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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Đăng nhập</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trang dành cho người dùng chưa đăng nhập <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_gi%C3%BAp:Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_thi%E1%BB%87u" aria-label="Tìm hiểu thêm về sửa đổi"><span>tìm hiểu thêm</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C3%B3ng_g%C3%B3p_c%E1%BB%A7a_t%C3%B4i" title="Danh sách các sửa đổi được thực hiện qua địa chỉ IP này [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Đóng góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_t%C3%B4i" title="Thảo luận với địa chỉ IP này [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Thảo luận cho địa chỉ IP này</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Trang Web"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Nội dung" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nội dung</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Đầu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Chú_thích" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chú_thích"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Chú thích</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chú_thích-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Nội dung" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Đóng mở mục lục" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Đóng mở mục lục</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Julian Schwinger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Xem bài viết trong ngôn ngữ khác. Bài có sẵn trong 69 ngôn ngữ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 ngôn ngữ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="جوليان شفينجر – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوليان شفينجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جولیان شوینگر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جولیان شوینگر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Julian Seymour Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Mã Lai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mã Lai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জুলিয়ান শুইঙার – Tiếng Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জুলিয়ান শুইঙার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Mân Nam" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mân Nam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джуліян Швінгер – Tiếng Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джуліян Швінгер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джулиан Швингър – Tiếng Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джулиан Швингър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Séc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Séc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Đan Mạch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đan Mạch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger – Tiếng Đức" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Julian Seymour Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đức" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τζούλιαν Σουίνγκερ – Tiếng Hy Lạp" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζούλιαν Σουίνγκερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hy Lạp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جولیان شوینگر – Tiếng Ba Tư" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جولیان شوینگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Tư" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0" title="જુલિયન શ્વાઇન્ગર – Tiếng Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જુલિયન શ્વાઇન્ગર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Khách Gia" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Khách Gia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%96%B8_%EC%8A%88%EC%9C%99%EA%B1%B0" title="줄리언 슈윙거 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="줄리언 슈윙거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Յուլիան Շվինգեր – Tiếng Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուլիան Շվինգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="जुलियन श्विंगर – Tiếng Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जुलियन श्विंगर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger – Tiếng Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Julian Seymour Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8" title="ג'וליאן שווינגר – Tiếng Do Thái" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וליאן שווינגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Do Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джулиан Швингер – Tiếng Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джулиан Швингер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iulianus_Schwinger" title="Iulianus Schwinger – Tiếng La-tinh" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iulianus Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng La-tinh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEulians_%C5%A0vingers" title="Džulians Švingers – Tiếng Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džulians Švingers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џулијан Швингер – Tiếng Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џулијан Швингер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="ज्युलियन श्विंगर – Tiếng Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्युलियन श्विंगर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯულიან შვინგერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯულიან შვინგერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="جوليان شفينجر – Tiếng Ả Rập Ai Cập" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوليان شفينجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập Ai Cập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جولیان شوینگر – Tiếng Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جولیان شوینگر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Hà Lan" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hà Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="जुलियन श्विंगर – Tiếng Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जुलियन श्विंगर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ジュリアン・シュウィンガー – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュリアン・シュウィンガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger – Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Julian Seymour Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Na Uy (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جولین شونگر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جولین شونگر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Ba Lan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Швингер, Джулиан – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швингер, Джулиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="जुलियन श्विंगर – Tiếng Phạn" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जुलियन श्विंगर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phạn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger – Tiếng Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julian Seymour Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џулијан Швингер – Tiếng Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џулијан Швингер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Phần Lan" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phần Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Thụy Điển" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thụy Điển" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Җулиан Швиңер – Tiếng Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җулиан Швиңер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джуліан Швінгер – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джуліан Швінгер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="جولیان سکونگر – Tiếng Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جولیان سکونگر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%BC" title="朱利安·施温格 – Tiếng Ngô" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朱利安·施温格" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ngô" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger – Tiếng Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Julian