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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>詞源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-詞源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去詞源細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-西人嗌法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西人嗌法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>西人嗌法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西人嗌法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-唐人嗌法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#唐人嗌法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>唐人嗌法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-唐人嗌法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>概論</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-概論-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去概論細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-概論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基本諗法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本諗法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>基本諗法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本諗法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-點解信造物主" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#點解信造物主"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>點解信造物主</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-點解信造物主-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-微調宇宙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#微調宇宙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>微調宇宙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-微調宇宙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上帝嘅本質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上帝嘅本質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>上帝嘅本質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上帝嘅本質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-泛理神論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#泛理神論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>泛理神論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-泛理神論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-「理性」係乜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#「理性」係乜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>「理性」係乜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-「理性」係乜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教會嘅本質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教會嘅本質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>教會嘅本質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教會嘅本質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重要議題" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重要議題"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>重要議題</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-重要議題-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去重要議題細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-重要議題-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-對耶穌嘅睇法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對耶穌嘅睇法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>對耶穌嘅睇法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對耶穌嘅睇法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-決定論同自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#決定論同自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>決定論同自由</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-決定論同自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-死後生命" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#死後生命"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>死後生命</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-死後生命-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-祈禱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#祈禱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>祈禱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-祈禱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>起源背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-起源背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去起源背景細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-起源背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-遠古" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遠古"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>遠古</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遠古-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文藝復興" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文藝復興"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>文藝復興</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文藝復興-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲宗教紛爭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲宗教紛爭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>歐洲宗教紛爭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲宗教紛爭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學上嘅發現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學上嘅發現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>科學上嘅發現</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學上嘅發現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古典理神論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典理神論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>古典理神論</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-古典理神論-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去古典理神論細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-古典理神論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-喺英國盛放" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#喺英國盛放"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>喺英國盛放</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-喺英國盛放-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-喺法國傳播" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#喺法國傳播"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>喺法國傳播</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-喺法國傳播-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美國理神論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美國理神論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>美國理神論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美國理神論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代理神論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代理神論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>現代理神論</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-現代理神論-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去現代理神論細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-現代理神論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-理神論嘅重生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理神論嘅重生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>理神論嘅重生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理神論嘅重生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-概論_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概論_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>概論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概論_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教哲學概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教哲學概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>宗教哲學概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教哲學概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拉雜相關概念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拉雜相關概念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>拉雜相關概念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拉雜相關概念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去文獻細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-理神論思想" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理神論思想"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>理神論思想</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理神論思想-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-理神論歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#理神論歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>理神論歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-理神論歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>拎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">理神論</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有87種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ربوبية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ربوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="دييزم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دييزم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmu" title="Deísmu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deísmu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дэізм – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Деизъм – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Деизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ঈশ্বরবাদ – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঈশ্বরবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizam" title="Deizam – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Deizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خوداپەرستی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوداپەرستی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deistiaeth" title="Deistiaeth – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Deistiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8A%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ντεϊσμός – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ντεϊσμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diismo" title="Diismo – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmo" title="Deísmo – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deísmo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دادارباوری – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دادارباوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismi" title="Deismi – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Deismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9isme" title="Déisme – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9ism" title="Déism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Déism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diadhachas" title="Diadhachas – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Diadhachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmo" title="Deísmo – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deísmo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="דאיזם – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="देववाद – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="देववाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizam" title="Deizam – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmus" title="Deizmus – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Deizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Դեիզմ – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumgy%C3%B0istr%C3%BA" title="Frumgyðistrú – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumgyðistrú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="理神論 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="理神論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyizim" title="Diyizim – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diyizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დეიზმი – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="이신론 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이신론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismus" title="Deismus – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Deismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmas" title="Deizmas – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisms" title="Deisms – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisma" title="Deisma – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Deisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഡീയിസം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡീയിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deisme" title="Deisme – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Deisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%AFsme" title="Deïsme – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Deïsme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daeohism" title="Daeohism – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Daeohism" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خدا پرستی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خدا پرستی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ډئيزم – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډئيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C3%ADsmo" title="Deísmo – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deísmo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizam" title="Deizam – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmus" title="Deizmus – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizem" title="Deizem – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizmi" title="Deizmi – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Деизам – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism" title="Deism – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Deism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Додорбоварӣ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Додорбоварӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เทวัสนิยม – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวัสนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деизм – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Деизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Деїзм – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Деїзм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="خدا پرستی – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خدا پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deizm" title="Deizm – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Deizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BB%B1_nhi%C3%AAn" title="Thần giáo tự nhiên – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần giáo tự nhiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deismo" title="Deismo – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Deismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然神论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自然神论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD-s%C3%AEn-l%C5%ABn" title="Lí-sîn-lūn – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lí-sîn-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q620629#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" 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id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&oldid=2205629" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&id=2205629&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2590%2586%25E7%25A5%259E%25E8%25AB%2596"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deism" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q620629" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/240px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/360px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg/480px-Thomas_Paine_rev1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption>18 世紀嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%81%A9" title="湯瑪斯·潘恩">湯瑪斯·潘恩</a>（Thomas Paine）嘅畫像；佢嗰一本名著《<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="理性時代">理性時代</a>》係理神論嘅基礎<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <p><ruby><rb><b>理神論</b></rb><rt><span>lei<span class="Jpingtone">5</span> san<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> leon<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>：<span lang="en"><b>deism</b></span>），<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>入面又有叫做<ruby><rb><b>自然神論</b></rb><rt><span>zi<span class="Jpingtone">6</span> jin<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> san<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> leon<span class="Jpingtone">6</span></span></rt></ruby>，係一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教哲學">宗教哲學</a>觀點。喺最廣義上嚟講，理神論主張<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a>存在並且創造咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>，但認為上帝唔會直接插手干預宇宙入面發生嘅事，所以理神論者一般都拒絕任何型式嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%9F%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="啟示 (無呢版)">啟示</a><sup id="cite_ref-WUD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佢哋唔認為上帝會向人類傳達直接嘅訊息，相信上帝唔會派<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="先知">先知</a>嚟人世或者要人類拜佢；因為咁，理神論者普遍認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經">聖經</a>等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8" title="宗教經典">宗教經典</a>衹不過係喺度老點人，根本幫唔到人類了解上帝，同時佢哋傾向提倡，真正能夠幫人類了解上帝嘅係<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>至真<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。理神論對立於<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論">無神論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>：理神論信上帝存在，呢點令佢同無神論（唔信上帝或者任何型式嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神</a>）相對立<sup id="cite_ref-herrick85_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herrick85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；喺另一方面，理神論又拒絕信先知代表由上帝嚟嘅訊息，呢點令理神論思想同多數宗教（尤其係<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>等信「經典係上帝話語」嘅宗教）相對立<sup id="cite_ref-herrick85_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herrick85-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-byrne13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byrne13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>理神論誕生於<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="啟蒙時期">啟蒙時期</a>（17 至 18 世紀）嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>：當時歐洲喺思想上有重大嘅改革，好多知識份子開始挑戰傳統基督教教會嘅權威，令到理神論受到相當嘅擁戴，喺<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國">法國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>傳播得零舍犀利。嗰陣時啲理神論者多數都係喺基督教家庭大嘅，係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="一神論">一神論</a>，但唔滿意教會成日夾硬迫信徒信嗰啲所謂嘅「正統」教義，而且又開始留意到聖經嘅內容成日都前言唔對後語，於是開始對自己由細到大信開嗰套思想重新審視。亦都有啲理神論者係出自反基督教或者非基督教嘅宗教背景嘅，但同樣對宗教反感<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲思想上嘅改革打後引起咗大規模衝突，例如有唔少早期嘅理神論者都因為佢哋所主張嘅思想而坐過監<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而好似<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法國大革命">法國大革命</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="美國革命">美國革命</a>等嘅社會革命都有受理神論嘅思潮影響<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自從誕生以嚟，理神論有過唔少上上落落，喺某啲時期，理神論人氣低到近乎冇人理，但理神論嘅思想一路都喺度發展緊。到咗廿一世紀，理神論主要分做兩個學派：古典派同摩登派<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，前者主張一種「凍」啲嘅觀點，主張上帝唔會直接插手宇宙嘅事務；而後者主張一種「暖」啲嘅觀點，認為上帝有陣時會插手宇宙嘅事務，之但係唔係透過同人類直接接觸。而除咗呢兩派之外，現代理神論仲有好多唔同嘅其他學派<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E6.BA.90"></span>詞源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 詞源"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西人嗌法"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E4.BA.BA.E5.97.8C.E6.B3.95"></span>西人嗌法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 西人嗌法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>理神論嘅英文名「deism」嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>「deus」，呢個字嘅意思係「神」噉解－包括一神論當中嘅上帝同埋<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>多神信仰當中嘅眾天神。所以呢個英文名直譯會係「神論」或者「純神論」<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>英文入面有個字叫「theism」，呢個字嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>嘅「θεός」（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>：<i>theós</i>），即係希臘文入面「神」噉解。喺中世紀以至 17 世紀之前，「Deism」同「theism」－同埋佢哋喺其他歐洲語言入面嘅對應－俾<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="西人">西人</a>當係同義詞，都係指<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="有神論">有神論</a>（即係「相信神存在」呢一個諗法），而當中嘅「神」可以包括多神信仰入面嗰啲天神<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。去到後嚟 18 世紀，理神論嘅思潮發展咗出嚟，先至令到西人開始區分傳統嘅有神論同理神論呢兩種思想，於是自從嗰陣開始，「theism」就變成指傳統相信上帝並且接受宗教嘅有神論，而「deism」呢個字就變成專係指理神論<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="唐人嗌法"><span id=".E5.94.90.E4.BA.BA.E5.97.8C.E6.B3.95"></span>唐人嗌法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 唐人嗌法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>喺廿世紀早期，西方學說開始散佈至<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="大中華地區">大中華地區</a>，而當時嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" title="唐人">唐人</a>學者普遍將「deism」呢個詞翻譯做「自然神論」<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>另一方面，又有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>學者興稱呼 deism 做「理神論」，呢個名嚟自<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文">日文</a>嘅「理神論」（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>：りしんろん；<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="日羅">日羅</a>：rishinron）。呢個名強調咗 deism 同理性思考之間嘅關係<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概論"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AB.96"></span>概論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 概論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg/240px-02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg/360px-02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg/480px-02_Thomas_Jefferson_3x4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>美國第三任總統<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%9C" title="湯瑪斯傑佛遜">湯瑪斯傑佛遜</a>嘅畫像；佢有強烈嘅理神論傾向，出名整咗個新版本嘅聖經出嚟。