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Internet History Sourcebooks: Medieval Sourcebook
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<li><span class="H_body_text"><a href="#Britain after the Romans">Britain after the Romans</a></span></li> <li><span class="H_body_text"><a href="#Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></span> <li><span class="H_body_text"><a href="#Arthuriana">Arthuriana</a></span></li> </ul> <hr /> <p><strong><a name="Britain after the Romans" id="Britain after the Romans"></a><span class="H_Subitle">Britain after the Romans </span></strong></p> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Non-Textual and Material Sources</strong> <br /> Documentary and historiographical sources are very limited for much of the Anglo-Saxon period. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is very open to question.. Increasingly in recent years those who reconstruct the past have lookec to non-textual and material sources. This can include traditional archaeolog based on excavations, as well as much newer biogenetic data derived from the DNA of living people and from the ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from the bones of people and animals buried at the time. Lingustic and place name data have long been important, as has lanscape history. All these types of "material sources" have been enhanced by information technology and are quite different from the textual sources which are the focus here. Links here are to examples of this kind of "source."</li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="https://berwickshire-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk/" rel="home">The Berwickshire Place-Name Resource</a> See the <a href="https://berwickshire-placenames.glasgow.ac.uk/about-the-project/">About page</a> which states "Place-names are the main source of evidence for Anglo-Saxon settlement in northern Britain." </li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=show&page=Maps">Anglo-Saxons.net: Maps</a> [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818124955/http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=show&page=Maps">here</a>]<br /> A useful collection. </li> <li class="H_body_text">Map: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain#/media/File:End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg">The End of Roman Rule in Britain, 383–410</a> [Wikipedia]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/400romanhistorians-endofbritannia.asp">Roman Historians on the End of Roman Britain</a> c. 411</li> </ul> <hr /> <span class="H_body_text"><strong><a name="Anglo-Saxons" id="Anglo-Saxon Britain"></a></strong></span><strong><span class="H_Subitle">Anglo-Saxons</span> </strong></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/">British History Online</a><br /> British History Online is a collection of nearly 1300 volumes of primary and secondary content relating to British and Irish history, and histories of empire and the British world. BHO also provides access to 40,000 images and 10,000 tiles of historic maps of the British Isles. </li> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="https://pase.ac.uk/index.html">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a> (PASE)<br /> A database which aims to provide structured information relating to all the recorded inhabitants of England from the late sixth to the late eleventh century. It is based on a systematic examination of the available written sources for the period, including chronicles, saints’ Lives, charters, libri vitae, inscriptions, Domesday Book and coins.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold">General</span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, trans. James. Ingram, [At OMACL, text 17]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/angsax.asp">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, trans James Ingram [At Yale Avalon] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527180318/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/angsax.asp">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/657">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, trans by J. A. Giles and J. Ingram, full text [Project Gutenberg]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/voyagers.html">Description of Northern Europe in the Anglo-Saxon translation of the History of Orosius.</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale] </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="basis/sixoldenglishchr00gileuoft_bw.pdf">Six Old English Chronicles</a>, trans J.A. Giles (London: 1848) [PDF of 1848 edition]<br /> [Ethelwerd's Chronicle. Asser's Life of Alfred. Geoffrey of Monmouth's British History. Gildas. Nennius]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/34316">Sweet's Anglo-Saxon Reader</a> (1905) [Project Gutenberg]</li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold">The Saxon Invasions</span> </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Gildas (c.504-570): <i><a href="source/gildas.asp">The Ruin of Britain</a></i>, c. 540.