CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Zen - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"67fb44eb-e38d-433b-888b-f738064b3ea4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Zen","wgTitle":"Zen","wgCurRevisionId":1277748524,"wgRevisionId":1277748524,"wgArticleId":30153241,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020","CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2022","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Vietnamese-language text", "Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text","CS1: long volume value","CS1: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Zen","Nonduality","Yogacara","Buddhism in the Kamakura period","Buddhism in the Muromachi period"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Zen","wgRelevantArticleId":30153241,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Zen_Buddhism","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Zen","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7953","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/1200px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1312"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/800px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="874"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/640px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="700"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Zen - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Zen rootpage-Zen skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Practice </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Practice subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Meditation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meditation_in_Chinese_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_in_Chinese_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Meditation in Chinese Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_in_Chinese_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zen's_sudden_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zen's_sudden_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Zen's sudden method </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zen's_sudden_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_contemporary_meditation_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_contemporary_meditation_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Common contemporary meditation forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_contemporary_meditation_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mindfulness_of_breathing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mindfulness_of_breathing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Mindfulness of breathing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mindfulness_of_breathing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silent_illumination_and_Shikantaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_illumination_and_Shikantaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Silent illumination and Shikantaza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_illumination_and_Shikantaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huatou_and_Kōan_Contemplation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huatou_and_Kōan_Contemplation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Huatou and Kōan Contemplation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huatou_and_Kōan_Contemplation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nianfo_chan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nianfo_chan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Nianfo chan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nianfo_chan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodhisattva_virtues_and_vows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodhisattva_virtues_and_vows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Bodhisattva virtues and vows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodhisattva_virtues_and_vows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monasticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monasticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Monasticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monasticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensive_group_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensive_group_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Intensive group practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensive_group_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chanting_and_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chanting_and_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Chanting and rituals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chanting_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esoteric_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esoteric_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Esoteric practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esoteric_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 The arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Physical cultivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Doctrine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Doctrine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddha-nature_and_innate_enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddha-nature_and_innate_enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Buddha-nature and innate enlightenment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha-nature_and_innate_enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emptiness,_and_negative_dialectic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emptiness,_and_negative_dialectic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Emptiness, and negative dialectic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emptiness,_and_negative_dialectic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-duality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-duality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Non-duality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-duality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudden_enlightenment_and_seeing_the_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudden_enlightenment_and_seeing_the_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Sudden enlightenment and seeing the nature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudden_enlightenment_and_seeing_the_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Organization and institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharma_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharma_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dharma transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharma_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Scripture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scripture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scripture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_role_of_scripture_in_Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_role_of_scripture_in_Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The role of scripture in Zen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_role_of_scripture_in_Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Important scriptures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Chinese Chán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Proto-Chán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Early Chán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Middle Chán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_Dynasty_Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_Dynasty_Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Song Dynasty Chán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_Dynasty_Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Classical_Chán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Classical_Chán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Post-Classical Chán </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Classical_Chán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.7 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_outside_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_outside_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Spread outside of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_outside_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_Thiền" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_Thiền"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Vietnamese Thiền </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_Thiền-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_Seon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Seon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Korean Seon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Seon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_Zen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_Zen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Japanese Zen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Zen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zen_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zen_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 Zen in the West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zen_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Narratives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Printed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Web sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86" title="زن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86" title="زن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="জেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n-chong" title="Siân-chong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siân-chong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дзен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дзен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budisme_Zen" title="Budisme Zen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Budisme Zen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenbuddhisme" title="Zenbuddhisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zenbuddhisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Ζεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno" title="Zeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%86" title="ذن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenboedisme" title="Zenboedisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Zenboedisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EC%A2%85" title="선종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Զեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="झेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="झेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen" title="Sen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="זן (בודהיזם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זן (בודהיזם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ძენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дзен буддизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дзен буддизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ເຊັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzenbudisms" title="Dzenbudisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzenbudisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzenas" title="Dzenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dzenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="സെൻ ബുദ്ധമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെൻ ബുദ്ധമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="झेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Зэн буддизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэн буддизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဇင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇင်ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="禅宗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenbuddhisme" title="Zenbuddhisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zenbuddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜ਼ੇੱਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ੇੱਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Зен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дзэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8" title="සෙන් බුදු දහම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙන් බුදු දහම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen-budhizmus" title="Zen-budhizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zen-budhizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_budizem" title="Zen budizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zen budizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86" title="زن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சென் புத்தமதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சென் புத்தமதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дзен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дзен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జెన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జెన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="เซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дзен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дзен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="زین بدھ مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زین بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n_t%C3%B4ng" title="Thiền tông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiền tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="禪宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="禅宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9F_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="זען (בודהיזם) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זען (בודהיזם)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%97" title="禪宗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="禪宗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzenbud%C4%97zmos" title="Dzenbudėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dzenbudėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="禅宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen" title="Zen – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Zen" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7953#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Zen" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zen">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zen">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Zen" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Zen" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&oldid=1277748524" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Zen&id=1277748524&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZen">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZen">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zen&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Zen_Buddhism" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7953" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen_Buddhism&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meditation-based school of Mahāyāna Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the school of Buddhism. For the detective series, see <a href="/wiki/Zen_(TV_series)" title="Zen (TV series)">Zen (TV series)</a>. For Other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Zen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Zen (disambiguation)">Zen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Zenshu" redirects here. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Zenshu_(TV_series)" title="Zenshu (TV series)">Zenshu (TV series)</a>. For city in South Korea formerly known as "Zenshu", see <a href="/wiki/Jeonju" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Zen</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">禪</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">禅</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chán</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ch'an2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʰǎn]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sàm</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Sim4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Siân</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dʑjen</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thiền</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data">禪</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data">선</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data">禪</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Seon</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">禅</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ぜん</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zen</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257638694">.