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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Suite+di+protocolli+Internet" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Suite+di+protocolli+Internet" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Altre opzioni" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Strumenti personali" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Strumenti personali</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utente" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it"><span>Fai una donazione</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Suite+di+protocolli+Internet" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>registrati</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Suite+di+protocolli+Internet" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>entra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Storia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descrizione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descrizione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Descrizione</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Descrizione</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Descrizione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livello_di_applicazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livello_di_applicazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Livello di applicazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livello_di_applicazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livello_di_trasporto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livello_di_trasporto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Livello di trasporto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livello_di_trasporto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livello_di_rete_(o_internet)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livello_di_rete_(o_internet)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Livello di rete (o internet)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livello_di_rete_(o_internet)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livello_di_accesso_alla_rete" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livello_di_accesso_alla_rete"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Livello di accesso alla rete</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livello_di_accesso_alla_rete-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suite di protocolli Internet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 78 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="حزمة بروتوكولات الإنترنت - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزمة بروتوكولات الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_de_protocolos_d%27internet" title="Familia de protocolos d'internet - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Familia de protocolos d'internet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F" title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकाल सूट - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकाल सूट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল সুইট - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল সুইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%95_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="چەپکە پرۆتۆکۆڵی ئینتەرنێت - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەپکە پرۆتۆکۆڵی ئینتەرنێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokol_(protokolfamilie)" title="Internetprotokol (protokolfamilie) - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internetprotokol (protokolfamilie)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetprotokollfamilie" title="Internetprotokollfamilie - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internetprotokollfamilie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πρωτόκολλο Ελέγχου Μετάδοσης/Πρωτόκολλο Διαδικτύου - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόκολλο Ελέγχου Μετάδοσης/Πρωτόκολλο Διαδικτύου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Internet protocol suite" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP-IP" title="TCP-IP - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="TCP-IP" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_de_protocolos_de_internet" title="Familia de protocolos de internet - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Familia de protocolos de internet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetiprotokollistik" title="Internetiprotokollistik - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internetiprotokollistik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP_eredu" title="TCP/IP eredu - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="TCP/IP eredu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مجموعه پروتکل اینترنت - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجموعه پروتکل اینترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_des_protocoles_Internet" title="Suite des protocoles Internet - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suite des protocoles Internet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9F" title="ઈન્ટરનેટ પ્રોટોકોલ સ્યુટ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈન્ટરનેટ પ્રોટોકોલ સ્યુટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल सुइट - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल सुइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_de_protocollo_Internet" title="Suite de protocollo Internet - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Suite de protocollo Internet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_protokol_internet" title="Paket protokol internet - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paket protokol internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="インターネット・プロトコル・スイート - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターネット・プロトコル・スイート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Интернет желісінің хаттамасы - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интернет желісінің хаттамасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%86%A0%EC%BD%9C_%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%ED%8A%B8" title="인터넷 프로토콜 스위트 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 프로토콜 스위트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP-Protokollstapel" title="TCP/IP-Protokollstapel - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="TCP/IP-Protokollstapel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF./%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="ടി.