</li> <li class="H_body_text">Gildas (c.504-570): <a href="basis/gildas-full.asp">Works</a>, full text </li> <li class="H_body_text">Caradoc of Llancarfan: <a href="basis/1150-Caradoc-LifeofGildas.asp">The Life of Gildas</a>,1130-1150. </li> <li class="H_body_text">Nennius: <a href="source/nennius.asp">History of the Britons</a>, 8th cent, on King Arthur.</li> <li class="H_body_text">Nennius: <a href="basis/nennius-full.asp">Historia Brittonum</a>, 8th century, full text</li> <li class="H_body_text">Gerald of Wales: <a href="source/1223gerald-arthurtomb.asp">The Discovery of the Tomb of King Arthur</a>, from On the Instruction of a Prince (De Instructione Principis), c. 1223 </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/annalescambriae.asp">The Annales Cambriae</a> (The Annals of Wales) 447-954 [At this Site] </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>The Conversion of England</strong> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="source/587bede-gregoryandenglishmission.asp">Pope Gregory I, Angles, Angels and the English Mission</a> 587</li> <li class="H_body_text"> Bede (673-735): <a href="source/bede1.asp"><i>Ecclesiastical History</i> The Conversion of England</a>. See also <!-- updated-3/2007 --> <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02384a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: The Venerable Bede</a> and <!-- updated-3/2007 --> <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15610a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Synod of Whitby</a>. </li> <li class="H_body_text">Gregory I (r.590-604): <a href="source/601gregory1-lettertomellitus.asp">Letter to Abbot Mellitus</a> 601</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kjolly/unc.htm">Anglo-Saxon Charms</a>, trans. Karen Jolly. [At Univ. Hawaii] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321055400/http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kjolly/unc.htm">here</a>]</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold"><strong>The Age of Bede</strong></span> <strong></span></strong> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="basis/bede-book1.asp">Ecclesiastical History of England: Book I</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="basis/bede-book2.asp">Ecclesiastical History of England: Book II</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="basis/bede-book3.asp">Ecclesiastical History of England: Book III</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="basis/bede-book4.asp">Ecclesiastical History of England: Book IV</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="basis/bede-book5.asp">Ecclesiastical History of England: Book V</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="source/bede-apoc.asp">The Explanation of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Bede (673-735): <a href="source/710bede-ecchist-4-1-3-hadrian.asp">Ecclesiastical History Bk IV: 1-2. Abbot Hadrian of Canterbury</a> (d. 710). A North African abbot in England. See Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_of_Canterbury">Adrian of Canterbury</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Willibald: <a href="basis/willibald-boniface.asp">The Life of St. Boniface</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="basis/boniface-letters.asp">The Correspondence of St. Boniface</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Kent</strong></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/1r-3v">Æthelberht’s Code</a>, c. 600 CE. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/3v-5r">Hlothere and Eadric’s Code</a> c. 679-685 CE [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/5r-6v">The Laws of Wihtræd</a> c. 695 CE [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Northumbria</strong></li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Mercia</strong></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Charlemagne (r. 768-818): <a href="source/796charlemagnetootto.asp">Letter to Offa, King of Mercia</a>, 796. [Offa ruled 757-796] </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/796CharlemagentoOffa.asp">Charlemagne and Offa, King of Mercia - two documents</a></li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/39v-a">The anonymous tract known as Be Mirciscan Aðe (‘Concerning the Mercian Oath’)</a> 1002-23. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Wessex</strong></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/7v-8v">Genealogy of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, from Adam to c.1123 AD</a> [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">Æthelwulf, King of Wessex: <a href="source/854Grnttnth.asp">Grant of a Tenth of Public Land</a>, 854 </li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>The Viking Invasions and After</strong></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Abbo of Fleury: <a href="source/870abbo-edmund.asp">The Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia</a>, 870, trans. Kenneth Cultler</li> <li class="H_body_text">Ælfric: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:St._Edmund,_King_and_Martyr">St. Edmund, King and Martyr</a> [Wikisource] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Alcuin: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/higbald.html">Letter to Higbald</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Al-Tartushi: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/al-Tartushi.html">Reports