Floyer, Sir John (1649–1734), physician | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

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ico-summary js-summary-toggle phoneOnly" href="#"><span>Show Summary Details</span></a> <p></p> <p></p> <div class="entryContent"> <div class="cxs-content-root pattern-library-style-root"> <div class="cxs-style-root"> <div class="app-orr site-ODNB"> <div class="bodyCssRoot" id="contentBody"><footer class="pdf"><div class="pageNumber">Page <span class="pageCounter"></span> of <span class="totalPages"></span></div><div class="message"><p>Printed from Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice).</p><p>date: 03 March 2025</p></div></footer><div class="responsiveSkin ifp-doc-type-oxencycl-entry" data-release-version="2.2.12" data-product-code="ODNB" id="contentPanel"><div class="chunkHead"><div class="chunkHeadMain"><div class="headwordGroup"><h1 id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-headword-1" class="headword typePerson"><span class="name">Floyer, Sir John</span><img alt="free" class="availabilityMarker free" src="/cxs/img/free.svg"/></h1><div class="headwordInfo"><span class="ency">(<span class="date">1649–1734</span>)</span></div></div><div class="pdftitle"><div class="headwordGroup"><h1 id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-headword-1" class="headword typePerson"><span class="name">Floyer, Sir John</span><img alt="free" class="availabilityMarker free" src="/cxs/img/free.svg"/></h1><div class="headwordInfo"><span class="ency">(<span class="date">1649–1734</span>)</span></div></div></div><div class="creatorInfo"><ul><li data-role="author">D. D. Gibbs</li></ul></div></div><div class="chunkHeadMeta"><ul class="metadataFields"><li class="doi"><a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/9775">https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/9775</a></li><li class="printPubDate"><span class="label">Published in print: </span>23 September 2004</li><li class="onlinePubDate"><span class="label">Published online: </span>23 September 2004</li></ul></div></div><div class="chunkBody"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-section-d1450084e23" class="section main"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-div1-d1450084e24" class="contentDiv"><p class="ency"><span class="name subject-name">Floyer, Sir John</span> (<span class="date">1649–1734</span>), <span class="ency"><span class="occupation">physician</span></span>, was born on 3 March 1649 at Hints Hall, Staffordshire, the third child of <span class="name">Richard Floyer (1603–1679)</span>, barrister of the Inner Temple, and his second wife, <span class="name">Elizabeth (1618–1680)</span>, daughter of <span class="name">William Babington</span> of Curborough, near Lichfield. His grandfather <span class="name">Ralph Floyer</span>, descended from a mercer of Stafford, acquired the manor house and estate, Hints Hall, in the village of Hints, in 1601. The Staffordshire <span class="name">Floyers</span> were probably an offshoot of the <span class="name">Floyer</span> family long established at Floyer Hayes near Exeter, but the link remains to be proved. <span class="name">John Floyer</span> is likely to have received his early education from a tutor, along with his elder brother; his two younger brothers attended the grammar school in Tamworth. At the age of fifteen he matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, and was '<span class="inlineQuote">entered on the physic line</span>'. He became BA (1668), MA (1670), BM (1674), and DM (8 July 1680). For his doctorate he responded to three questions relating to digestion, arguing in the affirmative that food was dissolved in the stomach by fermentation.</p><p>By 1675 <span class="name">Floyer</span> was living in Lichfield, the city with which he remained closely identified and where he practised as a physician for over half a century. In April 1680 he married <span class="name">Mary</span>, widow of <span class="name">Arthur Fleetwood</span>, and daughter of <span class="name">Sir Henry Archbold</span>, chancellor of the diocese of Lichfield; with her he had two sons. By his marriage he became connected to <span class="name">Lord Dartmouth</span>, to whom he dedicated his first book. His second wife, whom he married on 15 June 1706, was surnamed <span class="name">Whitehall</span>. <span class="name">Floyer</span> was knighted on 24 January 1684 by <span class="name">Charles II</span>, for local political services. In 1686 he was among the party which welcomed <span class="name">James II</span> to Lichfield, and in the same year he was appointed justice of the peace. It was <span class="name">Floyer</span> who recommended that <span class="name">Michael and Sarah Johnson</span> should take their ailing infant son, <span class="name">Sam</span>, to London to be touched by <span class="name">Queen Anne</span> for the '<span class="inlineQuote">evil</span>'. <span class="name">Michael Johnson</span> published four of <span class="name">Floyer's</span> books. <span class="name">Dr Samuel Johnson</span>, <span class="name">Floyer's</span> former patient, recalled many years later that, though a sufferer from asthma, <span class="name">Floyer</span> '<span class="inlineQuote">panted on to ninety</span>'.