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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Volcanic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popular culture events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halga_Uincentius_seo_ieg" title="Halga Uincentius seo ieg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Halga Uincentius seo ieg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سانت فينسنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سانت فينسنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent-Vinsent_adas%C4%B1" title="Sent-Vinsent adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sent-Vinsent adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Сент-Вінсент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сент-Вінсент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_Sant_Visant" title="Enez Sant Visant – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez Sant Visant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(illa)" title="Saint Vincent (illa) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saint Vincent (illa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(pulo_sa_Saint_Vincent_ug_ang_Grenadines)" title="Saint Vincent (pulo sa Saint Vincent ug ang Grenadines) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Saint Vincent (pulo sa Saint Vincent ug ang Grenadines)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Vincenc_(ostrov)" title="Svatý Vincenc (ostrov) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý Vincenc (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent" title="St. Vincent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="St. Vincent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άγιος Βικέντιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγιος Βικέντιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_de_San_Vicente_(San_Vicente_y_las_Granadinas)" title="Isla de San Vicente (San Vicente y las Granadinas) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla de San Vicente (San Vicente y las Granadinas)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(uhartea)" title="Saint Vincent (uhartea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saint Vincent (uhartea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_(%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="سنت وینسنت (جزیره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت وینسنت (جزیره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Vincent_(%C3%AEle)" title="Saint-Vincent (île) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saint-Vincent (île)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente,_San_Vicente_e_as_Granadinas" title="San Vicente, San Vicente e as Granadinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="San Vicente, San Vicente e as Granadinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%88%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EC%84%AC" title="세인트빈센트섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트빈센트섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Vincent_(otok)" title="Sveti Vincent (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti Vincent (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(pulau)" title="Saint Vincent (pulau) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saint Vincent (pulau)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(isola)" title="Saint Vincent (isola) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saint Vincent (isola)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98" title="סנט וינסנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנט וינסנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(kisiwa)" title="Saint Vincent (kisiwa) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saint Vincent (kisiwa)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Sancti_Vincentii" title="Insula Sancti Vincentii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Sancti Vincentii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent_Vinsentas" title="Sent Vinsentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sent Vinsentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Свети Винцент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свети Винцент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(eiland)" title="Saint Vincent (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saint Vincent (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E5%B3%B6" title="セントビンセント島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セントビンセント島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Eilun)" title="Saint Vincent (Eilun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saint Vincent (Eilun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint_Vincent_(isla)" title="Sint Vincent (isla) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sint Vincent (isla)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente_(S%C3%A3o_Vicente_e_Granadinas)" title="Ilha de São Vicente (São Vicente e Granadinas) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha de São Vicente (São Vicente e Granadinas)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Сент-Винсент (остров) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Винсент (остров)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Vincencij_(otok)" title="Sveti Vincencij (otok) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti Vincencij (otok)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сент Винсент (острво) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сент Винсент (острво)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent" title="Saint Vincent – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saint Vincent" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(%C3%B6)" title="Saint Vincent (ö) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saint Vincent (ö)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA)" title="เซนต์วินเซนต์ (แอนทิลลีส) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซนต์วินเซนต์ (แอนทิลลีส)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(ada)" title="Saint Vincent (ada) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saint Vincent (ada)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.250°N 61.200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.250; -61.200</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Vincent_(island)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="St Vincent (island)">St Vincent (island)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"St. Vincent (island)" redirects here. For the island in the U.S. state of Florida, see <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_Island_(Florida)" title="St. Vincent Island (Florida)">St. Vincent Island (Florida)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)" title="Special:EditPage/Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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.ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Saint Vincent</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="ib-islands-native"><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_language" title="Kalinago language">Native name</a>: <div class="nickname"><span title="Island Carib-language text"><i lang="crb">Youloumain</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Island_Carib_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Carib language">Island Carib</a>)</span></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG/260px-Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG/390px-Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG/520px-Saint_Vincent_Island.