on his visit to Hedeby</a> in the tenth century. [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2016/02/anglo-saxon-chronicles-now-online.html">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, Digitised Manuscripts [British Museum] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205165800/https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2016/02/anglo-saxon-chronicles-now-online.html">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20Abingdon%20MS.html">Abingdon manuscript</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20Peterborough%20MS.html">Peterborough manuscript</a> <br /> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20Winchester%20MS.html">Winchester manuscript</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20Winchester%20MS.html">Worcester manuscript</a> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423124739/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20994.html">The entries for 994 in three versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423124628/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/Beowulf%20Heaney.html">Beowulf</a>, lines 229-257, translated by Seamus Heaney. [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190423124540/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/de%20administrando%20imperio.html">De administrando imperio</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/Maldon.html">The Battle of Maldon</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><u><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/Theoderic.html">Thietmar of Merseburg, </a><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/Thietmar.html">Chronicle 694-95</a></u> [Internet Archive, was at Yale] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Widukind, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/Widukind.html">The Deeds of the Saxons 3.65</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold"><strong>The Age of Alfred</strong></span> </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/9r-24v">Alfred’s Domboc (‘book of laws’) including Alfred’s Preface,</a> after 89CE [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/angsax.asp">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>, complete [At Yale Avalon Project]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/angsax-chron1.asp">The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred the Great</a>. See also <!-- updated-3/2007 --> <a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01309d.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Alfred the Great</a></li> <li class="H_body_text">Asser: <a href="source/asser.asp">Life of King Alfred</a>. The <a href="http://mcllibrary.org/KingAlfred/alfred.html">full text</a> translation: J.A. Giles is available. [At OMACL]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/guthrum.asp">Alfred and Guthrum's Peace</a>.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/voyagers.html">Othere's report on his travels.</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://anglosaxon.archeurope.info/index.php?page=the-account-given-by-ohthere">The Account given by Ohthere of the Northlands to King Alfred</a>, from The Old English Orosius [At Anglo-Saxon Archeology] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626085158/http://anglosaxon.archeurope.info/index.php?page=the-account-given-by-ohthere">here</a>] + A PDF of the <a href="basis/anglosaxonversi00barrgoog.pdf">Anglo-Saxon Text with English Translation (1773)</a></li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://anglosaxon.archeurope.info/index.php?page=the-account-given-by-wulfstan">The Account given by Wulfstan of the Northlands to King Alfred</a>, from The Old English Orosius [At Anglo-Saxon Archeology] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212093627/http://anglosaxon.archeurope.info/index.php?page=the-account-given-by-wulfstan">here</a>] + A PDF of the <a href="basis/anglosaxonversi00barrgoog.pdf">Anglo-Saxon Text with English Translation (1773)</a></li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414044633/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/voyagers.html">Wulfstan's report on his travels.</a> [Internet Archive, was at Yale]</li> <li class="H_body_text">William of Malmesbury, d. 1143?: <a href="source/malmsbury-chronicle1.asp">Chronicle of the Kings of England: The Anglo-Saxon Kings</a> [At this Site] </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://salutemmundo.