Climate | NIST

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/climate","20230306045747","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1678078667"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},6562:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>p,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>d,DL:()=>y,OP:()=>N,lF:()=>B,Yu:()=>A,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>f,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>M});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>x,match:()=>j,version:()=>O});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)('"'.concat(e,'" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ').concat(t,". It will have no effect.")),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const l={allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},g={};function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");g[e]=new s(t,l),(0,i.Qy)(e,g[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function y(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return b[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const A=(0,i.mF)().o;var E=r(2053),x=null,O=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var T=navigator.userAgent,S=T.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);S&&-1===T.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===T.indexOf("Chromium")&&(x="Safari",O=S[1])}function j(e,t){if(!x)return!1;if(e!==x)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!O)return!1;for(var r=O.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var D=r(5526),_=r(2374);const k="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function P(){if(!_.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(k))&&(e=(0,D.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(k,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var I=r(8226);const C=e=>({customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:(0,E.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+_._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==v(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?P():null,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof _._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,userAgent:n,version:I.q}),R={};function N(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!R[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return R[e]}function M(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");R[e]=new s(t,C(e)),(0,i.Qy)(e,R[e],"runtime")}function B(e){return function(e){try{const t=d(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},8226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n="1226.PROD"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)f(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(6562),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function g(){(u.backlog.api||u.backlog.feature)&&(u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={})}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},p=!1;try{p=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var h={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:A,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:E,abort:g,aborted:!1,isBuffering:x,debugId:r,backlog:p?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return h;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;f<d;f++)s[f].apply(a,r);var l=O()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([h,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return n[e]||[]}function A(t){return f[t]=f[t]||e(h,t)}function E(e,t){var r=O();h.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function x(e){return!!O()[c[e]]}function O(){return h.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>a,M:()=>o,Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>s});var n=r(2374);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",s="",c=0;c<a.length;c++)s+="x"===(o=a[c])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return s}function o(){return s(16)}function a(){return s(32)}function s(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>c,os:()=>u,yf:()=>s,zO:()=>a});var n=r(7145),i=(new Date).getTime(),o=i;function a(){return n.G&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-o}function s(){return i}function c(e){o=e}function u(){return o}},7145:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G:()=>n});const n=void 0!==r(2374)._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart},6625:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>c,v:()=>u});var n=r(8283),i=r(9071),o=r(2053),a=r(7145),s=r(2374);let c=!0;function u(e){var t=function(){if(i.I&&i.I<9)return;if(a.G)return c=!1,s._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,o.nb)(t))}},8283:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(2053),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],s=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==s&&e.store("measures",t,{value:s-a})}},9548:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>i});var n=r(2374);const i={isFileProtocol:function(){let e=Boolean("file:"===(0,n.lW)()?.location?.protocol);e&&(i.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);return e},supportabilityMetricSent:!1}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){console&&console.warn&&"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,lW:()=>a,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})();function a(){return o}},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},9226:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$c:()=>u,Ng:()=>d,RR:()=>c});var n=r(6562),i=r(9557),o=r(9548),a=r(8610),s={regex:/^file:\/\/(.*)/,replacement:"file://OBFUSCATED"};class c extends i.w{constructor(e){super(e)}shouldObfuscate(){return u(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier).length>0}obfuscateString(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return e;for(var t=u(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier),r=e,n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n].regex,o=t[n].replacement||"*";r=r.replace(i,o)}return r}}function u(e){var t=[],r=(0,n.Mt)(e,"obfuscate")||[];return t=t.concat(r),o.T.isFileProtocol()&&t.push(s),t}function d(e){for(var t=!1,r=!1,n=0;n<e.length;n++){"regex"in e[n]?"string"!=typeof e[n].regex&&e[n].regex.constructor!==RegExp&&((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "regex" value with an invalid type (must be a string or RegExp)'),r=!0):((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule was detected missing a "regex" value.'),r=!0);var i=e[n].replacement;i&&"string"!=typeof i&&((0,a.Z)('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "replacement" value with an invalid type (must be a string)'),t=!0)}return!t&&!r}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}))}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.metrics},600:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{Instrument:()=>O,constants:()=>T});var n=r(9252),i=r(4045),o=r(6114),a=r(2374),s={REACT:"React",ANGULAR:"Angular",ANGULARJS:"AngularJS",BACKBONE:"Backbone",EMBER:"Ember",VUE:"Vue",METEOR:"Meteor",ZEPTO:"Zepto",JQUERY:"Jquery"};function c(){if(!a.il)return[];var e=[];try{(function(){try{if(window.React||window.ReactDOM||window.ReactRedux)return!0;if(document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]"))return!0;for(var e=document.querySelectorAll("body > div"),t=0;t<e.length;t++)if(Object.keys(e[t]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer")>=0)return!0;return!1}catch(e){return!1}})()&&e.push(s.REACT),function(){try{return!!window.angular||(!!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]")||!!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]'))}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(s.ANGULARJS),function(){try{return!!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng")&&window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens")&&window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone"))||!!