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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crushed stone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Друз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Друз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Друз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Друз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooda" title="Schooda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schooda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Вак чул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вак чул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schotter" title="Schotter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schotter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killustik" title="Killustik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Killustik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romp%C5%9Dtono" title="Rompŝtono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rompŝtono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Խճաքար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խճաքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokoto" title="Kokoto – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kokoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenslag" title="Steenslag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steenslag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%95%E7%9F%B3" title="砕石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砕石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE" title="ТӀо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singel" title="Singel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Singel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singel" title="Singel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Singel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82ucze%C5%84" title="Tłuczeń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tłuczeń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita" title="Brita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochstee" title="Brochstee – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Brochstee" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatr%C4%83_concasat%C4%83" title="Piatră concasată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piatră concasată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Щебень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Щебень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Туцаник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Туцаник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucanik" title="Tucanik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tucanik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivirouhe" title="Kivirouhe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivirouhe" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artificial gravel of angular shape, used as construction aggregate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crushed rock" redirects here. For the quarry in Nigeria, see <a href="/wiki/Crushed_Rock,_Mpape" title="Crushed Rock, Mpape">Crushed Rock, Mpape</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20mm-aggregate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20mm-aggregate.jpg/220px-20mm-aggregate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20mm-aggregate.jpg/330px-20mm-aggregate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/20mm-aggregate.jpg/440px-20mm-aggregate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>20 mm (0.79 in) crushed stone, used for <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">construction aggregate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">landscape</a> applications</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Crushed stone</b> or <b>angular rock</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">construction aggregate</a>, typically produced by mining a suitable rock deposit and breaking the removed rock down to the desired size using <a href="/wiki/Crusher" title="Crusher">crushers</a>. It is distinct from naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, which is produced by natural processes of weathering and erosion and typically has a more rounded shape. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg/220px-Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg/330px-Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg/440px-Hanson_Aggregates_Bellefonte_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="1842" /></a><figcaption>Crushed <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bellefonte,_Pennsylvania" title="Bellefonte, Pennsylvania">Bellefonte, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Angular crushed stone is the key material for <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">macadam</a> road construction, which depends on the interlocking of the individual stones' angular faces for its strength.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn90-5699-159-0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn90-5699-159-0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As <a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">riprap</a></li> <li>As railroad <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">track ballast</a></li> <li>As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filter_stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filter stone (page does not exist)">filter stone</a>.</li> <li>As <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> (with a binder) in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">tarmac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt concrete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8247-2605-7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8247-2605-7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">groundcover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkway" title="Walkway">walkway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">driveway</a> pavement, and infill for <a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">permeable pavers</a>. As a mineral groundcover its benefits include erosion control, water conservation, weed suppression, and aesthetics. It is often seen used in <a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">rock gardens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">cactus gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crushed stone is a major basic <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>, agriculture, and other industries. Despite the low value of its basic products, the crushed stone industry is a major contributor to and an indicator of the <a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">economic well-being of a nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for crushed stone is determined mostly by the level of construction activity, and, therefore, the demand for construction materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Tepordei_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tepordei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stone resources of the world are very large. High-purity <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> suitable for specialty uses are limited in many geographic areas. Crushed stone substitutes for <a href="/wiki/Roadbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadbuilding">roadbuilding</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>. Substitutes for crushed stone used as construction aggregates include sand and gravel, iron and steel slag, <a href="/wiki/Sintered" class="mw-redirect" title="Sintered">sintered</a> or expanded <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CrushedStoneBarge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/220px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/330px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/CrushedStoneBarge.jpg/440px-CrushedStoneBarge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>A crushed stone <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg/220px-2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg/330px-2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg/440px-2d_Av_subway_crush_stone_72_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Crushed stone laid as a road base</figcaption></figure> <p>Crushed stone is a high-volume, low-value <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a>. The industry is highly competitive and is characterized by many operations serving local or regional markets. Production costs are determined mainly by the cost of labor, equipment, energy, and water, in addition to the costs of compliance with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">safety</a> regulations. These costs vary depending on geographic location, the nature of the deposit, and the number and type of products produced. Crushed stone has one of the lowest average by weight values of all mineral commodities. The average unit price increased from US$1.58 per metric ton, f.o.b. plant, in 1970 to US$4.39 in 1990. However, the unit price in constant 1982 dollars fluctuated between US$3.48 and US$3.91 per metric ton for the same period. Increased <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> achieved through increased use of <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> and more efficient equipment was mainly responsible for maintaining the prices at this level.