സി.പി./ഐ.പി. മാതൃക - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടി.സി.പി./ഐ.പി. മാതൃക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit_protokol_Internet" title="Suit protokol Internet - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suit protokol Internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internett-protokollfamilien" title="Internett-protokollfamilien - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internett-protokollfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_TCP/IP" title="Model TCP/IP - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet protocol suite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%ADk_internetov%C3%BDch_protokolov" title="Balík internetových protokolov - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Balík internetových protokolov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paketa_e_protokolleve_t%C3%AB_internetit" title="Paketa e protokolleve të internetit - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paketa e protokolleve të internetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="ชุดโพรโทคอลอินเทอร์เน็ต - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดโพรโทคอลอินเทอร์เน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_ileti%C5%9Fim_kurallar%C4%B1_dizisi" title="İnternet iletişim kuralları dizisi - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet iletişim kuralları dizisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%B9" title="انٹرنیٹ پروٹوکول سوٹ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انٹرنیٹ پروٹوکول سوٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E5%A5%97%E4%BB%B6" title="互联网协议套件 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="互联网协议套件" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%8F" title="TCP/IP协议族 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="TCP/IP协议族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="TCP/IP" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiwehle_segumelo_loxhakaxholo" title="Isiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo - zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81414#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Application_Layer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Application_Layer.png/310px-Application_Layer.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Application_Layer.png/465px-Application_Layer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Application_Layer.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Il modello TCP-IP (dx) in confronto al <a href="/wiki/Modello_ISO/OSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello ISO/OSI">modello ISO/OSI</a> (sx).</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>suite di protocolli Internet</b>, in <a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">informatica</a> e in <a href="/wiki/Telecomunicazioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecomunicazioni">telecomunicazioni</a>, indica una famiglia di <a href="/wiki/Protocollo_di_rete" title="Protocollo di rete">protocolli di rete</a> legati da dipendenze d'uso su cui si basa il funzionamento logico della rete <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Chiamata a volte, per <a href="/wiki/Sineddoche" title="Sineddoche">sineddoche</a>, suite di protocolli TCP/IP, in funzione dei due più importanti protocolli in essa definiti: il <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) e l'<a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, il rispettivo modello di <a href="/wiki/Architettura_di_rete" title="Architettura di rete">architettura di rete</a> a strati rappresenta lo standard <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> nell'ambito delle <a href="/wiki/Rete_informatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Rete informatica">reti dati</a> in contrapposizione allo standard <i><a href="/wiki/De_iure" title="De iure">de iure</a></i> rappresentato invece dal <a href="/wiki/Modello_ISO/OSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello ISO/OSI">modello ISO/OSI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struttura_PDU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Struttura_PDU.jpg/260px-Struttura_PDU.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Struttura_PDU.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption>Struttura generica di un pacchetto dati.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struttura_architettura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Struttura_architettura.jpg/260px-Struttura_architettura.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Struttura_architettura.jpg/390px-Struttura_architettura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Struttura_architettura.jpg/520px-Struttura_architettura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Architettura_di_rete" title="Architettura di rete">Architettura di rete</a> generica a layer.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protocollo02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Protocollo02.png/260px-Protocollo02.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Protocollo02.png/390px-Protocollo02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Protocollo02.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Comunicazione verticale tra strati.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nei primi <a href="/wiki/Anni_1970" title="Anni 1970">anni settanta</a> del <a href="/wiki/XX_secolo" title="XX secolo">XX secolo</a>, la <i>Defense Advanced Research Project Agency</i> (<a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">DARPA</a>) finanziò l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Stanford" title="Università di Stanford">Università di Stanford</a> e la BBN (Bolt, Beranek and Newman) per lo sviluppo di un insieme di protocolli di comunicazione da utilizzarsi per lo sviluppo di reti a commutazione di pacchetto, per l'interconnessione di calcolatori eterogenei. Fu così che nacque l'<i>Internet Protocol Suite</i> i cui due protocolli più noti sono il <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> (<i><b>T</b>ransmission <b>C</b>ontrol <b>P</b>rotocol</i>) e l'<a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> (<i><b>I</b>nternet <b>P</b>rotocol</i>). </p><p>Il protocollo IP provvede a fornire il sistema di indirizzamento dei nodi terminali della rete, assegnando a ciascuno un nome univoco, formato da quattro gruppi di cifre. Al livello immediatamente superiore, il protocollo TCP provvede a gestire il flusso dell'informazione tra i due nodi. Si fa riferimento a questa architettura di rete con la sigla TCP/IP o IP/TCP (quest'ultima non è quasi mai usata). I creatori di tali protocolli di trasmissione, tuttora utilizzati nel web, sono nello specifico <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn" title="Robert Kahn">Robert Kahn</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, a cui l'ex <a href="/wiki/Presidenti_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Presidenti degli Stati Uniti d'America">Presidente degli Stati Uniti</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> ha consegnato la <i>Presidential Medal of Freedom</i>, ovvero la più alta tra le onorificenze civili a stelle e strisce, il 9 novembre 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I due studiosi non sono nuovi a questo genere di premiazioni: all'inizio del 2005 è stato assegnato loro il prestigioso <i><a href="/wiki/Premio_Turing" title="Premio Turing">2004 A.M. Turing Award</a></i>, equivalente del <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel">Premio Nobel</a> nel settore dell'<a href="/wiki/ICT" class="mw-redirect" title="ICT">Information Technology</a>. </p><p>Cerf e Kahn hanno sviluppato lo standard per la trasmissione di pacchetti via rete nel 1973, mentre lavoravano a un progetto di sviluppo dei sistemi di comunicazione voluto dalla <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>. Attualmente, Vint Cerf collabora con <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> alla creazione di standard per le future applicazioni e nel frattempo si dedica allo sviluppo di nuovi protocolli di comunicazione interplanetaria per il <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Lab</a></i> della <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Robert Kahn, invece, dopo 13 anni di servizio presso la DARPA è diventato presidente della <i>Corporation for National Research Initiatives</i> (CNRI). </p><p>Questi protocolli, utilizzabili gratuitamente da tutti perché di pubblico dominio fin dall'inizio, ottennero un elevato successo (utilizzati da un gruppo di ricercatori per <a href="/wiki/ARPAnet" class="mw-redirect" title="ARPAnet">ARPAnet</a>). </p><p>Questo genera alcune ambiguità dovute al fatto che il nome più corretto sarebbe “Internet Protocol Suite”. Per esempio succede di sentir parlare di servizi basati su TCP/IP anche quando in realtà, invece di TCP, viene usato un protocollo alternativo, <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a>, anch'esso appartenente all'Internet Protocol Suite. In genere il TCP viene utilizzato per quelle applicazioni che richiedono un servizio orientato alla connessione, come ad esempio la posta elettronica e il <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, mentre l'UDP prende sempre più piede per le applicazioni in tempo reale come l'<i>on-line gaming</i> o lo <i>streaming</i> audio e video; la differenza fra i due protocolli risiede nella maggiore affidabilità nel trasporto dei dati di TCP, che offre una serie di servizi appositamente pensati (gestione del flusso, della congestione, etc.), mentre UDP punta molto sulla velocità di trasmissione a scapito dell'affidabilità.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si tenga quindi sempre presente che la sigla TCP/IP è di utilizzo talmente comune da essere utilizzata, talvolta, anche quando esistono termini alternativi più corretti. </p><p>L'architettura adottata dalla rete Internet è il TCP/IP che si è quindi imposto come <a href="/wiki/Standard_(informatica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard (informatica)">standard</a> <i>de facto</i> proprio grazie alla diffusione e ai massicci investimenti legati a Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSI_Model_v1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSI_Model_v1.svg/langit-310px-OSI_Model_v1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSI_Model_v1.svg/langit-465px-OSI_Model_v1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSI_Model_v1.svg/langit-620px-OSI_Model_v1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Il <a href="/wiki/Modello_OSI" title="Modello OSI">Modello ISO-OSI</a>, da cui deriva il modello TCP/IP.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tale suite può essere descritta per <a href="/wiki/Analogia_(retorica)" title="Analogia (retorica)">analogia</a> con il modello OSI, che descrive i livelli (<i>layer</i>) della pila di protocolli. In una pila di protocolli ogni livello risolve una serie di problemi che riguardano la trasmissione di dati e fornisce un ben definito servizio ai livelli più alti. I livelli più alti sono logicamente più vicini all'utente e funzionano con dati più astratti, lasciando ai livelli più bassi il compito di tradurre i dati in forme mediante le quali possono essere fisicamente manipolati e trasmessi infine sul <a href="/wiki/Canale_(telecomunicazioni)" title="Canale (telecomunicazioni)">canale di comunicazione</a>. </p><p>Il modello Internet è stato prodotto come una soluzione a un problema ingegneristico pratico in quanto si è trattato di aggiungere via via strati protocollari all'<a href="/wiki/Architettura_di_rete" title="Architettura di rete">architettura di rete</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Rete_locale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rete locale">reti locali</a> per ottenere un'interconnessione efficiente e affidabile. Il modello OSI, in un altro senso, invece è stato l'approccio più teorico-deduttivo ed è stato anche prodotto nel più vecchio modello di <a href="/wiki/Rete_informatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Rete informatica">rete</a>. </p><p>Per comprendere la struttura della suite TCP/IP, si utilizza una schematizzazione a <i>livelli</i>. Ogni livello esegue una specifica serie di operazioni; a ogni livello inferiore, ci si avvicina sempre più dall'interfaccia utente (quella con cui interagiamo) all'interfaccia di rete. Il messaggio trasmesso è modificato di conseguenza. </p><p>A differenza del modello OSI sono presenti quattro livelli invece di sette; partendo dall'alto:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_applicazione" title="Livello di applicazione">livello di applicazione</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_trasporto" title="Livello di trasporto">livello di trasporto</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_rete" title="Livello di rete">livello di rete</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_accesso_alla_rete" title="Livello di accesso alla rete">livello di accesso alla rete</a>.</li></ul> <p>Essendo importante la distinzione fra livello di collegamento e livello fisico, è possibile utilizzare un modello ibrido che distingue i due strati e porta il numero di livelli a cinque.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livello_di_applicazione">Livello di applicazione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Livello di applicazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Livello di applicazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/HTTP" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/SNMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNMP">SNMP</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/DHCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DHCP">DHCP</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HTTPS_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HTTPS_icon.png/220px-HTTPS_icon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HTTPS_icon.png/330px-HTTPS_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/HTTPS_icon.png/440px-HTTPS_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Icona <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Il primo livello è quello dell'<a href="/wiki/Applicazione_(informatica)" title="Applicazione (informatica)">applicazione</a>: esso rappresenta l'<a href="/wiki/Interfaccia_(informatica)" title="Interfaccia (informatica)">interfaccia</a> con l'utente e abilita, ad esempio, la consultazione di <a href="/wiki/Pagina_web" title="Pagina web">pagine web</a>, stabilendo e gestendo le <a href="/wiki/Sessione" title="Sessione">sessioni</a> di lavoro dei processi <a href="/wiki/Client" title="Client">client</a> tra il nostro <a href="/wiki/Browser" title="Browser">browser</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Server" title="Server">server</a> web.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il protocollo di trasporto TCP mette in coda i messaggi generati da client e server e li trasmette sotto forma di <a href="/wiki/Pacchetto_(reti)" title="Pacchetto (reti)">pacchetti</a> su una connessione <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a>; il buon fine della spedizione è attestato da una ricevuta di ritorno o riscontro. Anche questo è un collegamento virtuale tra le due applicazioni, i cui dettagli sono demandati al successivo livello, detto di trasporto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livello_di_trasporto">Livello di trasporto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Livello di trasporto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Livello di trasporto"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988" /> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">Secure Sockets Layer</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Quindi, il livello di trasporto offre un servizio al livello delle applicazioni avvalendosi dei servizi del sottostante livello di rete (e in particolare dell'Internet Protocol).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per gestire molteplici processi attivi nel trasferimento dati sul medesimo nodo (o computer), cioè più <a href="/wiki/Sessione" title="Sessione">sessioni</a> di navigazione attive, il livello di trasporto (TCP o UDP) utilizza più numeri di <a href="/wiki/Porta_(reti)" title="Porta (reti)">porta</a>. TCP nell'invio dei pacchetti usa il meccanismo della <i><a href="/wiki/Finestra_scorrevole" title="Finestra scorrevole">finestra scorrevole</a></i> (<i>sliding window</i>). Una serie di pacchetti viene inviata da TCP seguendo delle regole ben precise: </p> <ul><li>a ogni finestra di pacchetti spedita il trasmettitore fa partire un timeout;</li> <li>il ricevitore invia per ogni pacchetto ricevuto un <a href="/wiki/ACK_(informatica)" title="ACK (informatica)">segnale di riconoscimento</a> (ACK) indicando il successivo pacchetto atteso;</li> <li>il trasmettitore considera quindi spediti tutti i pacchetti precedenti;</li> <li>se il timeout scade oppure sono ricevuti 3 ACK duplicati, TCP presume che si sia verificata la perdita di uno o più pacchetti e provvede a implementare opportune strategie di ritrasmissione dei dati e di <a href="/wiki/Controllo_della_congestione" title="Controllo della congestione">controllo della congestione</a>. Questa è una tecnica molto importante perché fornisce un canale di comunicazione affidabile. Inoltre TCP contiene meccanismi per gestire la congestione e il controllo di flusso.