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(s.ANGULAR),window.Backbone&&e.push(s.BACKBONE),window.Ember&&e.push(s.EMBER),window.Vue&&e.push(s.VUE),window.Meteor&&e.push(s.METEOR),window.Zepto&&e.push(s.ZEPTO),window.jQuery&&e.push(s.JQUERY)}catch(e){}return e}var u=r(9548),d=r(9226),f=r(8226),l=r(2650),g=r(8544),p=r(6562),h=r(8610);const v={dedicated:Boolean(a._A?.Worker),shared:Boolean(a._A?.SharedWorker),service:Boolean(a._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker)};let m,b,y;var w=r(6034);var A,E,x;class O extends o.S{constructor(e,t){var r;let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,w.t,n),r=this,this.singleChecks(),this.eachSessionChecks(),(0,i.X)("record-supportability",(function(){return r.recordSupportability(...arguments)}),this.featureName,this.ee),(0,i.X)("record-custom",(function(){return r.recordCustom(...arguments)}),this.featureName,this.ee),this.importAggregator()}recordSupportability(e,t){var r=["sm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,n.p)("storeMetric",r,null,this.featureName,this.ee),r}recordCustom(e,t){var r=["cm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,n.p)("storeEventMetrics",r,null,this.featureName,this.ee),r}singleChecks(){this.recordSupportability("Generic/Version/".concat(f.q,"/Detected"));const{loaderType:e}=(0,p.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);e&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/LoaderType/".concat(e,"/Detected")),a.il&&(0,l.K)((()=>{c().forEach((e=>{this.recordSupportability("Framework/"+e+"/Detected")}))})),u.T.isFileProtocol()&&(this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"),u.T.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);const t=(0,d.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);t.length>0&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"),t.length>0&&!(0,d.Ng)(t)&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid"),function(e){if(!m){if(v.dedicated){m=Worker;try{a._A.Worker=r(m,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(v.shared){b=SharedWorker;try{a._A.SharedWorker=r(b,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(v.service){y=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{a._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=y,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return"undefined"==typeof Proxy?e:new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){a.v6||e("Workers/".concat(t,"/Unavailable"))}function i(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(t,"module"===r?"/Module":"/Classic"))}function o(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(r,"/SM/Unsupported")),(0,h.Z)("NR Agent: Unable to capture ".concat(r," workers."),t)}}(this.recordSupportability.bind(this))}eachSessionChecks(){a.il&&(0,g.bP)("pageshow",(e=>{e.persisted&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/BFCache/PageRestored")}))}}A=O,E="featureName",x=w.t,(E=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(E))in A?Object.defineProperty(A,E,{value:x,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):A[E]=x;var T={SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:"sm",CUSTOM_METRIC:"cm"}},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent},5637:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{Instrument:()=>h});var n,i,o,a=r(9252),s=r(2053),c=r(8283),u=r(6625),d=r(6114),f=r(2650),l=r(2484),g=r(2325),p=r(2374);class h extends d.S{constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,l.t,r),p.il&&((0,u.v)(e),(0,c.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,s.yf)()),(0,f.K)((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())),(0,f.b)((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded()),!0),this.importAggregator())}measureWindowLoaded(){var e=(0,s.zO)();(0,c.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",e+(0,s.os)()),(0,a.p)("timing",["load",e],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,c.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,s.zO)()+(0,s.os)())}}n=h,i="featureName",o=l.t,(i=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(i))in n?Object.defineProperty(n,i,{value:o,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):n[i]=o},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},7817:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{Instrument:()=>h});var n,i,o,a=r(9252),s=r(6998),c=r(8544),u=r(2053),d=r(6562),f=r(6114),l=r(6382),g=r(2325),p=r(2374);class h extends f.S{constructor(e,t){var r;let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,l.t,n),r=this,p.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,s.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return r.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return r.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return r.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,c.iz)(e,(function(){return r.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),(0,s.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,u.zO)(),(0,a.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}),!0),(0,c.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,a.p)("winPagehide",[(0,u.zO)()],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}perfObserver(e,t){e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{"first-paint"===e.name?(0,a.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&(0,a.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(e,t){var r=e.getEntries();if(r.length>0){var n=r[r.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<n.startTime)return;var i=[n],o=this.addConnectionAttributes({});o&&i.push(o),(0,a.p)("lcp",i,void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}clsObserver(e){e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{e.hadRecentInput||(0,a.p)("cls",[e],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(e){if(e instanceof d.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var t=Math.round(e.timeStamp),r={type:e.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(r),t<=(0,u.zO)()?r.fid=(0,u.zO)()-t:t>(0,u.os)()&&t<=Date.now()?(t-=(0,u.os)(),r.fid=(0,u.zO)()-t):t=(0,u.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,a.p)("timing",["fi",t,r],void 0,g.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}}}n=h,i="featureName",o=l.t,(i=function(e){var t=function(e,t){if("object"!=typeof e||null===e)return e;var r=e[Symbol.toPrimitive];if(void 0!==r){var n=r.call(e,t||"default");if("object"!=typeof n)return n;throw new TypeError("@@toPrimitive must return a primitive value.")}return("string"===t?String:Number)(e)}(e,"string");return"symbol"==typeof t?t:String(t)}(i))in n?Object.defineProperty(n,i,{value:o,enumerable:!0,configurable:!0,writable:!0}):n[i]=o},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(6562),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},6114:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{S:()=>c});var n=r(4329),i=r(1509),o=r(2650),a=r(2374),s=r(8610);class c extends i.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=i,this.abortHandler,i&&(0,n.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{lazyLoader:e}=await r.e(729).then(r.bind(r,8110)),{Aggregate:t}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator)}catch(e){(0,s.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed...")),this.abortHandler?.()}};a.v6?e():(0,o.b)((()=>e()),!0)}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>y});var n=r(8683),i=r.n(n),o=r(2325),a=r(6562),s=r(9252),c=r(7022),u=r(3752),d=r(2053),f=r(4329),l=r(2650),g=r(2374),p=r(8610);function h(e){["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&e.api[t](...n)}))}(t,...n)}}))}var v=r(6797);const m={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa]};const b={};function y(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:w,info:A,loader_config:E,runtime:x={loaderType:n},exposed:O=!0}=t;const T=(0,v.gG)();let S={};return A||(w=T.init,A=T.info,E=T.loader_config,S=T),g.v6&&(A.jsAttributes={...A.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0}),(0,a.CX)(e,A),(0,a.Dg)(e,w||{}),(0,a.GE)(e,E||{}),(0,a.sU)(e,x),function(e,t,n){n||(0,f.R)(e,"api"),h(t);var v=u.ee.get(e),m=v.get("tracer"),b="api-",y=b+"ixn-";function w(){}(0,c.