</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="有神論">有神論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論">無神論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" title="不可知論">不可知論</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本諗法"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E8.AB.97.E6.B3.95"></span>基本諗法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 基本諗法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自然主義">自然主義</a></div> <p>古典嘅理神論嘗試理解「造物主」同自然宇宙之間嘅關係。理神論建基於一個原則：信造物主存在唔等如要信教會嗰啲教義<sup id="cite_ref-justo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。理神論者受到 17 世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>思潮影響，開始好似現代嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="科學家">科學家</a>噉樣，用一套懷疑嘅態度嚟思考宇宙嘅本質同埋佢哋由細到大信開嘅諗法。佢哋指出，教會嘅教義有好多唔合理嘅地方，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%81%A9" title="湯瑪斯·潘恩">湯瑪斯·潘恩</a>等等唔少早期理神論思想家都批評<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="舊約聖經">舊約聖經</a>，指出呢本書當中有大量內容都係喺度鼓吹殺戮同暴力，而且有多個地方都自相矛盾。再近期啲嘅理神論者仲有指出，聖經等宗教經典嘅某啲內容（例如係<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%88%9F" title="挪亞方舟">挪亞方舟</a>）同<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8" title="考古學">考古學</a>嘅發現唔係好夾<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，令到佢哋對教會嗰套思想覺得反感。同時，佢哋認為拒絕宗教唔等如要拒絕相信造物主，而事實係，理神論者擺明車馬噉表咗態話拒絕<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論">無神論</a><sup id="cite_ref-justo_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>為咗想了解造物主，理神論者拒絕教會提倡嘅教條，反而會好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>噉，鼓勵啲人對自己持有嘅諗法抱懷疑嘅態度。理神論者將佢哋嘅思想建基於<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自然主義">自然主義</a>之上，相信宇宙萬物都可以用各種自然定律嚟解釋，主張造物主有足夠嘅聰明才智，識得齋靠喺創造宇宙嗰陣定落嚟嘅自然定律就能夠令到宇宙慢慢噉演變成佢想要嘅樣<sup id="cite_ref-clock_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clock-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。傳統嘅理神論者唔相信<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E8%B9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神蹟 (無呢版)">神蹟</a>呢家嘢，更加唔認為造物主會派使者嚟人世，所以唔信聲稱自己代表造物主嘅宗教經典。理神論者普遍都鍾意<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a>，認為透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>認識宇宙先至真係幫到人類了解造物主<sup id="cite_ref-justo_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clock_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clock-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如湯瑪斯·潘恩就用咗一句嘢嚟概括佢嘅諗法<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">"Science is the true theology."<br /> 「科學先至係真正嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">神學</a>。」</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>自從理神論誕生以嚟，唔少思想家繼續發展理神論思想，衍生幾派思想，當中有啲互不相容嘅諗法同埋學派。但理神論者一般都同意以下呢啲基本諗法<sup id="cite_ref-perfectgod_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfectgod-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><b>批判性</b>： <ul><li>拒絕任何型式嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%9F%E7%A4%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="啟示 (無呢版)">啟示</a>－認為上帝唔使派乜嘢使者嚟人世，唔使直接干預宇宙嘅運作都有能力令到宇宙變成佢想要嘅樣；</li> <li>拒絕相信神蹟－上帝唔會直接干預宇宙嘅運作，所以神蹟衹不過係無聊嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BF%A1" title="迷信">迷信</a>；</li> <li>拒絕宗教式嘅教條同規限；</li></ul></li> <li><b>建構性</b>： <ul><li>相信上帝存在並且創造咗宇宙；</li> <li>相信上帝間接將理性思考嘅能力賦予咗俾人類；</li> <li>相信科學同理性係了解上帝嘅最佳方法。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="點解信造物主"><span id=".E9.BB.9E.E8.A7.A3.E4.BF.A1.E9.80.A0.E7.89.A9.E4.B8.BB"></span>點解信造物主</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 點解信造物主"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hobbes_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/240px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/360px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg/480px-Thomas_Hobbes_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>湯瑪斯賀布斯嘅畫像</figcaption></figure> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="宇宙論證">宇宙論證</a></div> <p>對理神論者嚟講，「點解要信造物主存在」係一個重要嘅問題。有唔少理神論者主張<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89" title="宇宙論證">宇宙論證</a>，認為思考<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙起源 (無呢版)">宇宙起源</a>嘅問題可以自然噉推導出「某啲型式嘅造物主存在」呢一點（但係當然「造物主諗緊乜」或者「造物主有啲乜嘢計劃」呢啲係另外嘅問題）。例如係 18 世紀嘅英格蘭哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%80%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯賀布斯">湯瑪斯賀布斯</a>就喺佢本《<i>Works</i>》第四集嘅第 59 至 60 頁入面噉樣講<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："The effects we acknowledge naturally, do include a power of their producing, before they were produced; and that power presupposeth something existent that hath such power; and the thing so existing with power to produce, if it were not eternal, must needs have been produced by somewhat before it, and that again by something else before that, till we come to an eternal, that is to say, the first power of all powers and first cause of all causes; and this is it which all men conceive by the name of God, implying eternity, incomprehensibility, and omnipotence."<br /> <p>粵文翻譯：我哋留意到嘅自然效果都係喺佢哋出現之前由第啲力量產生嘅；而呢股力量嘅存在表示咗某啲有噉嘅力量嘅嘢存在；而呢樣嘢有產生（嘢）嘅力量；如果呢樣嘢唔係永恆嘅話，噉佢一定係由第啲喺佢打前嘅嘢產生嘅，而打前嗰樣嘢又實係由第啲喺佢打前嘅嘢產生嘅，如是者一路去到一樣永恆嘅嘢嗰度，呢樣嘢就係第一股創造力量同第一個起因；呢樣嘢就係所有人心目中嘅上帝，而佢好明顯具有永恆、難解、同全能（呢幾樣特徵）。 </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="微調宇宙"><span id=".E5.BE.AE.E8.AA.BF.E5.AE.87.E5.AE.99"></span>微調宇宙</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 微調宇宙"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%AA%BF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="微調宇宙">微調宇宙</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%AA%BF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="微調宇宙">微調宇宙</a>係另一個廣受理神論者歡迎嘅觀點<sup id="cite_ref-case_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據呢種觀點，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學">物理學</a>上嘅發現指出咗，宇宙入面有好多<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理常數 (無呢版)">物理常數</a>嘅數值都係啱啱好令到宇宙適合<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>存在嘅，而呢啲物理常數嘅數值衹要郁（例如） 0.001% 都會令到宇宙唔適合生命存在。舉個例子說明，物理學家模擬過，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="強作用力">強作用力</a>衹要勁多 2%，就會影響到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫">氫</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="核聚變">核聚變</a>作用，搞到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" title="太陽">太陽</a>冇能力發光發熱維持<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上嘅生命。微調宇宙觀點相信，呢啲物理數值之所以會啱啱好適合生命存在，冇乜可能係純粹巧合。比較合理嘅解釋係，宇宙由某啲高層次嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="智能">智能</a>所創造，而呢個智能特登喺設計宇宙嗰陣將呢啲物理常數設到啱啱好適合生命存在<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。於是就可以推導出一點－造物主存在，而且佢想要宇宙有生命<sup id="cite_ref-case_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="上帝嘅本質"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.B8.9D.E5.98.85.E6.9C.AC.E8.B3.AA"></span>上帝嘅本質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 上帝嘅本質"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>理神論肯定造物主嘅存在，但確立咗相信造物主存在之後，就要問下一個問題：除咗「創造咗宇宙」之外，造物主仲具有啲乜嘢特性？對於呢個問題嘅具體細節，理神論者之間有唔少分歧：主流嘅理神論者（尤其係早期嗰啲）都會好似<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="猶太人">猶太人</a>、基督徒、同埋回教徒噉樣，信奉<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="一神論">一神論</a>，認為造物主係一個單一個體嘅上帝，同時認為造物主同宇宙係分開獨立存在嘅兩件物體；另一方面，又有一部份嘅理神論者傾向相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="多神論">多神論</a>（polytheism），認為造物主係多個唔同個體；最後，又有啲理神論者將理神論同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="泛神論">泛神論</a>結合，好似泛神論者噉，認為宇宙同上帝係一體嘅<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而且就算係喺推崇一神論嘅理神論者之間，又有所謂嘅干預問題分歧：古典理神論一般相信上帝唔會郁手干預宇宙嘅運作，而係由得宇宙按照自然定律運行<sup id="cite_ref-perfectgod_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perfectgod-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但又有部份嘅現代理神論者相信上帝會直接干預宇宙嘅運作，衹不過唔係以派先知嚟人世嘅方式<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="泛理神論"><span id=".E6.B3.9B.E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96"></span>泛理神論</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 泛理神論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="泛理神論">泛理神論</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="泛理神論">泛理神論</a>結合咗理神論同埋泛神論－泛神論係指相信「宇宙同上帝係同一樣嘢」嘅神學觀點<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。泛理神論早喺 16 世紀嘅文藝復興嗰陣經已有人提過，18 世紀後尾嘅古典理神論思想家都有諗過吓<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，喺廿一世紀嘅理神論界亦有咁上下人氣<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。泛理神論主流認為上帝曾經係一個有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>嘅物體，設計同創造咗宇宙，但係佢跟手就同個宇宙合為一體，並且變到冇意識，而「上帝會唔會終有一日會醒返」係一個謎。泛理神論係理神論嘅一種－因為泛理神論者相信上帝家吓係冇意識嘅，所以佢哋同古典理神論者一樣，唔信上帝會俾乜嘢啟示俾人類或者同人類溝通<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="「理性」係乜"><span id=".E3.80.8C.E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E3.80.8D.E4.BF.82.E4.B9.9C"></span>「理性」係乜</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 「理性」係乜"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a></div> <p>根據古典理神論，人類擁有<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a>－即係有<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="意識">意識</a>噉靠觀察自己身邊嘅嘢嚟到認識宇宙同埋做判斷嘅能力。因為理神論者相信自然主義，認為宇宙萬物都可以齋靠自然定律解釋，所以人類淨係靠用理性了解自然定律就可以認識造物主，唔使乜嘢教會或者宗教經典。舉個例子說明，早期嘅英格蘭理神論作家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑪竇·廷達爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Matthew Tindal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E7%AB%87%C2%B7%E5%BB%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪竇·廷達爾 (無呢版)">瑪竇·廷達爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" class="extiw" title="en:Matthew Tindal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Matthew Tindal</span></a></span>）</span></span>喺佢嗰本著作《<i>Christianity as Old as the Creation</i>》入面就噉樣講<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："By natural religion, I understand the belief of the existence of a God, and the sense and practice of those duties which result from the knowledge we, by our reason, have of him and his perfections; and of ourselves, and our own imperfections, and of the relationship we stand in to him, and to our fellow-creatures; so that the religion of nature takes in everything that is founded on the reason and nature of things."<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">粵文</a>翻譯：我所講嘅「自然宗教」（指理神論）係指我明白到上帝嘅存在，同指對（自己有嘅）義務嘅認識同實行，而呢啲義務嘅認識同實行係嚟自我哋對上帝同佢嘅完美嘅認知、嚟自對自己嘅認知、嚟自對我哋自己嘅唔完美嘅認知、嚟自我哋對自己同上帝之間嘅關係嘅認知、同埋對自己以外嘅生靈嘅認知嘅。所以自然嘅宗教包羅嗮所有建基於理性同萬物本質嘅嘢。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>理神論主張以科學方法嚟認識宇宙，科學方法涉及嘅係不斷觀察大自然嘅現象嚟搵出普遍嘅自然定律。而理神論者一般認為，用科學方法認識咗宇宙，就能夠幫到手認識宇宙嘅創造者（即係上帝），所以<sup id="cite_ref-waringeg_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waringeg-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>理神論拒絕一啲聲稱自己幫到人了解上帝，但係冇辦法客觀驗證嘅嘢。例如係啟示噉，啟示所涉及嘅係啲先知聲稱話「上帝同我傾偈，俾咗乜嘢乜嘢指示我」，但呢啲宣稱係冇辦法客觀驗證嘅，所以理神論拒絕一切嘅啟示。</li> <li>理神論亦都極力反對<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="神秘主義">神秘主義</a>。有好多理神論思想家都話，神職人員成日講出「上帝嘅嘢係人冇辦法理解嘅」呢類宣稱，好大程度上目的衹不過係喺度老點啲信徒，或者係喺唔夠人詏嗰陣迴避問題。