<sup id="cite_ref-Tepordei_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tepordei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transportation is a major factor in the delivered price of crushed stone. The cost of moving crushed stone from the plant to the market often equals or exceeds the sale price of the product at the plant. Because of the high cost of transportation and the large quantities of bulk material that have to be shipped, crushed stone is usually marketed locally. The high cost of transportation is responsible for the wide dispersion of quarries, usually located near highly populated areas. However, increasing land values combined with local environmental concerns are moving crushed stone quarries farther from the end-use locations, increasing the price of delivered material. <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">Economies of scale</a>, which might be realized if fewer, larger operations served larger marketing areas, would probably not offset the increased transportation costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tepordei_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tepordei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_statistical_data">United States statistical data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States statistical data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, 1.72 billion tons of crushed stone worth $13.8 billion was sold or used in 2006, of which 1.44 billion tons was used as <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">construction aggregate</a>, 74.9 million tons used for cement manufacture, and 18.1 million tons used to make <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>. Crushed <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> sold or used totaled 11.8 million tons, the majority of which was ground very fine and used as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. </p><p>In 2006, 9.40 million tons of crushed stone (almost all <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or dolomite) was used for <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> treatment, primarily to reduce <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil acidity">soil acidity</a>. Soils tend to become acidic from heavy use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers, unless a <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a> is used. Using aglime or <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_lime" title="Agricultural lime">agricultural lime</a>, a finely-ground limestone or dolomite, to change the soil from acidic to nearly neutral particularly benefits crops by maximizing availability of plant nutrients, and also by reducing aluminum or <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> toxicity, promoting soil microbe activity, and improving the soil structure. </p><p>In 2006, 5.29 million tons of crushed stone (mostly limestone or dolomite) was used as a flux in <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Blast furnaces">blast furnaces</a> and in certain steel furnaces to react with <a href="/wiki/Gangue" title="Gangue">gangue</a> minerals (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and silicate impurities) to produce liquid <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> that floats and can be poured off from the much denser molten metal (i.e., iron). The slag cools to become a stone-like material that is commonly crushed and recycled as construction aggregate. </p><p>In addition, 4.53 million tons of crushed stone was used for fillers and extenders (including asphalt fillers or extenders), 2.71 million tons for sulfur oxide removal-mine dusting-acid water treatment, and 1.45 million tons sold or used for poultry grit or mineral food. </p><p>Crushed stone is recycled primarily as construction aggregate or concrete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_variations">Terminology and variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terminology and variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "high performance bedding" (HPB) is used to refer to 1/4" and 3/8" crushed rock. </p><p> Granular A, Granular B, and Granular C, all represent crushed rock mixed with sand in which Granular A has the least amount of sand, and Granular B has the most amount of sand. "Granular A" is also referred to as "angular crushed down to fines" or "minus" gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntington_Desert_Garden,_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huntington_Desert_Garden%2C_May_2009.jpg/220px-Huntington_Desert_Garden%2C_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huntington_Desert_Garden%2C_May_2009.jpg/330px-Huntington_Desert_Garden%2C_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Huntington_Desert_Garden%2C_May_2009.jpg/440px-Huntington_Desert_Garden%2C_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Crushed stone simulating a natural deposit at the <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Desert_Garden" title="Huntington Desert Garden">Huntington Desert Garden</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(composite)" title="Aggregate (composite)">Aggregate (composite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-isbn90-5699-159-0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn90-5699-159-0_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMax_Lay1998" class="citation book cs1">Max Lay (1998). <i>Handbook of Road Technology (Transportation Studies)</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5699-159-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5699-159-0"><bdi>90-5699-159-0</bdi></a>. <q>The strength and stiffness of the course of compacted angular stone came from the mechanical interlock which developed between individual pieces of stone. The principle is still used in modem road construction and since 1820 McAdam's name has been remembered by the term macadam used to describe the courses of unbound angular stone which he introduced.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Road+Technology+%28Transportation+Studies%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-5699-159-0&rft.au=Max+Lay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrushed+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8247-2605-7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8247-2605-7_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_William_D.McKetta,_John_J.1976" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, William D.; McKetta, John J. (1976). <i>Encyclopedia of chemical processing and design</i>. New York, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-2605-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-2605-7"><bdi>0-8247-2605-7</bdi></a>. <q>Crushed stone can be used without binder for a variety of construction or industrial applications, or it may be mixed with a matrix binding material, such as bituminous or portland cement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+chemical+processing+and+design&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8247-2605-7&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+William+D.&rft.au=McKetta%2C+John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrushed+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gardening.cornell.edu/factsheets/mulch/mulchland.html#stone">Cornell University: Gardening Resources - mulches</a>. accessed 5.10.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landscaping.about.com/od/drivewaysandwalkways1/f/gravel_driveway.htm">AboutGardens: Crushed stone driveways</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722204803/http://landscaping.about.com/od/drivewaysandwalkways1/f/gravel_driveway.htm">Archived</a> 2011-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. accessed 5.10.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/">"USGS Minerals Information: Crushed Stone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Minerals+Information%3A+Crushed+Stone&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fstone_crushed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrushed+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tepordei-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tepordei_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tepordei_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tepordei_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTepordei1997" class="citation web cs1">Tepordei, Valentin V. (1997-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/stat/">"Statistical Compendium - Crushed Stone"</a>. <i>Minerals Information</i>. U.S. Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minerals+Information&rft.atitle=Statistical+Compendium+-+Crushed+Stone&rft.date=1997-11-04&rft.aulast=Tepordei&rft.aufirst=Valentin+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fstone_crushed%2Fstat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrushed+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett2007" class="citation web cs1">Willett, Jason Christopher (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/stcrumcs07.pdf">"Stone (Crushed)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mineral Commodity Summaries</i>. U.S. Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries&rft.atitle=Stone+%28Crushed%29&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=Jason+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fstone_crushed%2Fstcrumcs07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrushed+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://howtohardscape.com/best-base-for-pavers/">"Best Base for Pavers - How to Hardscape"</a>. 2021-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Base+for+Pavers+-+How+to+Hardscape&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhowtohardscape.com%2Fbest-base-for-pavers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrushed+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crushed_stone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/myb1-2006-stonc.pdf">USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Crushed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/stone_crushed/">Crushed Stone Statistics and Information</a> - United States Geological Survey minerals information for crushed stone</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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