Schwinger" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%BC" title="朱利安·施温格 – Tiếng Trung" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朱利安·施温格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sửa liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ" class="wbc-editpage">Sửa liên kết</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Không gian tên"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tại dự án khác </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Julian_Schwinger" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186465" title="Liên kết đến khoản mục kết nối trong kho dữ liệu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Khoản mục Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Công cụ trang"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Giao diện"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Giao diện</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="vi" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="padding:12px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;line-height:1.1em;font-size:135%;font-weight:bold;color:black;font-size:125%; background-color:#efefef"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Julian Schwinger</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Julian_Schwinger,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Julian_Schwinger%2C_1965.jpg/220px-Julian_Schwinger%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Julian_Schwinger%2C_1965.jpg/330px-Julian_Schwinger%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Julian_Schwinger%2C_1965.jpg/440px-Julian_Schwinger%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6184" data-file-height="6815" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sinh</th><td><a href="/wiki/12_th%C3%A1ng_2" title="12 tháng 2">12 tháng 2</a> năm <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_New_York" title="Thành phố New York">Thành phố New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Hoa Kỳ">Hoa Kỳ</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mất</th><td>16 tháng 7, 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-07-16)</span> (76 tuổi)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, Hoa Kỳ</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Quốc tịch</th><td class="category"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Hoa Kỳ">Hoa Kỳ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Trường lớp</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đại học Thành phố New York (trang không tồn tại)">Đại học Thành phố New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Columbia" title="Đại học Columbia">Đại học Columbia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nổi tiếng vì</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%C3%B4ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_t%E1%BB%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Điện đông lực học lượng tử (trang không tồn tại)">Điện đông lực học lượng tử</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mô hình Schwinger (trang không tồn tại)">Mô hình Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Schwiger-Dyson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phương trình Schwiger-Dyson (trang không tồn tại)">Phương trình Schwiger-Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BA%AFc_chuy%E1%BB%83n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_t%E1%BB%AD_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyên tắc chuyển động lượng tử Schwinger (trang không tồn tại)">Nguyên tắc chuyển động lượng tử Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_Rarita-Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mô hình Rarita-Schwinger (trang không tồn tại)">Mô hình Rarita-Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_Lippmann-Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phương trình Lippmann-Schwinger (trang không tồn tại)">Phương trình Lippmann-Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tham_s%E1%BB%91_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tham số Schwinger (trang không tồn tại)">Tham số Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_h%E1%BA%A1n_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giới hạn Schwinger (trang không tồn tại)">Giới hạn Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_l%C3%BD_spin-th%E1%BB%91ng_k%C3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Định lý spin-thống kê (trang không tồn tại)">Định lý spin-thống kê</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Giải thưởng</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Albert_Einstein" title="Giải thưởng Albert Einstein">Giải thưởng Albert Einstein</a> năm <a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A2n_ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia" title="Huân chương Khoa học Quốc gia">Huân chương Khoa học Quốc gia</a> năm <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel_V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" title="Giải Nobel Vật lý">Giải Nobel Vật lý</a> năm <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/25px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/38px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/50px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Humboldt" title="Giải Humboldt">Giải Humboldt</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b>Sự nghiệp khoa học</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Ngành</th><td class="category"><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Vật lý">Vật lý</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nơi công tác</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_California,_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Đại học California, Berkeley">Đại học California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Purdue" title="Đại học Purdue">Đại học Purdue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_Massachusetts" title="Viện Công nghệ Massachusetts">Viện Công nghệ Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Harvard" title="Đại học Harvard">Đại học Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_California,_Los_Angeles" title="Đại học California, Los Angeles">Đại học California, Los Angeles</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" class="extiw" title="en:Doctoral advisor">Người hướng dẫn luận án tiến sĩ</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/25px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/38px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/50px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Các nghiên cứu sinh nổi tiếng</th><td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_R._Mottelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben R. Mottelson">Ben R. Mottelson</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/25px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/38px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/50px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/25px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/38px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/50px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/25px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/38px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/thumb/c/c9/Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg/50px-Nobel_medal_dsc06171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryce_DeWitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryce DeWitt (trang không tồn tại)">Bryce DeWitt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Kleitman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Kleitman (trang không tồn tại)">Daniel Kleitman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Edwards (trang không tồn tại)">Sam Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Baym&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Baym (trang không tồn tại)">Gordon Baym</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Deser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Deser (trang không tồn tại)">Stanley Deser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Paul_Horwitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Paul Horwitz (trang không tồn tại)">Lawrence Paul Horwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Margaret_G._Kivelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margaret G. Kivelson (trang không tồn tại)">Margaret G. Kivelson</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Julian Seymour Schwinger</b> (1918-1994) là <a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" title="Nhà vật lý">nhà vật lý</a> <a href="/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Người Mỹ">người Mỹ</a>. Ông cùng <a href="/wiki/Tomonaga_Shinichir%C5%8D" title="Tomonaga Shinichirō">Tomonaga Shinichirō</a> và <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> giành <a href="/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel" title="Giải Nobel">Giải Nobel</a> Vật lý năm 1965 nhờ các nghiên cứu cơ bản về <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_h%E1%BB%8Dc_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_t%E1%BB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Điện động học lượng tử">điện động học lượng tử</a> và <a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BA%A1t_c%C6%A1_b%E1%BA%A3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vật lý hạt cơ bản">vật lý hạt cơ bản</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ba ông cùng với <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_Dyson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeman Dyson (trang không tồn tại)">Freeman Dyson</a> đã phát triển thuyết <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n" title="Điện">điện</a> động <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BB%B1c" title="Lực">lực</a> học <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Phân tử">phân tử</a> vào <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1940" title="Thập niên 1940">thập niên 1940</a>, đưa <a href="/wiki/C%C6%A1_h%E1%BB%8Dc_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Cơ học lượng tử">cơ học lượng tử</a> lên đến đỉnh cao. Dựa vào những bài báo của họ<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, các nhà vật lý cuối cùng cũng tìm ra những công thức <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87p_bi%E1%BA%BFn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiệp biến (trang không tồn tại)">hiệp biến</a> cho giá trị hữu hạn tại bậc xấp xỉ bất kỳ trong chuỗi <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91" title="Số">số</a> miêu tả bằng lý thuyết nhiễu loạn của điện động lực học lượng tử. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chú_thích"><span id="Ch.C3.BA_th.C3.ADch"></span>Chú thích</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sửa đổi phần “Chú thích”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&action=edit&section=1" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Chú thích"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71728118">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67233549">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"“""”""‘""’"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/index.html">“Giải Nobel Vật lý năm 1965”</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 10 năm 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gi%E1%BA%A3i+Nobel+V%E1%BA%ADt+l%C3%BD+n%C4%83m+1965&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1965%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFS._Tomonaga1946" class="citation journal cs1">S. Tomonaga (1946). “On a Relativistically Invariant Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Wave Fields”. <i>Progress of Theoretical Physics</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 27–42. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1143%2FPTP.1.27">10.1143/PTP.1.27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=On+a+Relativistically+Invariant+Formulation+of+the+Quantum+Theory+of+Wave+Fields&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=27-42&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1143%2FPTP.1.27&rft.au=S.+Tomonaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Schwinger1948" class="citation journal cs1">J. Schwinger (1948). “On Quantum-Electrodynamics and the Magnetic Moment of the Electron”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 416–417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948PhRv...73..416S">1948PhRv...73..416S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.416">10.1103/PhysRev.73.416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=On+Quantum-Electrodynamics+and+the+Magnetic+Moment+of+the+Electron&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=416-417&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.73.416&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948PhRv...73..416S&rft.au=J.+Schwinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Schwinger1948" class="citation journal cs1">J. Schwinger (1948). “Quantum Electrodynamics. I. A Covariant Formulation”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>74</b> (10): 1439–1461. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948PhRv...74.1439S">1948PhRv...74.1439S</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.74.1439">10.1103/PhysRev.74.1439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Quantum+Electrodynamics.+I.+A+Covariant+Formulation&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1439-1461&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.74.1439&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948PhRv...74.1439S&rft.au=J.+Schwinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFR._P._Feynman1949" class="citation journal cs1">R. P. Feynman (1949). “Space–Time Approach to Quantum Electrodynamics”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>76</b> (6): 769–789. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...76..769F">1949PhRv...76..769F</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.76.769">10.1103/PhysRev.76.769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Space%E2%80%93Time+Approach+to+Quantum+Electrodynamics&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=769-789&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.76.769&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949PhRv...76..769F&rft.au=R.+P.+Feynman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFR._P._Feynman1949" class="citation journal cs1">R. P. Feynman (1949). “The Theory of Positrons”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>76</b> (6): 749–759. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...76..749F">1949PhRv...76..749F</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.76.749">10.1103/PhysRev.76.749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+Positrons&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=749-759&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.76.749&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949PhRv...76..749F&rft.au=R.+P.+Feynman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFR._P._Feynman1950" class="citation journal cs1">R. P. Feynman (1950). “Mathematical Formulation of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Interaction”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>80</b> (3): 440–457. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PhRv...80..440F">1950PhRv...80..440F</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.80.440">10.1103/PhysRev.80.440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Mathematical+Formulation+of+the+Quantum+Theory+of+Electromagnetic+Interaction&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=440-457&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.80.440&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1950PhRv...80..440F&rft.au=R.+P.+Feynman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFF._Dyson1949" class="citation journal cs1">F. Dyson (1949). “The Radiation Theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 486–502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...75..486D">1949PhRv...75..486D</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.486">10.1103/PhysRev.75.486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Radiation+Theories+of+Tomonaga%2C+Schwinger%2C+and+Feynman&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=486-502&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.486&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949PhRv...75..486D&rft.au=F.+Dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFF._Dyson1949" class="citation journal cs1">F. Dyson (1949). “The S Matrix in Quantum Electrodynamics”. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>75</b> (11): 1736–1755. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (định danh)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949PhRv...75.1736D">1949PhRv...75.1736D</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_danh_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_s%E1%BB%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Định danh đối tượng số">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.1736">10.1103/PhysRev.75.1736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=The+S+Matrix+in+Quantum+Electrodynamics&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1736-1755&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.75.1736&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949PhRv...75.1736D&rft.au=F.+Dyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AJulian+Schwinger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70958518">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_Nam_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Rayleigh_th%E1%BB%A9_3" title="John William Strutt, Nam tước Rayleigh thứ 3">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Yukawa_Hideki" title="Yukawa Hideki">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Ch%E1%BA%A5n_Ninh" title="Dương Chấn Ninh">Dương</a> / <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_Ch%C3%ADnh_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o" title="Lý Chính Đạo">Lý</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Alekseyevich_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Yevgenyevich_Tamm" title="Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer" title="Rudolf Mößbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovich_Landau" title="Lev Davidovich Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen" title="Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Gennadiyevich_Basov" title="Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Tomonaga_Shinichir%C5%8D" title="Tomonaga Shinichirō">Tomonaga</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eug%C3%A8ne_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugène Félix Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Schrieffer" title="John Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Esaki_Reona" title="Esaki Reona">Reona</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_Tri%E1%BB%87u_Trung" title="Đinh Triệu Trung">Đinh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Leonidovich_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Logsdon_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Logsdon Fitch (trang không tồn tại)">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Rubbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Rubbia (trang không tồn tại)">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_van_der_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon van der Meer (trang không tồn tại)">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon M. Lederman (trang không tồn tại)">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey,_Jr." title="Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Way_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Way Kendall (trang không tồn tại)">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">De Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lee_(nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Lee (nhà vật lý học) (trang không tồn tại)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Osheroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Osheroff (trang không tồn tại)">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%B4i_K%C3%AC" title="Thôi Kì">Thôi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhores Alferov (trang không tồn tại)">Alferov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kroemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kroemer (trang không tồn tại)">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–nay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Davis_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Davis Jr. (trang không tồn tại)">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koshiba_Masatoshi" title="Koshiba Masatoshi">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Alekseyevich_Abrikosov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksei Alekseyevich Abrikosov (trang không tồn tại)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevich_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevich Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_James_Leggett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony James Leggett (trang không tồn tại)">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Smoot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Smoot (trang không tồn tại)">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Nambu_Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D" title="Nambu Yōichirō">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_Makoto_(nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD)" title="Kobayashi Makoto (nhà vật lý)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masukawa_Toshihide" title="Masukawa Toshihide">Masukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Cao_C%C3%B4n" title="Cao Côn">Cao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Konstantinovich_Geim" title="Andrei Konstantinovich Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Sergeevich_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_P._Schmidt" title="Brian P. Schmidt">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Akasaki_Isamu" title="Akasaki Isamu">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amano_Hiroshi" title="Amano Hiroshi">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nakamura_Shuji" title="Nakamura Shuji">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Kajita_Takaaki" title="Kajita Takaaki">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Kosterlitz" title="John M. Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Lấy từ “<a dir="ltr" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&oldid=67502147">https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&oldid=67502147</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Đặc biệt:Thể loại">Thể loại</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Sinh_n%C4%83m_1918" title="Thể loại:Sinh năm 1918">Sinh năm 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:M%E1%BA%A5t_n%C4%83m_1994" title="Thể loại:Mất năm 1994">Mất năm 1994</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Thể loại:Nhà vật lý Mỹ">Nhà vật lý Mỹ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1t_gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel" title="Thể loại:Người Hoa Kỳ đoạt giải Nobel">Người Hoa Kỳ đoạt giải Nobel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1t_gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel_V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" title="Thể loại:Người đoạt giải Nobel Vật lý">Người đoạt giải Nobel Vật lý</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:C%E1%BB%B1u_sinh_vi%C3%AAn_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Columbia" title="Thể loại:Cựu sinh viên Đại học Columbia">Cựu sinh viên Đại học Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_l%C3%BD_thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Thể loại:Nhà vật lý lý thuyết">Nhà vật lý lý thuyết</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Trang này được sửa đổi lần cuối vào ngày 13 tháng 12 năm 2021, 08:43.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Văn bản được phát hành theo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nguy%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_ph%C3%A9p_Creative_Commons_Ghi_c%C3%B4ng%E2%80%93Chia_s%E1%BA%BB_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%E1%BB%B1_phi%C3%AAn_b%E1%BA%A3n_4.0_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Wikipedia:Nguyên văn Giấy phép Creative Commons Ghi công–Chia sẻ tương tự phiên bản 4.0 Quốc tế">Giấy phép Creative Commons Ghi công–Chia sẻ tương tự</a>; có thể áp dụng điều khoản bổ sung. 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