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livello_di_rete_(o_internet)"><span id="Livello_di_rete_.28o_internet.29"></span>Livello di rete (o internet)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Livello di rete (o internet)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Livello di rete (o internet)"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988" /> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/IPSec" class="mw-redirect" title="IPSec">IPSec</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Protocolli_di_routing" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocolli di routing">Protocolli di routing</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/ICMP" class="mw-redirect" title="ICMP">ICMP</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Internet Protocol (IP) è il protocollo di InterNetworking del modello DOD/DARPA (secondo il modello OSI è classificato nel livello di rete) che si occupa di gestire l'indirizzamento dei nodi e l'<a href="/wiki/Instradamento" title="Instradamento">instradamento</a>: a ciascun nodo viene infatti assegnato un <a href="/wiki/Indirizzo_IP" title="Indirizzo IP">indirizzo IP</a> che lo identificherà in modo non ambiguo in rete; le funzionalità di instradamento, invece, consentono di selezionare il percorso migliore per veicolare un messaggio verso un dato nodo destinatario, noto che sia il suo indirizzo IP.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livello_di_accesso_alla_rete">Livello di accesso alla rete</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Livello di accesso alla rete" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Livello di accesso alla rete"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988" /> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Plesiochronous_Digital_Hierarchy" title="Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy">Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy" title="Synchronous Digital Hierarchy">Synchronous Digital Hierarchy</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Sotto il livello internet, il modello di riferimento TCP/IP specifica solo che ci deve essere un livello di accesso alla rete in grado di spedire i pacchetti IP.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nel modello OSI questo strato corrisponde ai primi due livelli: il <a href="/wiki/Livello_datalink" class="mw-redirect" title="Livello datalink">livello di collegamento</a> e il <a href="/wiki/Livello_fisico" title="Livello fisico">livello fisico</a>. </p><p>Al livello di collegamento si decide come fare il trasferimento del messaggio per ogni singolo tratto del percorso: dal computer del web browser al primo <a href="/wiki/Router" title="Router">router</a>, dal primo router al secondo, dal secondo al terzo, e così via fino al computer del server. Questo è un collegamento virtuale tra due computer (o router) adiacenti. Anche in questo caso le interfacce di comunicazione dei nodi adiacenti saranno individuate per mezzo di un indirizzo univoco, usualmente denominato <a href="/wiki/Indirizzo_MAC" title="Indirizzo MAC">indirizzo MAC</a>. </p><p>Il livello fisico trasmette il messaggio sul <a href="/wiki/Canale_(telecomunicazioni)" title="Canale (telecomunicazioni)">canale di comunicazione</a> usualmente sotto forma di <a href="/wiki/Segnale_(fisica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segnale (fisica)">segnali</a> <a href="/wiki/Segnale_elettrico" title="Segnale elettrico">elettrici</a> o <a href="/wiki/Onde_elettromagnetiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Onde elettromagnetiche">elettromagnetici</a>, sebbene sia anche possibile utilizzare <a href="/wiki/Onda_acustica" class="mw-redirect" title="Onda acustica">onde acustiche</a> (come ad esempio nelle reti di sensori sottomarine). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Annotazioni</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">In informatica i termini "affidabilità" e "non affidabilità" vengono usati come sinonimi di "con conferma" (di ricezione del messaggio) e "senza conferma".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Fonti</dt></dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linfo.org/tcp_ip.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">TCP/IP Definition</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">linfo.org</span>, 30 ottobre 2005. <small>URL consultato il 22 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, p. 41</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFtcpipv1">Kevin R. Fall, W. Richard Stevens</a>, pp. 63-64</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.unibo.it/~ghini/didattica/sistemi3/001.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">La Struttura Gerarchica dei protocolli</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">UniBo</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129031235/http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">US Senate</span>. <small>URL consultato il 18 novembre 2023</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/reference/two_column_table/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_Recipients.htm">url originale</abbr> il 29 novembre 2005)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFAndrew_Stuart_Tanenbaum">Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum</a>, p. 39</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, p. 43</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, p. 49</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, pp. 43-44</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, pp. 