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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient Mesopotamian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="علم الشياطين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الشياطين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologiya" title="Demonologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Demonologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демонология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Демонология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologia" title="Demonologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Demonologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9monologie" title="Démonologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Démonologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6monologi" title="Dæmonologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dæmonologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4monologie" title="Dämonologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dämonologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonoloogia" title="Demonoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Demonoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonolog%C3%ADa" title="Demonología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demonología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologio" title="Demonologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Demonologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologia" title="Demonologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Demonologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دیوشناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9monologie" title="Démonologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démonologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%A7%88%ED%95%99" title="악마학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악마학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դիվաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="डेमेनोलॉजी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डेमेनोलॉजी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologija" title="Demonologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Demonologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologi" title="Demonologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demonologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologia" title="Demonologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Demonologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="דמונולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמונולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დემონოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დემონოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демонология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Демонология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemonologia" title="Daemonologia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daemonologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologija" title="Demonologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Demonologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9monol%C3%B3gia" title="Démonológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Démonológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem%C3%B4n%C3%B4l%C3%B4jia" title="Demônôlôjia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Demônôlôjia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologie" title="Demonologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Demonologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E9%AD%94%E5%AD%A6" title="悪魔学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪魔学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologi" title="Demonologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Demonologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologiya" title="Demonologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Demonologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologia" title="Demonologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demonologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologia" title="Demonologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demonologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologie" title="Demonologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Demonologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Демонология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Демонология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologjia" title="Demonologjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Demonologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Demonology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9monol%C3%B3gia" title="Démonológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Démonológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Демонологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Демонологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologija" title="Demonologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Demonologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologia" title="Demonologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Demonologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonologi" title="Demonologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Demonologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="มารวิทยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มารวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonoloji" title="Demonoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demonoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Демонологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Демонологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%B7_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Quỷ học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quỷ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonolohiya" title="Demonolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Demonolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC%E5%AD%A6" title="魔鬼学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魔鬼学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q323996#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of demons or beliefs about demons</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the dissertation by King James, see <a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Demonology_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Demonology (disambiguation)">Demonology (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" 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perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Demonology</b> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> within <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">religious belief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>. Depending on context, it can refer to studies within <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, religious <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a>. In many faiths, it concerns the study of a <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">hierarchy of demons</a>. Demons may be nonhuman separable <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>, or discarnate spirits which have never inhabited a body. A sharp distinction is often drawn between these two classes, notably by the <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>, several African groups, and others. The <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>, for example, are not reducible to modified human souls. At the same time these classes are frequently conceived as producing identical results, e.g. diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-E1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DDD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_of_demons">Prevalence of demons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence of demons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachtmahr_(Abildgaard).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nachtmahr_%28Abildgaard%29.jpg/250px-Nachtmahr_%28Abildgaard%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nachtmahr_%28Abildgaard%29.jpg/375px-Nachtmahr_%28Abildgaard%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nachtmahr_%28Abildgaard%29.jpg/500px-Nachtmahr_%28Abildgaard%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare" title="The Nightmare">Nightmare</a>", 1800, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Abraham_Abildgaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard">Nikolaj Abraham Abildgaard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some religions, all the affairs of the universe are supposed to be under the control of spirits, each ruling a certain "<a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">element</a>" or even object, and themselves in subjection to a greater spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> are said to believe in spirits of the sea, earth and sky, the winds, the clouds, and everything in nature. Every cove of the seashore, every point, every island and prominent rock has its guardian spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-E1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are potentially of the malignant type, to be propitiated by an appeal to knowledge of the supernatural.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> belief posits that countless demons inhabit the natural world; they fill household objects and are present in all locations. By the thousands, they accompany travellers, seeking them out from their places in the elements.<sup id="cite_ref-E1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry of Tyre</a> (who claimed influence from <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">fathers of the Christian Church</a>, held that the world was pervaded with spirits,<sup id="cite_ref-E1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter of whom advanced the belief that demons received the worship directed at pagan gods.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characterization_of_spirits">Characterization of spirits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characterization of spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all spirits across all cultures are considered malevolent. In <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mpongwe_people" title="Mpongwe people">Mpongwe</a> believe in local spirits, just as the Inuit do; but they are regarded as inoffensive in the main. Passers-by must make some nominal offering as they near the spirits' residence. The occasional mischievous act, such as the throwing down of a tree on a passer-by, is believed by the natives to be perpetuated by the class of spirits known as <i>Ombuiri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-E1911_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many spirits, especially those regarding natural processes, are often considered neutral or benevolent; ancient European peasant fears of the <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_deity" title="Vegetation deity">corn-spirit</a> would crop up during irritation, as a result of the farmer infringing on the domain of said spirit, and taking his property by cutting the corn;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly, there is no reason why the less significant <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> should be regarded as malevolent, and historical evidence has shown that the Petara of the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dyaks</a> are viewed as invisible guardians of mankind rather than hostile malefactors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">Classification of demons</a></div> <p>Demons are generally classified as spirits which are believed to enter into relations with the human race. As such the term includes: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> tradition that <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">fell from grace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DDD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>malevolent <a href="/wiki/Genie" class="mw-redirect" title="Genie">genii</a> or <a href="/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">familiars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>such as receive a <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-DDD_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a> or other malevolent <a href="/wiki/Revenant_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenant (folklore)">revenants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Excluded are souls conceived as inhabiting another world. Yet just as gods are not necessarily spiritual, demons may also be regarded as corporeal; <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a> for example are sometimes described as human heads with appended entrails, which issue from the tomb to attack the living during the night watches. The <a href="/wiki/Incubus_(demon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubus (demon)">incubi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">succubi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> are sometimes regarded as spiritual beings; but they were held to give proof of their bodily existence,<sup id="cite_ref-E1911_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as offspring (though often deformed).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belief in demons goes back many millennia. The <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> faith teaches that there are 3,333 Demons, some with specific dark responsibilities such as war, starvation, sickness, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient Mesopotamian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Ancient Mesopotamian underworld</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/290px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/435px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg/580px-Dumuzi_aux_enfers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> impression showing the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> being tortured in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">underworld</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a></i> demons</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mesopotamians">ancient Mesopotamians</a> believed that the underworld (Kur) was home to many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld#Demons" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">demons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are sometimes referred to as "offspring of <i>arali</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These demons could sometimes leave <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">the underworld</a> and terrorize mortals on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One class of demons that were believed to reside in the underworld were known as <i><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">galla</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their primary purpose appears to have been to drag unfortunate mortals back to Kur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are frequently referenced in magical texts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some texts describe them as being seven in number.