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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1946 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Tucker v. Texas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued December 6, 1945<br />Decided January 7, 1946</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Tucker v. State of Texas</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">326 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/326/517/case.html">517</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_326" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 326">more</a></i>)<div>66 S. Ct. 274; 90 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed." class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed.">L. Ed.</a> 274; 1946 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 2927</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>State of Texas v. Tucker</i>, Justice Court of Medina County, Texas (not reported); <i>Tucker v. State of Texas</i>, County Court of Medina County, Texas (not reported)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Held that a statute used to punish an individual for refusing to refrain from religious activity is an improper restriction on freedom of the press and religion.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Stanley F. Reed</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blount_Rutledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blount Rutledge">Wiley B. Rutledge</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hitz_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Hitz Burton">Harold H. Burton</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Black, joined by Douglas, Frankfurter, Murphy, Rutledge</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Frankfurter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Stone, Reed, Burton</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Jackson took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. I</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. XIV</a>, §1; Tex. Pen. Code, Chap. 3, Art. 479 (1945)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Tucker v. Texas</b></i>, 326 U.S. 517 (1946), was a case in which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> held that a state statute making it an offense to distribute literature in a federal government-owned town was an improper restriction on freedom of the press and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tucker was an <a href="/wiki/Ordained_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained minister">ordained minister</a> of the group known as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. In accordance with the practices of this group he called on people from door to door, presenting his religious views to those willing to listen, and distributes religious literature to those willing to receive it. In the course of his work, he went to the Hondo Navigation Village located on the <a href="/wiki/Hondo_Municipal_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hondo Municipal Airport">Hondo Army Airfield</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medina_County,_Texas" title="Medina County, Texas">Medina County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The village was owned by the United States under a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congressional</a> program which was designed to provide housing for persons engaged in National Defense activities. According to all indications the village was freely accessible and open to the public and had the characteristics of a typical American town.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">Federal Public Housing Authority</a> had placed the buildings in charge of a manager whose duty it was to rent the houses, collect the rents, and generally to supervise operations, subject to over-all control by the Authority. He ordered Tucker to discontinue all religious activities in the village. Tucker refused. Later the manager ordered Tucker to leave the village. Insisting that the manager had no right to suppress religious activities, appellant declined to leave, and his arrest followed. At the trial the manager testified that the controlling Federal agency had given him full authority to regulate the conduct of those living in the village, and that he did not allow preaching by ministers of any denomination without a permit issued by him in his discretion. He thought this broad authority was entrusted to him, at least in part, by a regulation, which the Authority's <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> office had allegedly promulgated. He testified that this regulation provided that no peddlers or hawkers could come into or remain in the village without getting permission from the manager.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_courts">Lower courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lower courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tucker was charged in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_judicial_system#Justice_of_the_Peace_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas judicial system">Justice Court</a> of Medina County with violating Article 479, Chap. 3 of the Texas Penal Code which makes it an offense for any 'peddler or hawker of goods or merchandise' willfully to refuse to leave premises after having been notified to do so by the owner or possessor thereof. Tucker argued that he was not peddler or hawker of merchandise, but a minister of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> engaged in the distribution of religious literature to willing recipients. He contended that to construe the Texas statute as applicable to his activities would, to that extent, bring it into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitutional</a> guarantees of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">freedom of press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">religion</a>. His contention was rejected and he was convicted. On appeal to the Medina <a href="/wiki/Texas_judicial_system#County_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas judicial system">County Court</a>, his Constitutional argument was again overruled.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_appeal_to_U.S._Supreme_Court">Direct appeal to U.S. Supreme Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direct appeal to U.S. Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, Texas law did not provide for a subsequent appeal to a higher state court. Under 28 U.S.C. 344(a) (now at <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1257">§ 1257</a>), the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> has jurisdiction to hear an appeal when there is no higher state court authorized to review the case. The Supreme Court granted <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> to hear the case.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Justice Hugo Black portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg/100px-HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg/150px-HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg/200px-HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Justice Hugo Black, author of majority opinion</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> delivered the opinion of the court. Black referred to <i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_326" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 326">326</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/326/501/">501</a> (1946)<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was decided during the same term. In that case, the court had held that a state trespassing statute could not be used to prevent the distribution of religious literature by requiring a permit in a <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company town</a>. Black noted that the only difference here was that the <i>Marsh</i> case involved a privately owned town and the current case involved a town owned by the federal government. Black allowed that there might be a case where it might be proper for security reasons to prohibit outsiders from entering such a housing area, but that did not apply in this case. The case was reversed and remanded.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrence">Concurrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Justice Felix Frankfurter portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg/100px-Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg/150px-Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg/200px-Frankfurter-Felix-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Justice Felix Frankfurter, author of concurring opinion</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> issued a concurring opinion. Frankfurter noted that since the town was owned by the government rather than a private company, the government was held a higher requirement not to infringe on basic freedoms than a company. He also noted that this did not involve an act of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissent">Dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chief Justice Harlan Stone portrait" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg/100px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg/150px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg/200px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3606" /></a><figcaption>Justice Harlan Stone, author of dissenting opinion</figcaption></figure> <p>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a>, Justice <a href="/wiki/Stanley_F._Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley F. Reed">Stanley F. Reed</a> and Justice <a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Harold H. Burton</a> construed this case as showing a conviction for refusing, at the request of its authorized agent, to leave premises which are owned by the United States and which have not been shown to be dedicated to general use by the public. They, therefore, would have upheld the conviction for the reasons given in the dissent in <i>Marsh</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marsh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses">United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses</a></div> <p>This case was one of a series of cases known as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses cases</a> that clarified the <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause_of_the_First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment">Free Exercise Clause</a>. Those cases were heard primarily from the late 1930s to the mid-1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-McNaninch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNaninch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cases also had a major role in enforcing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> against the states via the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. Like <i>Tucker</i>, most of these cases dealt with the distribution of religious literature and door-to-door preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-McNaninch_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNaninch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to these cases, the court had applied the <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger" title="Clear and present danger">clear and present danger test</a> developed by Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> to constitutional issues, but beginning with these cases, they begin to apply the <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hough_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hough-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_involving_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses">United States Supreme Court cases involving Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_326" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 326">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 326</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUS_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tucker v. Texas</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_326" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 326">326</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/326/517/">517</a> (1946).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_326" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 326">326</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/326/501/">501</a> (1946)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNaninch-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNaninch_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNaninch_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAninch, William Shepard (1987), "A Catalyst for the Evolution of Constitutional Law: Jehovah's Witnesses in the Supreme Court", <i>University of Cincinnati Law Review</i>, 55 U. Cin. L. Rev. 997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flynn_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flynn, Patrick J. (2004), "'Writing their Faith into the Laws of the Land:' Jehovah's Witnesses and the Supreme Court's Battle for the Meaning of the Free Exercise Clause, 1939-1945", <i>Texas Journal on Civil Liberties & Civil Rights</i>, 1 Tex. J. on C.L. & C.R. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hough-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hough_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHough,_Richard_Lee1953" class="citation journal cs1">Hough, Richard Lee (1953). "The Jehovah's Witnesses Cases in Retrospect". <i>The Western Political Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (1). University of Utah: 78–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F106591295300600105">10.1177/106591295300600105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154683496">154683496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+Cases+in+Retrospect&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-92&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106591295300600105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154683496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hough%2C+Richard+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATucker+v.+Texas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Tucker v. 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