7183-0422-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Aegean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kimber&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7183-0422-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Walker%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitterton2002" class="citation book cs1">Titterton, G. A. (2002). <i>The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5205-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5205-9"><bdi>0-7146-5205-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7146-5205-9&rft.aulast=Titterton&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelrosso2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://24grammata.com/?p=10764">"Fasti e declino di un'isola del Mediterraneo"</a> [Glory and Decline of a Mediterranean Island]. <i>Castelrosso</i> (in Italian). 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Castelrosso&rft.atitle=Fasti+e+declino+di+un%27isola+del+Mediterraneo&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F24grammata.com%2F%3Fp%3D10764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoni1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santoni, Alberto (1981). <i>Il Vero Traditore: Il ruolo documentato di ULTRA nella guerra</i> [<i>True Traitor: The Documented Role of ULTRA in the War</i>] (in Italian). Milano: Mursia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491163648">491163648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Vero+Traditore%3A+Il+ruolo+documentato+di+ULTRA+nella+guerra&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491163648&rft.aulast=Santoni&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoro1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Santoro, G. (1957) [1950]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120211526/http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/PDF_Libri_By_AVIA/Aeronautica%20Italiana%20nella%20Seconda%20G.M.%20vol.%201%20-%20Santoro%20G..pdf"><i>L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale</i></a> [<i>The Italian Air Force in WWII</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Milano-Roma: Edizione Esse. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900980719">900980719</a>. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27aeronautica+italiana+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.place=Milano-Roma&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Edizione+Esse&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900980719&rft.aulast=Santoro&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avia-it.com%2Fact%2Fbiblioteca%2Flibri%2FPDF_Libri_By_AVIA%2FAeronautica%2520Italiana%2520nella%2520Seconda%2520G.M.%2520vol.%25201%2520-%2520Santoro%2520G..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoro1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Santoro, G. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119220444/http://www.avia-it.com/act/biblioteca/libri/PDF_Libri_By_AVIA/Aeronautica%20Italiana%20nella%20Seconda%20G.M.%20vol.%202%20%20-%20Santoro%20G..pdf"><i>L'aeronautica italiana nella seconda guerra mondiale</i></a> [<i>The Italian Air Force in WWII</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. II (1st ed.). Milano-Roma: Edizione Esse. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60102091">60102091</a>. Archived from the original on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27aeronautica+italiana+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.place=Milano-Roma&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Edizione+Esse&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60102091&rft.aulast=Santoro&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avia-it.com%2Fact%2Fbiblioteca%2Flibri%2FPDF_Libri_By_AVIA%2FAeronautica%2520Italiana%2520nella%2520Seconda%2520G.M.%2520vol.%25202%2520%2520-%2520Santoro%2520G..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Abstention" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Abstention&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/EBook01BritishAegean.htm">British Aegean Campaign, 1943</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Template talk:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Commando raids of the Second World War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Commando_raids_of_the_Second_World_War179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Commando_operations_during_the_Second_World_War" title="British Commando operations during the Second World War">British Commando raids of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Abstention</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ambassador" title="Operation Ambassador"><i>Ambassador</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anklet_(Commando_raid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anklet (Commando raid)"><i>Anklet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archery" title="Operation Archery"><i>Archery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aquatint" title="Operation Aquatint"><i>Aquatint</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aflame" title="Operation Aflame"><i>Aflame</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Anglo" title="Operation Anglo"><i>Anglo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amherst" title="Operation Amherst"><i>Amherst</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Archway" title="Operation Archway"><i>Archway</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abercrombie" title="Operation Abercrombie"><i>Abercrombie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Acid_Drop" title="Operation Acid Drop"><i>Acid Drop</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen"><i>Albumen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astrakan" title="Operation Astrakan"><i>Astrakan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baobab" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Baobab"><i>Baobab</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Basalt" title="Operation Basalt"><i>Basalt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Biting" title="Operation Biting"><i>Biting</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy"><i>Bigamy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Batman" title="Operation Batman"><i>Batman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Begonia" title="Operation Begonia"><i>Begonia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket"><i>Bulbasket</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brandy" title="Operation Brandy"><i>Brandy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barricade" title="Operation Barricade"><i>Barricade</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardia_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia raid">Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">Hill 170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bristle" title="Operation Bristle"><i>Bristle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Branford" title="Operation