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several extant poems describe the <i>galla</i> dragging the god <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a> into the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other demons, however, <i>galla</i> could also be benevolent<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in a hymn from King <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2144 – 2124 BC), a minor god named Ig-alima is described as "the great <i>galla</i> of <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demons had no <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian religious">Mesopotamian religious</a> practice since demons "know no food, know no drink, eat no flour offering and drink no <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Michelangelo_Buonarroti_-_The_Torment_of_Saint_Anthony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="4104" /></a><figcaption><i>The Torment of Saint Anthony</i> (1488) by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Anthony_the_Great" title="Anthony the Great">Saint Anthony</a> being assailed by demons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_(582x800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_%28582x800%29.jpg/220px-Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_%28582x800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_%28582x800%29.jpg/330px-Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_%28582x800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_%28582x800%29.jpg/440px-Man_with_7_Devils_from_book_of_7_Deadly_Sins_%28582x800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Man being attacked by the 7 deadly devils</figcaption></figure> <p>Christian demonology is the study of <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> point of view. It is primarily based on the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> of scriptures, the writings of early Christian <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legends</a> incorporated from other beliefs. </p><p>Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest that the origins of early <a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Testament">Greek Old Testament</a> demonology can be traced to two distinctive and often competing mythologies of evil— Adamic and Enochic. </p><p>The first tradition — the Adamic tradition — ties demons to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">the serpent</a> who beguiled <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. Thus, the Adamic story traces the source of evil to Satan's transgression and the fall of man, a trend reflected in the Books of Adam and Eve which explains the reason for Satan's demotion by his refusal to worship and submit to God.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other tradition — the early Enochic tradition — ties demons to the fall of angels in the <a href="/wiki/Antediluvian" title="Antediluvian">antediluvian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition bases its understanding of the origin of demons on the story of the fallen <a href="/wiki/Watcher_(angel)" title="Watcher (angel)">Watchers</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov11_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe these two enigmatic figures—Azazel and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>—exercised formative influence on early Jewish demonology. While in the beginning of their conceptual journeys Azazel and Satan are posited as representatives of two distinctive and often rival trends tied to the distinctive etiologies of corruption, in later Jewish and Christian demonological lore both antagonists are able to enter each other's respective stories in new conceptual capacities. In these later traditions Satanael is often depicted as the leader of the fallen angels while his conceptual rival Azazel is portrayed as a seducer of Adam and Eve.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlov11_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlov11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While historical <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> never recognized any set of doctrines about demons,<sup id="cite_ref-MM_1998_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2016)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe its <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">post-exilic</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, angelology, and demonology were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some, however, believe these concepts were received as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many people believe today <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> and Satan are different names for the same being, not all scholars subscribe to this view.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of authors throughout Christian history have written about demons for a variety of purposes. Theologians like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> wrote concerning the behaviors of which Christians should be aware,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while witch hunters like <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Heinrich Kramer</a> wrote about how to find and what to do with <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch trials in Early Modern Europe">people they believed were involved with demons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Key_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Key of Solomon">Lesser Key of Solomon</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/The_Grimoire_of_Pope_Honorius" title="The Grimoire of Pope Honorius">The Grimoire of Pope Honorius</a> (although these, the earliest manuscripts, were from well after these individuals had died) are written with <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">instructions on how to summon demons</a> in the name of God and often were claimed to have been written by individuals respected within the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These latter texts were usually more detailed, giving names, ranks, and descriptions of demons individually and categorically.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christians commonly reject these texts as either diabolical or fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics accused Lutherans of believing in diabolatry or that the devil had unlimited powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_1983_p._153_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1983_p._153-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butler_Butler_1993_p._136_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_Butler_1993_p._136-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eire_2016_p._650_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eire_2016_p._650-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, some demonological texts have been written by Christians, usually in a similar vein of Thomas Aquinas, explaining their effects in the world and how faith may lessen or eliminate damage by them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few Christian authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Todd_(occultist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Todd (occultist)">John Todd</a>, write with intentions similar to Kramer, proclaiming that demons and their human agents are active in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-broken_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-broken-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These claims can stray from mainstream ideology, and may include such beliefs as that <a href="/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock">Christian rock</a> is a means through which demons influence people. </p><p>Not all Christians believe that demons exist in the literal sense. Some believe that the New Testament's exorcism language was originally part of curing ceremonies for what we now recognize as epilepsy, mental illness, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many demonic or demon-like entities are not purely spiritual, but physical in nature and related to animals. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a> states, that Islamic <i>demonology</i> is always <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One prominent classification is given by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who classifies <i>jinn</i> as:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(1) when the <i>jinn</i> is pure and good, an <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a></dd> <dd>(2) when the <i>jinn</i> lives among humans, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Amir#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Amir">amir</a></dd> <dd>(3) a malicious and evil <i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a></i>, a devil</dd> <dd>(4) a strong one who steals informations from heaven, a <i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">marid</a></i></dd> <dd>(5) the most powerful, an <i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">ifrit</a></i>.</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat" title="Aja'ib al-Makhluqat">Aja'ib al-Makhluqat</a></i> mentions seven types of animals. The <i>jinn</i> are classified as an animal composed of fire and can appear in many forms. Among them, the angels are created from the light of fire, the jinn from a blaze of fire, and the devils from the smoke of fire. Satan is counted among these animals. They inhabited the earth before mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German <a href="/wiki/Orientalist_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Orientalist scholars of Islam">orientalist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almut_Wieland-Karimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almut Wieland-Karimi (page does not exist)">Almut Wieland-Karimi</a> classified the Jinn in the ten most common categories mentioned in folklore literature:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a>: ordinary jinn, a class apart from other jinn types, but also used as a collective to refer to invisible beings in general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shaitan</a>: Malevolent jinni, who causes illness and madness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a>: delimitation to ordinary jinn remains unclear. Can be either a powerful cunning Jinn or a strong Shaitan. Ifrits are generally bad.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a>: a haughty and powerful Shaitan or very malevolent Ifrit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bu'bu</a>: a jinn that frightens children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sila_(mythology)" title="Sila (mythology)">Si'lah</a>: a female demon who seduces men.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Amir#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Amir">Amir</a>: spirits dwelling in houses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghul">Ghul</a>: generally evil, lives in the desert.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qar%C3%AEnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarînah">Qarînah</a>: name for a specific demon or <a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">doppelgänger</a>, a type of spirit that follows every human.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatif" title="Hatif">Hatif</a>: a mysterious phenomenon, which can only be heard but never seen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish mythology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> does not have a demonology or any set of doctrines about demons.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_1998_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM_1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the name "Lucifer" stems from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Isaiah%2014:3–20">Isaiah 14:3–20</a>, a passage which does speak of the defeat of a particular <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> King, to whom it gives a title which refers to what in English is called the Day Star or Morning Star (in Latin, <i>lucifer</i>, meaning "light-bearer", from the words <i>lucem ferre</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is more than one instance in Jewish medieval myth and lore where demons are said to have come to be, as seen by the Grigori angels, of <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a> leaving Adam, of demons such as <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>, unrest spirits in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish folklore</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">dybbuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wars_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wars-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> affirms the existence of <a href="/wiki/Hell#Buddhism" title="Hell">hells</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> populated by demons who torment sinners and tempt mortals to sin, or who seek to thwart their <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a>, with a demon named <a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a> as chief tempter, "prince of darkness", or "Evil One" in Sanskrit sources.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-strickman_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The followers of Mara were also called <i>mara</i>, the devils, and are frequently cited as a cause of disease or representations of mental obstructions.<sup id="cite_ref-strickman_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>mara</i> became fully assimilated into the Chinese worldview, and were called <i>mo</i>. </p><p>The idea of the imminent decline and collapse of the Buddhist religion amid a "great cacophony of demonic influences" was already a significant component of Buddhism when it reached China in the first century A.D., according to Michel Strickmann.<sup id="cite_ref-strickman_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demonic forces had attained enormous power in the world. For some writers of the time, this state of affairs had been ordained to serve the higher purpose of effecting a "preliminary cleansing" that would purge and purify humanity in preparation for an ultimate, messianic renewal.<sup id="cite_ref-strickman_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval Chinese Buddhist demonology was heavily influenced by Indian Buddhism. Indian demonology is also fully and systematically described in written sources, though during Buddhism's centuries of direct influence in China, "Chinese demonology was whipped into respectable shape," with a number of Indian demons finding permanent niches even in <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> ritual texts.