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教會嘅本質"><span id=".E6.95.99.E6.9C.83.E5.98.85.E6.9C.AC.E8.B3.AA"></span>教會嘅本質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 教會嘅本質"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>初頭嘅理神論者－好似係瑪竇·廷達爾同湯瑪斯·潘恩－好多都主張話原先人類係有一個又理性又簡單嘅信仰嘅，後嚟先至俾教會嘅內部權鬥等嘅原因搞到腐敗咗。佢哋覺得啲神職人員好多時會為咗自己個人利益或者係成個神職人員階層嘅利益而老點啲信眾，又或者係死要面喺唔夠人詏嗰陣用神秘主義等嘅方式嚟避開問題<sup id="cite_ref-champ_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根據呢種世界觀，隨住年日過去，神職人員成功噉用一大柞迷信同「神秘」將本嚟嗰個理性又簡單嘅信仰「包」住嗮，而呢啲迷信同神秘就係指教會嗰啲神學信條<sup id="cite_ref-champ_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-champ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：因為嗰啲神學信條太複雜又成日自相矛盾，搞到啲信眾根本唔明，而跟住啲神職人員就會同啲信眾講，話得神職人員會明呢啲嘢－於是啲信眾就俾佢哋氹到自願接受啲神職人員嘅權威，會將錢、權力、同尊重等等神職人員想要嘅嘢交俾佢哋；但係當然，就算啲信眾噉做，佢哋都仲唔會明啲神學信條，因為呢啲神學信條根本冇內容，衹不過係教會為咗呃人而將呢啲信條用好靚嘅文字包裝起而成嘅；啲信眾俾佢哋老點咗，啲神職人員就能夠扮到好似識好多嘢噉－就對佢哋啲信眾有咗一股影響力。早期嘅理神論思想家仲將神職人員做嘅嘢話係「神術」－即係將神職人員做嘅嘢比喻做<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="巫術">巫術</a>。湯瑪斯·潘恩喺佢本《理性時代》第 2 部第 129 頁嗰度噉樣講： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："As priestcraft was always the enemy of knowledge, because priestcraft supports itself by keeping people in delusion and ignorance, it was consistent with its policy to make the acquisition of knowledge a real sin."<br /> 粵文翻譯：神術不嬲都係知識嘅敵人，因為神術維持自己（存在）嘅方法就係令到啲人繼續妄想同無知，配合佢將獲得知識（學習同發問）視為一種罪嘅政策。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>呢個諗法暗示咗，呢類理神論者認為遠古嘅早期社會有一啲冇乜迷信喺度嘅宗教信仰，但係好似<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E4%BC%91%E8%AC%A8" title="大衛休謨">大衛休謨</a>（David Hume）等嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="史學家">史學家</a>喺研究完原始社會之後，發覺嗰陣時啲信仰都唔係咁理性，而係好建基於<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>之上嘅－例如係出於對未知嘅恐懼而拜鬼神噉。所以現代嘅理神論者多數都質疑早期理神論者喺呢方面嘅論述，淨係信「教會用好多方法搵人老襯」呢一個部份，而唔信「早期嘅人類信仰係理性嘅」嗰一個部份<sup id="cite_ref-defined_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defined-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重要議題"><span id=".E9.87.8D.E8.A6.81.E8.AD.B0.E9.A1.8C"></span>重要議題</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 重要議題"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/240px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/360px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg/480px-BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="2971" /></a><figcaption>富蘭克林嘅畫像；佢係一個好博學嘅理神論者，有寫過吓<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>著作，又有做過<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>方面嘅研究。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對耶穌嘅睇法"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E8.80.B6.E7.A9.8C.E5.98.85.E7.9D.87.E6.B3.95"></span>對耶穌嘅睇法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 對耶穌嘅睇法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="基督徒理神論">基督徒理神論</a></div> <p>理神論嘅基本諗法係唔信有啟示，唔信上帝會派使者嚟人世，所以理神論者普遍都唔會好似<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>噉信<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" title="耶穌">耶穌</a>係上帝之子<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，亦都唔會好似<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92" class="mw-redirect" title="回教徒">回教徒</a>噉信耶穌係上帝嘅先知<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但理神論者普遍都唔會否定，耶穌係一個好特別嘅人<sup id="cite_ref-mic_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mic-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而至於耶穌嘅具體地位係點，唔同學派嘅理神論者有唔同嘅睇法： </p> <ul><li>有一部份嘅理神論者唔信神蹟同埋預言，但依然覺得自己係「基督徒」。噉係因為呢類理神論者興將基督徒定義為「真正跟隨<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E6%92%92%E5%8B%92%E4%BA%BA%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="拿撒勒人耶穌">拿撒勒人耶穌</a>嘅人」，並且認為佢哋信奉嘅先至係耶穌真正教緊嗰套，覺得現時嘅基督教好大程度上衹不過係教會後尾對耶穌嘅教誨加鹽加醋老作出嚟嘅。呢種諗法喺古典理神論者（睇<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#古典理神論">古典理神論</a>小節）當中零舍常見<sup id="cite_ref-mic_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mic-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>又有啲理神論者唔信耶穌有神性又唔認為自己係「真正嘅基督徒」，但覺得耶穌佢品德好好，啲教誨好值得欣賞，所以會以耶穌作為道德上嘅榜樣；呢種理神論者有陣時會俾學界嗌佢哋做「基督徒理神論者」，當中最出名嘅要數美國第三任總統<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%9C" title="湯瑪斯傑佛遜">湯瑪斯傑佛遜</a>－傑佛遜佢唔淨衹信呢種主張，仲整咗<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傑佛遜聖經" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英文" data-foreign-title="Jefferson Bible"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%9C%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑佛遜聖經 (無呢版)">傑佛遜聖經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" class="extiw" title="en:Jefferson Bible"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jefferson Bible</span></a></span>）</span></span>呢本書出嚟，呢個版本嘅聖經淨係包含耶穌嘅道德教誨，將其他內容－舊約聖經同啲預言－通通都攞走嗮<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>再激少少嘅理神論者會全盤噉拒絕基督教嘅一切，包括耶穌嘅教誨，甚至否定耶穌係一個真正存在嘅歷史人物，甚至對基督教有敵意，因為佢哋覺得基督教完全係妖言惑眾嘅迷信，呢一類型嘅理神論者俾好多基督徒話佢哋係無神論者<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <p>理神論者唔信任何型式嘅啟示，所以除咗耶穌之外，一般亦都會拒絕第啲先知，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF" title="摩西">摩西</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a>等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="決定論同自由"><span id=".E6.B1.BA.E5.AE.9A.E8.AB.96.E5.90.8C.E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1"></span>決定論同自由</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 決定論同自由"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></div> <p>啟蒙時期嘅思想家相信<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>：佢哋俾<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>嘅研究影響咗，傾向認為宇宙係一部好大嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="機器">機器</a>，由一個造物主創造同啟動，而且仲會繼續跟住造物主定落嚟嘅自然定律一路行，唔使造物主插手都會自動噉變成造物主想要嘅樣；喺一個噉嘅宇宙入面，喺任何一個時間點，如果有個人完全知道嗮個宇宙嘅狀態嘅話，會有能力完美噉靠自然定律預測個宇宙下一刻嘅狀態。呢種思想就係所謂嘅決定論<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。相信呢種學說暗示咗個人相信人類嘅行為都係完完全全噉由自然定律話事嘅。於是乎，嗰陣時啲思想家－無論係教會嘅神學家定係理神論者－都好興辯論到底人類真係具有所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a>（free will），定係衹不過係同其他嘢（好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓力學">牛頓力學</a>描述嘅嗰啲死物）一樣，係完全受制於自然定律嘅。喺呢方面，早期嘅理神論者同近代嘅理神論者有唔少分歧： </p> <ul><li>早期理神論者一般都好仰慕自然定律同埋冇神蹟嘅宇宙。因為噉，早期理神論者好多時都傾向決定論，甚至覺得人類係完全冇自由意志嘅<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>廿一世紀嘅理神論者對於決定論嘅接受程度普遍都係麻麻地：喺廿世紀早期，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>（quantum mechanics）等嘅物理學理論表示咗，宇宙入面有一部份嘅物理過程係本質上帶有隨機性嘅，令到古典嘅決定論崩潰<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。所以對於自由意志嘅問題，學界又有咗新嘅討論。當代嘅理神論者好多都有留意呢類討論，發現「人類行為完全受制於自然定律」呢個諗法未必企得穩<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="死後生命"><span id=".E6.AD.BB.E5.BE.8C.E7.94.9F.E5.91.BD"></span>死後生命</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 死後生命"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="死後生命">死後生命</a></div> <p>對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%BE%8C%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="死後生命">死後生命</a>呢家嘢係點樣嘅，理神論並冇共識：有啲理神論者主張人類有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E9%AD%82" title="靈魂">靈魂</a>，而靈魂喺個人死咗之後都仲會繼續存在，並且按照佢哋喺生前嘅功過決定佢哋喺死後生命會受獎勵定係受懲罰；又有一啲理神論者，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%96%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%83%E5%8B%9B" title="美國開國元勛">美國開國元勛</a>之一嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="富蘭克林">富蘭克林</a>（Benjamin Franklin）噉，相信<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴轉世">輪迴轉世</a>等嘅諗法<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；當中湯瑪斯·潘恩好確定噉相信靈魂嘅存在，但係對於死後生命係點嘅樣，佢冇乜點樣表達意見。佢喺佢本《理性時代》嘅第一部份嗰度噉講： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："I believe in one God, and no more; and I hope for happiness beyond this life."<br /> <p>粵文翻譯：我相信一個上帝，淨係噉啫；我希望喺呢一條生命之後會得到幸福。 </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>又有第啲理神論思想家主張<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="物質主義">物質主義</a>，認為宇宙除咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質">物質</a>之外就乜嘢都冇，所以冇乜嘢靈魂或者死後生命。英格蘭哲學家 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Collins" class="extiw" title="en:Anthony Collins">Anthony Collins</a>、英格蘭作家 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a>、同英格蘭思想家 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Annet" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Annet">Peter Annet</a> 等等都主張呢種諗法<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="祈禱"><span id=".E7.A5.88.E7.A6.B1"></span>祈禱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 祈禱"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>理神論嘅一個議題係有關祈禱嘅：古典理神論者主張一個人類個體同上帝之間嘅關係唔係個人嘅，因為佢哋認為上帝喺創造咗宇宙之後就俾個宇宙跟住佢啲自然定律嚟行，所以唔會直接插手落去干預人類嘅活動，而係間接噉將理性同良心等嘅嘢賦予咗俾人類，等人類可以自己做決定。有好多現代理神論者都信呢套諗法，於是就有一個問題－<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E7%A6%B1" title="祈禱">祈禱</a>（即係嘗試同上帝傾偈）到底係咪一樣有意義嘅行為？對於呢個問題，理神論者之間有唔細嘅分歧： </p> <ul><li>有部份嘅理神論者主張，上帝創造嘅宇宙係完美噉跟從佢所創嘅自然定律嚟運行嘅，無論一個人點樣對上帝又囈又篩話想要呢啲嘢改變都唔會有效，所以祈禱頂嗮櫳都衹可以當係對人類情感需求嘅一種滿足。</li> <li>又有一部份嘅理神論者相信上帝唔係一個人類可以直接同佢溝通嘅物體；相反，佢哋認為上帝淨係有得透過對大自然嘅觀察嚟到體驗。</li> <li>又有啲理神論者唔信上帝會干預宇宙嘅事務，但係覺得祈禱可以當係一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a>，對人類<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%80%A7" title="靈性">靈性</a>上嘅修為有幫助。呢種理神論者嘅祈禱多數都係傾向欣賞性，而唔係要求性嘅－即係「上帝，多謝你乜乜乜」，而唔係囈上帝幫佢手做啲乜乜物物<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>有啲理神論者會做冥想，並且成日用祈禱嗰陣講嘅嘢嚟做自我鼓勵<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源背景"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>起源背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 起源背景"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/300px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/450px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg/600px-LifeAndWorksOfConfucius1687.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">由一班耶穌會傳教士喺 1687 年響<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>出版、有關孔子思想嘅書</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/300px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/450px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/600px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">馬丁路德嗰個版本嘅聖經，1534 年；馬丁路德認為天主教會篡改過聖經，於是整咗個佢自己嘅版本出嚟。</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遠古"><span id=".E9.81.A0.E5.8F.A4"></span>遠古</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 遠古"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>理神論思想係喺啟蒙時期嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>（尤其係喺英國）先至正式開始有嘅，但係類似理神論嘅諗法早喺遠古時代嗰陣已經有：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嘅哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特">赫拉克利特</a>（Heraclitus）提出咗個諗法，主張宇宙入面有一個至高嘅理性原則，並且認為有一個「掌管宇宙萬物嘅嗰個智慧（體）」存在－係一個相當似一神論嘅諗法，同古希臘嗰陣時嗰啲多神信仰思想截然不同；後嚟<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>（Plato）仲直接噉提出話上帝好似一個「工匠」噉，而呢點似十足啟蒙時期理神論者所講嘅嗰個上帝。古希臘以外嘅遠古文明嘅思想家都有些少類似嘅討論<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文藝復興"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88"></span>文藝復興</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 文藝復興"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>（Renaissance）嗰陣嘅歐洲喺思想上有重大嘅變化：當時嘅歐洲人重新發現古希臘同<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>嘅文化遺產，對古希臘嘅哲學著作當中嘅思想興趣大增，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="人文主義">人文主義</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>又得到空前嘅成功，而且同一時間，西歐嘅基督教教會內部出現咗大分裂。呢啲因素令到歐洲人開始唔再當<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>係智慧嘅唯一來源，更加唔再覺得天主教會喺思想上係整定要征服全世界嘅。 </p><p>當時歐洲人嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="大航海時代">航海活動</a>有幫到手引起歐洲喺思想上嘅改革。喺 16 至 17 世紀，歐洲人開始接觸到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B" title="太平洋">太平洋</a>等地嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>，發現咗前人未知嘅文化多樣性，跟住就開始質疑：咁多唔同嘅人種同語言點可能係好似舊約聖經所講，由兩個人－<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%A5%96%E7%88%B6%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原祖父母">原祖父母</a>－嗰度嚟嘅。而且呢啲外來思想開始影響返歐洲人轉頭，好似係<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a>嘅思想由<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%9C%83" title="耶穌會">耶穌會</a>（Jesuit）傳教士譯做歐洲語言<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，對後嚟嘅理神論思想有一定嘅影響，亦都令到某啲啟蒙時期思想家有興趣嘗試將孔子嘅諗法加落去基督教道德系統入面<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲影響令到歐洲人開始咗質疑教會傳統教嘅嗰套「教會同聖經係唯一真理」，當中英格蘭嘅宗教思想家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">愛德華·赫伯特</a>（Edward Herbert）就喺佢 1645 年出嗰本書《<i>De Religione Laici</i>》入面噉樣評論宗教多樣性呢一個現象<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："Many faiths or religions, clearly, exist or once existed in various countries and ages, and certainly there is not one of them that the lawgivers have not pronounced to be as it were divinely ordained, so that the Wayfarer finds one in Europe, another in Africa, and in Asia, still another in the very Indies."<br /> 粵文翻譯：好明顯，喺多個國家同時代都有過好多唔同嘅信仰同宗教，而好肯定嘅係，佢哋（呢啲信仰同宗教）當中冇一個啲教士唔係講到啲教條好似係由某啲形式嘅神性講落嘅噉，正如旅行者喺歐洲搵到一個（即係指基督教）、喺非洲又搵到個、喺亞洲又搵到個、而喺美洲土著當中又搵到個。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲宗教紛爭"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E7.B4.9B.E7.88.AD"></span>歐洲宗教紛爭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 歐洲宗教紛爭"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>喺啟蒙打前嘅歐洲發生咗大型嘅教會分裂。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90" title="西歐">西歐</a>喺宗教上不嬲都係由天主教會主導嘅（而<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" title="東歐">東歐</a>係由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99" title="東正教">東正教</a>主導嘅），但係喺 16 世紀嗰陣出現咗<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁路德">馬丁路德</a>（Martin Luther）呢個人物，佢重新將聖經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E6%96%87" title="希伯來文">希伯來文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>譯做<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>，創立自己嘅新教派，又大談羅馬教會嘅腐敗，激到<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗">教宗</a>生虾噉跳。馬丁路德引起咗宗教改革，仲令到西歐喺宗教上發生大分裂，形成咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="基督新教">基督新教</a>出嚟。呢場宗教分裂造成嘅政治緊張搞到歐洲發生咗<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a>呢場宗教戰爭。呢場仗好大陣仗，例如係<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國">德國</a>，據估計就有成 15% 至 20% 嘅人都因為打呢場仗死咗<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>呢啲宗教上嘅紛爭涉及到因為神職人員對聖經章節嘅唔同詮釋而起嘅政治意見分歧，所以呢場風波亦都令到好多歐洲嘅學者同思想家開始重新去反思宗教同真理呢方面嘅問題－間接令到一部份嘅人產生「想放棄宗教」呢個諗法<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學上嘅發現"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E4.B8.8A.E5.98.85.E7.99.BC.E7.8F.BE"></span>科學上嘅發現</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 科學上嘅發現"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>17 世紀嘅歐洲喺科學上嘅重大躍進－即係所謂嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>（The Scientific Revolution）<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>－喺思想上對西人造成咗好大嘅震盪。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="哥白尼">哥白尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="開普勒">開普勒</a>、同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略">伽利略</a>等科學家嘅研究令到歐洲人放棄舊陣時「地球係宇宙中心」嘅諗法，並且開始挑戰聖經嘅權威，當中伽利略就為咗堅持自己對<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%AA%AA" title="日心說">日心說</a>嘅諗法而俾教廷指控話佢係<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="異端分子">異端分子</a>。呢一連串嘅事開始令到好多歐洲人相信，聖經頂櫳都衹不過係喺信仰同道德上嘅權威，喺科學知識上冇資格話事。例如伽利略就曾經講過話認為「上帝嘅本質係要透過佢嘅工作（指應該用科學了解嘅自然宇宙）嚟認識嘅，而上帝嘅教導係要透過佢所啟示嘅話語（指聖經）嚟認識嘅」（"God is known by nature in his works, and by doctrine in his revealed word."）<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。總體嚟講，伽利略等嘅科學家雖然未有諗到理神論，但係佢哋嘅影響令到好多歐洲人踏出咗邁向理神論嘅第一步－以科學同理性，而唔係宗教經典，嚟認識上帝<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古典理神論"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96"></span>古典理神論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 古典理神論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1488945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re,_portrait_de_Voltaire_(Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire)_-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg/240px-D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">法國哲學家伏爾泰嘅畫像</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jefferson_Bible.jpg/240px-Jefferson_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jefferson_Bible.jpg/360px-Jefferson_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Jefferson_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">由湯瑪斯傑佛遜親手寫嗰本《<i>The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</i>》嘅封面，1820 年</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="喺英國盛放"><span id=".E5.96.BA.E8.8B.B1.E5.9C.8B.E7.9B.9B.E6.94.BE"></span>喺英國盛放</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 喺英國盛放"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="德國人">德裔</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="美國">美國</a>史學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gay" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Gay">伯多祿·基</a>（Peter Gay）認為，古典理神論係喺 1690 年代尾正式出現喺歷史舞台上嘅。嗰陣，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="愛爾蘭">愛爾蘭</a>思想家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland" class="extiw" title="en:John Toland">莊·吐蘭</a>（John Toland）寫咗本書叫《<i>Christianity not Mysterious</i>》（粵文：基督教唔神秘），佢喺呢本書當中大講佢對基督教嘅諗法，並且大力主張認為，信仰上最基礎嘅教條（即係<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%BF%83" title="良心">良心</a>同基本嘅道德）冚唪唥都可以由人齋靠理性嚟學，根本唔使教會教－呢種諗法係理神論嘅基本原則<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>莊·吐蘭嘅著作引起咗當時啲知識份子嘅注意，呢啲知識份子包括咗一啲受過高等教育嘅學者、自學成材嘅自由思想家、又有啲俾伯多祿·基形容係「近乎黐線」嘅人<sup id="cite_ref-gay_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gay-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢啲人對理神論廣泛噉展開辯論，而呢一連串嘅辯論起碼要去到成 1740 年代先至降溫<sup id="cite_ref-gay_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gay-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。喺呢個時期，對理神論興趣最濃烈嘅地方就係英國，當時嘅英國出咗好多出位嘅理神論思想家，幫理神論定咗個基礎<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>理神論後嚟話咁快就傳播到去隔個海嘅大陸歐洲嗰度，引起咗西歐另一個文化思想上繁榮嘅地區－法國－嘅注意<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="喺法國傳播"><span id=".E5.96.BA.E6.B3.95.E5.9C.8B.E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD"></span>喺法國傳播</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 喺法國傳播"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>法國喺歷史上出過好多自然神學家，不嬲都有開對教會抱持懷疑態度嘅哲學傳統，而喺法國大革命打後嘅一段時間之內，拜<b>至高存在體</b>（supreme being；上帝嘅別名）仲取代天主教做咗一陣法國嘅國教。嗰個時代嘅法國理神論思想界最出名嘅要數大哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0" title="伏爾泰">伏爾泰</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" title="法文">法文</a>：Voltaire，真名係「François-Marie Arouet」）。伏爾泰睇咗好多有關牛頓嗰套科學嘅著作，後嚟仲喺 1726 年嗰陣去英國嗰度暫住咗兩年，令到佢有咗強烈嘅理神論取向。伏爾泰佢一方面重複噉表態相信上帝存在<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，又寫咗好多嘢嚟批評包括基督教在內嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%B4%E9%83%8E%E8%AB%B8%E6%95%99" title="亞巴郎諸教">亞巴郎諸教</a>。例如佢對於舊約聖經入面一啲比較暴力嘅內容就做過噉嘅評論： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">英文："It is characteristic of fanatics who read the holy scriptures to tell themselves: God killed, so I must kill; Abraham lied, Jacob deceived, Rachel stole: so I must steal, deceive, lie. But, wretch, you are neither Rachel, nor Jacob, nor Abraham, nor God; you are just a mad fool, and the popes who forbade the reading of the Bible were extremely wise."<br /> 粵文翻譯：啲睇完神聖經典（包括聖經）嘅狂人通常都會同自己講：上帝殺過人，所以我一定要殺人；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="亞伯拉罕">亞伯拉罕</a>講過大話，雅各呃過人，拉結偷過嘢<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以我一定要偷嘢、呃人、講大話。但係傻仔，你又唔係拉結、唔係雅各、唔係亞伯拉罕、唔係上帝；你衹不過係一個黐線蠢材，而唔俾人睇聖經嘅教宗真係醒到極點<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>當時英國同法國係西歐嘅兩個頭號大國：英國嗰陣時喺航海上攞到空前嘅成功，帝國版圖擴展到去全世界多個洲，令到理神論相關嘅出版物流傳咗去離歐洲本土好遠嘅地方－例如係美國；另一方面，法國當時喺軍事同文化上嘅強大令到佢對西歐大陸地區有好勁嘅影響力，令到大陸各地嘅歐洲人－<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊比利亞半島">伊比利亞半島</a>、同內陸啲嘅<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奧地利">奧地利</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>等－都開始接觸到理神論嘅思想<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美國理神論"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9C.8B.E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96"></span>美國理神論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 美國理神論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美國嘅開國元勛多數有理神論傾向。喺 17 世紀尾同 18 世紀頭，美國啱啱脫離<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="大英帝國">大英帝國</a>獨立咗冇幾耐，仲好興同歐洲人打交道，亦都因而吸收咗當時歐洲嘅啟蒙時期思想。啟蒙時期嘅歐洲產生咗<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">宗教自由</a>等嘅諗頭，而宗教自由仲成為咗<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="美國憲法">美國憲法</a>嘅其中一條基本原則。美國開國元勛同相關人物當中有好多位都深受理神論影響<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，包括正話提咗，屬於美國開國元勛嘅湯瑪斯傑佛遜、湯瑪斯·潘恩、同富蘭克林噉。呢班人曾經好多次噉表態主張認為上帝存在，但係同時又對宗教同神職人員有頗為負面嘅評價，例如係湯瑪斯傑佛遜就寫咗好多封信嚟討論啟蒙思想，佢喺 1820 年嗰陣寫咗一封信俾佢個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E6%9B%B8" title="秘書">秘書</a>，喺信入面噉講： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">英文："[T]he serious enemies are the priests of the different religious sects, to whose spells on the human mind its improvement is ominous."<br /> 粵文翻譯：嚴重嘅敵人係唔同宗教教派嗰啲神父，人類心靈嘅改進危害到佢哋（指啲神父）向人類心靈施嘅咒語。</div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>呢啲知識份子好提倡理神論嘅思想，仲有嘗試將理神論推廣俾普羅大眾。例如湯瑪斯·潘恩就鍾意用英文呢種平民日常會講嘅語言嚟寫書討論理神論，而唔係好似當時嘅教會噉，用拉丁文同希臘文呢啲一般平民唔識睇嘅文字。不過，「當時嘅社會大眾有幾接納理神論」呢個問題到咗家吓歷史學界都仲喺度詏緊<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般歷史學家都認為，湯瑪斯傑佛遜係美國開國元勛當中其中一個最爆響口噉表態撐理神論嘅（雖然佢話自己係個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%8D%E8%AB%96%E6%B4%BE%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一位論派者 (無呢版)">一位論派者</a>，而唔係理神論者）。佢喺 1820 年寫咗《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E9%81%9C%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑佛遜聖經 (無呢版)">傑佛遜聖經</a>》（The Jefferson Bible），書名全名《<i>The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</i>》（粵文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E6%92%92%E5%8B%92%E4%BA%BA%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="拿撒勒人耶穌">拿撒勒人耶穌</a>嘅一生同德行）。