</p><p>During <span class="name">Floyer's</span> years of residence in Oxford, much was happening '<span class="inlineQuote">to infuse life into the dry bones of <span class="name">Galen</span> and <span class="name">Hippocrates</span></span>' (<span class="bibItem" id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e202"><span class="name">Gunn</span></span>), so that his youthful curiosity was heightened by the discoveries and ideas of '<span class="inlineQuote">Oxonian sparkles</span>' (<span class="bibItem" id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e215"><span class="name">Sinclair</span>, 378</span>), such as <span class="name">Robert Boyle</span>, <span class="name">John Locke</span>, and <span class="name">John Mayow</span>. <span class="name">Floyer</span> took with him into the life of a practising physician a spirit of research and enquiry, while at the same time retaining the highest respect for the ancients. In his first book, <span class="work"><em>The Touchstone of Medicines</em></span> (2 vols., 1687–90), his declared purpose was to classify medicines for their usefulness in different conditions, according to their tastes and smells. His next work, concerning the animal humours, was an attempt to reinterpret Galenic notions in the context of new discoveries. <span class="name">Floyer</span> then played an important role in stimulating public interest in wells and waters, enthusiasm for which had been growing since the Restoration. He was not averse to the therapeutic use of temperate and warm baths on occasions, but his special predilection was for cold-water bathing. To provide local facilities, he persuaded '<span class="inlineQuote">worthy and obliging</span>' gentlemen of Lichfield to contribute towards the construction of cold baths at Abnalls, <span class="measurement">a mile</span> from the city, where he had found by thermometer readings that the spring water was the coldest in the district. St Chad's baths became the prototype for other small bathing spas. Underlying the promotion of cold-water bathing was a concern that, because of the growing popularity of tea, coffee, and other importations from hot countries, body-warming processes were becoming more common. <span class="name">Floyer's</span> <span class="work"><em>The ancient <span>Psychrolousia</span>‎ revived, or, An essay to prove cold bathing both safe and useful</em></span> (1702), which reached six editions, was the most published of his works.</p><p>In his preface to <span class="work"><em>A Treatise of the Asthma</em></span> (1698) <span class="name">Floyer</span> mentioned that he had:</p><blockquote class="prosequote"><div class="quoteBody"><p>suffered under the tyranny of the asthma at least thirty years … and since I have made many trials for the relieving and the preventing of the fits … I design to relate what I have found useful both to myself and others.</p></div><div class="source"><span class="bibItem" id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e294">3rd edn, 1745, 2</span></div></blockquote><p>As a result of observations on himself and on his patients, he was able to define bronchial asthma sufficiently to separate the condition from other pulmonary disorders, to deduce that constriction resulting from muscular contraction in the walls of bronchi was the likely mechanism, and to recognize numerous factors which could initiate or exacerbate attacks in individual sufferers. In a postscript <span class="name">Floyer</span> described the dissection of a broken-winded mare, noting the analogy of the condition with human emphysema; he observed '<span class="inlineQuote">the rupture or dilation of the lungs, by which the air is too much retained in the bladders (of the lungs) or their intersticies</span>' (<span class="bibItem" id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e307">203</span>). The originality and validity of many of <span class="name">Floyer's</span> observations on asthma later tended to be underestimated, conveyed as they were in the idiom of Galenic medicine.</p><p>The significance of <span class="name">Floyer's</span> <span class="work"><em>The Physician's Pulse Watch</em></span> (2 vols., 1707–10) lies in his insistence on the value of accurate measurement of pulse rates, so that '<span class="inlineQuote">we may know the natural pulse and the excesses and defects from this in diseases</span>' (<span class="bibItem" id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e326"><em>The Physician's Pulse Watch</em>, 1, 1707, 23</span>). Pulse-timing became a routine procedure for <span class="name">Floyer</span>, and enabled him to make scores of observations, in which he endeavoured to establish relationships between pulse rates and other measurements, such as the rate of respiration, temperature, and barometric readings, age, sex, and season, and even the latitude where readings were taken. To begin with his timing device was the minute hand of a pendulum clock or a sea-minute glass. He then commissioned <span class="name">Samuel Watson</span>, a clockmaker in Coventry, to make a watch for the purpose of timing the pulse. The physician's pulse watch, the first instrument designed for bedside clinical measurement, incorporated a second hand, as well as a lever for stopping the mechanism. Though most of his search for the clinical relevance of pulse-timing proved futile, in <span class="name">Haller's</span> words, <span class="name">Floyer</span> introduced a practice which is now universal. He also produced some of the first reports made in English concerning Chinese pulse lore and acupuncture, news of which had recently been conveyed to the west by Jesuit missionaries.