42-43</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, p. 42</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFrdc">Andrew S. Tanenbaum</a>, p. 44</cite>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFrdc" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stuart_Tanenbaum" title="Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum">Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=n5m6VFpZYgUC"><span style="font-style:italic;">Reti di calcolatori</span></a>, Pearson Italia S.p.a., 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-7192-182-2" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-7192-182-2">978-88-7192-182-2</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFtcpipv1" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Kevin R. Fall, W. Richard Stevens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.it/books?id=a23OAn5i8R0C"><span style="font-style:italic;">TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols</span></a>, Addison-Wesley, 2011, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-13-280818-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-13-280818-7">978-0-13-280818-7</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modello_OSI" title="Modello OSI">Modello OSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbustamento" title="Imbustamento">Imbustamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacchetto_(reti)" title="Pacchetto (reti)">Pacchetto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Internet protocols"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_protocols?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sulla <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_protocols?uselang=it">suite di protocolli Internet</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc675"><span style="font-style:italic;">RFC 675 — Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">datatracker.ietf.org</span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122"><span style="font-style:italic;">RFC 1122 — Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">datatracker.ietf.org</span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1180"><span style="font-style:italic;">RFC 1180 — A TCP/IP Tutorial</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">datatracker.ietf.org</span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Suite_di_protocolli_Internet"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suite_di_protocolli_Internet" title="Template:Suite di protocolli Internet"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Suite_di_protocolli_Internet" title="Discussioni template:Suite di protocolli Internet"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Suite_di_protocolli_Internet&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suite di protocolli Internet</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_applicazione" title="Livello di applicazione">Livello di applicazione</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/HTTP/2" title="HTTP/2">HTTP/2</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/HTTP/3" title="HTTP/3">HTTP/3</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP3</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/SSH_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="SSH File Transfer Protocol">SFTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="Trivial File Transfer Protocol">TFTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">Rsync</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hot_Standby_Router_Protocol" title="Hot Standby Router Protocol">HSRP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Interior_Gateway_Routing_Protocol" title="Interior Gateway Routing Protocol">IGRP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Protocolli_livello_applicazione" title="Categoria:Protocolli livello applicazione"><i>altro..</i></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_trasporto" title="Livello di trasporto">Livello di trasporto</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Protocolli_livello_trasporto" title="Categoria:Protocolli livello trasporto"><i>altro..</i></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_rete" title="Livello di rete">Livello di rete</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> (<a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6">ICMPv6</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Protocolli_livello_rete" title="Categoria:Protocolli livello rete"><i>altro..</i></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Livello_di_accesso_alla_rete" title="Livello di accesso alla rete">Livello di accesso alla rete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Logical_link_control" title="Logical link control">LLC</a> <b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Media_Access_Control" title="Media Access Control">MAC</a>)</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Reverse Address Resolution Protocol">RARP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Token_ring" title="Token ring">Token ring</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Token_bus" title="Token bus">Token bus</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">WiFi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Powerline" title="Powerline">Powerline</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">SPB</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching" title="Multiprotocol Label Switching">MPLS</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fiber_distributed_data_interface" title="Fiber distributed data interface">FDDI</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" title="High-Speed Downlink Packet Access">HSDPA</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Categoria:Protocolli_livello_collegamento" title="Categoria:Protocolli livello collegamento"><i>altro..</i></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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