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View of Saint Vincent</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Vincent is located in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"><img alt="Saint Vincent is located in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg/260px-Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg/390px-Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg/520px-Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.347%;left:62.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint Vincent"><img alt="Saint Vincent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Saint Vincent</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Saint Vincent Island</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Vincent is located in Lesser Antilles"><img alt="Saint Vincent is located in Lesser Antilles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png/260px-Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png/390px-Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png/520px-Relief_map_of_Lesser_Antilles.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="578" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.632%;left:81.579%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint Vincent"><img alt="Saint Vincent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Saint Vincent</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the Lesser Antilles</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Lesser Antilles</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La2-demis-caribbean.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Vincent is located in Caribbean"><img alt="Saint Vincent is located in Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/La2-demis-caribbean.png/260px-La2-demis-caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/La2-demis-caribbean.png/390px-La2-demis-caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/La2-demis-caribbean.png/520px-La2-demis-caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.238%;left:90.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Saint Vincent"><img alt="Saint Vincent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Saint Vincent</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the Caribbean</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Caribbean</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> on the West Coast<br />Atlantic Ocean on the East Coast.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&params=13_15_N_61_12_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">61°12′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.250°N 61.200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.250; -61.200</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">345 km<sup>2</sup> (133 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">18 mi (29 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">11 mi (18 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Soufri%C3%A8re_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soufrière (volcano)">La Soufrière</a><br />4,048 ft (1,234 m)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parishes</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituencies</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingstown" title="Kingstown">Kingstown</a> (pop. 25,418)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (2012)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">347.83/km<sup>2</sup> (900.88/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Black</a> 66%, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">East Indian</a> 6%, <a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a> 2%, Mixed Race 19%, White 4%, Other 3%.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saint Vincent</b> is a volcanic <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. It is the largest island of the country <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> and is located in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>. It is composed of partially submerged volcanic mountains. Its largest volcano and the country's highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soufrière (volcano)">La Soufrière</a>, is active,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the latest episode of volcanic activity having begun in December 2020 and intensifying in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Eruption2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eruption2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were major territory wars between the indigenous population of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Caribs">Black Caribs</a>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Garifuna" title="Garifuna">Garifuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in the 18th century, before the island was ceded to the British in 1763, and again in 1783. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> gained independence from the United Kingdom on 27 October 1979, and became part of the British <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> thereafter. Approximately 130,000 people currently live on the island, and the population saw significant migration to the UK in the early 1900s, and between the 1940s, and 1980s. There has also been significant migration to Canada, and other larger neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Caribbean">Anglo-Caribbean</a> islands. The main island consists of the capital <a href="/wiki/Kingstown" title="Kingstown">Kingstown</a>, with the rest of the island divided into, five main coastal strip towns of; <a href="/wiki/Layou" title="Layou">Layou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrouallie" title="Barrouallie">Barrouallie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chateaubelair" title="Chateaubelair">Chateaubelair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Georgetown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Georgetown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calliaqua" title="Calliaqua">Calliaqua</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg/220px-Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg/330px-Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg/440px-Kingstown_Saint_Vincent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kingstown, Saint Vincent</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are formally called Vincentians; colloquially they are known as "Vincies" or "Vincys". The majority of the island's population is of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Vincentian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Vincentian">Afro-Vincentian</a> descent. However, a sizable portion of the population consists of <a href="/wiki/Black_Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Carib">Black Carib</a> descendants, white descendants of English colonists, Portuguese descendants of indentured servants and a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Vincentian" title="Indo-Vincentian">Indo-Vincentians</a>, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured workers">indentured workers</a> with <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian heritage</a>. There is also a sizable mixed-race minority (19%). </p><p>In 2012, the population of the island was approximately 130,000. The main religions are <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> (47%), <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (13%), other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual baptism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. </p><p>Adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> was 88.1% in 2004. Infant mortality in 2006 was 17 per 1,000 live births and life expectancy for men stood at 69 years, 74 years for women. The active workforce in 2006 was 57,695 and unemployment in 2004 was 12%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></div> <p>Before 1498, the island was called <i>Hairouna</i> by its indigenous inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> named the island Saint Vincent, since it is said to have been discovered on 22 January, the feast day of the patron saint of Lisbon and Valencia, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Vincent of Saragossa</a>. </p><p>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquistadors">conquistadors</a> embarked on slaving expeditions in and around St. Vincent following royal sanction in 1511, driving the inhabitants to the rugged interior, but the Spanish were not able to settle the island.