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism{color:black}.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism .sidebar-list-title{text-align:center;background-color:#D3D3D3;border:2px solid #D3D3D3}.mw-parser-output .zen-buddhism .sidebar-list-content{background-color:#D3D3D3;border:2px solid #D3D3D3}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks zen-buddhism plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="禪 Zen"><img alt="禪 Zen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/40px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/60px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg/80px-%E7%A6%AA-ouyang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō"><img alt="Ensō" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/100px-Enso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/150px-Enso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Enso.svg/200px-Enso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="136" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">The "essence" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">Original enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">Turning the light around</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden awakening</a></li></ul> The way <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five ranks of Tozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin's Four ways of knowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li></ul> The "goal" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul> Background <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Representation-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Six Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_meditation" title="Walking meditation">Walking meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a> Chan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">Samu (Zen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">Ōryōki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">No-mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_combat" title="Dharma combat">Dharma combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgai" title="Kyōgai">Kyōgai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry#Japanese_Buddhist_Poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Zen poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsuzend%C5%8D" title="Hitsuzendō">Zen calligraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Indian Mahayana texts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita#Texts" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a></li></ul> Chinese texts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">The Awakening of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjiejiao" title="Sanjiejiao">Sanjiejiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heze_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heze school">Heze school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism#Tibetan_Chan" title="Chan Buddhism">Tibetan Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Chán in China Classical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng (Enō)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi (Baso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian (Kisen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie (Tozan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun (Seppo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan (Rinzai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan (Ummon Bun'en)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao (Tahui)</a></li></ul> Post-classical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a></li></ul> Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Xu Yun">Xu Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> Zen in Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassui_Tokush%C5%8D" title="Bassui Tokushō">Bassui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankei">Bankei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li></ul> Seon in Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Bou" title="Taego Bou">Taego Bou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li></ul> Thiền in Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1i_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Thái Tông">Trần Thái Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a></li></ul> Western Zen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Category: Zen Buddhists</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zen_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zen_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zen Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mahayana" title="Category:Mahayana">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna"><img alt="A Lotus, one of the eight auspicious symbols in Mahāyāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/150px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/225px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg/300px-Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="576" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Mind of Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Skillful Means</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Transcendent Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Transcendent Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Mahayana_Buddhism" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara#The_doctrine_of_Vijñapti-mātra" title="Yogachara">Consciousness-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Three vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)#Apratiṣṭhita_nirvāna" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Non-abiding Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekay%C4%81na" title="Ekayāna">One Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">Bodhisattva stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Luminous mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Turnings_of_the_Wheel_of_Dharma" title="Three Turnings of the Wheel of Dharma">Three Turnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Adi-Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshobhya" title="Akshobhya">Akshobhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Dev%C4%AB" title="Prajñāpāramitā Devī">Prajñāpāramitā Devī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Bhaiṣajyaguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasattva" title="Vajrasattva">Vajrasattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">Wrathful deities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti-nirdesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimalakirti-nirdesa">Vimalakirtinirdeśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Key_Mahayana_sources" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitavistara_S%C5%ABtra" title="Lalitavistara Sūtra">Lalitavistara Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samādhirāja Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhinirmocana_Sutra" title="Sandhinirmocana Sutra">Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%83han%C4%81da_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanavy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ghanavyūha Sūtra">Ghanavyūha sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gataguhyaka_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra">Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Davy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra">Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism#Mahāyāna_schools" title="Schools of Buddhism">Major schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi" title="Tzu Chi">Tzu Chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Ashvaghosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokakṣema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiramati" title="Sthiramati">Sthiramati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81viveka" title="Bhāviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrakirti" title="Chandrakirti">Candrakīrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazang" title="Fazang">Fazang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantideva" title="Shantideva">Shāntideva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Shāntarakshita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wohnyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karanandana" title="Śaṅkaranandana">Śaṅkaranandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vir%C5%ABpa" title="Virūpa">Virūpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratn%C4%81kara%C5%9B%C4%81nti" title="Ratnākaraśānti">Ratnākaraśānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayakaragupta" title="Abhayakaragupta">Abhayākaragupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Nāropā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD700;;background:#FFD700;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Regional traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">West</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahāyāna Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Zen (Japanese;<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> from Chinese: <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chán">Chán</a>; in Korean: Sŏn, and Vietnamese: Thiền) is a <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> School (禪宗, chánzōng, 'meditation school') or the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-mind</a> school (佛心宗, fóxīnzōng),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"-2">[1]</a> and later developed into various sub-schools and branches. Zen was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neo-Daoist</a> thought, and developed as a distinguished school of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201779-3">[2]</a> From China, Chán spread south to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a>, northeast to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon Buddhism</a>, and east to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, becoming <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995159–169-4">[3]</a> Zen emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation practice</a>, direct insight into one's own <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha nature</a> (見性, Ch. jiànxìng, Jp. <a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">kenshō</a>), and the personal expression of this insight in daily life for <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">the benefit of others</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200941-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1989-6">[5]</a> Some Zen sources de-emphasize doctrinal study and traditional practices, favoring direct understanding through <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a> and interaction with a master (Jp: <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">rōshi</a>, Ch: <a href="/wiki/Shifu" title="Shifu">shīfu</a>) who may be depicted as an iconoclastic and unconventional figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a3-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20088-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello1994-12">[11]</a> In spite of this, most Zen schools also promote traditional Buddhist practices like chanting, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">precepts</a>, rituals, <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a> and scriptural study.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360,_119–120-13">[12]</a> With an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> thought, <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">intrinsic enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudden_awakening" title="Sudden awakening">sudden awakening</a>, Zen teaching draws from numerous Buddhist sources, including <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> meditation, the Mahayana teachings on the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">Tathāgatagarbha texts</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a48-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELievens198152–53-15">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a> literature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a41–45-16">[15]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> thought, have also been influential in the shaping of the <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">apophatic</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclastic</a> nature of Zen <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word Zen is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>: ぜん) of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> word 禪 (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: [dʑian]; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Chán), which in turn is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyāna</a> (ध्यान),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii-18">[17]</a> which can be approximately translated as 'contemplation', 'absorption', or '<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditative state</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a> The actual Chinese term for the "Zen school" is 禪宗 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Chánzōng), while "Chan" just refers to the practice of meditation itself (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 習禪; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: xíchán) or the study of meditation (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 禪學; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: chánxué) though it is often used as an abbreviated form of Chánzong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201758-21">[19]</a> Zen is also called 佛心宗, fóxīnzōng (Chinese) or busshin-shū (Japanese),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"-2">[1]</a> the "Buddha-mind school",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore198242-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell2010a"the_Buddha_mind_school_[Zen]"-23">[21]</a> from fó-xīn, 'Buddha-mind';<a href="#cite_note-OR_busshin-24">[web 1]</a> "this term can refer either to the (or a) <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Buddha's compassionate and enlightened mind</a>, or to the originally <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">clear and pure mind</a> inherent in all beings to which they must awaken."<a href="#cite_note-OR_busshin-24">[web 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[note 3]</a> Busshin may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Buddhakaya</a>, the Buddha-body,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"buddhakāya"-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[web 2]</a> "an embodiment of awakened activity".<a href="#cite_note-29">[web 3]</a> "Zen" is traditionally a proper noun as it usually describes a particular Buddhist sect. In more recent times, the lowercase "zen" is used when discussing a worldview or attitude that is "peaceful and calm". It was officially added to the <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> dictionary in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Practice">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation">Meditation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meditation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Dhyāna in Buddhism</a></div> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> (Ch: chán, Skt: <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">dhyāna</a>), especially sitting meditation (坐禪, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: zuòchán, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: ざぜん, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a>) is a central part of Zen Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008169-31">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meditation_in_Chinese_Buddhism">Meditation in Chinese Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Meditation in Chinese Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a> originated in India and first entered <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> through the translations of <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a> (fl. c. 148–180 CE), and <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> (334–413 CE). Both of these figures translated various <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras" title="Dhyāna sutras">Dhyāna sutras</a>. These were influential meditation texts which were mostly based on the meditation teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kashmir" title="Buddhism in Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> school (circa 1st–4th centuries CE).