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=E(b,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=E(b,"addPageAction",!0,o.D.pageAction),t.setCurrentRouteName=E(b,"routeName",!0,o.D.spa),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,a.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/http://custom.transaction")+t,E(b,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,a.C5)(e);return(0,a.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),E(b,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new w).get()};var A=w.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},n=this,i="function"==typeof t;return(0,s.p)(y+"tracer",[(0,d.zO)(),e,r],n,o.D.spa,v),function(){if(m.emit((i?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,d.zO)(),n,i],r),i)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw m.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{m.emit("fn-end",[(0,d.zO)()],r)}}}};function E(e,t,r,n){return function(){return(0,s.p)("record-supportability",["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,v),(0,s.p)(e+t,[(0,d.zO)()].concat(i()(arguments)),r?null:this,n,v),r?void 0:this}}function x(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,f.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,p.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}(0,c.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){A[t]=E(y,t,void 0,o.D.spa)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,s.p)("record-supportability",["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,o.D.metrics,v),(0,s.p)("err",[e,(0,d.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,o.D.jserrors,v)},g.v6?x():(0,l.b)((()=>x()),!0)}(e,S,y),(0,v.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,v.Qy)(e,O,"exposed"),g.v6||((0,v.EZ)("activatedFeatures",b),(0,v.EZ)("setToken",(t=>function(e,t){var r=u.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,c.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(m[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,s.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));b[e]||((0,s.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,m[e],r),b[e]=!0)})),(0,f.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}(t,e)))),S}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",225:"ajax-instrument",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",439:"async-api",578:"jserrors-instrument",729:"lazy-loader",757:"session_trace-instrument",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",876:"spa-instrument",898:"ajax-aggregate",908:"page_action-instrument"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"92657d87",118:"34a59fa6",147:"7dcaee1b",193:"401d5d17",225:"25fe7245",264:"bcaf68fc",317:"d078b949",348:"6b3fec7f",439:"6bb277af",578:"c8f23c89",729:"48127245",757:"98d3280d",786:"29613e65",873:"58d1fc78",876:"364406a9",898:"178bdaa3",908:"64360627"}[e]+"-1226.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var f=u[d];if(f.getAttribute("src")==r||f.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=f;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var l=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={831:0,744:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(6562);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9557),u=i(7022);class d extends c.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,u.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=f(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,u.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=f(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=l(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=f(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=g(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function f(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=l(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function l(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function g(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,u.D)(e,p)}function p(e,t){return t}var h=i(6797),v=i(5526),m=i(8610);var b=i(5637),y=i(7817),w=i(600);new class{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,v.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new d({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=t.features||[],this.desiredFeatures.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const e="features";try{const t=n(this.agentIdentifier);this.desiredFeatures.forEach((e=>{if(t[e.featureName]){const r=(0,s.Z)(e.featureName);r.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,m.Z)("".concat(e.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat(JSON.stringify(r),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[e.featureName]=new e(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,h.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,e)}catch(t){(0,m.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[e],delete this.sharedAggregator,delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[b.Instrument,y.Instrument,w.Instrument],loaderType:"lite"})})(),window.NRBA=o})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {cookie_flags: 'SameSite=None;Secure'});gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Climate","node_id":"1656686","content_type":"Topic Landing Page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/climate"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/node/1656686"/> <meta name="description" content="NIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Climate"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="NIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2021-04-05T14:37-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/climate"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2021-04-05T14:37-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-01-17T14:49-05:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Climate | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/climate"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Climate"/> <meta property="og:description" content="NIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/04/08/Climate%26Energy-1200x248.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="220"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="45"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2021-04-05T14:37-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-01-17T14:49-05:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="NIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Climate"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/climate"/> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="45"/> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="220"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/04/08/Climate%26Energy-1200x248.jpg"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-01-17T14:49:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Climate | NIST", "description": "\u003Cp\u003ENIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to \u003C/p\u003E", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/04/08/Climate%26Energy-1200x248.jpg", "width": "220", "height": "45" }, "datePublished": "2021-04-05T14:37-04:00", "dateModified": "2023-01-17T14:49-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="topic_landing_page"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Climate | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230306045747cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PCxI_No6IPy6zP7TXfKN-wq4ih_4YeGNy0k_ioGpWnc.