</p><p>In his later years <span class="name">Floyer's</span> involvement in medical subjects declined, in favour of theological enquiries and commentaries, particularly those concerning prophecies. These included <span class="work"><em>The Sibylline Oracles, Translated from the Greek</em></span> (1713), <span class="work"><em>Two Essays on the Creation and on the Mosaic System</em></span> (1717), and <span class="work"><em>An Exposition of the Revelations</em></span> (1719). He returned to medical topics with his <span class="work"><em>Medicina gerocomica, or, The Galenic Art of Preserving Old Men's Healths</em></span> (1724). On the last page of this book he listed the manuscripts he had deposited in the library of Queen's College. The most interesting of these is <span class="work">'Advice to a young physician'</span>, written for a grandson, in which he gave his recommendations on the education, conduct, and practice of a physician. When <span class="name">Floyer</span> was aged over eighty, a friend wrote that he remained '<span class="inlineQuote">of a happy temper, not to be moved by what he cannot remedy</span>' (<span class="bibItem" id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e383"><span class="name">Wilmot</span>, 282</span>). He died in Lichfield on 31 January 1734 and was buried on 1 February within the shadow of Lichfield Cathedral; no memorial remains.</p></div></div></div><div class="chunkFoot"><div class="chunkFootSection"></div><div class="chunkFootSection"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-section-d1450084e408" class="section sources"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-div1-d1450084e408" class="contentDiv"><h3 class="divTitle div1Title">Sources</h3><div class="bibList"><ul><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e409" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">J. A. Gunn, ‘British masters of medicine: Sir John Floyer, 1649–1734’, <em>Medical Press and Circular</em> (3 Oct 1934), 297–9</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e436" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">L. Lindsay, ‘Sir John Floyer (1649–1734)’, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine</em>, 44 (1951), 43–8</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e466" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">D. D. Gibbs, ‘Sir John Floyer (1649–1734)’, <a data-glossaryid="odnb-9780198614128-miscMatter-1-abbrevExpansion-754" data-placement="top" data-toggle="popover" class="glossaryEntry"><em>BMJ</em></a> (25 Jan 1969), 242–5</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e494" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">D. D. Gibbs, ‘The physician's pulse watch’, <em>Medical History</em>, 15 (1971), 187–90</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e524" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">D. D. Gibbs, ‘Recommendations of Sir John Floyer on the education of a physician’, <em>Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of the History of Medicine</em>, 1 (1972), 367–70</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e555" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">G. L. Townsend, ‘Sir John Floyer (1649–1734) and his study of pulse and respiration’, <em>Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences</em>, 22 (1967), 286–316</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e585" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">G. L. Townsend, ‘Sir John Floyer (1649–1734) and the discovery of pulmonary emphysema’, <em>Mayo Clinic Proceedings</em>, 44 (1969), 484–8</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e615" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">A. W. Franklin, ‘Clinical medicine’, <em>Medicine in seventeenth century England</em>: <em>a symposium held … in honor of C. D. O’Malley</em> [Berkeley 1974], ed. A. G. Debus (1974), 113–45</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e657" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">A. Sakula, ‘Sir John Floyer's <em>A treatise of the asthma</em> (1698)’, <em>Thorax</em>, 39 (1984), 248–54</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e690" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">A. Sakula, ‘A history of asthma’, <em>Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London</em>, 22 (1988), 36–44</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e720" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">P. Hembry, ‘Cold–bathing at the minor spas’, <em>The English spa, 1560–1815</em><em>: a social history</em> (1990), 