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/reading-the-west-frankish-coronation-liturgy-no-5-the-ratold-ordo/">The Ratold <em>Ordo</em>, an Anglo-Saxon influenced liturgy for making a king</a>. c 980: [At <a href="https://salutemmundo.wordpress.com/primary-source-translations/">Salutemmundo</a>] [Internet Archive backup of index page <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211091957/https://salutemmundo.wordpress.com/primary-source-translations/">here</a>] </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>The 10th Century</strong></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Edgar, King of the English: <a href="source/965Edgartax.asp">Grant of Exemption from Taxation to Glastonbury</a>, 965 </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://deremilitari.org/2013/09/the-fourth-book-of-the-chronicle-of-aethelweard/">The Fourth Book of The Chronicle of Æthelweard</a> The fourth book cover events between 860 and 975. [At De Re Militari] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180415191121/https://deremilitari.org/2013/09/the-fourth-book-of-the-chronicle-of-aethelweard/">here</a>]</li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold"><strong>The 11th Century: Later Anglo-Saxon England</strong></span> </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">King Edmund (939-946): <a href="https://rochestercathedralresearchguild.org/bibliography/2017-02/">First Code</a> 10th Century. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">King Æthelred (978-1016): <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/46r-47r">Æthelred’s Woodstock Code, also known as I Æthelred</a>. 997. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">Canute (Knut): <a href="https://deremilitari.org/2013/09/knuts-invasion-of-england-in-1015-16-according-to-the-knytlinga-saga/"> Invasion of England in 1015-16, according to the Knytlinga Saga</a> </h1> [At De Re Militari] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203162532/https://deremilitari.org/2013/09/knuts-invasion-of-england-in-1015-16-according-to-the-knytlinga-saga/">here</a>] , 1015-16 [At De Re Militari] </li> <li class="H_body_text">Canute, King of the English: <a href="Charter for Christ Church, Canterbury (1023)">Charter for Christ Church, Canterbury</a>. 1023. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">Canute the Great: <a href="source/1028Cnutfief.asp">Granting of Fiefs</a>, 1028</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://deremilitari.org/2013/02/two-battles-from-agrip-af-noregskonungasogum/">Two battles from Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum</a> <a href="https://deremilitari.org/2013/02/two-battles-from-agrip-af-noregskonungasogum/"></a> Battle of Stiklastaðir (1030) and Campaign of King Magnus Barelegs against the British Isles (1102-3) [At De Re Militari] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117061459/https://deremilitari.org/2013/02/two-battles-from-agrip-af-noregskonungasogum/">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text">Canute, King of the English: <a href="source/1035Intestac.asp">Inheritance in Case of Intestacy</a>, c. 1016-1035</li> <li class="H_body_text">Canute, King of the English: <a href="source/1035Cnutrelf.asp">On Heriots and Reliefs</a>, c. 1016-1035</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/ethelwerd.asp">The Chronicle of Ethelwerd</a>.</li> <li class="H_body_text"> Wulfstan II, Archbishop of YorkWorcester (d. 1023): <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050307232533/http://english3.fsu.edu/~wulfstan/noframes.html">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a>, c. 1014, full text, in Latin and Old English. [At Internet Archive]. <br /> The sermon of the Wolf to the English, when the Danes were greatly persecuting them, which was in the year 1014 after the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ.<br /> </span></li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>England, its Government, and the Normans in the 11th Century</strong> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Emma of Normandy (d. 1052): <a href="source/1053economiumemmareginae.asp">Encomium Emmae Reginae</a> [Encomium of Queen Emma], exceprts, mid 11th Century. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185337/page/n1">Complete text</a> at Internet Archive.</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold"><strong>Church and Society</strong></span></li> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">King Æthelberht (c.590-616): <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/119r-119v">Grants land in Rochester to the church of St Andrew</a>. Fraudulent document claiming to be from 604 but invented c. 1066. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">Æthelred II (c. 966 – 23 April 1016, known as the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death): <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/152r-155r">Restores to the see of Rochester at the request of Bishop Godwine six sulungs at Wouldham and one mansa at Littlebrook</a>. 995 [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://rochestercathedralresearchguild.org/bibliography/2018-15/">The dispute between Bishop Godwine and Leofwine over the estate of Snodland</a>. 995-1005 [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">Æthelred II (c. 966 – 23 April 1016, known as the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death):: <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/156v-159v">Restores to the see of Rochester six sulungs at Bromley and the use of forest in the Weald</a>. 998 [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">Æthelred II (c. 966 – 23 April 1016, known as the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death): <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/159v-162r">Grants to Bishop Godwine of Rochester fifteen hides at Fen Stanton and Hilton, Hunts. A.D. 1012</a>. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://rochestercathedralresearchguild.org/bibliography/2018-04/">History of the estates of Bromley and Fawkham, Kent, in the time of King Eadgar and immediately afterwards</a> (Edgar ruled 959-975) 980-987. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">WEB: <a href="http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php">Anglo-Saxon Penitentials: A Cultural Database</a> [Allen Frantzen]<br /> The site shows the original texts, translations, and cultural contexts for five Anglo-Saxon Penitentials (confessors' hanbooks.)</li> </ul> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold">Law and Government</span> </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/">Early English Laws</a> <br /> Early English Laws is a project to publish online and in print new editions and translations of all English legal codes, edicts, and treatises produced up to the time of Magna Carta 1215. </li> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB </font><a href="https://esawyer.lib.cam.ac.uk/about/index.html">The Electronic Sawyer</a> [Cambridge]<br /> The ‘Electronic Sawyer’ presents in searchable and browsable form a revised, updated, and expanded version of Peter Sawyer's Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography, published by the Royal Historical Society in 1968. </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/saxlaw.asp">Anglo-Saxon Law - Extracts From Early Laws of the English</a> [At Yale Avalon] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218213434/https://avalon.law.yale.edu/medieval/saxlaw.asp">here</a>]<br /> From Ethelbert, Hlothaere and Eadric, Wessex, Alfred, Guthrum's Peace, Edward, Aethelstan, Edgar, Canute, Charter of Canute. <br /> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/prose/laws.html">Laws of Alfred and Ine</a> [In Anglo Saxon] [At Labryinth] </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/560-975dooms.asp">Anglo Saxon Dooms</a>, 560-975, In English. These include: </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of Æthelberht, King of Kent 560-616 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of Kings Hlothhære and Eadric 673-686 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of King Wihtræd 690-725 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of King Alfred 871-901 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of King Edward the Elder, 901-924 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of Alfred, Guthrum, and Edward the Elder </li> <li class="H_body_text">The North People's Law </li> <li class="H_body_text">Mercian Law </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of King Athelstan 924-939 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of King Edmund I 939-946 A.D. </li> <li class="H_body_text">The Laws of King Edgar 959-975 A.D. </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/32r-32v">The anonymous law known as Ordal (‘Ordeal’)</a> 11-12th Century. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://rochestercathedralresearchguild.org/bibliography/2017-07/">The anonymous fragment of law known as Walreaf (‘Corpse Robbery’)</a>. c. 10th Century? [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/38r">The anonymous fragment of law known as Pax (‘Peace’)</a> c. 10th Century? [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://rochestercathedralresearchguild.org/bibliography/2018-07/">Hu se man sceal swerie (‘How the person must swear an oath’)</a> c. 10th Century? [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/38v-39v">The anonymous tract known as Be Mirciscan Aðe (‘Concerning the Mercian Oath’)</a> 1002-23. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).<br /> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/39v-b">The anonymous tract known as Be Mircna Laga (‘Concerning Laws of the Mercians’)</a>. 9th Century. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">King Edmund (939-946): <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/44r-45r">First Code</a> 10th Century. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> <li class="H_body_text">King Æthelred (978-1016): <a href="https://rochestercathedralresearchguild.org/bibliography/2017-03/">Æthelred’s Woodstock Code, also known as I Æthelred</a>. 997. [Manuscript, transcription, translation and introduction by Christopher Monk from the <a href="https://www.rochestercathedral.org/research/textus/index">Textus Roffensis</a>, online at Rochester Cathedral]. See also Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textus_Roffensis">Textus Roffensis</a> (1122-1124).</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Anglo-Saxon Women</strong> <ul> <li class="H_body_text">Bede: <a href="source/614bede-ecchist-hilda.asp">Abbess Hilda of Whitby</a> (d. 679) from Ecclesiastical Histoy</li> <li class="H_body_text">Æthelflæd [Aetheflaed], Lady of the Mercians (d .918): <a href="source/911anglosaxonchronical-aethelflaed.asp">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 911-918</a>, daughter of Alfred the Great and the only woman to rule Anglo-Saxon England in her own right.</li> <li class="H_body_text">Wynflaed (d. c 950/960): <a href="http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/1539.html">Will of Wynflæd</a> concerning land at Ebbesborne, Wilts.; Charlton (probably Horethorne, Somerset); Coleshill, Berks.; Inggeneshamme (perhaps Inglesham, Wilts.); Faccombe, Hants; Adderbury, Oxon.; and at Chinnock, Somerset; the beneficiaries including Shaftesbury and Wilton. [At the Electronic Sawyer. Click the "Translation" icon for full translation.] See BL for <a href="http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Cotton_Ch_VIII_38">Images of Manuscript</a>. See Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynflaed">Wynflaed</a>.</li> <li class="H_body_text">Emma of Normandy (d. 1052): <a href="source/1053economiumemmareginae.asp">Encomium Emmae Reginae</a> [Encomium of Queen Emma], exceprts, mid 11th Century. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.185337/page/n1">Complete text</a> at Internet Archive.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="https://www.bl.uk/anglo-saxons/articles/women-in-anglo-saxon-england">Women in Anglo-Saxon England</a> [British Library]</li> <li><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php">Anglo-Saxon Penitentials: A Cultural Database</a> [Allen Frantzen]: <a href="http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=sexmafe">Rules on Male-Female Sex Acts</a><br /> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Same-Sex Relationships</strong> <ul> <li><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php">Anglo-Saxon Penitentials: A Cultural Database</a> [Allen Frantzen]: <a href="http://www.anglo-saxon.net/penance/index.php?p=sexsame">Rules on Same-Sex Acts</a><br /> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><strong>Slavery in Anglo Saxon England</strong> <ul> <li><a href="source/angsax-slavery.asp">Various Texts on Anglo-Saxon Slavery</a> [Laws of Ine; Laws of Alfred; Aelfric's Colloqut; William of Malmesbury on Slave Trade in Bristol]</li> <li><a href="source/angsax-manumissiondocuments.pdf">Text and Translations of Manumission Documents</a>. [PDF] From Benjamin Thorpe, <em>Diplomatarium Anglicum aevi Saxonici: A Collection of English Charters</em>. (London: 1865)</li> </ul> </li> <li class="H_body_text"><span style="font-weight: bold">Anglo-Saxon Literature</span> </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> <a href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ascp/">The Complete Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Poetry</a> [At Sacred Texts] [Internet Archive backup <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408030216/https://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ascp/">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB </font><a href="http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/">The Electronic Beowulf</a> [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124162837/http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB </font><a href="http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/"></a><a href="http://fontes.bodley.ox.ac.uk/">Fontes Anglo-Saxonici</a> [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107033608/http://fontes.english.ox.ac.uk/">here</a>]<br /> A Register of Written Sources Used by Authors in Anglo-Saxon England is intended to identify all written sources which were incorporated, quoted, translated or adapted anywhere in English or Latin texts which were written in Anglo-Saxon England (i.e. England to 1066), or by Anglo-Saxons in other countries. </li> <li class="H_body_text">Caedmon (fl.c. 657-684): <a href="source/686caedmonhymn.asp">Hymn</a></li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/8Cdreamofrood.asp">Dream of the Rood</a> 8th Century?</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="basis/beowulf.asp">Beowulf</a>, 8th century, trans Francis Gummere </li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://www.lone-star.net/literature/beowulf/index.html">Beowulf</a>, c. 1100 [At Lone Star]<br /> Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic in English literature - and it survives in only one manuscript. This copy survived both the wholesale destruction of religious artifacts during the<br /> dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII and a disastrous fire which destroyed the library of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton (1571-1631). The poem still bears the scars of the fire, visible at the upper left corner of the manuscript. This is a modern verse trasnlation by David<br /> Breeden.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Beowulf">Beowulf</a> [Wikisource] <br /> Versions in Old English and modern translations.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Junius/">Codex Junius 11</a><br /> Translations from the Anglo-Saxon of the following works: "Genesis A", "Genesis B", "Exodus", "Daniel", and "Christ and Satan". All are works found in the manuscript of Anglo-Saxon verse known as "Junius 11" (Oxford, Bodleian Library 5123), which was compiled sometime toward the end of the 10th Century.</li> <li class="H_body_text">Ælfric of Eynsham (c. 950–c. 1010): <a href="source/990aelfric-colloquy.asp"> Colloquy</a>, c 990. A kind of textbook or teaching tool for teaching Latin.