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230306045747cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230306045747cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230306045747cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230306045747cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_dXhP8gFSR5hd16LUS1TrwJ15l9WTOxqff1l1a5ojF4o.css"/> <script src="/web/20230306045747js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-1656686"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/climate</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--topic nist-section-header--hero"> <div class="nist-section-header__hero-img"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2021/04/08/Climate%26Energy-1200x248.jpg" width="1200" height="248" alt="Blue sky. Green grass. Wind mill. To the right: solar panels" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__top grid-container"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/environment">Environment</a> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__sub"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Climate</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--topic-description padding-top-4 margin-top-1"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>Overview</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-bottom-4"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>NIST addresses climate change in impactful ways, from measurements and modeling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to research and tools to build more resilient communities and alternative energy infrastructure. NIST programs advance research and measurements for energy efficiency and sustainability, as well as standards, frameworks and other resources for enabling metrology.</p> <p>NIST provides key tools to mitigate and adapt to climate change in the form of: </p> <ul><li>Measurement methods, calibrations and performance metrics, </li> <li>Reference materials and data, </li> <li>Unique facilities and testbeds, and</li> <li>Technical guidance and resources for communities and researchers. </li> </ul><p>In accomplishing its mission NIST relies on key partnerships with the public and private sector. NIST’s efforts to address climate change fall into several categories:<br> </p> <div class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered margin-bottom-0"> <h4 class="usa-accordion__heading"><button aria-controls="b-a1" aria-expanded="false" class="usa-accordion__button">Climate Measurement and Monitoring</button></h4> <div class="usa-accordion__content" id="b-a1"> <p>Working with several federal partners, NIST laboratories have a long history of supporting the measurements needed for climate and GHG monitoring and forecasting. NIST measurement science helps decision makers understand the magnitude of climate change and identify the most strategic opportunities for mitigation. </p> <h3>Traceability of GHG Measurements</h3> <p>Rigorous traceability of measurements to the International System of Units (SI) and other international standards is essential for detecting and quantifying small changes in the Earth’s climate over long time scales. To chart increases in atmospheric GHG concentrations, NIST, other national metrology institutes, NOAA and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) provide the high-accuracy standards and measurements underpinning foundational benchmarks, such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="47204ea7-cc72-4ee0-b0ce-d4a13b5f5d51" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/gas-concentration-standards-supporting-atmospheric-monitoring" media_library="Media Library" title="Gas Concentration Standards Supporting Atmospheric Monitoring">primary gas concentration standards</a> or high-accuracy laboratory measurements of molecular <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="011d05e3-a78b-4c0a-bc14-645c3fc42c08" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/high-accuracy-laboratory-spectroscopic-measurements-atmospheric-gases-monitoring" media_library="Media Library" title="High-accuracy Laboratory Spectroscopic Measurements of Atmospheric Gases for Monitoring Greenhouse Gases">parameters that are key to satellite carbon measurements</a>. NIST also performs SI-traceable measurements of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="27250cf3-bb87-48c7-b5fe-e2e3fc34302a" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/prediction-global-warming-potential" media_library="Media Library" title="Prediction of Global Warming Potential">global warming potentials</a>, develops and demonstrates remote sensing methods to determine GHG sources and sinks, and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3fe23ac8-0d7d-4938-ab85-dbf74bc17c81" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/bringing-si-global-atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-measurement" media_library="Media Library" title="Bringing the SI to Global Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Measurement">calibrates satellite sensors</a> and <em>in situ</em> measurements to validate climate data records.</p> <h3>GHG Measurement Technology</h3> <p>Accurate and standardized ground- and satellite-based greenhouse gas monitoring technologies are needed to support emission mitigation efforts. NIST works on a variety of GHG measurement approaches and techniques, such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8cfb3cbd-1ced-4c36-b4c2-e770c737b688" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/frequency-comb-based-spectroscopy-dual-comb-spectroscopy" media_library="Media Library" title="Frequency-comb-based Spectroscopy (Dual-Comb Spectroscopy)">frequency-comb spectroscopy</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4dcd9e41-ecce-4837-8bd4-df023eee7d05" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/differential-absorption-lidar-detection-and-quantification-greenhouse-gases" media_library="Media Library" title="Differential absorption LIDAR for the detection and quantification of greenhouse gases">differential absorption lidar</a>, that are required to identify and quantify the specific sources and sinks of greenhouse gas emissions. </p> <p>The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b5e5b484-2d2c-4114-aac6-db80729988a0" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/greenhouse-gas-measurements" media_library="Media Library" title="Greenhouse Gas Measurements">Greenhouse Gas Measurements Program</a> is developing technologies to measure atmospheric emissions directly based on satellite, aircraft and surface observations. The program also operates three <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e0bb35c6-92db-49cd-889f-8d59f734b3b8" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2016/07/toward-real-time-measurements-real-time-decision-making" media_library="Media Library" title="Toward Real-Time Measurements for Real-Time Decision Making">Urban Test Beds</a> in collaboration with NOAA and NASA to develop measurement tools for cities and metropolitan areas.</p> <h3>Ensuring Climate Data Quality and Standardization </h3> <p>Accurate climate data is critical for setting realistic and effective emission limits and other climate targets. NIST maintains a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://ghgr.nist.gov/" media_library="Media Library">Greenhouse Gas Resource Registry</a> that allows for the registration of greenhouse gas resources, bridging the gap between available data resources and the end users. NIST's unique carbon nanotube detectors in NASA’s <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0ac975d2-d787-4d32-be36-c4909ce473b5" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/measuring-cosmos/compact-spectral-irradiance-monitor" media_library="Media Library" title="Compact Spectral Irradiance Monitor">satellite sensors</a> improve the accuracy of outgoing radiation from Earth, providing insight into how the Earth’s atmosphere responds to changes in solar output. NIST also develops technology for <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9e64d5ee-a7cd-4022-a29f-e299b3570b29" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/greenhouse-gas-measurements/research-areas/advanced-satellite-calibration-standards" media_library="Media Library" title="Advanced Satellite Calibration Standards">satellite calibration standards</a> for monitoring of the land, oceans, atmosphere and the Sun’s radiation. Finally, NIST’s research, reference materials and <em>in situ</em> <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="b57a3245-6a29-4cce-b3ba-926014a2833b" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2013/04/seeing-oceans-their-true-colors" media_library="Media Library" title="Seeing the Oceans in Their True Colors">ocean color metrology</a> provide the foundation for understanding the ocean's carbon cycle, tracking <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cc65ec68-e5c0-4975-bdf9-a3750f9a2297" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-measure-acidity-ph-ocean" media_library="Media Library" title="How Do You Measure the Acidity (pH) of the Ocean?">ocean acidification</a>, and enabling quantification of ocean carbon dioxide removal.