159–78</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e752" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">B. Szczesniak, ‘John Floyer and Chinese medicine’, <em>Osiris</em>, 11 (1954), 127–56</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e782" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">J. Rosenbloom, ‘The history of pulse timing with some remarks on Sir John Floyer and his physician's pulse watch’, <em>Annals of Medical History</em>, 4 (1922), 97–9</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e812" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">D. E. Bedford, ‘The ancient art of feeling the pulse’, <em>British Heart Journal</em>, 13 (1951), 423–37</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e842" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">J. Wilmot, <em>The life of the Rev. John Hough, DD</em> (1812), 282</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e865" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent"><em>A catalogue of all graduates … in the University of Oxford, between … 1659 and … 1850</em> (1851)</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e876" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">H. M. Sinclair, ‘Oxford medicine’, <em>Medicine in seventeenth century England</em>: <em>a symposium held … in honor of C. D. O’Malley</em> [Berkeley 1974], ed. A. G. Debus (1974), 371–91</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e918" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">M. Jenner, ‘Bathing and baptism: Sir John Floyer and the politics of cold bathing’, <em>Refiguring revolutions</em><em>: aesthetics and politics from the English Revolution to the Romantic Revolution</em>, ed. K. Sharpe and S. N. Zwicker (1998), 197–216</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e968" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">A. Hamilton, <em>The apocryphal apocalypse</em><em>: the reception of the second book of Esdras (4 Ezdra) from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment</em> (1999), 279–84</div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="chunkFootSection"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-section-d1450084e994" class="section archives"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-div1-d1450084e994" class="contentDiv"><h3 class="divTitle div1Title">Archives</h3><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-div2-1" class="contentDiv"><div class="bibList"><ul><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e996" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">Lichfield Cathedral Library</div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e1000" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">Queen's College, Oxford, medical notes</div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="chunkFootSection"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-section-d1450084e1013" class="section likenesses"><div id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-div1-d1450084e1013" class="contentDiv"><h3 class="divTitle div1Title">Likenesses</h3><div class="bibList"><ul><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e1015" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">C. E. Stringer, pen-and-ink sketch, <a data-glossaryid="odnb-9780198614128-miscMatter-1-abbrevExpansion-1484" data-placement="top" data-toggle="popover" class="glossaryEntry">Bodl. Oxf.</a></div></li><li id="odnb-9780198614128-e-9775-bibItem-d1450084e1029" class="bibItem"><div class="bibItemContent">portrait, <a data-glossaryid="odnb-9780198614128-miscMatter-1-abbrevExpansion-2380" data-placement="top" data-toggle="popover" class="glossaryEntry">priv. coll.</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="chunkFootSection archiveEdition"><div class="contentDiv"><p><a href="/doi/10.1093/odnb/9780192683120.013.9775">View the article for this person in the Dictionary of National Biography archive edition</a>.</p></div></div><div class="chunkFootSection chunkLinks"><div id="Externalresources" class="contentDiv"><h4 class="divTitle div2Title">External resources</h4><ul><li><a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://cpps.brepolis.net/bbih/incoming.cfm?odnb_id=9775">Bibliography of British and Irish history</a></li><li><a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F62699">National Archives</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footerWrap"> <div id="footer"> <div id="footerAccounts"> <a referrer="origin-when-cross-origin" target="_blank" href="http://www.oup.com/" id="footerPublisher"> <span>Oxford University Press</span> </a> </div> <div id="footerDetail"> <div id="footerCopyright"> Copyright © Oxford University Press <link media="screen" type="text/css" href="/fileasset/styles/oup-overrides.css" rel="stylesheet"><link media="screen" type="text/css" href="/fileasset/styles/odnb-overrides-lotd.css" rel="stylesheet"> 2025. </div> <div id="printFooterCopyright"> <p>Printed from Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 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Floyer, Sir John (1649–1734), physician | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography