CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913522d41b543dad',cH: 'r9gXgzU.__mRoZGl85434l2EaG8b6mmYeFNQoD64Sxc-1739788583-1.2.1.1-nXuEe3MsdaTc_vtK3cxWypoTQlm4nBT23wFa.Zo7pgq.v8WEXJmPRYiY0ob58Rz0',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factor&__cf_chl_tk=ee62pd5N_RguVZ_h4ypALM.PBI_bi5sRjtvKw7dnytc-1739788583-1.0.1.1-bOqcb_mZL10L3Zb2fyn_dY8R8O4Yn4OYicxt1CVTXIw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788583',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factor&__cf_chl_f_tk=ee62pd5N_RguVZ_h4ypALM.PBI_bi5sRjtvKw7dnytc-1739788583-1.0.1.1-bOqcb_mZL10L3Zb2fyn_dY8R8O4Yn4OYicxt1CVTXIw",md: "vNbyVOS.9Fls1ZnipE0izt.z9uU4wJIp.YA9pHPwe9c-1739788583-1.2.1.1-Zo8YVYItW6QS5q_qxuf_YG1mYfJ.8naqwz5uF7KTAjYcNsys6_KvwvlFTJRxQvbL.sO89cB.mNcAuLK6o4d0GbidNmHKGZBcP_dUWvbQzaGQ6tzHNLjsv.0wE5SsPamfMxzEX9x6ptnbDlfxv6PodpnF9FTbSGAcrfyDkjJqm68bsRm17v0t.CORgBxIYjUDO4vQ8LmAF.cP8KSlhwea0qGIkCtQghiyOGzX3EO1mcyq5NXgoFzxU1.l3f.nw4.iJF5IpFSXqJgUOnWjOHn6T06jERMaMs08hKoDNSi1aqH23PKmsb4IYf5PFYF3C6RKfI2yspDYmL8QwXDss4r3on5H7vklfFT0RRw1hO9yY3JMNHE2cJSXkMXDvF1ftbcGkQlOZOxoYJhqdNyX48qUMNU2nqCvZUHrXWgv9WB2lVwDvcw3M3UWXDP2gvtml6qBpvmnSs4vAgSeUK5nI_9heSDwKph5H5dmEKSSMWyD.vSvLHypzVOd4Q.5.QiT1aC6AeoELobYmTxLiSUpAPBWg9N.MQ4rzNUBFMo.tC3fr.20z56_CVnfMrl89ccD5X.6Zd.RIAhFy83E98PfwZJX_BKldST5Z4NPG9oxrV1pjAPwE6T7rXetlYWky9v.4g7WddbdgfTzhEcmhyUA32.uRStSlPPdt8kXUdwGj3JXm94goHyNoikpts996wITms6.WQPCWrjAe9CETkjfoHGnOekycyjxlylandlCZZRtqBJul9LItV2TYccPpADZLI_6fykduzBc9tIJ3A4vhSIBLuFZghSSUwtklkF3hORzYdwbVSc5kCAZdQDgys4_P_5bnMXuOLT157Q3jK3qWPr_vp8OER9KLCAwHgWcFRIFe0YDBE5zILU1ld1bC8qX1mS2Ho2M_EIRPyF7WWDazBMTbE3guqSOzZZJW.e6Sldav57.ypDtu8.LC4dk6IjKQ5kHSPnb7dGBV0XEj9NAW.sUU59u6zTitCYZMITJr1BIx8ButmTGA0CIJ6lNXDTvAW0WbeM12o9TKEhaaaYCVzcYPjB7MVM9Uy2NuMotdRTrjyE1Q9a2NAq57_oRZrAbp8IeCLSEUq1MOkIXtG5AvtpDlwR358VnUWbB98uXbyh2x9Qpaz8MPKB9e9JJZceeKOFBuypdQEe83Yji1Gbtk_572V6aeFrka6I6dTdGZthnFWoZtmW0rygHKzECMqqCoCstwURpP3ezz.b6YX3J_I3Q5m9TYwCeabEAyl3TU7RYzcBzD95KF.37FwBnUWz7r8ZNOyBzIiLFfmWGZ0BNBqcgUEuTVvs_j5hZ_29YeNE9CLdFsdIHFcNylfU3.jjkO8hJsRNC4pTgrHEblgQ1pjB7NSrxVKIhcCZwqFB4Kmj4MdLcbTgvsj4ICtBy2UPT9mMGXEbnpRiuXPbR0WWStgo97FWuS7NINIl3Z7Y6pNH8XdwRI2M_zPINbHQzykBp7dSm16k1SMPXXACneHhP_otlYt6uOX2NMm.FoJ.QSS702TAc5NLjLIRjuuS3PXcE6DeDpWy8WhRLr5QadFl8xQTD7RRweZu2nY5j1kq45Lj1jvYpDpvECz0oyctjWFMQ9Ir.Rvhv8xCDPAKaamu7TA4ZErppHaki2M.N_B0sbJBl_4P0_MjrZThaKeORJB_C57kM9D2FDrJpffNIf4ercNjSmyage3smASS4_H9blCueVFs.AZDwn.XS0BcCvlDdk4HsaSd2zbEz9Pf5FlTWFCZNPEKVi.V28jTb8jG8AONbX.cdYqOW4fMyWaDGs1gjtjFdZRFH3fEsOgh56lmzeHWEE3oCaO8TIA4P4gAOL2XSAGTAI.zhDNvAZlsFH7S6cP_42no13AFr4Cm8B6hfIp7nd8AEzFK8NosT1CCO.eF8Jkx4gQs8qKxCE0eABJ6rCj2HEJbzT9ntNODzaXRFsKlhxHu34Zc00VAKxnUEbPkgcmeKO.JYtlSKtdetYcMIrnev",mdrd: "orWCY8wg.elE0KgFLTE8m5C2fkTvzaHqolnbfngYdv8-1739788583-1.2.1.1-bo50qRkFpvARGRPaAKtBftcecVq7qbyGKaYZEoR1S1.fgdJ3eivV5jHxiqeSeF5cnqyTV9OfttjtUMbf27Mv4bLfHHkfbB4mLzWu9833cb_81.Wlz0sLbhzjqp4sdxA.G5VYBknsXY12Jbshq0Q3Ml_7Cnr4lU.v5K8fQpZVz3M3Zm9Nsl8x8Or0kK8sany4RyaZk2h77_HXtQqaGoThpGQilUtP32ND27xPmVywzvb1kjJqGLmxGjzqijYpH1qbp5Rrf3QhKZK6cdLf0ln2JDhsRT6TFvN0GzUkVBYVGNzUUKEp5DXFcRRruWi.llgt.iSMJxJzz6O_QtNoKJA9phdcLHfT8oX3Jx7_mhG3Js3ATCaVfl6A.Nr3auLmVzxDRCjz5qfj4IaJxg0mQVI2.aE5yW_P21usXi_djQGVwsDOW348lpKjhNL3Vm8wZE2eneDbNAEo8315fP2KYhBBZ5Dgezo2p0NemIS6wFD2Snc1eUBwliy4zSxFfHL53ObMHbcL0_Kz2Q_O_BfMwgj4qnb3gRuZa0.Qhb.HQ6guOd0lGJ1hw5HPZ6AYsMS5.FWvSvfLYHkLxyhzeoqncVHF_qzXwr559xoVfugbfwSmAgq.YMDy43Mrb75NEv2SfMX52j84Zh0VJlpaA7_qNLP598hjrB2FrThNaW3.gbYC_w__1tX1cAdw5ZbeGAwKzfouZqjoEZb8vVmCUWxYHmSiCb3G1Pg7gEG2iIDE8heaoaAom2YWWrqxITXtNlFw4WA50CxiR9v.SB9U0snf92lhY..OS0hEyQFTrCK7ZxfXUV5FPD7THftAs.tLWcxW_Bu2tabw58EVbhkNM4HZx4npF31Y6H_dmFDnYHVyp_0RPD4HI0LHd4p8FIRQiYSn38UbGidTILxq4G7QOCTGFhrQTtMqIsHlTle0aI4UuOYFloU71yc2rfy3QUid9LekPJa2ba9Xkm4SKgRBrxIp4slapwEGGoXfTAYwVPRg2brrssWzowwdgvBcg5r.wFwTM1HREVgm7elOUIlLiUO9JBWPK3fdTuSQ7Uqj6fnR1sgf_XZ_CL7tqeM1.TEYihuSYK4LZbIE3C95jpx2e9.IaGus4mCmm9DpJm4OYByyVpLevC5Sg05vRz_MygYdjUgwLnpg_IlDJcw7yttmuWVcvA1FNJcZmKOOOSeveVtr1e4bxpdmkbbIYdpQqlBTEYJ2dABqiBDPtTQIZrDdM5w8nUDbeNLLKckH874qq3bQnyoyjxVFdTi42miTF_LmtmKIloEjEToLxt8xKesRjUA3U7BZwe7NG6sMcH8094V138XxqCvhM2Gp1iw2d3IXwdYeRrY2fQhSo9V.u91jXENAygHFpVX85roUkDc1uu0mUnbX3gWoUolCGn6Jh0m7brRLb__fND.7tKUnQPPjDmG78is3RmcvlfuLxTyPuMLHMTsA5rjn6eAuFPrQ6fOFTfQYzMbrZcrTX8lhF3.Ml6K0XeMGcXV_w0wU3RWXtb2mNuw_u.qn_g6yImMzShyeARmEIHlOXW9rZaLSwjxUrg_vcRaH18ePcOHW1SuIlBvlS45HilsjY6qAix4rZP8bLXtuctw.8MICQG6E0ruyPukLcIbxrbsqVI_5JPRV7TlT4LhprXDK.FXa01X1cuBmioClxZcUsdYCeKC52K._Vx3uD51PVh.nuLTIlY1f_oyQGgxhLWic61Loka1pfXtE42_TQ2rnU6mEAYxhXH5M_f4wQlwcNc1ze5S.AAsp9_rCblU9AruGi7u_8_Q266lOctUcVydnZnEQieEnlc_kN64jCGUfdqfq2yVgqsrqKn28k2.oyKZU2ppGzry7d2.kmllfocKmQJ72I4cn9WRSp7q93m.TdWPiryt2ySnrVIcFa9nh4EkRkriL0y6LC0ylUi8ITI3m6kYFDt.P5jjNQyS1hgCxbNmMK.wGrAa.jTeL4K6LcOHxaAKAaK_2gEBKfJJrI1xg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913522d41b543dad';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factor&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ee62pd5N_RguVZ_h4ypALM.PBI_bi5sRjtvKw7dnytc-1739788583-1.0.1.1-bOqcb_mZL10L3Zb2fyn_dY8R8O4Yn4OYicxt1CVTXIw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>