呢本書係聖經嘅節錄版，淨係收錄<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="新約">新約</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福音 (無呢版)">福音</a>裏面耶穌嗰啲道德教誨－即係將舊約聖經、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E5%BE%92%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="使徒保羅">使徒保羅</a>寫嗰柞嘢、以及啲有關預言同神蹟嘅內容通通攞走嗮。一般都認為，湯瑪斯傑佛遜佢噉樣做反映咗好強烈嘅理神論取向－唔信超自然嘅嘢，淨係要耶穌嘅道德教導<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現代理神論"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96"></span>現代理神論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 現代理神論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/240px-Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/360px-Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg/480px-Giordano_Bruno_Campo_dei_Fiori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>16 世紀嘅意大利神學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E8%AB%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="布魯諾">布魯諾</a>（Giordano Bruno）嘅雕像；佢因為主張類似泛理神論嘅睇法而俾人告佢異端，最後仲搞到俾羅馬教會用火刑處死佢。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理神論嘅重生"><span id=".E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96.E5.98.85.E9.87.8D.E7.94.9F"></span>理神論嘅重生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 理神論嘅重生"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古典理神論最後走向咗衰落，但係就喺廿一世紀初再次崛起。歷史學家認為，到咗 1800 年左右，古典理神論經已唔算一個影響力強嘅思想流派，而喺打後嘅 19 世紀，古典理神論因為唔夠無神論同基督教嘅一啲新思想派系競爭，所以走向衰落，冇乜點再有人提<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雖然係噉，廿世紀後半橛嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>科技令到人類重新噉發現咗理神論－現代嘅西人好多都對教會覺得厭惡，但係又唔想信無神論，於是由廿世紀後期開始，好多西人都開始有理神論嘅傾向，仲將現代嘅科學知識融入去古典理神論入面，形成咗現代嘅理神論<sup id="cite_ref-WUD_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WUD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defined_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defined-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有研究指出，理神論喺廿一世紀初重新崛起：喺 2001 年，有團體做咗份問卷調查，抽咗 50,000 個人問佢哋嘅信仰。佢哋估計全美國喺 2001 年有 49,000 個理神論者，呢個係美國人口嘅 0.02%；而更加緊要嘅係，喺 1990 年至 2001 年期間，認同自己係理神論者嘅美國人數量升咗成 6.17 倍咁多。如果呢個研究結果反映到美國普羅大眾嘅話，理神論就係美國喺嗰段期間增長得最犀利嘅信仰類別<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同一個團體喺 2008 年又做咗次調查，發現美國人有成 12%（3,800 萬人）都有理神論取向<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>理神論主張上帝存在得嚟又唔相信神聖啟示，令到佢對宗教嘅兩極嘅人－由虔誠嘅教會信徒去到無神論者－都有一定嘅吸引力，例如係廿世紀嘅英格蘭哲學家<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Flew" class="extiw" title="en:Antony Flew">安東尼夫勞</a>（Antony Flew）就由無神論改信理神論<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，又有啲做天主教神父做咗廿年嘅人改信理神論<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="概論_2"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AB.96_2"></span>概論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 概論"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現代嘅理神論者嘗試將古典嘅理神論思想結合埋現代嘅哲學同科學知識，再加上理神論唔似得教會噉，由個組織嘅權威決定「應該信啲乜」，所以產生好多唔同嘅思想流派。好多時理神論者之間對上帝嘅本質同死後生命等嘅議題有唔同嘅意見。雖然係噉，始終佢哋都係受到湯瑪斯·潘恩等人嘅著作影響咗，所以佢哋一般都會同意「相信造物主」、「拒絕教會同啟示」、以及「用理性了解上帝」等嘅幾個基本諗法。World Union of Deists（WUD；「世界理神論者聯盟」）就噉樣定義現代人對理神論嘅了解<sup id="cite_ref-defined_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defined-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table align="center" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; margin: 5px auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; padding:10px 10px;">「 </td> <td><div style="display: table-cell; text-align: left; padding: 1em; vertical-align: middle;">原版英文："Deism is the recognition of a universal creative force greater than that demonstrated by mankind, supported by personal observation of laws and designs in nature and the universe, perpetuated and validated by the innate ability of human reason coupled with the rejection of claims made by individuals and organized religions of having received special divine revelation."<br /> <p>粵文翻譯：理神論係對一股宇宙創造力嘅認識，呢股創造力遠大過人類所展示嘅好多，（理神論）受到個人對宇宙同大自然當中嘅定律同設計嘅觀察嚟支撐，由人類嘅理性驗證同維持，以及拒絕接受個人或者宗教組織宣稱「收到神聖啟示」。 </p> </div> </td> <td valign="bottom" style="width:20px; color:#B2B7F2; font-size:40px; font-family:Elephant,'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; text-align:right; padding:10px 10px;">」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>現代嘅理神論者對於上帝嘅本質以及上帝同宇宙之間嘅關係呢啲問題有好多唔同嘅見解。佢哋一般會同意，想用理性同對大自然嘅觀察作為信仰嘅基礎。理神論思想可以用佢哋對上帝嘅本質嘅見解嚟到分類：有啲理神論者觀察完宇宙之後見到宇宙有一啲特別嘅設計，並且認為呢啲設計顯示咗造物主嘅一啲目的；有啲理神論者認為上帝同宇宙係噉喺度互動，一齊創造啲嘢；有啲理神論者主張古典理神論嗰種睇法，認為上帝會觀察人類但係唔會直接噉插手落去人類嘅生活嗰度。泛理神論都係喺呢個時期開始廣泛噉散播嘅<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="宗教哲學概念"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>宗教哲學概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 宗教哲學概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deism_symbol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deism_symbol.png/100px-Deism_symbol.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deism_symbol.png/150px-Deism_symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Deism_symbol.png/200px-Deism_symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教哲學">宗教哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="上帝">上帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="無神論">無神論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E7%9F%A5%E8%AB%96" title="不可知論">不可知論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" title="泛理神論">泛理神論</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="拉雜相關概念"><span id=".E6.8B.89.E9.9B.9C.E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A6.82.E5.BF.B5"></span>拉雜相關概念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 拉雜相關概念"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="科學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="自然主義">自然主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="理性主義">理性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E7%9F%A5%E6%B4%BE" title="靈知派">靈知派</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 註釋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">上述三個人係聖經嘅先知或者相關人物。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">當時啲聖經多數係用拉丁文或者希臘文寫嘅，所以有返咁上下教育程度嘅人先識睇，而平民多數連字都唔識多隻，衹係有得聽教會講。</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文獻"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 文獻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理神論思想"><span id=".E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>理神論思想</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=33" title="編輯小節: 理神論思想"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:3"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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.zi6:after{padding-top:1em;content:"﹋"}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4 .zi6:after{content:"︳";transform-origin:bottom left;transform:rotate(90deg)translate(-0.25em,0.35em)}.mw-parser-output .zoek6zung6 .zi6:after{padding-top:0.6em;content:"·";width:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .koen1zo2,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaine1795" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Thomas (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/theageofreason.htm"><i>The Age of Reason</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reason&rft.date=1795&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Ftheageofreason.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="Z3988"></span> 湯瑪斯·潘恩嗰本名著《理性時代》。</li> <li><i>The Jefferson Bible, Smithsonian Edition: The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</i>. (2011). Smithsonian Books hardcover: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/978-1-58834-312-3" title="Special:書本來源/978-1-58834-312-3">978-1-58834-312-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Elihu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/principlesofnature.htm"><i>The Principles of Nature</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Nature&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Elihu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Fprinciplesofnature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/deismbook.htm"><i>Deism: A Revolution in Religion, A Revolution in You</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deism%3A+A+Revolution+in+Religion%2C+A+Revolution+in+You&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deism.com%2Fdeismbook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deism.com/answer_mere_christianity.htm"><i>An Answer to C.S. Lewis' Mere Christianity</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Answer+to+C.S.+Lewis%27+Mere+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeism.com%2Fanswer_mere_christianity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deism.com/Godreasonnotreligion.htm"><i>God Gave Us Reason, Not Religion</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Gave+Us+Reason%2C+Not+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeism.com%2FGodreasonnotreligion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Deism: An Anthology</i> by Peter Gay (Van Nostrand, 1968)</li> <li><i>Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book</i> by E. Graham Waring (Frederick Ungar, 1967)</li> <li><i>The American Deists: Voices of Reason & Dissent in the Early Republic</i>, by Kerry S. Walters (University of Kansas Press, 1992).</li> <li>趙林. 《在上帝與牛頓之間》. 北京: 東方出版社. 2007.（中文）</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理神論歷史"><span id=".E7.90.86.E7.A5.9E.E8.AB.96.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>理神論歷史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=34" title="編輯小節: 理神論歷史"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; font-size:90%; column-count:3"> <ul><li><i>An Age of Infidels: The Politics of Religious Controversy in the Early United States</i> by Eric R. Schlereth (University of Pennsylvania Press; 2013) 295 pages; on conflicts between deists and their opponents.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFHerrick1997" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, James A. (1997). <i><span></span></i>The Radical Rhetoric of the English Deists: The Discourse of Skepticism<i>, 1680–1750</i>. University of South Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Rhetoric+of+the+English+Deists%3A+The+Discourse+of+Skepticism%2C+1680%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i> by John Orr (1934)</li> <li><i>European Thought in the Eighteenth Century</i> by Paul Hazard (1946, English translation 1954)</li> <li><i>Early Deism in France: From the so-called 'deistes' of Lyon (1564) to Voltaire's 'Lettres philosophiques' (1734)</i> by C. J. Betts (Martinus Nijhoff, 1984)</li> <li><i>The Seventeenth Century Background: Studies on the Thought of the Age in Relation to Poetry and Religion</i> by Basil Willey (1934)</li> <li><i>The Eighteenth Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period</i> by Basil Willey (1940)</li> <li><i>Simon Tyssot de Patot and the Seventeenth-Century Background of Critical Deism</i> by David Rice McKee (Johns Hopkins Press, 1941)</li> <li><i>The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy</i> by William Lane Craig (Edwin Mellen, 1985)</li> <li><i>Deism, Masonry, and the Enlightenment. Essays Honoring Alfred Owen Aldridge</i>. Ed. J. A. Leo Lemay. Newark, University of Delaware Press, 1987.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&section=35" title="編輯小節: 參考資料"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2020813"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rickman, T. C. (1819). <i>The Life of Thomas Paine</i>. (p. 130). Pr. and publ. by TC Rickman, and to be had of all Booksellers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WUD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WUD_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WUD_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm">Welcome to Deism, Deism Defined, Deist Glossary and FAQ</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225125904/https://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年2月25號，.. <i>World Union of Deists</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopb_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Deism". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2012. In general, Deism refers to what can be called natural religion, the acceptance of a certain body of religious knowledge that is inborn in every person or that can be acquired by the use of reason and the rejection of religious knowledge when it is acquired through either revelation or the teaching of any church.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Deism". <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. 1906. Retrieved 2012-10-10. DEISM: A system of belief which posits God's existence as the cause of all things, and admits its perfection, but rejects Divine revelation and government, proclaiming the all-sufficiency of natural laws.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herrick85-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-herrick85_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-herrick85_5-1">5.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Herrick, J., & Herrick, J. (1985). <i>Against the Faith: Essays on Deists, Skeptics, and Atheists</i> (p. 96). Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/deism.htm">Deism</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byrne13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-byrne13_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Byrne, P. (2013). <i>Natural religion and the nature of religion: The legacy of deism</i>. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomsett, Michael C. (2011). <i>Heresy in the Roman Catholic Church: A History</i>. McFarland. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/9780786485390" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7864-8539-0</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Force; Richard Henry Popkin (1990). <i>Essays on the context, nature, and influence of Isaac Newton's theology</i>. Springer. p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertarianism.org/columns/freethought-freedom-deism-age-reason-richard-carlile">Freethought and Freedom: Deism, The Age of Reason, and Richard Carlile</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins, G. D. (1972). Pope and deism: a new analysis. <i>The Huntington Library Quarterly</i>, 257-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, W. H. (1800). The Rise and Dissolution of the Infidel Societies in this Metropolis: Including the Origin of Modern Deism and Atheism, the Genius and Conduct of Thos Associations... From the Publication of Paine's Age of Reason Till the Present Period (etc.). Hatchard.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Ellen Judy; Reill, Peter Hanns (2004). <i>Deism</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 146–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Deism". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. 2011. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0408/abstract. Deism is a rationalistic, critical approach to theism with an emphasis on natural theology. The Deists attempted to reduce religion to what they regarded as its most foundational, rationally justifiable elements. Deism is not, strictly speaking, the teaching that God wound up the world like a watch and let it run on its own, though that teaching was embraced by some within the movement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardwick, J. "Modern Deism". J. Hardwick.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">James W. Sire (2009). <i>The Universe Next Door: A Basic Worldview Catalog</i>. InterVarsity Press. pp. 59–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. E. Allen (ed) (1990). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deist">Deist – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>". Merriam-webster.com. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, John (1934). <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i>. Eerdmans. p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayle, Pierre (1820) [1697]. "Viret". <i>Dictionnaire historique et critique</i> (in French). 14 (Nouvelle ed.). Paris: Desoer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-77;toc.depth=1;toc.id=dv1-77;brand=default">entry for "Deism"</a> in the on-line Dictionary of the History of Ideas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">趙林.《在上帝與牛頓之間》. 北京: 東方出版社. 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"一切能作為學問而出現的未來形上學之序論." (2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-justo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-justo_24-0">24.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-justo_24-1">24.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-justo_24-2">24.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Justo L. González (1984). <i>The Reformation to the present day</i>. HarperCollins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Philip (April 2010). "Beyond Labels: What Comes Next?". <i>The Bible and Interpretation</i>. Retrieved 2016-05-31. It has been accepted for decades that the Bible is not in principle either historically reliable or unreliable, but both: it contains both memories of real events and also fictions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph C. McLelland; Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion (November 1988). <i>Prometheus rebound: the irony of atheism</i>. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feder, Kenneth L. (2010). <i>Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology: From Atlantis to the Walam Olum</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clock-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-clock_28-0">28.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-clock_28-1">28.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/aword.htm">The Clockmaker: A God of Reason</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124233411/http://www.deism.com/aword.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年1月24號，.. <i>World Union of Deists</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/top-thomas-paine-quotes-on-religion-4072775">Insightful Thomas Paine Quotes on Religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331111044/https://www.thoughtco.com/top-thomas-paine-quotes-on-religion-4072775">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年3月31號，.. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perfectgod-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perfectgod_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-perfectgod_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/deism-95703">Deism: Belief in a Perfect God Who Does Not Intervene</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013224933/https://www.thoughtco.com/deism-95703">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2017年10月13號，.. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, L. (1881). <i>History of English thought in the eighteenth century</i> (Vol. 2). Smith, Elder & Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, John (1934). <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i>. Eerdmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-case-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-case_33-0">33.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-case_33-1">33.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/MyNews24/The-case-for-Deismor-not-20140507">The case for Deism...or not?</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029041758/https://www.news24.com/MyNews24/The-case-for-Deismor-not-20140507">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年10月29號，..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Martin (May 3, 2001). <i>Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape The Universe</i> (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books. p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Paul (2007). <i>Cosmic Jackpot: Why Our Universe Is Just Right for Life</i>. New York, NY: Orion Publications. p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_deism.html">Deism</a>. <i>The Basics of Philosophy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moderndeist.org/do-deists-have-a-personal-relationship-with-god">Do Deists Have a Personal Relationship with God?</a>. <i>Church of The Modern Deist</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enlightenmentdeism.com/relationship-to-god/miracles/">Miracles</a>. <i>Enlightenment Deism</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New Oxford Dictionary Of English</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998. p. 1341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Große, Gottfried (1787). <i>Naturgeschichte: mit erläuternden Anmerkungen</i>. p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sagan, Dorion, "Dazzle Gradually: Reflections on the Nature of Nature" 2007, p 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Heaven and Nature</i>, Ross Douthat, New York Times, 20 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deism.com/deism_defined.htm">Deism Defined, Welcome to Deism, Deist Glossary and Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819045105/http://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年8月19號，.". Deism.