Branford"><i>Branford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Litani_River" title="Battle of the Litani River">Litani River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Candytuft" title="Operation Candytuft"><i>Candytuft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chestnut" title="Operation Chestnut"><i>Chestnut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claymore" title="Operation Claymore"><i>Claymore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cold_Comfort" title="Operation Cold Comfort"><i>Cold Comfort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collar_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Collar (commando raid)"><i>Collar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Colossus" title="Operation Colossus"><i>Colossus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartoon" title="Operation Cartoon"><i>Cartoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid"><i>Chariot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canuck" title="Operation Canuck"><i>Canuck</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crackers" title="Operation Crackers"><i>Crackers</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chess" title="Operation Chess"><i>Chess</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Checkmate (commando raid)"><i>Checkmate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Chopper (commando raid)"><i>Chopper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Driftwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Driftwood"><i>Driftwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dryad" title="Operation Dryad"><i>Dryad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Defoe" title="Operation Defoe"><i>Defoe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dunhill" title="Operation Dunhill"><i>Dunhill</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Cut" title="Operation Deep Cut"><i>Deep Cut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devon" title="Operation Devon"><i>Devon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Exporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Exporter"><i>Exporter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><i>Flipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Frankton" title="Operation Frankton"><i>Frankton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freshman" title="Operation Freshman"><i>Freshman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fahrenheit" title="Operation Fahrenheit"><i>Fahrenheit</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Forfar" title="Operation Forfar"><i>Forfar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Farrier" title="Operation Farrier"><i>Farrier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Foxrock" title="Operation Foxrock"><i>Foxrock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gaff" title="Operation Gaff"><i>Gaff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet"><i>Gauntlet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grouse_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Grouse (Norway)"><i>Grouse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gunnerside" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Gunnerside"><i>Gunnerside</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Hardtack (commando raid)"><i>Hardtack</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Hardy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hawthorn" title="Operation Hawthorn"><i>Hawthorn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth"><i>Houndsworth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Huckaback" title="Operation Huckaback"><i>Huckaback</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate"><i>Infatuate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaywick" title="Operation Jaywick"><i>Jaywick</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid"><i>Jubilee</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_J_V" title="Operation J V"><i>J V</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keystone" title="Operation Keystone"><i>Keystone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling"><i>Kipling</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kitbag" title="Operation Kitbag"><i>Kitbag</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton"><i>Loyton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maple_(Italy)" title="Operation Maple (Italy)"><i>Maple</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Manacle" title="Operation Manacle"><i>Manacle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Musketoon" title="Operation Musketoon"><i>Musketoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Myrmidon" title="Operation Myrmidon"><i>Myrmidon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Narcissus" title="Operation Narcissus"><i>Narcissus</i></a></li> <li><i>Nelson</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Newton" title="Operation Newton"><i>Newton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nicety" title="Operation Nicety"><i>Nicety</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Noah_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Noah (commando raid)"><i>Noah</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Opossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Opossum"><i>Opossum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster"><i>Postmaster</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Partridge" title="Operation Partridge"><i>Partridge</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pistol" title="Operation Pistol"><i>Pistol</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rimau" title="Operation Rimau"><i>Rimau</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roast" title="Operation Roast"><i>Roast</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundabout" title="Operation Roundabout"><i>Roundabout</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rumford" title="Operation Rumford"><i>Rumford</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Saxifrage" title="Operation Saxifrage"><i>Saxifrage</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Savanna" title="Operation Savanna"><i>Savanna</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sidi_Haneish_Airfield" title="Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield">Sidi Haneish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sunstar" title="Operation Sunstar"><i>Sunstar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Speedwell" title="Operation Speedwell"><i>Speedwell</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush"><i>Tarbrush</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thistledown" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Thistledown"><i>Thistledown</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tombola" title="Operation Tombola"><i>Tombola</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Wallace</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" 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