<a href="#cite_note-Deleanu2-32">[26]</a> Among the most influential early Chinese meditation texts are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anban_Shouyi_Jing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anban Shouyi Jing (page does not exist)">Anban Shouyi Jing</a> (安般守意經, Sutra on <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">ānāpānasmṛti</a>), the Zuochan Sanmei Jing (坐禪三昧經，Sutra of sitting <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyāna</a><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a>) and the Damoduoluo Chan Jing (達摩多羅禪經,<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dharmatr%C4%81ta" title="Dharmatrāta">Dharmatrata</a> dhyāna sutra).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201759-34">[28]</a> These early Chinese meditation works continued to exert influence on Zen practice well into the modern era. For example, the 18th century Rinzai Zen master <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Drei_Enji" title="Tōrei Enji">Tōrei Enji</a> wrote a commentary on the Damoduoluo Chan Jing and used the Zuochan Sanmei Jing as a source in the writing of this commentary. <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Drei_Enji" title="Tōrei Enji">Tōrei</a> believed that the Damoduoluo Chan Jing had been authored by <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyāna</a> in a strict sense refers to the classic four dhyānas, in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, chán may refer to <a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">various kinds of meditation techniques</a> and their preparatory practices, which are necessary to practice dhyāna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008103-36">[30]</a> The five main types of meditation in the Dhyāna sutras are <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">ānāpānasmṛti</a> (mindfulness of breathing); <a href="/wiki/Patikulamanasikara" title="Patikulamanasikara">paṭikūlamanasikāra</a> meditation (mindfulness of the impurities of the body); <a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">maitrī</a> meditation (loving-kindness); the contemplation on the twelve links of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">pratītyasamutpāda</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81nusm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Buddhānusmṛti">contemplation on the Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yuanci-37">[31]</a> According to the modern Chan master <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng Yen</a>, these practices are termed the "five methods for stilling or pacifying the mind" and serve to focus and purify the mind, and support the development of the stages of dhyana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200227–28-38">[32]</a> Chan Buddhists may also use other classic Buddhist practices like the <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">four foundations of mindfulness</a> and the Three Gates of Liberation (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness or śūnyatā</a>, signlessness or animitta, and <a href="/wiki/Aimlessness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimlessness (Buddhism)">wishlessness or apraṇihita</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200229–30-39">[33]</a> Early Chan texts also teach forms of meditation that are unique to <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhism. For example, the Treatise on the Essentials of Cultivating the Mind, which depicts the teachings of the 7th-century <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain school</a>, teaches a visualization of a sun disk, similar to that taught in the <a href="/wiki/Amitayurdhyana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitayurdhyana Sutra">Contemplation Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200339-40">[34]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Luk" title="Charles Luk">Charles Luk</a>, there was no single fixed method in early Chan (Zen). All the various Buddhist meditation methods were simply <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> which could lead a meditator to the buddha-mind within.<a href="#cite_note-Luk-41">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zen's_sudden_method">Zen's sudden method</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Zen's sudden method">edit</a>]</div> Modern scholars like Robert Sharf argue that early Chan, while having unique teachings and myths, also made use of classic Buddhist meditation methods, and this is why it is hard to find many uniquely "Chan" meditation instructions in some of the earliest sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939-42">[36]</a> However, Sharf also notes there was a unique kind of Chan meditation taught in some early sources which also tend to deprecate the traditional Buddhist meditations. This uniquely Zen approach goes by various names like “maintaining mind” (shouxin 守心), “maintaining unity” (shouyi 守一), “discerning the mind” (guanxin 觀心), “viewing the mind” (kanxin 看心), and “pacifying the mind” (anxin 安心).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[note 4]</a> A traditional phrase that describes this practice states that "Chán points directly to the human mind, to enable people to see their true nature and become buddhas."<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> According to McRae the "first explicit statement of the sudden and direct approach that was to become the hallmark of Ch'an religious practice" is associated with the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-46">[39]</a> It is a method named "maintaining the one without wavering" (守一不移, shǒu yī bù yí),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-46">[39]</a> the one being the true nature of mind or <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Suchness</a>, which is equated with buddha-nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939,_951-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[note 5]</a> Sharf writes that in this practice, one turns the attention from the objects of experience to "the nature of conscious awareness itself", the innately pure <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a>, which was compared to a clear mirror or to the sun (which is always shining but may be covered by clouds).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939-42">[36]</a> This type of meditation is based on classic Mahāyāna ideas which are not uniquely "Chan", but according to McRae it differs from traditional practice in that "no preparatory requirements, no moral prerequisites or preliminary exercises are given," and is "without steps or gradations. One concentrates, understands, and is enlightened, all in one undifferentiated practice."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-46">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[note 6]</a> Zen sources also use the term "<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_light_around" title="Turning the light around">tracing back the radiance</a>" or "turning one's light around" (Ch. fǎn zhào, 返照) to describe seeing the inherent radiant source of the mind itself, the "numinous awareness", <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminosity</a>, or buddha-nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014296-53">[44]</a> The Platform Sutra mentions this term and connects it with seeing one's "original face".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200825-54">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Record of Linji</a> states that all that is needed to obtain the Dharma is to "turn your own light in upon yourselves and never seek elsewhere".<a href="#cite_note-55">[46]</a> The Japanese Zen master <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> describes it as follows: “You should stop the intellectual practice of pursuing words and learn the ‘stepping back’ of ‘turning the light around and shining back’ (Jp: ekō henshō); mind and body will naturally ‘drop off,’ and the ‘original face’ will appear.”<a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a> Similarly, the Korean Seon master Yŏndam Yuil states: "to use one's own mind to trace the radiance back to the numinous awareness of one's own mind...It is like seeing the radiance of the sun's rays and following it back until you see the orb of the sun itself."<a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a> Sharf also notes that the early notion of contemplating a pure Buddha "Mind" was tempered and balanced by other Zen sources with terms like "<a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">no-mind</a>" (wuxin), and "no-mindfulness" (wunian), to avoid any metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">reification</a> of mind, and any clinging to mind or language. This kind of negative <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> style dialectic is found in early Zen sources like the Treatise on No Mind (Wuxin lun 無心論)<a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a>. These sources tend to emphasize <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a>, negation, and absence (wusuo 無所) as the main theme of contemplation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950-59">[50]</a> These two contemplative themes (the buddha mind and no-mind, positive and the negative rhetoric) continued to shape the development of Zen theory and practice throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950-59">[50]</a> Later Chinese Chan Buddhists developed their own meditation ("chan") manuals which taught their unique method of direct and sudden contemplation. The earliest of these is the widely imitated and influential <a href="/wiki/Zuochan_Yi" title="Zuochan Yi">Zuòchán Yí</a> (c. turn of the 12th century), which recommends a simple contemplative practice which is said to lead to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">inherent wisdom</a> already present in the mind. This work also shows the influence of the earlier meditation manuals composed by <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> patriarch <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_19862-60">[51]</a> However, other Zen sources de-emphasize traditional practices like sitting meditation, and instead focus on effortlessness and on ordinary daily activities. One example of this is found in the <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Record of Linji</a> which states: "Followers of the Way, as to buddhadharma, no effort is necessary. You have only to be ordinary, with nothing to do—defecating, urinating, wearing clothes, eating food, and lying down when tired."<a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a> Similarly, some Zen sources also emphasize non-action or having no concerns (wushi 無事). For example, Chan master <a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a> states that nothing compares with non-seeking, describing the Zen adept as follows: "the person of the Way is the one who has nothing to do [wu-shih], who has no mind at all and no doctrine to preach. Having nothing to do, such a person lives at ease."<a href="#cite_note-62">[53]</a> Likewise, John McRae notes that a major development in early Ch'an was the rejection of traditional meditation techniques in favor of a uniquely Zen direct approach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986115-116-63">[54]</a> Early Chan sources like the Long Scroll (dubbed the Bodhidharma Anthology by Jeffrey Broughton<a href="#cite_note-65">[note 7]</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a> and the works of <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a> question such things as mindfulness and concentration, and instead state that insight can be attained directly and suddenly. For example, Record I of the Long Scroll states: "The man of sharp abilities hears of the path without producing a covetous mind. He does not even produce right mindfulness and right reflection," and the iconoclastic <a href="/wiki/Master_Y%C3%BCan" title="Master Yüan">Master Yüan</a> states in Record III of the same text, "If mind is not produced, what need is there for cross-legged sitting dhyana?"<a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a> Similarly, the Platform Sutra criticizes the practice of sitting samādhi: “One is enlightened to the Way through the mind. How could it depend on sitting?", while Shenhui's four pronouncements criticize the "freezing", "stopping", "activating", and "concentrating" of the mind.<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> Zen sources which focus on the sudden teaching can sometimes be quite radical in their rejection of the importance of traditional Buddhist ideas and practices. The Record of the Dharma-Jewel Through the Ages (Lidai Fabao Ji) for example states "better that one should destroy <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">śīla</a> [ethics], and not destroy true seeing. Śīla [causes] rebirth in Heaven, adding more [karmic] bonds, while true seeing attains nirvāṇa."<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> Similarly the Bloodstream Sermon states that it doesn't matter whether one is a butcher or not, if one sees one's true nature, then one will not be affected by <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[60]</a> The Bloodstream Sermon also rejects worshiping of buddhas and bodhisattvas, stating that "Those who hold onto appearances are devils. They fall from the Path. Why worship illusions born of the mind? Those who worship don't know, and those who know don't worship."<a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> Similarly, in the Lidai Fabao Ji, <a href="/wiki/Baotang_Wuzhu" title="Baotang Wuzhu">Wuzhu</a> states that "No-thought is none other than seeing the Buddha" and rejects the practice of worship and recitation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> Most famously, the <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Record of Linji</a> has the master state that "if you meet a buddha, kill the buddha" (as well as patriarchs, arhats, parents, and kinfolk), further claiming that through this "you will gain emancipation, will not be entangled with things."<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_contemporary_meditation_forms">Common contemporary meditation forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common contemporary meditation forms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mindfulness_of_breathing">Mindfulness of breathing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mindfulness of breathing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg/220px-Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg/330px-Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg/440px-Kodo_Sawaki_Zazen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kodo_Sawaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodo Sawaki">Kodo Sawaki</a> practicing zazen, his hands make the "cosmic mudra" (Jp: hokkai jōin 法界定印), which is common in Japanese Soto Zen</figcaption></figure> During sitting meditation (坐禅, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Ch.</a> zuòchán, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Jp.</a> <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Ko.</a> jwaseon), practitioners usually assume a sitting position such as the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>, <a href="/wiki/Half_lotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Half lotus">half-lotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Burmese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Seiza" title="Seiza">seiza</a>. Their hands often placed in a specific gesture or <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudrā</a>. Often, a square or round cushion placed on a padded mat is used to sit on; in some other cases, a chair may be used. To regulate the mind, Zen students are often directed towards <a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">counting breaths</a>. Either both exhalations and inhalations are counted, or one of them only. The count can be up to ten, and then this process is repeated until the mind is calmed.