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1500s Columbus and the conquistadors noted there was a significantly large African population living amongst the native population, whom they assumed had come from shipwrecked slave ships or escaped from <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> to seek refuge in St. Vincent. They were called "Black Caribs", but are now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna</a></i>. </p><p>The large population aggressively prevented European settlement on St. Vincent until the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colony">French colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: French colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Europeans to occupy St. Vincent were the French. However, following a series of wars and peace treaties, these islands were eventually ceded to the British. While the English were the first to lay claim to St. Vincent in 1627, the French, centred on the island of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, became the first Europeans to invade the island, establishing their first colony at <a href="/wiki/Barrouallie" title="Barrouallie">Barrouallie</a> on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African slaves were forced to cultivate coffee, tobacco, indigo, corn, and sugar on plantations operated by the French colonizers. Under French dominion, Saint Vincent was known as Ile Saint Marcouf.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Vincent was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a>, after which friction between the British and the natives led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Carib_War" title="First Carib War">First Carib War</a>. Upon taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Charlotte,_Saint_Vincent" title="Fort Charlotte, Saint Vincent">Fort Charlotte</a> which was completed in 1806. The island was <a href="/wiki/French_capture_of_Saint_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="French capture of Saint Vincent">reverted to French rule in 1779</a>, then regained by the British under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Versailles (1783)">Treaty of Versailles (1783)</a>. Between 1793 and 1796, the Black Caribs, led by their chief, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chatoyer" title="Joseph Chatoyer">Joseph Chatoyer</a>, fought a series of battles against the British. The combat ultimately ended in a treaty, after which 5,000 Garifuna were exiled to the smaller island of <a href="/wiki/Baliceaux" title="Baliceaux">Baliceaux</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Bequia" title="Bequia">Bequia</a>. Conflict between the British and the indigenous peoples continued until 1796, when General <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Carib_War" title="Second Carib War">ended a revolt</a> fomented by the radical <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugues" title="Victor Hugues">Victor Hugues</a>. The British deported more than 5,000 Black Caribs to <a href="/wiki/Roat%C3%A1n" title="Roatán">Roatán</a>, an island off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colony">British colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: British colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG/170px-A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG/255px-A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG/340px-A_Negro_Festival_drawn_from_Nature_in_the_Island_of_St_Vincent.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Engraving 'after Agostino Brunias' (ca 1801) entitled <i>A Negro Festival drawn from Nature in the Island of St Vincent</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, Greenwich</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1763 until independence, St. Vincent passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorized in 1776. The British abolished slavery in 1834. Like the French before them, the British made African slaves work plantations of sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa until full emancipation in 1838. The resulting labour shortages on the plantations attracted Portuguese immigrants, many of them of Jewish descent, in the 1840s, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbean">East Indians</a> in the 1860s as laborers. </p><p>After emancipation, the economy began a period of decline, with many landowners abandoning their estates and leaving the land to be cultivated by liberated slaves. Conditions remained harsh for both former slaves and immigrant agricultural workers, as depressed world sugar prices kept the economy stagnant until the turn of the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a> king <a href="/wiki/Jaja_of_Opobo" title="Jaja of Opobo">Jaja</a> was exiled to St. Vincent after his 1887 arrest by the British for shipping cargoes of <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> directly to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> without the intermediation of the <a href="/wiki/National_African_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National African Company">National African Company</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> government was installed in 1877, a Legislative Council created in 1925, and universal adult <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> granted in 1951. During this period, the British made several unsuccessful attempts to affiliate St. Vincent with other <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> in order to govern the region through a unified administration. The most notable was the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a>, which collapsed in 1962. Life on the island was made even harder following two eruptions of the <a href="/wiki/La_Soufriere_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soufriere (volcano)">La Soufriere</a> volcano in 1812 and 1902 when much of the island was destroyed and many people were killed. The volcano erupted again in 1979, with no fatalities, and in 2020–2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Eruption2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eruption2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-rule_and_independence">Self-rule and independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-rule and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. Vincent and the Grenadines was granted <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associate statehood status</a> by Britain on 27 October 1969, giving it complete control over its internal affairs. Following a referendum in 1979, St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain independence, on 27 October 1979, though it remains a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. It celebrates Independence Day every year on 27 October.