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.medievalacademy.org/resource/resmgr/maa_books_online/oneill_0104.htm">King Alfred’s Old English Prose Translation of the First Fifty Psalm</a>s, ed. Patrick p. O'Neill [MAA] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704142951/https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.medievalacademy.org/resource/resmgr/maa_books_online/oneill_0104.htm">here</a>]</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~kjolly/unc.htm">Anglo-Saxon Charms</a>, trans. Karen Jolly [At Univ. Hawaii] [Internet Archive version <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515014559/https://www2.hawaii.edu/~kjolly/unc.htm">here</a>]</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <hr /> <span class="H_body_text"><a name="Arthuriana" id="Arthuriana"></a></span><span class="H_Subitle"><strong>Arthuriana</strong></span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><font color="#D05653">WEB</font> For Arthurian texts, not collected here, see the <a href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm">Camelot Project </a>and especially the <a href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/AUTHMENU.htm">Camelot Project Author Menu </a>for beautifully presented, introduced, and annotated texts of: <ul> <li class="H_body_text">The Alliterative Morte Arthure</li> <li class="H_body_text">Annales Cambriae (Annals of Wales), Arthurian References in (c. 960-980)</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Avowyng of Arthur</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Awntyrs off Arthur</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Carle of Carlisle</li> <li class="H_body_text">Culwch and Olwen (translated by Lady Charlotte Guest as Kilhwch and Olwen)</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Greene Knight</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Jeaste of Sir Gawain</li> <li class="H_body_text">King Arthur and King Cornwall</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Knightly Tale of Gologras and Gawain</li> <li class="H_body_text">Lancelot of the Laik</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Marriage of Sir Gawain</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sir Perceval of Galles</li> <li class="H_body_text">Sir Tristrem</li> <li class="H_body_text">Stanzaic Morte Arthur</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Turke and Sir Gawain</li> <li class="H_body_text">The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle</li> <li class="H_body_text">A selection of post medieval-Arthurian literature [Tennyson, Emerson, Swinbourne and so on.]</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <hr> <a name="Germanic Culture" id="Germanic Culture"></a><span class="H_Subitle">Germanic Culture </span> <ul> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/830hildebrandslied.asp">The Hildebrandslied</a> 830s <br /> Full translation of the main suriving frangment of and Old High German poem.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/ordeals1.asp">Formulas Concerning Ordeals</a>.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="source/water-ordeal.asp">Ordeal of Boiling Water</a>, 12th or 13th Century.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Nibelungenlied/">The Nibelungenlied</a>, OMACL full text. Originally written in Middle High German (M.H.G.), sometime around 1200 AD.</li> <li class="H_body_text"><a href="http://mcllibrary.org/Njal/">The Story of Burnt Njal ("Njal's Saga")</a>, OMACL full text. See <a href="sbook2.asp">Medieval Sourcebook: Full Texts Page</a> for more sagas.</li> </ul> <hr/> <p><span class="H_body_text">The <i>Internet Medieval Sourcebook</i> is part of the <em><a href="index.asp">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a></em></span>. <span class="H_body_text">The Internet History Sourcebooks Project is located at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/history/">History Department</a> of <a href="http://www.fordham.edu">Fordham University</a>, New York. The Internet Medieval Sourcebook, and other medieval components of the project, are located at the <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/mvst">Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies</a>.The IHSP recognizes the contribution of Fordham University, the Fordham University History Department, and the Fordham Center for Medieval Studies in providing web space and server support for the project. The IHSP is a project independent of Fordham University. Although the IHSP seeks to follow all applicable copyright law, Fordham University is not the institutional owner, and is not liable as the result of any legal action.</span><br /> <br /> <span class="H_body_text"><i> </i>©</span> <span class="H_body_text">Site Concept and Design: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#81e8e9f2f1c1e7eef3e5e9e0ecafe4e5f4bef2f4e3ebe4e2f5bcd2eef4f3e2e4e3eeeeeaf2a1d1f3eeebe4e2f5">Paul Halsall</a></span> <span class="H_body_text"></span><span class="H_body_text"> created 26 Jan 1996: latest revision 15 February 2025</span> <span class="H_body_text"> [<a href="../cv.asp">CV</a>] </span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script></body> </html>