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> Zen teachers like <a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a> teach a series of long and deep exhalations and inhalations as a way to prepare for regular breath meditation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> Attention is often placed on the energy center (<a href="/wiki/Dantian" title="Dantian">dantian</a>) below the navel.<a href="#cite_note-shengyen-76">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[note 8]</a> Zen teachers often promote <a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">diaphragmatic breathing</a>, stating that the breath must come from the lower abdomen (known as <a href="/wiki/Hara_(tanden)" title="Hara (tanden)">hara</a> or tanden in Japanese), and that this part of the body should expand forward slightly as one breathes.<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a> Over time the breathing should become smoother, deeper and slower.<a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> When the counting becomes an encumbrance, the practice of simply following the natural rhythm of breathing with concentrated attention is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> While some teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri Roshi</a> taught watching the breath, and <a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a> taught counting the breath, others such as <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Uchiyama" title="Kōshō Uchiyama">Kōshō Uchiyama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shohaku Okumura</a> taught neither counting nor watching the breath.<a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[note 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silent_illumination_and_Shikantaza">Silent illumination and Shikantaza</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Silent illumination and Shikantaza">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg/220px-Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg/330px-Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg/440px-Hsuan_Hua_Hong_Kong_1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a> meditating in the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, 1953</figcaption></figure> A common form of sitting meditation is called "Silent illumination" (Ch. mòzhào 默照, Jp. mokushō). This practice was traditionally promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a> and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a> (1091–1157) who wrote various works on the practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton200017-86">[74]</a> This method derives from the Indian Buddhist practice of the union (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt.</a> yuganaddha) of <a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">śamatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">vipaśyanā</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[75]</a> Hongzhi's practice of silent illumination does not depend on concentration on particular objects, "such as visual images, sounds, breathing, concepts, stories, or deities."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2-88">[76]</a> Instead, it is a <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">non-dual</a> "objectless" meditation, involving "withdrawal from exclusive focus on a particular sensory or mental object."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2-88">[76]</a> This practice allows the meditator to be aware of "all phenomena as a unified totality," without any <a href="/wiki/Prapa%C3%B1ca" class="mw-redirect" title="Prapañca">conceptualizing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">grasping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimlessness_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimlessness (Buddhism)">goal seeking</a>, or <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81#Yogācāra_school" title="Śūnyatā">subject-object duality</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Taigen_Dan_Leighton" title="Taigen Dan Leighton">Leighton</a>, this method "rests on the faith, verified in experience, that the field of vast brightness is ours from the outset."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2-88">[76]</a> This "vast luminous buddha field" is our immanent "inalienable endowment of wisdom" which cannot be cultivated or enhanced. Instead, one just has to recognize this radiant clarity without any interference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton20002–3-89">[77]</a> A similar practice is taught in the major schools of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>, but is especially emphasized by <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a>, where it is more widely known as <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">shikantaza</a> (Ch. zhǐguǎn dǎzuò, "just sitting"). For instance, the modern Sōtō Zen teacher <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shohaku Okumura</a> says: "We don’t set our mind on any particular object, visualization, mantra, or even our breath itself. When we just sit, our mind is nowhere and everywhere."<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a> This method is discussed in the works of the Japanese Sōtō Zen thinker <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>, especially in his <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D" title="Shōbōgenzō">Shōbōgenzō</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Fukan_zazengi" title="Fukan zazengi">Fukanzazengi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> For Dōgen, shikantaza is characterized by hishiryō ("non-thinking", "without thinking", "beyond thinking"), which according to Kasulis is "a state of <a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">no-mind</a> in which one is simply aware of things as they are, beyond thinking and not-thinking".<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> While the Japanese and the Chinese forms of these simple methods are similar, they are considered distinct approaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson2002152-94">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Huatou_and_Kōan_Contemplation">Huatou and Kōan Contemplation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Huatou and Kōan Contemplation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">Kōan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg/220px-%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg/330px-%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg/440px-%E6%9D%B1%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%93%E6%85%88%E6%89%8B%E6%9B%B8%E7%84%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Calligraphy of "<a href="/wiki/Mu_(negative)" title="Mu (negative)">Mu</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>: wú) by <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Drei_Enji" title="Tōrei Enji">Torei Enji</a>. It figures in the famous Zhaozhou's dog <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, gōng'àn (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Jp.</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a>) literature became popular. Literally meaning "public case", they were stories or dialogues describing teachings and interactions between <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen masters</a> and their students. Kōans are meant to illustrate Zen's non-conceptual insight (<a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajña</a>). During the Song, a new meditation method was developed by Linji school figures such as <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui</a> (1089–1163) called kanhua chan ("observing the phrase" meditation) which referred to contemplation on a single word or phrase (called the <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">huatou</a>, "critical phrase") of a gōng'àn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966-95">[83]</a> Dahui famously criticised Caodong's "silent illumination."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008116-96">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003125-97">[85]</a> While the two methods of Caodong and Linji are sometimes seen as competing with each other, Schlütter writes that Dahui himself "did not completely condemn quiet-sitting; in fact, he seems to have recommended it, at least to his monastic disciples."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008116-96">[84]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a>, the practice of "observing the <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">huatou</a>" (hwadu in Korean) is a widely practiced method.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> It was taught by Seon masters like <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Chinul</a> (1158–1210) and <a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a> (1912–1993), and modern Chinese masters like <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng Yen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a>. In the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> school, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">kōan</a> introspection developed its own formalized style, with a standardized curriculum of kōans, which must be studied, meditated on and "passed" in sequence. Monks are instructed to "become one" with their koan by repeating the koan's key phrase constantly. They are also advised not to attempt to answer it intellectually, since the goal of the practice is a non-conceptual insight into non-duality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000297-99">[87]</a> The Zen student's mastery of a given kōan is presented to the teacher in a private interview (referred to in Japanese as dokusan, daisan, or sanzen). The process includes standardized answers, "checking questions" (sassho 拶所) and common sets of "capping phrase" (<a href="/wiki/Jakugo" title="Jakugo">jakugo</a>) poetry, all which must be memorized by students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodiford200694-100">[88]</a> While there are standardized answers to a kōan, practitioners are also expected to demonstrate their spiritual understanding through their responses. The teacher may approve or disapprove of the answer based on their behavior, and guide the student in the right direction. According to Hori, the traditional Japanese Rinzai koan curriculum can take 15 years to complete for a full-time monk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312-10">[9]</a> The interaction with a teacher is often presented as central in Zen, but also makes Zen practice vulnerable to misunderstanding and exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2006-101">[89]</a> Kōan-inquiry may be practiced during <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">zazen</a> (sitting meditation), <a href="/wiki/Kinhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinhin">kinhin</a> (walking meditation), and throughout all the activities of daily life. The goal of the practice is often termed <a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">kensho</a> (seeing one's true nature), and is to be followed by further practice to attain a natural, effortless, down-to-earth state of being, the "ultimate liberation", "knowing without any kind of defilement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow200637-39-102">[90]</a> This style of kōan practice is particularly emphasized in modern <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a>, but it also occurs in other schools or branches of Zen depending on the teaching line.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoori2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-103">[91]</a> In the Caodong and Sōtō traditions, koans were studied and commented on, for example <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi</a> published a collection of koans and Dogen discussed koans extensively. However, they were not traditionally used in sitting meditation.<a href="#cite_note-104">[92]</a> Some Zen masters have also critiqued the practice of using koans for meditation. According to Haskel, <a href="/wiki/Bankei_Y%C5%8Dtaku" title="Bankei Yōtaku">Bankei</a> called kōans "old wastepaper" and saw the kōan method as hopelessly contrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskel1984xxxv,_23-105">[93]</a> Similarly, the Song era master <a href="/wiki/Foyan_Qingyuan" title="Foyan Qingyuan">Foyan Qingyuan</a> (1067–1120) was critical of the use of koans (public cases) and similar stories, arguing that they did not exist during the time of <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> He said, "In other places they like to have people look at model case stories, but here we have the model case story of what is presently coming into being; you should look at it, but no one can make you see all the way through such an immense affair."<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nianfo_chan">Nianfo chan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nianfo chan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a> (Jp. nembutsu, from Skt. <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81nusm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Buddhānusmṛti">buddhānusmṛti</a> "recollection of the Buddha") refers to the recitation of the Buddha's name, in most cases the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a>. In Chinese Chan, the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a> practice of nianfo based on the phrase Nāmó Āmítuófó (Homage to Amitabha) is a widely practiced form of Zen meditation which came to be known as "Nianfo Chan" (念佛禪). Nianfo was practiced and taught by early Chan masters, like <a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Daoxin</a> (580-651), who taught that one should "bind the mind to one buddha and exclusively invoke his name".<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[96]</a> The practice is also taught in <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu's</a> Guanxin lun (觀心論).<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[96]</a> Likewise, the Chuan fabao qi (傳法寶紀, Taisho # 2838, ca. 713), one of the earliest Chan histories, shows this practice was widespread in the early Chan generation of <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hung-jen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Fa-ju</a> and Ta-tung who are said to have "invoked the name of the Buddha so as to purify the mind."<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[96]</a> Evidence for the practice of nianfo chan can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Changlu_Zongze" title="Changlu Zongze">Changlu Zongze</a>'s (died c. 1107) <a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Qinggui" title="Chanyuan Qinggui">Chanyuan qinggui</a> (The Rules of Purity in the Chan Monastery), perhaps the most influential Ch’an monastic code in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[96]</a> Nianfo continued to be taught as a form of Chan meditation by later Chinese figures such as <a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfen Mingben</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianru_Weize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianru Weize (page does not exist)">Tianru Weize</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">late Ming</a>, the tradition of Nianfo Chan meditation was continued by figures such as <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Hong">Yunqi Zhuhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201735-109">[97]</a> Chan figures like <a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a> generally advocated a view called "mind-only Pure Land" (wei-hsin ching-t’u), which held that the Buddha and the Pure Land are just mind.<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[96]</a> The practice of nianfo, as well as its adaptation into the "<a href="/wiki/Nembutsu_k%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu kōan">nembutsu kōan</a>" ('who is reciting?') is a major practice in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku#Characteristics" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku school</a> of Zen.<a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a> The recitation of a Buddha's name was also practiced in the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Soto school</a> at different times throughout its history. During the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji period</a> for example, both Shaka nembutsu (reciting the name of Shakyamuni Buddha: namu Shakamuni Butsu) and Amida nembutsu were promoted by Soto school priests as easy practices for laypersons.