<sup id="cite_ref-strickman_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strickman-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha_Bodhisattva_P%C5%ABrvapra%E1%B9%87idh%C4%81na_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra">Kṣitigarbha Sūtra</a> it states that heaven and hell change as the world changes and that many new hells with different demons can be created to fit the different ways that the human realm changes. </p><p>Chinese Buddhism also influenced Taoism with <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">beliefs of hell</a> and the Taoists eventually came up with their own demonology lore which in turn created <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">folk beliefs</a> about spirits in hell which was a combination of beliefs from the two religions. However, the demons in hell are viewed differently than <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic faiths</a> who instead of being pure evil are more of guards of hell although they are still viewed as malicious beings. They are ruled over by Yama which came from Buddhism's Hindu influences but certain scriptures and beliefs also state that there are 18 different Yamas in hell which have an army of demons and undead at their side. </p><p>Also, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a>, a major Mahayana Buddhist text, describes fifty demonic states: the so-called fifty skandha maras, which are "negative" mirror-like reflections of or deviations from correct samādhi (meditative absorption) states. In this context demons are considered by Buddhists to be beings possessing some supernatural powers, who, in the past, might have practiced <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, the Buddha's teaching, but due to practicing it incorrectly failed to develop <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">true wisdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">true compassion</a>, which are inseparable attributes of an enlightened being such as a <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>. In his autobiography, The Blazing Splendor, <a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a>, a prominent Tibetan Buddhist master of the 20th century describes encounters with such beings. Therefore, depending on the context, in Buddhism demons may refer to both disturbed mind states and actual beings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_demon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu demon">Hindu demon</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic scriptures</a> include a range of spirits (Vetalas, <a href="/wiki/Raksha_(Vedic)" title="Raksha (Vedic)">Rakshasas</a>, Bhutas, and Pishachas) that might be classified as demons. These spirits are souls of beings that have committed certain specific sins. As a purging punishment, they are condemned to roam without a physical form for a length of time, until a rebirth. Beings that died with unfulfilled desires or anger are also said to "linger" until those issues are resolved. Hindu text <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> gives an account of nature and habitats of such spirits including how to persuade / control them. There are <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> traditions in Hinduism that seek to control such spirits to do their bidding. The Hindu text <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> details other kinds of punishments and judgments given out in <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>; it also gives an account of how spirits travel to various nether worlds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, as the force of good <a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Spenta Mainyu</a>, will eventually be victorious in a cosmic battle with an evil force known as <a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a> or Ahriman.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_demons" title="Classification of demons">Classification of demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_hunter" title="Demon hunter">Demon hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_of_spirits" title="Discernment of spirits">Discernment of spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_angels" title="Hierarchy of angels">Hierarchy of angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theological_demons" title="List of theological demons">List of theological demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Obsession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">Pentagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Remy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Remy">Nicolas Remy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-E1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E1911_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E1911_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Northcote_W._Thomas" title="Northcote W. Thomas">Thomas, Northcote W.</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Demonology_n" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Demonology n">Demonology n</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demonology+n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=5-8&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Northcote+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207375">"Demon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016201216/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207375">Archived</a> 2007-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from Funk & Wagnalls <i>New Encyclopedia</i>, © 2006 World Almanac Education Group, retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/">history.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDD_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">van der Toorn, Becking, van der Horst (1999), <i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in The Bible</i>, Second Extensively Revised Edition, Entry: <b>Demon</b>, pp. 235-240, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2491-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2491-9">0-8028-2491-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig, Theodore M., <i>The Sacred Paths: Understanding the Religions of the World</i>, Second Edition, pp. 48-51, © 1989 Prentice-Hall, Inc., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-372175-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-372175-8">0-02-372175-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rink, Henry (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/inu/tte/tte1-4.htm">"Chapter IV: Religion"</a> of <i>Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo</i>, London, 1875, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/index.htm">sacred-texts.