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Alan Kotok - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts_Institut_of_Technology_i_el_grup_S&P" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts_Institut_of_Technology_i_el_grup_S&P"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Massachusetts Institut of Technology i el grup S&P</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts_Institut_of_Technology_i_el_grup_S&P-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joc_d'escacs_i_intel·ligència_artificial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joc_d'escacs_i_intel·ligència_artificial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Joc d'escacs i intel·ligència artificial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joc_d'escacs_i_intel·ligència_artificial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TX-0_i_Spacewar!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TX-0_i_Spacewar!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>TX-0 i <i>Spacewar!</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TX-0_i_Spacewar!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_Equipment_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Equipment_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Digital Equipment Corporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Equipment_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alan Kotok</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 10 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83" title="الان كوتوك - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الان كوتوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9" title="آلن کوتوک - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلن کوتوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Alan Kotok - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alan Kotok" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Alan Kotok - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alan Kotok" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Alan Kotok - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alan Kotok" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Alan Kotok - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alan Kotok" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="アラン・コトック - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラン・コトック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%EC%BD%94%ED%86%A1" title="앨런 코톡 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨런 코톡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Alan Kotok - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alan Kotok" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Alan Kotok - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alan Kotok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kotok" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Alan_Kotok&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kotok"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kotok"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Alan_Kotok" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Alan_Kotok" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&oldid=33371217" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Alan_Kotok&id=33371217&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlan_Kotok"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlan_Kotok"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Alan+Kotok"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alan_Kotok&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alan_Kotok" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q92925" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33733479">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titleclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle_pharaon{color:#202122;background-color:#f1f1de}.mw-parser-output .infobox_aboveclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox_belowstyle{border-top:#aaa 1px solid;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{color:#202122;background-color:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}.mw-parser-output .infobox_center_BG{text-align:center;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_coa{padding-top:0.3em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#3C7790}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}</style> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titleclass" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula persona"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula persona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Alan Kotok</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33606766">.mw-parser-output .img_toogle ul{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;font-size:70%}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .img_toogle_caption{font-size:100%;font-style:normal;text-align:center;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px}</style><div class="img_toogle"> <div class="geobox"><table style="width:auto; margin:auto; border:none; border-spacing:0; padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0; text-align:center;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imatge"><img alt="Imatge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg/300px-Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg/450px-Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg/600px-Alan_Kotok_by_r12a.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="img_toogle_caption">Kotok en una conferència a Boston (2004) (2004) <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">9 novembre 1941 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Filad%C3%A8lfia" title="Filadèlfia">Filadèlfia (Pennsilvània)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">26 maig 2006 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (64 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)">Cambridge (Massachusetts)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Causa de mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Infart_de_miocardi" title="Infart de miocardi">infart de miocardi</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P509" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Residència</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark University">Clark University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Es coneix per</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escacs_per_ordinador" title="Escacs per ordinador">Escacs per ordinador</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Enginyer" title="Enginyer">enginyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A0tic_te%C3%B2ric" title="Informàtic teòric">informàtic</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Organització</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Obra</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Localització dels arxius</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Museu d'Història de l'Ordinador</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P485" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Família</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cònjuge</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">Judith