<a href="#cite_note-111">[99]</a> Nianfo chan is also widely practiced in <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thien</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhisattva_virtues_and_vows">Bodhisattva virtues and vows</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bodhisattva virtues and vows">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg/220px-Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg/330px-Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg/440px-Vzc_jan_2009_jukai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Victoria Zen Centre Jukai ceremony, January 2009</figcaption></figure> Since Zen is a form of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, it is grounded on the schema of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> path, which is based on the practice of the "transcendent virtues" or "perfections" (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Skt</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">pāramitā</a>, Ch. bōluómì, Jp. baramitsu) as well as the taking of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">bodhisattva vows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura201215-113">[101]</a> The most widely used list of six virtues is: <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">generosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">moral training</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">five precepts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ksanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksanti">patient endurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">energy or effort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyana</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">wisdom</a>. An important source for these teachings is the <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka sutra</a>, which also outlines the grounds (<a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">bhumis</a>) or levels of the bodhisattva path.<a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">pāramitās</a> are mentioned in early Chan works such as Bodhidharma's <a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two entrances and four practices</a> and are seen as an important part of gradual cultivation (jianxiu) by later Chan figures like <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200432-115">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a> An important element of this practice is the formal and ceremonial taking of <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">refuge in the three jewels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">bodhisattva vows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">precepts</a>. Various sets of precepts are taken in Zen including the <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">five precepts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmajala_Sutra_(Mahayana)#Bodhisattva_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmajala Sutra (Mahayana)">"ten essential precepts"</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts#The_Sixteen_Bodhisattva_Precepts_in_Sōtō_Zen" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">sixteen bodhisattva precepts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup2008247-120">[108]</a> This is commonly done in an <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_initiation_ritual" title="Buddhist initiation ritual">initiation ritual</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Ch</a>. shòu jiè 受戒, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Jp</a>. Jukai, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Ko</a>. sugye, "receiving the precepts"), which is also undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">lay followers</a> and marks a layperson as a formal Buddhist.<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Buddhism" title="Fasting in Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist practice of fasting</a> (zhai), especially during the <a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">uposatha</a> days (Ch. zhairi, "days of fasting") can also be an element of Chan training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200256-122">[110]</a> Chan masters may go on extended absolute fasts, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">master Hsuan Hua</a>'s 35 day fast, which he undertook during the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> for the generation of merit.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monasticism">Monasticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monasticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg/220px-Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg/330px-Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg/440px-Bonzes_dans_un_r%C3%A9fectoire_%C3%A0_Canton_-_Enqu%C3%AAtes_vagabondes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Bonzes dans un réfectoire à Canton (Monastics in a Cantonese dining hall), Félix Régamey, c. before 1888</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiheiji_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eiheiji_map.jpg/220px-Eiheiji_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eiheiji_map.jpg/330px-Eiheiji_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eiheiji_map.jpg/440px-Eiheiji_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Traditional map of Soto head temple <a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a></figcaption></figure> Zen developed in a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monastic</a> context and throughout its history, most Zen masters have been Buddhist monastics (<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhiksus</a>) ordained in the Buddhist monastic code (<a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>) living in <a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist monasteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-124">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> East Asian Buddhist monasticism differs in various respects from traditional Buddhist monasticism however, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-sufficiency</a>. For example, Zen monks do not live by begging, but store and cook their own food in the monastery and may even farm and grow their own food.<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> Zen Monastics in Japan are particularly exceptional in the Buddhist tradition because the monks and nuns can marry after receiving their ordination. This is because they follow the practice of ordaining under the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vows" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattva vows">bodhisattva vows</a> instead of the traditional monastic Vinaya.<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan" title="Shichidō garan">Zen monasteries</a> (伽藍, pinyin: qiélán, Jp: garan, Skt. <a href="/wiki/Sangharama" title="Sangharama">saṃghārāma</a>) will often rely on Zen monastic codes like the <a href="/wiki/Chanyuan_Qinggui" title="Chanyuan Qinggui">Rules of Purity in the Chan Monastery</a> and Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community (Eihei Shingi) which regulate life and behavior in the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> Zen monasteries often have a specific building or hall for meditation, the <a href="/wiki/Zend%C5%8D" title="Zendō">zendō</a> (禅堂, Chinese: chántáng), as well as a "buddha hall" (佛殿, Ch:, Jp: <a href="/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)" title="Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)">butsuden</a>) used for ritual purposes which houses the "<a href="/wiki/Honzon" title="Honzon">main object of veneration</a>" (本尊, Ch: běnzūn, Jp: honzon), usually a Buddha image. Life in a Zen monastery is often guided by a daily schedule which includes periods of work, group meditation, rituals, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">formal meals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-124">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensive_group_practice">Intensive group practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Intensive group practice">edit</a>]</div> Intensive group meditation may be practiced by serious Zen practitioners. In the Japanese language, this practice is called <a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">sesshin</a>. While the daily routine may require monks to meditate for several hours each day, during the intensive period they devote themselves almost exclusively to zen practice. The numerous 30–50 minute long sitting meditation (zazen) periods are interwoven with rest breaks, ritualized formal meals (Jp. <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cry%C5%8Dki" title="Ōryōki">oryoki</a>), and short periods of work (Jp. <a href="/wiki/Samu_(Zen)" title="Samu (Zen)">samu</a>) that are to be performed with the same state of mindfulness. In modern Buddhist practice in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and the West, lay students often attend these intensive practice sessions or retreats. These are held at many Zen centers or temples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chanting_and_rituals">Chanting and rituals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chanting and rituals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG/220px-ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG/330px-ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG/440px-ThienVienTrucLamDaLat_main_hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Buddha hall at <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m_Monastery_of_Da_Lat" title="Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat">Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures,by_Li_Mei-shu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures%2Cby_Li_Mei-shu.jpg/220px-Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures%2Cby_Li_Mei-shu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures%2Cby_Li_Mei-shu.jpg/330px-Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures%2Cby_Li_Mei-shu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures%2Cby_Li_Mei-shu.jpg/440px-Chanting_The_Buddhist_Scriptures%2Cby_Li_Mei-shu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Chanting the Buddhist Scriptures, by Taiwanese painter <a href="/wiki/Li_Mei-shu" title="Li Mei-shu">Li Mei-shu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/220px--Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="161" data-mwtitle="Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm/Monks_of_Soji-ji.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Monks chanting the "Heart Sutra" in <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dji-ji" title="Sōji-ji">Sōji-ji</a> Temple in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> Most Zen monasteries, temples and centers perform various <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, services and <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonies</a> (such as initiation ceremonies and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">funerals</a>), which are always accompanied by the chanting of verses, poems or <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist sutras">sutras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura20121-130">[118]</a> There are also ceremonies that are specifically for the purpose of sutra recitation (Ch. niansong, Jp. nenju) itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2008127-131">[119]</a> Zen schools may have an official sutra book that collects these writings (in Japanese, these are called kyohon).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura20121-130">[118]</a> Practitioners may chant major <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a> and chapter 25 of the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> (often called the "<a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> Sutra"). <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇīs</a> and Zen poems may also be part of a Zen temple <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>, including texts like the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Precious_Mirror_Samadhi" title="Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi">Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Sandokai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">butsudan</a> is the altar in a monastery, temple or a lay person's home, where offerings are made to the images of the Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> and deceased family members and ancestors. Rituals usually center on major Buddhas or bodhisattvas like <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>), <a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>. An important element in Zen ritual practice is the performance of ritual <a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">prostrations</a> (Jp. raihai) or bows, usually done in front of a butsudan.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> A widely practiced ritual in <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a> is the Tang era "Rite for releasing the <a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">hungry ghosts</a>".<a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a> The Chinese holiday of the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a> might also be celebrated with similar rituals for the dead.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-134">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[124]</a> These ghost rituals are a source of contention in modern Chinese Chan, and masters such as <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng Yen</a> criticize the practice for not having "any basis in Buddhist teachings".<a href="#cite_note-137">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funerals</a> are also an important ritual and are a common point of contact between Zen monastics and the laity. Statistics published by the Sōtō school state that 80 percent of Sōtō laymen visit their temple only for reasons having to do with funerals and death. Seventeen percent visit for spiritual reasons and 3 percent visit a Zen priest at a time of personal trouble or crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodiford1992-138">[126]</a> Another important type of ritual practiced in Zen are various <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repentance</a> or confession rituals (Jp. zange) that were widely practiced in all forms of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. One popular Chan text on this is known as the Emperor Liang Repentance Ritual, composed by Chan master Baozhi.<a href="#cite_note-139">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dogen</a> also wrote a treatise on repentance, the Shushogi.<a href="#cite_note-140">[128]</a> Other rituals could include rites dealing with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese deities">local deities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> in Japan), and ceremonies on Buddhist holidays such as <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2008124–125-141">[129]</a> Another popular form of ritual in Japanese Zen is <a href="/wiki/Mizuko_kuy%C5%8D" title="Mizuko kuyō">Mizuko kuyō</a> (Water child) ceremonies, which are performed for those who have had a <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>. These ceremonies are also performed in American Zen Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-142">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esoteric_practices">Esoteric practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Esoteric practices">edit</a>]</div> Depending on the tradition, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">esoteric methods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dhāraṇī</a> may also be used for different purposes including meditation practice, protection from evil, invoking great compassion, invoking the power of certain bodhisattvas, and are chanted during ceremonies and rituals.<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011926-144">[132]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um school</a> of Zen for example, a mantra of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> ("Kwanseum Bosal") may be used during sitting meditation.