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waring, E. Graham (1967). <i>Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book</i>. p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waringeg-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-waringeg_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waring, Edward Graham (1967). <i>Deism and natural religion: a source book</i>. F. Ungar Pub. Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-champ-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-champ_46-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-champ_46-1">46.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Champion, J.A.I. (2014). <i>The Pillars of Priestcraft Shaken: The Church of England and its Enemies</i>, 1660-1730. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History). Champion maintains that historical argument was a central component of the Deists's defences of what they considered true religion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defined-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-defined_47-0">47.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-defined_47-1">47.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-defined_47-2">47.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm">Deism Defined</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225125904/https://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2021年2月25號，.. <i>World Union of Deists</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mossner, Ernest Campbell (1967). "Deism". <i>The Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Vol. 2. Collier-MacMillan. pp. 326–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jesus Christ in History and Scripture</i>, Edgar V. McKnight, p. 96 (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mic-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mic_50-0">50.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mic_50-1">50.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Corbett and Julia Mitchell Corbett, <i>Politics and religion in the United States</i> (1999) p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jefferson Bible</i>, introduction by M. A. Sotelo, (2004) Promotional Sales Books, LLC paperback.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/jesusexist.htm">Was Jesus a Real Person or Just a Figment of Human Imagination</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401031040/http://www.deism.com/jesusexist.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2019年4月1號，.. <i>World Union of Deists</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hartley, for example, described himself as "quite in the necessitarian scheme. See Ferg, Stephen, "Two Early Works of David Hartley", <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i>, vol. 19, no. 2 (April 1981), pp. 173–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Liberty and Necessity (1729).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Braginski and F. Khalili, <i>Quantum Measurements</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/experts-corner/quantum-mechanics-supports-free-will">Quantum Mechanics Supports Free Will</a>. <i>Big Think</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/quantum-physics-free-will/">The Quantum Physics of Free Will</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, John (1934). <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i>. Eerdmans. p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, John (1934). <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i>. Eerdmans. p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orr, John (1934). <i>English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits</i>. Eerdmans. p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deism.com/deism_defined.htm">Deism Defined, Welcome to Deism, Deist Glossary and Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819045105/http://www.deism.com/deism_defined.htm">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年8月19號，.". Deism.com. 2009-06-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lockard, Jim. "Affirmative Prayer". <i>Affirmative Prayer</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The discussion of the background of deism is based on the excellent summary in "The Challenge of the Seventeenth Century" in The Historical Jesus Question by Gregory W. Dawes (Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001). Good discussions of individual deist writers can be found in The Seventeenth Century Background and The Eighteenth Century Background by Basil Willey.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Couplet, Philippe; et al., eds. (1687), <i>Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive, Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita</i> [Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin], Paris: Daniel Horthemels. (in Latin).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Windows into China", John Parker, p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Eastern origins of Western civilization", John Hobson, p.194-195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De veritate (Editio tertia), <i>De causis errorum</i>, <i>De religione laici</i>, Parerga. (London 1645).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradshaw, Brendan (1983). "The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation". <i>History Today</i>. 33 (11): 42–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brady, Thomas A., Jr. (1991). "People's Religions in Reformation Europe". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. 24 (1): 173–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker, Sascha O.; Pfaff, Steven; Rubin, Jared. "Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation". <i>Explorations in Economic History</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science". <i>American Heritage of Invention and Technology</i>. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/scholarsandscientists/galileo-galilei.html">Galileo Galilei - Misjudged astronomer</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Leviathan</i>. Revised Edition, eds. A.P. Martinich and Brian Battiste. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel, Jonathan I. <i>Radical Enlightenment</i>. Oxford University Press: 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Champion, Justin (2003). <i>Republican learning: John Toland and the crisis of Christian culture</i>, 1696-1722. pp. 69–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gay-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gay_76-0">76.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gay_76-1">76.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay, Peter (1968). <i>Deism: An Anthology. Van Nostrand</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deism">Deism | religious philosophy</a>". <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson, R. L. (1968). Heresy, the Social Order, and English Deism. <i>Church History</i>, 37(4), 389-403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay, Peter (1968). <i>Deism: An Anthology</i>. Van Nostrand. p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Voltaire. W. Dugdale, <i>A Philosophical Dictionary ver 2</i>, 1843, p. 473 sec 1. Retrieved 31 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cronk, Nicholas (2009). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Voltaire</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gildon, Charles. <i>The Deist's Manual</i>. (<i>British Philosophers and Theologians of the 17th & 18th Centuries Series</i>.) London: for A. Roper, 1705; reprint, New York: Garland Publishing, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-Deism-and-Christianity-1272214">Britannica - The Founding Fathers, Deism, and Christianity</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, David (2006). <i>The Faiths of the Founding Fathers</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Corbett and Julia Mitchell, <i>Corbett, Politics and religion in the United States</i> (1999). p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302202951/http://www.common-place.org/interim/reviews/dilorenzo.shtml">Culture Wars in the Early Republic</a>". <i>Common-place</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon-Reed, Annette and Peter S. Onuf. <i>Thomas Jefferson’s Bible Teaching</i>. New York Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay, Peter (1968). <i>Deism: An Anthology</i>. Van Nostrand. p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mossner, Ernest Campbell (1967). "Deism". <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 2. Collier-MacMillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024031359/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm">ARIS key findings, 2001</a>". Archived from the original on 2005-10-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html">Largest Religious Groups in the United States of America</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820080454/http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年8月20號，.". Adherents.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.trincoll.edu/aris/files/2011/08/ARIS_Report_2008.pdf">ARIS Summary Report, March 2009</a>" (PDF). 2009. Retrieved 2017-03-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimes, William (2010-04-16). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/17/arts/17flew.html">Antony Flew, Philosopher and Ex-Atheist, Dies at 87</a>". <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deism.com/to-natures-god.net/">Raymond Fontaine's website: From Catholic Priest to Deist With Nature's God</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731111225/http://www.deism.com/to-natures-god.net/">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2018年7月31號，.". deism.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Lataster (2013). <i>There was no Jesus, there is no God: A Scholarly Examination of the Scientific, Historical, and Philosophical Evidence & Arguments for Monotheism</i>. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90/1492234419" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1492234419</a>. This one god could be of the deistic or pantheistic sort. Deism might be superior in explaining why God has seemingly left us to our own devices and pantheism could be the more logical option as it fits well with the ontological argument's 'maximally-great entity' and doesn't rely on unproven concepts about 'nothing' (as in 'creation out of nothing'). 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