</p> </div>  <h4 class="usa-accordion__heading"><button aria-controls="b-a2" aria-expanded="false" class="usa-accordion__button">Decarbonization of the Economy</button></h4> <div class="usa-accordion__content" id="b-a2"> <p>The nation will need to update its infrastructure with low-carbon solutions to continue to meet society’s everyday needs while minimizing the impact of energy production and consumption on the climate. NIST’s expertise in measurements and its key role in promoting innovation will enable significant improvements in the nation’s infrastructure needed to support a low-carbon economy. </p> <h3>Energy-Efficient Buildings</h3> <p>NIST supports innovation that can increase energy efficiency and advance clean energy solutions for buildings, which account for nearly <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://architecture2030.org/why-the-building-sector/" media_library="Media Library">40% of all U.S. energy use and around 50% of greenhouse gas emissions</a>. Some examples of activities and programs include:</p> <ul><li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c0d027ae-379b-4049-a296-d6c6cd17248b" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/net-zero-energy-high-performance-buildings-program" media_library="Media Library" title="Net-Zero Energy, High-Performance Buildings Program">Net-Zero Energy, High-Performance Buildings Program</a>, which includes the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f66e767c-20bd-4fdd-898e-a8e5bbb3381f" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/net-zero-energy-residential-test-facility" media_library="Media Library" title="Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF)">Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility</a> </li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a807e1e5-76f7-4cb0-a8e8-977f2f7c258a" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/embedded-intelligence-buildings-program" media_library="Media Library" title="Embedded Intelligence in Buildings Program">Embedded Intelligence in Buildings Program</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8095ee54-6a3b-4761-b5e8-e87aacc3c05c" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/energy-and-environment-division-73200/intelligent-buildings-agents-project" media_library="Media Library" title="Intelligent Buildings Agents Project">Intelligent Building Agents Laboratory</a> </li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="aa13839d-238b-4f78-bf48-def88580cfc1" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/solid-state-lighting-metrology" media_library="Media Library" title="Solid-state lighting metrology">Solid-State Lighting Metrology</a> program</li> </ul><p>NIST has active research to help industry transition away from hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1eb8878e-abe3-46eb-b503-e10393b656c6" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2019/05/nist-study-identifies-chemical-blends-possible-alternative-refrigerants" media_library="Media Library" title="NIST Study Identifies Chemical Blends as Possible Alternative Refrigerants">refrigerants</a>. The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4b70544e-a519-40f5-b716-1c6a8859ff75" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/reference-fluid-thermodynamic-and-transport-properties-database-refprop" media_library="Media Library" title="Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (REFPROP)">NIST REFPROP database</a> is used by industry to evaluate new refrigerants and design new systems. Also, the NIST Standard Reference Database <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6aaec496-6db6-4ca9-8a49-1c9e14284462" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/srd/nist-standard-reference-database-49" media_library="Media Library" title="NIST Standard Reference Database 49">CYCLE_D</a> provides performance estimates of various refrigerants and blends when used in refrigeration systems. </p> <h3>Low-Carbon Energy Infrastructure</h3> <p>The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c34239a0-7bdf-420e-a527-7ba8e809a480" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-grid-interoperability-testbed-facility" media_library="Media Library" title="Smart Grid Interoperability Testbed Facility">NIST Smart Grid Testbed</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1ec81671-2bf0-46f5-a1f8-f7a5b735e5ac" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-grid-program" media_library="Media Library" title="Smart Grid Program">Smart Grid Program</a> allow for experimentation on a range of topics such as interoperability, communications, power quality, cybersecurity, and more. NIST work in distributed energy resources, such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="34eabe8a-b207-4871-bbb0-251a47522cb2" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/energy-and-environment-division-73200/heat-transfer-alternative-energy-systems/photovoltaic" media_library="Media Library" title="Photovoltaic Testbeds">photovoltaics</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6e6ab3de-1adc-461d-a743-686b522e2f8c" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/pml/about-pml/pml-working-you/making-better-battery" media_library="Media Library" title="Making a Better Battery">batteries</a>, provides manufacturers and system developers critical information and data to improve their products and processes. Research in the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9a90b757-b2c0-4381-9c87-da3761a6d78e" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/photovoltaic-characterization-laboratory" media_library="Media Library" title="Photovoltaic Characterization Laboratory">Photovoltaic Characterization Laboratory</a> develops methodologies to accurately measure cell output. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8a5f99a9-3b4d-451f-b00b-798aafecf1fd" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2021/11/impeding-impedance-research-reveals-how-design-better-next-generation" media_library="Media Library" title="Impeding the Impedance: Research Reveals How to Design a Better Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Battery">Neutron measurements</a> at the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0490151d-3bd8-454c-8036-dc49d0f05a95" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" media_library="Media Library" title="NIST Center for Neutron Research">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> help identify new materials for batteries, and the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7265e6d2-c656-40de-a578-9ba4cb69f4a8" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/transport-property-measurements-semiconductors-and-energy-materials" media_library="Media Library" title="Transport Property Measurements for Semiconductors and Energy Materials">Measurements, Standards, and Data for Energy Conversion Materials</a> project supports the development, production and reliability of thermoelectric materials and devices. NIST also has ongoing work in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="a7068b09-2b76-482c-bd59-54d5ae087632" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/alternative-energy" media_library="Media Library" title="Alternative energy">alternative fuels</a>, such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0fa04228-ec60-4c56-88ca-b2f7e36d13bd" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/materials-testing-hydrogen-gas" media_library="Media Library" title="Materials Testing in Hydrogen Gas">hydrogen</a>. </p> <h3>Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)/Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration (CCUS)</h3> <p>Even with the transition to renewable energy sources, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7609750f-ad79-493d-b46f-f07d6574fd2c" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/carbon-capture-and-carbon-sequestration" media_library="Media Library" title="Carbon Capture and Carbon Sequestration">CDR and CCUS</a> are critical technologies for mitigating climate change. <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6e0b7110-b5fa-4629-867c-11f5a9e96c1a" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/ncnr-dac-and-ccus-efforts" media_library="Media Library" title="NCNR DAC and CCUS efforts">Direct air capture (DAC)</a>, a new engineering-based CDR approach, is still in the foundational stages of technology development, and NIST is characterizing materials, such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="1623e44d-ea1e-44e4-a35d-a8eb0dc853eb" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/mml/fact" media_library="Media Library" title="Facility for Adsorbent Characterization and Testing">solid sorbents and membranes</a>, to enable discovery and optimization of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="766f1740-d1ef-46f8-b7a3-1a4fc1e52a32" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/08/remove-co2-atmosphere-imagine-possibilities" media_library="Media Library" title="To Remove CO<sub>2</sub> From the Atmosphere, Imagine the Possibilities">materials for scalable DAC</a>. As industry is looking for ways to obtain value from CO<sub>2</sub>, NIST is working in several areas to realize the economic potential of CO<sub>2</sub>. In building materials, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4afc49bf-d91b-47f5-9cd0-7e682f27ec45" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/low-carbon-cements-and-concretes-consortium" media_library="Media Library" title="Low Carbon Cements and Concretes Consortium">NIST is working with cement manufacturers</a> to quantify carbon that can be sequestered in cement and concrete. In CO<sub>2</sub> conversion to fuels and chemicals, NIST is elucidating reaction intermediates in catalytic systems, investigating CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction mechanisms, and exploring <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4a10e1fc-4efb-4ae7-81be-9aef079b8907" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2020/11/room-temperature-conversion-co2-co-new-way-synthesize-hydrocarbons" media_library="Media Library" title="Room Temperature Conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO: A New Way to Synthesize Hydrocarbons">low-temperature CO<sub>2</sub> conversion methods</a>. </p> <h3>Manufacturing Efficiency and Optimization</h3> <p>Advanced <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" media_library="Media Library">manufacturing</a> technologies such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9dd687d1-8508-4dd1-9375-ec64f1d0d7a7" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/additive-manufacturing" media_library="Media Library" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a>, <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cb0b7ae4-978d-44e6-a69e-1dbee81e8e88" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/lightweighting" media_library="Media Library" title="NIST Center for Automotive Lightweighting ">lightweighting</a>, process intensification and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8b19e496-a8a7-484e-a3f0-5cc77a7219fd" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/sustainable-manufacturing" media_library="Media Library" title="Sustainable manufacturing">sustainable manufacturing</a> reduce global energy demand by replacing complex parts with lighter alternatives and increasing the efficiency of manufacturing processes and supply chain logistics. The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0c8e6e95-739a-4b88-8098-112f06acf6ad" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/circular-economy" media_library="Media Library" title="Circular Economy">Circular Economy</a> program and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e79a244c-753d-42d4-84a8-c7e13565b3be" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/systems-integration-division-73400/circular-economy-manufacturing" media_library="Media Library" title="Circular Economy in Manufacturing">Manufacturing in a Circular Economy</a> project aim to help industry transition away from a linear economic model toward one in which materials repeatedly cycle within the economy. Discovery of new and advanced <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/materials" media_library="Media Library">materials</a> is also a critical step in reducing GHG emissions. </p> </div>  <h4 class="usa-accordion__heading"><button aria-controls="b-a3" aria-expanded="false" class="usa-accordion__button">Adaptation and Resilience</button></h4> <div class="usa-accordion__content" id="b-a3"> <p>Scientists believe that changes in the climate will lead to increased numbers and severity of natural disasters. Since its founding, NIST has supported the safety, interoperability and resilience of the nation’s infrastructure to such disasters through innovation in performance and resilience of the built environment. </p> <h3>Disaster and Failure Studies</h3> <p>NIST has both a leadership and a research role in the congressionally mandated <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2c517d18-5571-416b-8fb0-93a54025db66" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/materials-and-structural-systems-division-73100/national-windstorm-impact-reduction-program-nwirp" media_library="Media Library" title="National Windstorm Impact Reduction Program Office">National Windstorm Impact Reduction Program</a>, which brings together multiple agencies to coordinate the government’s approach to disaster events. NIST is expert in <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ad7253ba-9766-4285-ad01-871737c04029" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/studies-hazard-types" media_library="Media Library" title="Studies by Hazard Types">studies</a> that lead to improved design and codes for the built environment. For example, the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="be21f48d-b9b4-482d-b2db-1cc91f14fb46" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/joplin-tornado-ncst-investigation" media_library="Media Library" title="Joplin Missouri Tornado 2011">Joplin, Missouri, tornado investigation</a> led to recommendations for building codes, standards and practices to make buildings and emergency operations across the U.S. more resilient. The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="682765ce-795f-4dca-9d0e-7c6085cf27c7" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/disaster-failure-studies/hurricane-maria-program" media_library="Media Library" title="Hurricane Maria">Hurricane Maria investigation</a> is still underway.</p> <h3>Community Resilience </h3> <p>The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="50569582-c410-4f6e-89ac-96aab0aad402" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/community-resilience" media_library="Media Library" title="Community resilience">Community Resilience</a> program provides planning tools, such as <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://edges.nist.gov/" media_library="Media Library">NIST Economic Decision Guide Software</a> (EDGe$), to measure costs and benefits of resilience investments to support community-level decisions. It also offers guidelines, such as <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="529b99d4-c7b5-4750-984f-4fcd5aaf72af" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/community-resilience/planning-guide" media_library="Media Library" title="Community Resilience Planning Guide">NIST Community Resilience Planning Guide for Buildings and Infrastructure Systems</a>, which prepares communities for anticipated hazards, and helps them adapt to changing conditions and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions due to natural and human-made hazards. NIST also operates the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/http://resilience.colostate.edu/" media_library="Media