<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra#Mantra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra Mantra</a> is also another mantra that is used in Zen during various rituals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup2008218,_241-146">[134]</a> Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Mantra_of_Light" title="Mantra of Light">Mantra of Light</a> (kōmyō shingon), which is common in Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Soto Zen</a> and was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> sect.<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a>, the usage of esoteric mantras in Zen goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. There is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhists</a> adopted practices from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_manuscripts" title="Dunhuang manuscripts">findings from Dunhuang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinert2015277–278-148">[136]</a> According to Henrik Sørensen, several successors of <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Shenxiu</a> (such as Jingxian and Yixing) were also students of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Zhenyan</a> (Mantra) school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011298–299-149">[137]</a> Influential esoteric <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">dhāraṇī</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī</a>, also begin to be cited in the literature of the Baotang school during the Tang dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinert2015300-150">[138]</a> The eighth century Chan monks of <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin temple</a> also performed esoteric practices such as mantra and dharani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011589-151">[139]</a> Many mantras have been preserved since the Tang period and continue to be practiced in modern monasteries. One common example is the <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Śūraṅgama Mantra</a>, which is common in Japanese Zen and has been propagated by various modern Chan figures like <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011927-153">[141]</a> Chan repentance rituals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Rite_of_Water_and_Land" title="Liberation Rite of Water and Land">Liberation Rite of Water and Land</a>, also involve various esoteric aspects, including the invocation of esoteric deities such as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Wisdom_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Wisdom Buddhas">Five Wisdom Buddhas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_King#The_Ten_Wisdom_Kings" title="Wisdom King">Ten Wisdom Kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> Japanese Zen schools also adopted esoteric rites and continue to perform them. These include the ambrosia gate (kanro mon 甘露門) <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">ghost festival</a> ritual which includes esoteric elements, the secret <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a> (shihō 嗣法) rituals and in some cases the <a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)#Buddhism" title="Homa (ritual)">homa ritual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011931-156">[144]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> Dynasty, the Korean Zen (Seon) was highly inclusive and ecumenical. This extended to Esoteric Buddhist lore and rituals (that appear in Seon literature from the 15th century onwards). According to Sørensen, the writings of several Seon masters (such as <a href="/wiki/Hyujeong" title="Hyujeong">Hyujeong</a>) reveal they were esoteric adepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011617,_635–639-157">[145]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>, the use of esoteric practices within Zen is sometimes termed "mixed Zen" (kenshū zen 兼修禪), and the influential Soto monk <a href="/wiki/Keizan" title="Keizan">Keizan Jōkin</a> (1264–1325) was major promoter of esoteric methods. Keizan was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a>, and is known for introducing numerous esoteric ritual forms into the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Soto school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011924–925-158">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a> Another influential Soto figure, <a href="/wiki/Menzan_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Menzan Zuihō">Menzan Zuihō</a> (1683-1769), was also a practitioner of Shingon, having received esoteric initiation under a Shingon figure named Kisan Biku 義燦比丘.<a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a> Similarly, numerous Rinzai figures were also esoteric practitioners, such as the Rinzai founder <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Myōan Eisai</a> (1141–1215) and <a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni Ben'en</a> (1202–1280).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011827–829-162">[150]</a> Under Enni Ben'en's abbotship, Fumon-in (the future <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a>) held Shingon and <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> rituals. He also lectured on the esoteric <a href="/wiki/Vairocan%C4%81bhisa%E1%B9%83bodhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vairocanābhisaṃbodhi Sūtra">Mahavairocana sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_arts">The arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The arts">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/200px-Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/300px-Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/400px-Hakuin_Ekaku_-_Hotei_in_a_Boat_-_2006.131.1a-b_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1421" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Hotei</a> in a Boat, Yale University Art Gallery</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg/200px-250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg/300px-250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg/400px-250201_Ryoan-ji_Kyoto_Japan06s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The kare-sansui (dry landscape) <a href="/wiki/Zen_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen garden">zen garden</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a></div></div></div></div></div> Certain <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">poetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">gardening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">flower arrangement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a> and others have also been used as part of zen training and practice. Classical Chinese arts like <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">brush painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a> were used by Chan monk painters such as <a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muqi_Fachang" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqi Fachang">Muqi Fachang</a> to communicate their spiritual understanding in unique ways to their students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori1-164">[152]</a> Some Zen writers even argued that "devotion to an art" (Japanese: suki) could be a spiritual practice that leads to enlightenment, as the Japanese monk poet <a href="/wiki/Kamo_no_Ch%C5%8Dmei" title="Kamo no Chōmei">Chōmei</a> writes in his Hosshinshū.<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> Zen paintings are sometimes termed zenga in Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori4-166">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a> is one Japanese Zen master who was known to create a large corpus of unique <a href="/wiki/Ink_wash_painting" title="Ink wash painting">sumi-e</a> (ink and wash paintings) and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese calligraphy</a> to communicate zen in a visual way. His work and that of his disciples were widely influential in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori15-167">[155]</a> Another example of Zen arts can be seen in the short lived <a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke sect</a> of Japanese Zen, which practiced a unique form of "blowing zen" (<a href="/wiki/Suizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suizen">suizen</a> 吹禅) by playing the <a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a> bamboo flute. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_cultivation">Physical cultivation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Physical cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/220px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/330px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/440px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Two grandmasters of the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Temple">Shaolin Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chan">Chinese Chan</a>, Shi DeRu and Shi DeYang</figcaption></figure> Traditional martial arts, like <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Japanese archery</a>, other forms of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">budō</a> have also been seen as forms of zen praxis by some Zen schools. In China, this trend goes back to the influential <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, which developed the first institutionalized form of gōngfu.<a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">late Ming</a>, Shaolin gōngfu was very popular and widespread, as evidenced by mentions in various forms of Ming literature (featuring staff wielding fighting monks like <a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" title="Sun Wukong">Sun Wukong</a>) and historical sources, which also speak of Shaolin's impressive monastic army that rendered military service to the state in return for patronage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar200855,_80-169">[157]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Kung_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Kung Fu">Shaolin practices</a>, which began to develop around the 12th century, were also traditionally seen as a form of Chan Buddhist inner cultivation (today called wuchan, "martial chan"). The Shaolin arts also made use of Taoist physical exercises (<a href="/wiki/Daoyin" title="Daoyin">daoyin</a>) breathing and <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a> cultivation (<a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a>) practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar20082,_80,_144-170">[158]</a> They were seen as therapeutic practices, which improved "internal strength" (neili), health and longevity (lit. "nourishing life" yangsheng), as well as means to spiritual liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008147-171">[159]</a> The influence of these Taoist practices can be seen in the work of Wang Zuyuan (ca. 1820–after 1882), whose Illustrated Exposition of Internal Techniques (Neigong tushuo) shows how Shaolin monks drew on Taoist methods like those of the <a href="/wiki/Yijin_Jing" title="Yijin Jing">Yijin Jing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baduanjin_qigong" title="Baduanjin qigong">Eight pieces of brocade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008138,_173-172">[160]</a> According to the modern Chan master Sheng Yen, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> has adopted <a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">internal cultivation</a> exercises from the Shaolin tradition as ways to "harmonize the body and develop concentration in the midst of activity." This is because, "techniques for harmonizing the <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">vital energy</a> are powerful assistants to the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">spiritual insight</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200234–35-173">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a> also has developed a similar form of active physical training, termed <a href="/wiki/Sunmudo" title="Sunmudo">Sunmudo</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg/220px-Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg/330px-Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg/440px-Bows_and_quivers_at_Enkaku-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bows and quivers at <a href="/wiki/Engaku-ji" title="Engaku-ji">Engaku-ji temple</a>, the temple also has a <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Dōjō">Dōjō</a> for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">Kyūdō</a> and the Zen priests practice this art here.<a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the classic combat arts (<a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">budō</a>) and zen practice have been in contact since the embrace of <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> Zen by the <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan" title="Hōjō clan">Hōjō clan</a> in the 13th century, who applied zen discipline to their martial practice.<a href="#cite_note-175">[163]</a> One influential figure in this relationship was the Rinzai priest <a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a> who was well known for his writings on zen and <a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D" title="Budō">budō</a> addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class (especially his <a href="/wiki/The_Unfettered_Mind" title="The Unfettered Mind">The Unfettered Mind</a>) .<a href="#cite_note-176">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> school also adopted certain Chinese practices which work with <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a> (which are also common in Taoism). They were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a> (1686–1769) who learned various techniques from a hermit named Hakuyu who helped Hakuin cure his "Zen sickness" (a condition of physical and mental exhaustion).<a href="#cite_note-177">[165]</a> These energetic practices, known as naikan, are based on focusing the mind and one's vital energy (ki) on the <a href="/wiki/Dantian" title="Dantian">tanden</a> (a spot slightly below the navel).<a href="#cite_note-178">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Doctrine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal_background_of_Zen" title="Doctrinal background of Zen">Doctrinal background of Zen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg/220px-1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg/330px-1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg/440px-1-%EB%B2%95%ED%9A%8C1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a> by <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">nun</a> <a href="/wiki/Daehaeng" title="Daehaeng">Daehaeng Kun Sunim</a>, Hanmaum Seon Center, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> Zen is grounded in the rich doctrinal background of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Mahayana Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94-180">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai198517-18-181">[169]</a> Zen doctrinal teaching is thoroughly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhist</a> teachings on the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> path, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sānlùn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Wéishí</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñaparamita</a> literature, and <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha nature</a> texts like the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Nirvana sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1981-182">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-183">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewland2001137-184">[172]</a> Some Zen traditions (especially <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> focused traditions) stress a narrative which sees Zen as a "special transmission outside scriptures", which does not "stand upon words".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94-180">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200960-61-185">[173]</a> Nevertheless, Mahayana Buddhist doctrine and East Asian Buddhist teachings remain an essential part of Zen Buddhism. Various Zen masters throughout the history of Zen, like <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a>, have instead promoted the "correspondence of the teachings and Zen", which argues for the unity of Zen and the Buddhist teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002227-186">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200951-187">[175]</a> In Zen, doctrinal teaching is often compared to "the finger pointing at the moon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1997154-188">[176]</a> While Zen doctrines point to the moon (<a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">awakening</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dharmadhatu" title="Dharmadhatu">Dharma-realm</a>, the originally enlightened mind), one should not mistake fixating on the finger (the teachings) to be Zen, instead one must look at the moon (reality).