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island of Saint Vincent is in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> chain; it is 29 kilometres (18 mi) long and 18 kilometres (11 mi) wide and it is located 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Barbados. </p><p>It is very mountainous and heavily forested. It has a 1,234-metre (4,049 ft) active volcano, <a href="/wiki/La_Soufri%C3%A8re_(volcano)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Soufrière (volcano)">La Soufriere</a>, which erupted violently in 1812 and 1902. The most recent eruption was on 9 April 2021, which resulted in the evacuation of 20,000 residents. </p><p>The island has a total surface area of 344 square kilometres (133 sq mi), or about 88% of the total country area, 19 times that of the country's second largest island <a href="/wiki/Bequia" title="Bequia">Bequia</a>. The coastline measures about 84 kilometres (52 mi). </p><p>The climate is tropical and humid, with an average temperature of between 18 and 31 °C (64 and 88 °F) depending on altitude. More than 95% of the beaches on the mainland have black sand, while most of the beaches in the Grenadines have white sand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For many years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> this sand was used in the building industry. During recent times, because of destruction to the coastal areas, the government has restricted the amount of sand that may be removed from beaches, as well as the specific beaches from which sand may be removed. The sand is still used in construction of metalled roads, as it blends in with the colour of the asphalt used for road construction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Parrot Reserve (Richmond Forest Reserve)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #B2E5CD;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> IV (habitat/species management area)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-lat="13.278333333333" data-lon="-61.183333333333" data-overlays="["_ceb48866ee071fafb97e39390f300c58ada07179"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/13.278333333333/-61.183333333333/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,13.278333333333,-61.183333333333,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Saint_Vincent_%28Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%29&revid=1231066769&groups=_ceb48866ee071fafb97e39390f300c58ada07179" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,13.278333333333,-61.183333333333,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Saint_Vincent_%28Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%29&revid=1231066769&groups=_ceb48866ee071fafb97e39390f300c58ada07179 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&params=13_16_42_N_61_11_00_W_type:landmark_dim:36km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°16′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">61°11′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.27833°N 61.18333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.27833; -61.18333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,171.2 km<sup>2</sup> (452.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/parrot-reserve-richmond-forest-reserve-wildlife-reserve">www<wbr />.protectedplanet<wbr />.net<wbr />/parrot-reserve-richmond-forest-reserve-wildlife-reserve</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Saint Vincent is home to <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> birds including the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antillean_Tanager" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Antillean Tanager">lesser Antillean Tanager</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Whistling_warbler" title="Whistling warbler">whistling warbler</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_amazon" title="Saint Vincent amazon">Saint Vincent amazon</a>. Some pockets of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforest</a> are left on the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> hills. Two species of reptile which are native to Saint Vincent are named for the island, <i><a href="/wiki/Chironius_vincenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chironius vincenti">Chironius vincenti</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerodactylus_vincenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphaerodactylus vincenti">Sphaerodactylus vincenti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_activity">Volcanic activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volcanic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 April 2021, the first <a href="/wiki/2021_eruption_of_La_Soufri%C3%A8re" title="2021 eruption of La Soufrière">2021 eruption of La Soufrière</a> occurred and another "explosive event" was reported two days later; eruptions were expected to continue for some time. Approximately 16,000 people were required to evacuate the area of their homes. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Gonsalves" title="Ralph Gonsalves">Ralph Gonsalves</a> made this comment to the news media: "water supplies to most of the island had been cut off and its airspace closed because of the smoke and thick plumes of volcanic ash moving through the atmosphere". An official added: "we are covered in ash and strong sulphur scents pervade the air ... take the necessary precautions to remain safe and healthy".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Cruise_Line" title="Carnival Cruise Line">Carnival Cruise Line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_International" title="Royal Caribbean International">Royal Caribbean International</a> sent five ships in total, with a capacity of 7,500, to assist with the evacuation. <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> dispatched a "humanitarian assistance and disaster response" mission to the island.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional "explosive events" occurred on 11 April<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 12 April. On that latter day, the volcano "continued to erupt explosively" and was generating "pyroclastic flows"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that were "destroying everything in its path".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_events">Popular culture events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Popular culture events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, Saint Vincent was one of the filming locations for the American adventure fantasy film <i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_The_Curse_of_the_Black_Pearl" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl">Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl</a></i>. Filming took place from October 2002 through to March 2003, and several hundreds of the local inhabitants were hired as cast members.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_institutions">Educational institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saint Vincent is home to a number of international accrediting medical schools: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints_University_School_of_Medicine" title="All Saints University School of Medicine">All Saints University School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_School_of_Medicine" title="Saint James School of Medicine">Saint James School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity School of Medicine">Trinity School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_University_of_St._Vincent_School_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American University of St. Vincent School of Medicine (page does not exist)">American University of St. Vincent School of Medicine</a></li></ol> <p>In addition to the international schools, Saint Vincent is home to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">local educational schools</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Windward_Islands_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Windward Islands Hurricane">1898 Windward Islands