Library">Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning</a>. The center performed a <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="0c23f49e-8b33-4ab3-b43b-0f29c715578f" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/trials-and-triumphs-small-citys-hurricane-recovery-could-help-other-communities" media_library="Media Library" title="The Trials and Triumphs of a Small City’s Hurricane Recovery Could Help Other Communities Bounce Back">longitudinal study</a> of the effects of flooding in Lumberton, North Carolina — a first application of a combined engineering-social science field study protocol. </p> <p>The <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7b07fbe0-a9fb-4235-80d2-3ac4d565cdaa" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/mep" media_library="Media Library" title="Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)">Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership</a> (MEP) national network serves as an integral part of enhancing community resilience by supporting small and medium-sized manufacturers. MEP centers can conduct assessments to determine manufacturers’ needs in preparing for disaster-related events as well as for restoring operations and serving as enablers of recovery after disasters. </p> <h3>Wildland-Urban Interface Fires</h3> <p>Fires within communities surrounded by natural areas are the most dangerous and costliest fires in North America. NIST-led <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4cbaebb0-b736-4800-94a3-199ee2d4fc73" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/wildland-urban-interface-fire" media_library="Media Library" title="Wildland urban interface fire">research and post-fire investigations</a>, such as the one for the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d8bea99e-9e7f-454f-aa37-70f180045705" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/wildland-urban-interface-fire-73305/nist-investigation-california" media_library="Media Library" title="NIST Investigation of the California Camp Fire">Camp Fire</a> that burned for 18 days in California in 2018, are providing the scientific basis for reducing a WUI community’s fire risk. NIST also operates the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4afd0612-592b-4335-8d3e-93d1ec5578d5" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/national-fire-research-laboratory-73306" media_library="Media Library" title="National Fire Research Laboratory">National Fire Research Laboratory</a> — a unique experimental facility dedicated to understanding fire behavior and structural response to fire.</p> <h3>Connected Systems Resilience</h3> <p>Smart connected systems and infrastructure have a significant impact on people’s lives, and must be designed for resilience against faults, attacks and increasing climate-change disruptions. Smart connected systems incorporate Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber-physical systems (CPS). NIST is supporting the resilience and trustworthiness of these systems through the Universal CPS Environment for Federation (<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e398fdc1-018e-4e10-a75e-c3fa6ba13e3b" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/smart-connected-systems-division/iot-devices-and-infrastructures-group/ucef-universal-cps" media_library="Media Library" title="UCEF: Universal CPS Environment for Federation">UCEF</a>) platform. UCEF is being developed to support NIST’s smart cities and communities program, which includes the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="23a86f57-a297-4b19-987a-e8dad81a1811" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/smart-connected-systems-division/iot-devices-and-infrastructure-group/smart-americaglobal-0" media_library="Media Library" title="Global City Teams Challenge">Global City Teams Challenge</a>.</p> <p>Advanced communication networks are required to support interconnected infrastructures and ensure effective and timely responses to natural disasters. NIST is leading research efforts to develop a dedicated, nationwide LTE broadband network (<a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cd0632ce-89bd-4082-abce-09332f16c85b" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/05/firstnet-authority-nist-launch-immersive-virtual-experience-center-public" media_library="Media Library" title="FirstNet Authority, NIST Launch Immersive Virtual Experience Center for Public Safety ">FirstNet</a>) and is supporting development of <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="37f241b1-c6ce-4a88-b212-d19e85ca7b27" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/resilient-systems" media_library="Media Library" title="Resilient Systems">resilient systems for first responders</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>In addition to the efforts outlined above, NIST has crosscutting efforts in life-cycle assessment led by its <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="7adde1e8-3135-48b5-9d00-e32df00da5cd" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/applied-economics-office" media_library="Media Library" title="Applied Economics Office">Applied Economics Office</a>. This work addresses the carbon impact of a range of industry sectors, including buildings, utilities and material manufacturing. Examples of the tools that have been developed include the <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c3351b82-981e-4324-8c3c-018e40548319" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/birds" media_library="Media Library" title="BIRDS">Building Industry Reporting and Design for Sustainability (BIRDS)</a> and <a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c35c06ca-661f-47b5-8edd-c3978bb49b59" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software/bees" media_library="Media Library" title="BEES">Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES)</a> packages to assess the carbon footprint of buildings and their component materials.</p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--no-margin"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Featured Content</h2> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-hidden nist-field--link-list link font-sans-sm"> <div class="nist-field__items"> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/greenhouse-gas-measurements">Greenhouse Gas Measurements</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/el/net-zero-energy-residential-test-facility">Net Zero House</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories/speed-gun-photosynthesis">A Speed Gun for Photosynthesis</a></div> <div class="nist-field__item"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories/piecing-together-timeline-californias-deadliest-wildfire">Piecing Together the Timeline of California’s Deadliest Wildfire</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--main"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="bg-primary-lighter nist-content-row--bg paragraph paragraph--type--video-bg-color paragraph--view-mode--default nist-content-row"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2> <div class="string">Greenhouse Gas Measurements</div> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row__inner"> <figure data-media-id="613176" class="nist-video"> <div class="video-embed-field"><div data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_s3f4xkjf?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=1_s3f4xkjf&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> " class="video-embed-field-lazy"><img loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_s3f4xkjf/width/1280" alt="NIST Greenhouse Gas Measurement Program" typeof="foaf:Image"/> <button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">NIST Greenhouse Gas Measurement Program</div> </div> </div> <figcaption data-caption-editable="true" class="nist-video__caption"> <div class="text-long">NIST’s Greenhouse Gas Measurements Program develops advanced tools for accurately measuring emissions so industries and governments will have the information they need to manage emissions effectively.