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1993245-189">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbeHeine199619-190">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lanka-192">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[181]</a> As such, doctrinal teachings are just another <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> (upaya) which can help one attain awakening.<a href="#cite_note-:2-194">[182]</a> They are not the goal of Zen, nor are they held as fixed <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmas</a> to be attached to (since ultimate reality transcends all concepts), but are nevertheless seen as useful (as long as one does not <a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">reify</a> them or cling to them).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007164-165-195">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha-nature_and_innate_enlightenment">Buddha-nature and innate enlightenment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Buddha-nature and innate enlightenment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg/220px-Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg/330px-Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg/440px-Double_page_from_the_Korean_print_of_%22The_Sixth_Patriarch%27s_Dharma_Jewel_Platform_Sutra%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2181" /></a><figcaption>Korean <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock print</a> of "The Sixth Patriarch's Dharma Jewel Platform Sutra" (c. 1310), a key Zen text which contains the basic doctrines of Zen. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>.</figcaption></figure> The complex Mahayana Buddhist notion of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> (Sanskrit: buddhadhātu, Chinese: 佛性 fóxìng, Japanese: busshō) was a key idea in the doctrinal development of Zen and remains central to Zen Buddhism. In China, this doctrine developed to encompass the related teaching of <a href="/wiki/Original_enlightenment" title="Original enlightenment">original enlightenment</a> (本覺 Ch: běnjué; Jp: hongaku), which held that the awakened mind of a Buddha is already present in each sentient being and that enlightenment is "inherent from the outset" and "accessible in the present."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991324-196">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter20083-197">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stone-198">[186]</a> Drawing on sources like the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankavatara sutra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_s%C5%ABtras" title="Tathāgatagarbha sūtras">buddha-nature sutras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a>, Chan masters championed the view that the innately awakened buddha-mind was immanently present within all beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200939-199">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki193260-200">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsing1999152–153-201">[189]</a> Following the view of the Awakening of Faith, this awakened buddha-nature is seen in Zen as the empty source of all things, the ultimate principle (li) out of which all phenomena (Ch: shi, i.e. all dharmas) arise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki193260-200">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002242-202">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-204">[192]</a> Thus, the Zen path is one of recognizing the inherently enlightened source that is already here. Indeed, the Zen insight and the Zen path are based on that very innate awakening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory199158-205">[193]</a> By the time of the codification of the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a> (c. 8th to 13th century), the Zen scripture par excellence, original enlightenment had become a central teaching of the Zen tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967143-206">[194]</a> Historically influential Chan schools like <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou</a> drew on the Awakening of Faith in its teachings on the buddha-mind, "the true mind as <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Suchness</a>", which Hongzhou compared to a clear mirror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski200770-207">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a> Similarly, the Tang master <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a> draws on the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment when he writes that "all sentient beings without exception have the intrinsically enlightened true mind", which is a "clear and bright ever-present awareness" that gets covered over by deluded thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002165-209">[197]</a> The importance of the concept of the innately awakened mind for Zen is such that it even became an alternative name for Zen, the "<a href="/wiki/Buddha-mind" title="Buddha-mind">Buddha-mind</a> school".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"-2">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emptiness,_and_negative_dialectic">Emptiness, and negative dialectic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Emptiness, and negative dialectic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg/220px-Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg/330px-Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg/440px-Mushin_calligrahy_by_cathexis-life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a> of no-mind 無心</figcaption></figure> The influence of Madhyamaka and Prajñaparamita on Zen can be discerned in the Zen stress on <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> (空 kōng), non-conceptual wisdom (Skt: nirvikalpa-<a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">jñana</a>), the teaching of <a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">no-mind</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">apophatic</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradoxical</a> language of Zen literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1981-182">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994228-236-211">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[note 10]</a> Zen masters and texts took great pains to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">reification</a> of doctrinal concepts and terms, including important terms like buddha-nature and enlightenment. This is because Zen affirms the Mahayana view of emptiness, which states that all phenomena lack a fixed and independent essence (<a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka#Svabhāva,_what_madhyamaka_denies" title="Madhyamaka">svabhava</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a> To avoid any reification which grasps at essences, Zen sources often make use of a negative dialectic influenced by <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007128-213">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a> As Kasulis writes, since all things are empty, "the Zen student must learn not to think of linguistic distinctions as always referring to ontically distinct realities."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a> Indeed, all doctrines, distinctions and words are relative and deceptive in some way, and thus they must be transcended. This apophatic element of Zen teaching is sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Mu_(negative)" title="Mu (negative)">Mu</a> (無, Ch: wú, "no"), which appears in the famous Zhaozhou's Dog koan: A monk asked, "Does a dog have a Buddha-nature or not?"; The master said, "Not [wú]!".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a> Zen teachings also often include a seemingly paradoxical use of both negation and affirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014-214">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-No-Mind-216">[note 11]</a> For example, the teachings of the influential <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> master <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a>, founder of the Hongzhou school, could include affirmative phrases like "Mind is Buddha" as well as negative ones like "it is neither mind nor Buddha".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007177-180-217">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014-214">[201]</a> Since no concepts or differentiations can capture the true nature of things, Zen affirms the importance of the non-conceptual and non-differentiating perfection of wisdom (<a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">prajñaparamita</a>), which transcends all relative and conventional language (even the language of negation itself). According to Kasulis, this is the basis of much apophatic rhetoric found in Zen which often seems paradoxical or contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">[191]</a> The importance of negation is also seen in the key Zen teaching of <a href="/wiki/No-mind" title="No-mind">no-mind</a> (無心, wuxin), which is considered to be a state of meditative clarity, free of concepts, <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">defilements</a>, and clinging, which is also associated with wisdom and a direct experience of the ultimate truth.<a href="#cite_note-218">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-duality">Non-duality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Non-duality">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg/220px-Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg/330px-Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg/440px-Zen_Circle_Calligraphy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ens%C5%8D" title="Ensō">Ensō</a> calligraphy by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>. Hạnh's teaching of <a href="/wiki/Interbeing" title="Interbeing">interbeing</a> is one modern attempt to describe Zen non-duality.</figcaption></figure> Zen texts also stress the concept of <a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">non-duality</a> (Skt: advaya, Ch: bùèr 不二, Jp: funi), which is an important theme in Zen literature and is explained in various different ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000289–290,_310,_note_14-220">[206]</a> One set of themes is the non-dual unity of the absolute and the relative truths (which derives from the classic Buddhist theme of the <a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">two truths</a>). This can be found in Zen sources like the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks of Tozan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Faith in Mind</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Harmony of Difference and Sameness</a>. It is also an important theme in Mahayana sutras which are important to Zen, like the <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakīrtinirdeśa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[208]</a> A related explanation of non-duality which is influential in Zen makes use of the Chinese Buddhist discourse of <a href="/wiki/Tiyong" title="Tiyong">essence-function</a> (Ch: tiyong), which is most famously taught in the influential Awakening of Faith. In this type of discourse, the essence refers to the inner nature of things, the absolute reality, while the functions refer to the more external, relative and secondary characteristics of things.<a href="#cite_note-:4-223">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[210]</a> The Platform Sutra compares the essence to a lamp, while the function is its light.<a href="#cite_note-225">[211]</a> Another application of non-duality in Zen discourse is the idea that mundane reality (which includes the natural world) i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a> (the world of suffering) and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvana</a> (the ultimate, enlightened reality) are not separate. This is a view found in Indian Mahayana sources like <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81" title="Mūlamadhyamakakārikā">Root Verses on Madhyamaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy1988184-226">[212]</a> As such, Buddhas and sentient beings as well as Buddhahood and the natural world, are also considered to be non-dual in Zen. This idea influenced Zen attitudes on social harmony and harmony (he, 和) with the <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">natural world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis2003-227">[213]</a> A further meaning of non-duality in Zen is as the absence of a duality between the perceiving subject and the perceived object.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199430–31-228">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000289–290-229">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000310,_note_14-230">[216]</a> This understanding of non-duality is derived from the Indian <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a> school.<a href="#cite_note-:1-231">[217]</a> The philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> school also had an influence on <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a>'s conception of the non-dual ultimate truth and its understanding of essence-function. One example is the Huayan doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Huayan#Interpenetration" title="Huayan">interpenetration of phenomena</a> or "perfect interfusion" (yuanrong, 圓融), which also makes use of native Chinese philosophical concepts such as principle (li) and phenomena (shi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory20027-232">[218]</a> The influence of the related Huayan <a href="/wiki/Huayan#Fourfold_Dharmadhatu_and_meditation" title="Huayan">theory of the Fourfold Dharmadhatu</a> can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (806–869), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Caodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Caodong">Caodong</a> lineage of Chan.<a href="#cite_note-Taigen_Dan_Leighton_2006-233">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudden_enlightenment_and_seeing_the_nature">Sudden enlightenment and seeing the nature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sudden enlightenment and seeing the nature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Seeing the ox, a metaphor for an initial stage in the practice of Zen. <a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ox-herding picture</a> on an outdoor wall in <a href="/wiki/Bongeunsa" title="Bongeunsa">Bongeunsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.</figcaption></figure> The idea of the immanent character of Buddha-nature influenced Zen's characteristic emphasis on a direct insight.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991-235">[221]</a> As such, a central topic of discussion in Zen is "<a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">seeing the nature</a>" (見性, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: jiànxìng, Jp: kenshō).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000287-236">[222]</a> Zen teachings use this term to refer to an insight which can occur to a Zen practitioner suddenly, and often equate it with a kind of enlightenment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000287-236">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener1991115-237">[223]</a> The "nature" here is the buddha-nature, the originally enlightened mind. As such, this experience provides one with a glimpse of the ultimate truth. The term jiànxìng occurs in the classic Zen phrase "seeing one's nature, becoming Buddha", which is held to encapsulate the meaning of Zen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullern.d.