Hurricane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRogozinski1999" class="citation book cs1">Rogozinski, Jan (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/358"><i>A Brief History of the Caribbean</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0/page/358">358–359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2"><bdi>0-8160-3811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Caribbean&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=358-359&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8160-3811-2&rft.aulast=Rogozinski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofca00rogo_0%2Fpage%2F358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eruption2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eruption2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eruption2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2021" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, Martin (8 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/08/st-vincent-evacuation-volcano-la-soufriere">"St Vincent orders evacuations as volcanic eruption appears imminent"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=St+Vincent+orders+evacuations+as+volcanic+eruption+appears+imminent&rft.date=2021-04-08&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fapr%2F08%2Fst-vincent-evacuation-volcano-la-soufriere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indigenousreview.blogspot.com.au/#stash.9WFLBXgH.dpuf">"Review of the Indigenous Caribbean"</a>. <i>indigenousreview.blogspot.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indigenousreview.blogspot.com.au&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+Indigenous+Caribbean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findigenousreview.blogspot.com.au%2F%23stash.9WFLBXgH.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogozinski, January 2000. <i>A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak to the Present</i>. Plume, New York, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321165131/http://svgancestry.com/index.php/st-vincent-timeline">"st. Vincent Timeline"</a>. <i>St. Vincent Genealogy Resources</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svgancestry.com/index.php/st-vincent-timeline/">the original</a> on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Vincent+Genealogy+Resources&rft.atitle=st.+Vincent+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvgancestry.com%2Findex.php%2Fst-vincent-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoche2005" class="citation book cs1">Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). <i>Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, 1671 - 1870</i>. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-0-6"><bdi>978-2-9525917-0-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165892922">165892922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+b%C3%A2timents+de+la+flotte+de+guerre+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Colbert+%C3%A0+nos+jours%2C+1671+-+1870&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Group+Retozel-Maury+Millau&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165892922&rft.isbn=978-2-9525917-0-6&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span> (see entry for the frigate <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Junon_(1778)" title="French frigate Junon (1778)"><i>Junon</i></a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/independence-day">"Independence Day in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"</a>, timeanddate.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins; Michael Grayson (2011). <i>The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0135-5">978-1-4214-0135-5</a>. ("Vincent", p. 275).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-56707956">"St Vincent volcano: Power cuts after another 'explosive event'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Vincent+volcano%3A+Power+cuts+after+another+%27explosive+event%27&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-56707956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZitser2021" class="citation web cs1">Zitser, Joshua (11 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/another-explosive-event-at-st-vincent-volcano-has-left-the-island-struggling-with-power-outages-limited-water-supplies-and-blankets-of-ash/articleshow/82019276.cms">"Another 'explosive event' at St Vincent volcano has left the island struggling with power outages, limited water supplies, and blankets of ash"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Another+%27explosive+event%27+at+St+Vincent+volcano+has+left+the+island+struggling+with+power+outages%2C+limited+water+supplies%2C+and+blankets+of+ash&rft.date=2021-04-11&rft.aulast=Zitser&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.in%2Finternational%2Fnews%2Fanother-explosive-event-at-st-vincent-volcano-has-left-the-island-struggling-with-power-outages-limited-water-supplies-and-blankets-of-ash%2Farticleshow%2F82019276.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/11/st-vincent-volcano-la-soufriere-explosive-event-power-cuts">"St Vincent hit by power cuts after another 'explosive event'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=St+Vincent+hit+by+power+cuts+after+another+%27explosive+event%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fapr%2F11%2Fst-vincent-volcano-la-soufriere-explosive-event-power-cuts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzman2021" class="citation web cs1">Guzman, Joseph (12 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/resilience/natural-disasters/547668-another-volcano-eruption-rocks-st-vincent">"Another explosive volcano eruption rocks St. Vincent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Another+explosive+volcano+eruption+rocks+St.+Vincent&rft.date=2021-04-12&rft.aulast=Guzman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Fresilience%2Fnatural-disasters%2F547668-another-volcano-eruption-rocks-st-vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemetti2021" class="citation web cs1">Klemetti, Erik (12 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/more-and-larger-explosions-rock-st-vincent-as-la-soufriere-lets-loose">"More and Larger Explosions Rock St. Vincent as La Soufrière Lets Loose Pyroclastic Flows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover&rft.atitle=More+and+Larger+Explosions+Rock+St.+Vincent+as+La+Soufri%C3%A8re+Lets+Loose+Pyroclastic+Flows&rft.date=2021-04-12&rft.aulast=Klemetti&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fplanet-earth%2Fmore-and-larger-explosions-rock-st-vincent-as-la-soufriere-lets-loose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Dustin (12 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/04/12/986302206/from-bad-to-worse-la-soufriere-continues-to-erupt">"From Bad To Worse: La Soufrière Volcano Continues To Erupt"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=From+Bad+To+Worse%3A+La+Soufri%C3%A8re+Volcano+Continues+To+Erupt&rft.date=2021-04-12&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F04%2F12%2F986302206%2Ffrom-bad-to-worse-la-soufriere-continues-to-erupt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9omD19c2wkA">"The Making of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (1/4)"</a>. redmorgankidd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/9omD19c2wkA">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Pirates+of+the+Caribbean%3A+The+Curse+of+the+Black+Pearl+%281%2F4%29&rft.pub=redmorgankidd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9omD19c2wkA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Vincent+%28Saint+Vincent+and+the+Grenadines%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Vincent_(Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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