Kotok <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#P26" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alan Kotok</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filad%C3%A8lfia" title="Filadèlfia">Filadèlfia</a>, <a href="/wiki/26_de_maig" title="26 de maig">26 de maig</a> del <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/9_de_novembre" title="9 de novembre">9 de novembre</a> de <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>) fou un científic <a href="/wiki/Estatunidenc" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatunidenc">estatunidenc</a> especialitzat en programació d'ordinadors conegut com un dels primers <i><a href="/wiki/Furoner" title="Furoner">furoners</a></i> de la història, juntament amb <a href="/wiki/Peter_Samson" title="Peter Samson">Peter Samson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell" title="Steve Russell">Steve Russell</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Saunders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Saunders (encara no existeix)">Bob Saunders</a> entre altres. </p><p>Va destacar sobretot pel seu treball a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> i a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. Anteriorment, ja havia contribuït en el desenvolupament del primer programa de joc d'escacs per ordinadors, co-inventat el primer videojoc de la història, <i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i>, i participat en el desenvolupament dels primers manuals de programació. </p><p>Va morir el 2006 d'un <a href="/wiki/Atac_de_cor" class="mw-redirect" title="Atac de cor">atac de cor</a> a casa seva a Cambridge. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precedents">Precedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Precedents"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kotok va créixer a <a href="/wiki/Vineland_(Nova_Jersey)" title="Vineland (Nova Jersey)">Vineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Jersey" title="Nova Jersey">Nova Jersey</a>, fill únic d'una família benestant. Ben aviat va començar a demostrar que la seva intel·ligència superava la mitjana. A l'edat de tres anys, els seus pares recorden que va arrancar de la paret un endoll amb un tornavís, fent saltar espurnes i causant un curtcircuit. Als sis anys, jugava a construir i cablejar llums. A l'institut de Vineland el van avançar dos cursos per adequar Kotok a la seva capacitat i rendiment. En els seus darrers anys d'institut, va tenir l'oportunitat de veure per primer cop un ordinador –en una època on gairebé ningú havia vist mai un ordinador, i encara menys fet servir un– en una excursió al <i>Mobil Research Lab</i> i va quedar tan fascinat que va ser llavors quan va decidir entrar al <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Massachusetts_Institut_of_Technology_i_el_grup_S&P"><span id="Massachusetts_Institut_of_Technology_i_el_grup_S.26P"></span>Massachusetts Institut of Technology i el grup S&P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Massachusetts Institut of Technology i el grup S&P"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amb 16 anys, el 1958, va ingressar al MIT, on hi estudiaria i experimentaria fins al 1962. </p><p>El MIT era el lloc on tots els adolescents fanàtics de la ciència i la tecnologia –com Samon, Kotok i molts altres– aspiraven a ingressar. Tots els <i>nerds</i>, que rebatien als professors de matemàtiques, suspenien educació física, construïen màquines diverses per afició i que somniaven en entrar a la competició general d'electrònica, acabaven trobant-se al MIT. </p><p>Kotok i altes personatges il·lustres del món de la programació com Peter Samson, Steve Russell o Bob Saunders es van conèixer concretament al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tech_Model_Railroad_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tech Model Railroad Club (encara no existeix)">Tech Model Railroad Club</a> (TMRC), un grup d'universitaris amants dels <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril" title="Ferrocarril">ferrocarrils</a>. Aquest club estava subdividit en dos: els més interessats en els trens, i els més interessats en els sistemes elèctrics utilitzats, concentrats en el <i>Signals and Power Subcommittee</i> (S&P), on es trobaven Kotok i els altes esmentats i que va acabar sent una mena de laboratori d'intel·ligència artificial. Aquests darrers treballaven en un sofisticat sistema de telefonia que permetia controlar molts trens a l'hora. Havia estat donat al MIT i els membres del S&P es passaven hores, nits i dies modificant-lo, millorant-lo, experimentant i incrementant la seva complexitat. Durant el seu primer any, Alan Kotok es va guanyar la reputació de ser un dels membres més capaços de l'S&P. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joc_d'escacs_i_intel·ligència_artificial"><span id="Joc_d.27escacs_i_intel.C2.B7lig.C3.A8ncia_artificial"></span>Joc d'escacs i intel·ligència artificial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Joc d'escacs i intel·ligència artificial"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alan Kotok va desenvolupar la màquina que jugava a escacs, coneguda com a <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>, i més tard vindria la <a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM 709 (encara no existeix)">709</a> i la <a href="/wiki/IBM_7090" title="IBM 7090">7090</a>. La intel·ligència artificial aplicada en aquest cas a fer que un ordinador aconseguís jugar a escacs com si portés 100 jugades d'experiència, és a dir, prou bé com per derrotar un aficionat, va ser la tesina de Kotok (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotok-McCarthy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotok-McCarthy (encara no existeix)">Kotok-McCarthy</a>). És si més no curiós que Kotok no va ser mai un gran jugador d'escacs. </p><p>El programa d'escacs de Kotok fins i tot va arribar a competir, durant la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_Freda" title="Guerra Freda">Guerra Freda</a>, amb el millor programa rus en una partida entre ordinadors, tot i que va perdre l'oponent estatunidenc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="TX-0_i_Spacewar!"><span id="TX-0_i_Spacewar.21"></span>TX-0 i <i>Spacewar!</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: TX-0 i Spacewar!"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'ordinador <a href="/w/index.php?title=TX-0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TX-0 (encara no existeix)">TX-0</a> va ser la base sobre la qual l'equip S&P va treballar en la seva programació. Va ser una facilitat històrica per a la recerca. Utilitzava transistors de la mida d'un dit en comptes del marc inescrutable de tubs que era la 704. </p><p>Els estudiants del S&P feien torns nocturns per vigilar si algú faltava a les hores assignades per fer servir el TX-0 –que es trobava en una habitació del MIT, en funcionament les 24 hores– i poder accedir-hi ells. </p><p>El joc <i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i> és de concepció simple, però exigia una gran complicació tècnica que ja va agradar als S&P, perquè els va donar l'oportunitat de poder millorar el <a href="/wiki/Programari" title="Programari">programari</a> del TX-0 per poder programar-hi el joc. <i>Spacewar!