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-5"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--topic-research paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>The Research</h2> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-8 padding-right-5 margin-y-2"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Projects & Programs</h2> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-transport" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-transport" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/07/10/nfrlghgas.jpg?itok=ARZ5v38P" width="100" height="48" alt="The National Fire Research Laboratory (NFRL) will be used as a test bed for green house gas emissions, at near industrial-scale, for performance evaluation and calibration of instruments used for CEMS and relative accuracy testing audits (RATA)" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-transport"><span>Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Transport</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The capabilities of the NIST National Fire Research Laboratory (NFRL) will be extended to provide a test bed for performance evaluation of instruments and test </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/net-zero-energy-high-performance-buildings-program" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/net-zero-energy-high-performance-buildings-program" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/03/09/11el008_netzero_house_cutaway_hr.jpg?itok=2a9-lfNo" width="100" height="96" alt="Illustrated cutaway showing the inside of the Net Zero Energy House" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/net-zero-energy-high-performance-buildings-program"><span>Net-Zero Energy, High-Performance Buildings Program</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Buildings account for 40% of the primary energy consumption, 74% of the electricity consumption, and 39% of the CO2 emissions in the United States. That energy </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/differential-absorption-lidar-detection-and-quantification-greenhouse-gases" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/differential-absorption-lidar-detection-and-quantification-greenhouse-gases" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2019/07/23/smokestack_nagy_sm_1.jpg?itok=7sWNc7UI" width="100" height="100" alt="smokestack" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/differential-absorption-lidar-detection-and-quantification-greenhouse-gases"><span>Differential absorption LIDAR for the detection and quantification of greenhouse gases</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> We are developing a method for accurately quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks to meet the requirements for </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/embedded-intelligence-buildings-program" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/embedded-intelligence-buildings-program" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/06/20/shutterstock_54837784green-const-converted.jpg?itok=i6Lg678d" width="100" height="59" alt="green construction" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/embedded-intelligence-buildings-program"><span>Embedded Intelligence in Buildings Program</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 established a national goal of achieving net-zero energy buildings by 2030. Industry groups including the </div> </div> </div> </article> <article role="article" about="/programs-projects/analysis-and-modeling-atmospheric-particles-assess-effects-climate" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/analysis-and-modeling-atmospheric-particles-assess-effects-climate" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2017/08/21/atmospheric_particles.jpg?itok=RX18pHUi" width="44" height="100" alt="Atmospheric Particles" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/analysis-and-modeling-atmospheric-particles-assess-effects-climate"><span>Analysis and Modeling of Atmospheric Particles to Assess Effects on Climate</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Atmospheric aerosol particles often have compositions and shapes that cannot be described as a single material phase within a simplified geometric form such as </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/topic/2788551">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-y-2"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> <div class="nist-region-heading"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="entity-reference"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/house-hill-bringing-measurement-science-home"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2018/03/09/net_zero_energy_residential_test_facility.jpg?itok=lOiMy242" width="600" height="360" alt="photo of a house. Solar panels on the roof." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3><span>That House on the Hill: Bringing Measurement Science Home</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">When people ask NIST employees what they do, we often rely on the somewhat nebulous term “measurement science.” To many in the technical community, NIST’s role in measurement science is clear because they are often surrounded by instruments that bear some sort of NIST-traceable calibration certificate. NIST staff may be able to explain the painstaking work we do to realize basic measurement units</div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/blogs/taking-measure/house-hill-bringing-measurement-science-home" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-140d024ada87e6935184e543642fcdedde1a32ef384ac97b060dafc8cc2a635c"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/ocean-color-system-gets-refresh-allowing-more-precise-and-accurate"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2023/01/03/Mooring_Buoy_MOBY.jpg?itok=jziRgJbI" width="800" height="400" alt="A yellow buoy with a red base floats in the sea under a blue sky. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Ocean Color System Gets a ‘Refresh,’ Allowing for More Precise and Accurate Measurements</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/01/ocean-color-system-gets-refresh-allowing-more-precise-and-accurate" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/11/measuring-sunlight-space-chip"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/11/04/CTIM-vertical.png?itok=xnpk3ul2" width="800" height="400" alt="CTIM" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Measuring Sunlight from Space, on a Chip</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/11/measuring-sunlight-space-chip" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/09/nist-awards-funding-educational-programs-circular-economy-reduce-plastic"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/800w_x_400h/public/images/2022/04/20/CE-blogpost-3.jpg?itok=2LZHnsox" width="800" height="400" alt="Circular economy illustration has a circle with images of a dump, a scientist, a sea turtle, a water bottle. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Awards Funding for Educational Programs on a Circular Economy to Reduce Plastic Waste</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/09/nist-awards-funding-educational-programs-circular-economy-reduce-plastic" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/topic/2788551">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-y-4"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230306045747im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/climate" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1656686","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230306045747js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_DNL6VrEuHPrL959oUExCzGY3A7BXQIMYib7aZLaICi4.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306045747js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230306045747js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_psG0qb41PTPmrFpGicvu_erYmftsLA8D0j59Q-Fj4l0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":39,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Climate | NIST