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cumont, Franz (1911), <i>The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism</i>, Chapter VI: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/orrp/orrp19.htm">Persia</a>", p. 267 at Internet Sacred Text Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccel.org/fathers/NPNF1-02/c1.8.htm"><i>The City of God</i></a>, Book 8, Chapters 24-25, at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004074728/http://ccel.org/fathers/NPNF1-02/c1.8.htm">Archived</a> 2006-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamill_Nassau1904" class="citation book cs1">Hamill Nassau, Robert (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/fiwa/fiwa07.htm">"Chapter V: Spiritual Beings in Africa - Their Classes and Functions"</a>. <i>Fetichism in West Africa</i>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> – via Internet Sacred Text Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V%3A+Spiritual+Beings+in+Africa+-+Their+Classes+and+Functions&rft.btitle=Fetichism+in+West+Africa&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Hamill+Nassau&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fafr%2Ffiwa%2Ffiwa07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1922" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, Sir James George (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303101920/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/frazer/james/golden/chapter46.html">"The Golden Bough: A Study of Magic and Religion"</a>. <i>The Corn-Mother in Many Lands</i>. The University of Adelaide Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/frazer/james/golden/chapter46.html">the original</a> on 2007-03-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Bough%3A+A+Study+of+Magic+and+Religion&rft.btitle=The+Corn-Mother+in+Many+Lands&rft.pub=The+University+of+Adelaide+Library&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=Sir+James+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Ff%2Ffrazer%2Fjames%2Fgolden%2Fchapter46.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greem, Eda (c. 1909), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/sarawak/green/04.html"><i>Borneo: The Land of River and Palm</i></a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/">Project Canterbury</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/demon">Demon</a>, entry in the <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>, © 2001 Douglas Harper, hosted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com">dictionary.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ghost">Ghost</a>, entry in <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>, Fourth Edition, Copyright © 2000, Houghton Mifflin Company, hosted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com">dictionary.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masello, Robert, <i>Fallen Angels and Spirits of The Dark</i>, pp. 64-68, 2004, The Berkley Publishing Group, 200 Madison Ave. New York, NY 10016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-51889-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-51889-4">0-399-51889-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1992180_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199285–86_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199286_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1992">Black & Green 1992</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.4.1#">line 295 in "Inanna's descent into the nether world"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlov11-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov11_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov11_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov11_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlov11_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Orlov, Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology (Albany, SUNY, 2011) 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM_1998-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM_1998_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_1998_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, Carol K., Mack, Dinah (1998), <i>A Field Guide to Demons, Fairies, Fallen Angels and Other Subversive Spirits</i>, p. XXXIII, New York: Henry Holt and Co., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6270-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6270-X">0-8050-6270-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.net.bible.org/dictionary.php?word=Zoroastrianism"><b>Zoroastrianism</b></a>, NET Bible Study Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jahanian, Daryoush, M.D., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meta-religion.com/World_Religions/Zoroastrim/zoroastrian-biblical_connections.htm">"The Zoroastrian-Biblical Connections"</a>, at Meta Religion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franck, Adolphe (1843), translated by Sossnitz, I. (1926), <i>The Kabbalah</i>, or, <i>The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews</i>, Part Two, Chapter IV, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/rph/rph16.htm">Continuation of The Analysis of The Zohar: The Kabbalists' View of The World</a>", p. 184 at Internet Sacred Text Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Gustav (1967), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed7yHWuTEewC">A Dictionary of Angels, Including The Fallen Angels</a></i>, Free Press, p. 176, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-19757, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029070505" title="Special:BookSources/9780029070505">9780029070505</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/summa/1114.htm">Thomas Aquinas's Summa Theologica</a>, Question 114, hosted on <a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/mm/index.htm">Malleus Maleficarum</a>, hosted on the Internet Sacred Text Archive</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/lks/lks17.htm">Lesser Key of Solomon, The Conjuration To Call Forth Any of the Aforesaid Spirits</a>, hosted on <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm14.htm">Arthur Edward Waite, Book of Ceremonial Magic, page 64</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm23.htm#page_106">and page 106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacred-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sacred_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacred_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/bcm/bcm14.htm">"Waite, page 64"</a>. Sacred-texts.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waite%2C+page+64&rft.pub=Sacred-texts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fgrim%2Fbcm%2Fbcm14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis_1983_p._153-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_1983_p._153_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1983" class="citation book cs1">Davis, J.C. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5T-LVB-6tIC&pg=PA153"><i>Utopia and the Ideal Society: A Study of English Utopian Writing 1516-1700</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27551-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27551-4"><bdi>978-0-521-27551-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia+and+the+Ideal+Society%3A+A+Study+of+English+Utopian+Writing+1516-1700&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27551-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP5T-LVB-6tIC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler_Butler_1993_p._136-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_Butler_1993_p._136_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1993" class="citation book cs1">Butler, E.M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJSXnBd78FYC&pg=PA136"><i>The Myth of the Magus</i></a>. Cambridge paperbacks. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43777-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43777-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Magus&rft.series=Cambridge+paperbacks&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43777-6&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJSXnBd78FYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eire_2016_p._650-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eire_2016_p._650_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEire2016" class="citation book cs1">Eire, C.M.N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3lJDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA650"><i>Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450-1650</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 650. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11192-7"><bdi>978-0-300-11192-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformations%3A+The+Early+Modern+World%2C+1450-1650&rft.pages=650&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11192-7&rft.aulast=Eire&rft.aufirst=C.M.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3lJDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFmrx7s7OtIC&q=Jessie+Penn-Lewis+war+on+the+saints">Jessie Penn-Lewis, War on the Saints on Google Books</a>, introductory chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-broken-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-broken_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chick.com/catalog/comics/0102.asp">"The Broken Cross - by Jack T. Chick"</a>. Chick.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Cross+-+by+Jack+T.+Chick&rft.pub=Chick.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chick.com%2Fcatalog%2Fcomics%2F0102.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realdevil.info/4-1.htm">"The Devil, Satan And Demons"</a>. Realdevil.info<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Devil%2C+Satan+And+Demons&rft.pub=Realdevil.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realdevil.info%2F4-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobias Nünlist <i>Dämonenglaube im Islam</i> Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4">978-3-110-33168-4</a> page 114 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tobias Nünlist <i>Dämonenglaube im Islam</i> Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4">978-3-110-33168-4</a> page 63 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahdRippin2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fahd, T.; Rippin, A. (2012) [1960-2007 (print ed.)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1054">"S̲h̲ayṭān"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd / online ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004161214" title="Special:BookSources/9789004161214"><bdi>9789004161214</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%CC%B2h%CC%B2ay%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd+%2F+online&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004161214&rft.aulast=Fahd&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Rippin%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2013" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). <i>Islamic Life and Thought</i>. Routledge. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Life+and+Thought&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNünlist2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nünlist, Tobias (2015). <i>Dämonenglaube im Islam</i> [<i>Demonology in Islam</i>] (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-110-33168-4"><bdi>978-3-110-33168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A4monenglaube+im+Islam&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-110-33168-4&rft.aulast=N%C3%BCnlist&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=245&letter=D&search=demonology">Demonology</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/">jewishencyclopedia.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wars-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wars_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, Flavius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyjewishwritings.com/josephus.html"><i>Wars of The Jews</i></a>, Book VII, Chapter VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boeree, Dr. C. George (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/buddhacosmo.html">Chapter: "Buddhist Cosmology"</a>, <i>An Introduction to Buddhism</i>, Shippensburg University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kadampa.org/en/reference/glossary-of-buddhist-terms-a-e#Demon">"Demon"</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kadampa.org/en/reference/glossary-of-buddhist-terms-k-o#Mara">"Mara"</a> in the <i>Glossary of Buddhist Terms</i> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kadampa.org/">kadampa.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strickman-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strickman_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strickman_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strickman_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strickman_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strickman_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strickmann, Michel. <i>Chinese Magical Medicine</i>,(2002) Stanford: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3449-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3449-6">0-8047-3449-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/zor33.html">"Who are the Zoroastrians"</a>, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tenets.zoroastrianism.com/">tenets.zoroastrianism.com</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamberger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Jacob_Bamberger" title="Bernard Jacob Bamberger">Bamberger, Bernard, Jacob</a> (2006). <i>Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm</i>. Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0797-0"><bdi>0-8276-0797-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Angels%3A+Soldiers+of+Satan%27s+Realm&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8276-0797-0&rft.aulast=Bamberger&rft.aufirst=Bernard%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), <i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i>, Austin: University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714117056" title="Special:BookSources/0714117056"><bdi>0714117056</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0714117056&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangton2014" class="citation book cs1">Langton, Edward (2014). <i>Essentials of Demonology</i> (1st 1949 ed.). Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498205061" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498205061"><bdi>978-1498205061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Demonology&rft.edition=1st+1949&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1498205061&rft.aulast=Langton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRémy1974" class="citation book cs1">Rémy, Nicholas (1974). <i>Demonolatry</i>. University Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demonolatry&rft.pub=University+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9my&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demonology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Demonology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Demonology">Demonology</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Demonology"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Demonology">"Demonology" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. VII (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 60–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demonology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=60-64&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemonology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/kjd/kjd04.htm"><i>Demonology by James I</i>:</a> plain text version of King James' important work on Demonology.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> 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