</i> estava essencialment resolt a les alçades d'abril del 1962 i l'estiu d'aquell mateix any, Alan Kotok va marxar del MIT per treballar a la Digital Equipment Corporation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_Equipment_Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Digital Equipment Corporation"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alan Kotok va treballar a la <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> des del 1962 fins al 1996 i va arribar a ocupar alts càrrecs d'enginyeria dins l'empresa. Ell pensava que acabaria fent programació, no creia que acabaria dissenyant <a href="/wiki/Maquinari" title="Maquinari">maquinari</a>, però l'oportunitat va aparèixer i va acceptar. Només va arribar a fer un projecte de software, perquè ràpidament es va centrar en l'equip de hardware de la DEC. </p><p>Va contribuir en el disseny lògic del <a href="/wiki/PDP-4" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-4">PDP-4</a> (<i>Programmed Data Processor-4</i>), el model d'ordinador que desenvolupava la <i>Digital</i>, al qual va seguir el model <a href="/wiki/PDP-5" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-5">PDP-5</a> i el <a href="/wiki/PDP-6" class="mw-redirect" title="PDP-6">PDP-6</a>. El PDP-6 va ser el primer ordinador comercial que podia treballar en xarxa en tot el món, dissenyat entre 1963 i 1964 i comprat pel govern australià, i que seria bàsicament un prototip eficient del posterior <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>, model que llançaria a la fama la Digital Equipment Corporation i el mateix Kotok. </p><p>Al llarg de la seva carrera a la DEC, Kotok va aconseguir molts èxits com a principal arquitecte i dissenyador de nombroses generacions de PDP-10, els processadors <a href="/wiki/DECsystem-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DECsystem-10">DECsystem-10</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=DECsystem-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DECsystem-20 (encara no existeix)">DECsystem-20</a>. També va introduir al mercat el 1984 el <a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX_8000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX 8000 (encara no existeix)">VAX 8600</a>, conegut com a <i>Venus</i>, que seria l'ordinador més potent de la història digital fins al moment, amb un temps d'operació 4.2 vegades més ràpid que l'estàndard en aquell temps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)"><span id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_.28W3C.29"></span>World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alan Kotok va saber endevinar el gran potencial que tenia el Web i va ajudar a fundar el <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> mentre treballava a la DEC. </p><p>El 1994, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>, qui el 2008 anunciaria la <i><a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_World_Wide_Web" title="Fundació World Wide Web">World Wide Web Foundation</a></i>, va començar a planejar la fundació d'una nova organització al MIT, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (encara no existeix)">MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</a>. Aquell mateix any, Kotok, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Fink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Fink (encara no existeix)">Steve Fink</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gail_Grant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gail Grant (encara no existeix)">Gail Grant</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Reid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Reid (encara no existeix)">Brian Reid</a>, tots de la <i>Digital</i>, van viatjar al <a href="/wiki/CERN" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN">CERN</a> per reunir-se amb Berners-Lee i parlar de la necessitat de coordinar el desenvolupament del Web. Kotok va ser una peça clau per integrar <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> i les tecnologies basades en el Web. </p><p>Kotok va ser nomenat president associat de la W3C el 1997, on va desenvolupar diverses tasques fonamentals per l'avenç de la W3C, com la de conseller adjunt. A més, va continuar fent recerca com a científic al <i>MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kotok&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alan_Kotok" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alan Kotok"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alan_Kotok" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alan Kotok"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Categoria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92925?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kotok.org/">Lloc web oficial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030060435/http://www.kotok.org/">Arxivat</a> 2016-10-30 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/projects/chess/related_materials/oral-history/kotok.oral_history.2005.102630478/kotok.oral_history_transcript.2005.102630478.pdf"><i>Oral History of Alan Kotok</i></a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33780657">.mw-parser-output .linkformat{position:relative;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:0.85em;font-weight:bold;cursor:default;color:#808080;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .linkformat{background-color:inherit;color:#009400}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .linkformat{background-color:inherit;color:#009400}}</style><span class="linkformat" title="És PDF"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDF_icon_bold.svg/14px-PDF_icon_bold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDF_icon_bold.svg/21px-PDF_icon_bold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/PDF_icon_bold.svg/28px-PDF_icon_bold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></span></span> PDF</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=mShXzzKtpmEC&pg=PR11&lpg=PR11&dq=hackers+who%27s+who+and+their+machines&source=bl&ots=UK3foGAAEi&sig=PMz1MAExnTGtTJsszK8x76xk_Nw&hl=ca&ei=blgcTdSqF4Wl8QPk4oSeBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false">Llibres</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/cva/v1n1/spacewar.php">L'origen de <i>Spacewar!</i></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></li></ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐55db797859‐glkzh Cached time: 20241218043118 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.249 seconds Real time usage: 1.521 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9592/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 46519/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 15942/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 4154/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.867/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3554716/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 8/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1361.494 1 -total 94.04% 1280.395 1 Plantilla:Infotaula_persona 72.90% 992.550 1 Plantilla:Infobox_person 70.23% 956.235 1 Plantilla:Infobox_person/formatglobal 69.36% 944.297 1 Plantilla:InfoboxFrame 33.14% 451.265 30 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