-238">[224]</a> Zen schools have disagreed with each other on how to achieve "seeing nature" (the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">huatou</a> practice vs <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong's</a> <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">silent illumination</a>) as well as how to relate to, cultivate, express, and deepen one's relationship with the experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis2003-227">[213]</a> This remains a major topic of debate and discussion among contemporary Zen traditions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg/220px-Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg/330px-Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg/440px-Bongeunsa_paintings_-_ox_herding_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Oxherding picture depicting the insight into the ultimate truth, Bongeunsa.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Zen considers that its practices aim at a sudden insight into the true nature of things. This idea of <a href="/wiki/Sudden_awakening" title="Sudden awakening">sudden enlightenment</a> or instant awakening (頓悟; dùnwù), which is closely related to "seeing the nature", is another important theme in Zen. Zen sources often argue that its "sudden" method is more direct and superior to the "gradual" paths, which take place in a step by step fashion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1991-239">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199143-240">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200457,_63-241">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs20124-242">[228]</a> Such methods can be found in some of the earliest Zen traditions, like the East Mountain school's teaching of "maintaining the one," a direct contemplation on buddha-nature that was not dependent on preliminary practices or step by step instructions.<a href="#cite_note-McRae143-243">[229]</a> The sudden teaching was further emphasized by patriarch <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a> and it became canonized as a key Zen teaching in the Platform Sutra.<a href="#cite_note-244">[230]</a> In spite of the rhetorical emphasis on sudden awakening and the critique of "gradual" methods found in various Zen sources, Zen traditions do not reject gradual practices (such as taking <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">precepts</a>, scriptural study, ritual practice and the six <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">paramitas</a>). Instead, Zen schools generally incorporate these practices within a schema grounded in sudden enlightenment thought.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991328-330_335-336-245">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014-214">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu199224-25-246">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[note 12]</a> As such, many Zen sources which emphasize sudden awakening, like the Platform Sutra, also refer to traditional Mahayana practices.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu199224-25-246">[232]</a> This means that the Zen path does not end at "seeing the nature", since further practice and cultivation is considered necessary to deepen one's insight, remove the traces of the <a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">defilements</a> (attachments, aversions, etc.), and to learn to express buddha-nature in daily life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996-249">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989-250">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaezumiGlassman200754,_140-251">[236]</a> Zen masters like <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a> described this method as "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual cultivation", holding that the sudden and gradual teachings point to the same truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002149-252">[237]</a> Zongmi argued that even though sudden awakening reveals the truth directly and instantly, the Zen practitioner still has deeply rooted defilements (Skt: kleśa, Ch: fánnǎo) which cloud the mind and can only be removed through further training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1995150-253">[238]</a> This sudden-gradual schema became a standard view of Zen practice in China after the time of Zongmi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200960-61-185">[173]</a> It is found in Zen sources like Dongshan's <a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a>, the works of <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hakuin#Four_ways_of_knowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Four Ways of Knowing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hakuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuin">Hakuin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2006-254">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Drei_Enji" title="Tōrei Enji">Torei's</a> Undying Lamp of Zen, and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Ox-Herding Pictures</a>, which depict a gradual set of steps on the Zen path while also including the idea of a sudden awakening to an immanent innate pure nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumon2004-255">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg/220px-Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg/330px-Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg/440px-Japanese_buddhist_monk_by_Arashiyama_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> monk on an alms round (<a href="/wiki/Takuhatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuhatsu">takuhatsu</a>) sitting zazen.</figcaption></figure> Today, there are two major traditions or groupings of Zen schools, along with numerous other smaller <a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">lineages</a>, orders and schools. The two main lineages are the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong</a> tradition traced back to <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869) and the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a> which is traced to <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a> (died 866 CE). During the Song dynasty, the Caodong lineage became closely associated with the teaching of "silent illumination" (Ch: mozhao) as formulated by <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a> (1091—1157).<a href="#cite_note-257">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton2000xii-259">[244]</a> The competing Linji school meanwhile became associated with the contemplation method of <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a> (1089–1163) which focuses on meditating on the <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">huatou</a> (critical phrase) of a koan.<a href="#cite_note-260">[245]</a> Some traditions and organizations include both lineages, so these categories should not be seen as mutually exclusive. Both the Linji school and the Caodong school were transmitted outside of China to Japan, Korea and Vietnam. <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> is the Japanese line of Caodong and it was founded by <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> (1200–1253), who emphasized the practice of <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">shikantaza</a> (nothing but just sitting). The Sōtō school has de-emphasized kōans since <a href="/wiki/Gent%C5%8D_Sokuch%C5%AB" title="Gentō Sokuchū">Gentō Sokuchū</a> (circa 1800).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2000245-261">[246]</a> A Vietnamese Caodong lineage (Tào Động) was founded by 17th-century Chan master <a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%B4ng_Gi%C3%A1c_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_Nam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thông Giác Đạo Nam (page does not exist)">Thông Giác Đạo Nam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[247]</a> Recently, the Caodong silent illumination method was revived in the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng Yen</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain association.</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogyesa_Temple_(1509839597).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jogyesa Temple in Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jogyesa_Temple_%281509839597%29.jpg/220px-Jogyesa_Temple_%281509839597%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jogyesa_Temple_%281509839597%29.jpg/330px-Jogyesa_Temple_%281509839597%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Jogyesa_Temple_%281509839597%29.jpg/440px-Jogyesa_Temple_%281509839597%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jogyesa" title="Jogyesa">Jogyesa Temple</a> Seon temple in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg/220px-Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg/330px-Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg/440px-Tenryuji_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji</a>, the head temple of the Tenryū-ji branch of <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a>.</figcaption></figure> Regarding Linji, it is known in Japan as the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai school</a>. This tradition emphasizes meditation on kōans mediated through master disciple meetings (<a href="/wiki/Sanzen" title="Sanzen">sanzen</a>) as the essential method to attain <a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">kenshō</a> (seeing one's true nature).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005b380-263">[248]</a> Most traditions in <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a> are also generally in the Linji lineage, and focus on <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">huatou</a> practice, though the exact methods and teachings on this differ. There are also Vietnamese lineages of Linji, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A2m_T%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lâm Tế (page does not exist)">Lâm Tế</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li%E1%BB%85u_Qu%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liễu Quán (page does not exist)">Liễu Quán</a> schools. These lineages also mix Zen practice with Pure Land elements.<a href="#cite_note-:022-264">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrucLam_DiAn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TrucLam_DiAn.JPG/220px-TrucLam_DiAn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TrucLam_DiAn.JPG/330px-TrucLam_DiAn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/TrucLam_DiAn.JPG/440px-TrucLam_DiAn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Monks of the Trúc Lâm school, Tây Thiên Monastery</figcaption></figure> Besides the two major families or traditions of Zen, there are several smaller schools. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku-shū</a> (黄檗宗), a school established in the 17th century. It includes classic Chan teachings and also Pure Land methods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a> (普化宗), a small Japanese sect. A unique feature of this sect is the use of flute music as a meditation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a>, a modern Japanese school which draws on both Rinzai and Sōtō methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989-250">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a>, a unique native sect of <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Zen</a> which is known for attempting to harmonize the "Three teachings" of Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village</a> (Làng Mai) Tradition, a new modern tradition founded by the influential Vietnamese teacher and activist <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> (1926–2022)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a>, a new modern tradition founded by Zen Master <a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seung Sahn</a></li> <li>Schools of Zen recently founded in America, such as <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Mind_Zen_School" title="Ordinary Mind Zen School">Ordinary Mind Zen School</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_and_institutions">Organization and institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Organization and institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zen_organisation_and_institutions" title="Zen organisation and institutions">Zen organisation and institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></div> Zen practice, like that of all religions, is supported by collective endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoné2000-266">[251]</a> Though some Zen sources sometimes emphasize individual experience and antinomianism, Zen traditions are maintained and transferred by mostly hierarchical temple based institutions focused around a core of ordained <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-267">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori1994-268">[253]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen masters or teachers</a> (Ch: <a href="/wiki/Sifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifu">shīfu</a> 師父; Jp: <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">rōshi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Osh%C5%8D" title="Oshō">oshō</a>) may or may not be celibate monastics (<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhiksus</a> who follow the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>, the traditional Buddhist monastic code) depending on the tradition. Some important Zen organizations include the Japanese <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association of America</a>, the various independent branches of Japanese Rinzai, the Korean <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego</a> orders, and the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a> organizations. In Japan, modernity led to criticism of traditional Zen institutions and new lay-oriented Zen-schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995c-269">[254]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryomo_Kyokai" title="Ryomo Kyokai">Ningen Zen Kyodan</a> emerged in response.<a href="#cite_note-270">[255]</a> Some modern challenges for contemporary Zen include how to organize the continuity of the Zen-tradition, constraining <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authority</a> (with the risk of abuse of power it brings) on the one hand,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2002-271">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs1999-272">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2006-101">[89]</a> and maintaining the legitimacy of traditional authorities by limiting the number of authorized teachers on the other hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoné2000-266">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharma_transmission">Dharma transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dharma transmission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo,_right,_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur,_Paris,_2014..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo%2C_right%2C_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur%2C_Paris%2C_2014..JPG/220px-Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo%2C_right%2C_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur%2C_Paris%2C_2014..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo%2C_right%2C_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur%2C_Paris%2C_2014..JPG/330px-Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo%2C_right%2C_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur%2C_Paris%2C_2014..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo%2C_right%2C_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur%2C_Paris%2C_2014..JPG/440px-Soto_Zen_Buddhist_priest_Myozan_Kodo%2C_right%2C_receives_Dharma_Transmission_from_his_teacher_Taigu_Turlur%2C_Paris%2C_2014..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Soto Zen priest Myozan Kodo, right, receives <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma Transmission</a> from his teacher Taigu Turlur, Paris, 2014.</figcaption></figure> An important feature of traditional Zen institutions is the use of <a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">dharma transmission</a> (Chinese: 傳法 chuán fǎ) from master to disciple to pass on Zen lineages to the next generation. The procedure of dharma transmission, particularly the act of "authorization" or "confirmation" (印可, Ch: yìn kě, Jp: inka, K: inga), is considered to establish a Zen teacher as a direct successor of their master and to link them to a <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">lineage</a> which is traditionally believed to go back to the ancient Chinese patriarchs and to the Buddha himself.<a href="#cite_note-273">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[260]</a> These transmissions are sometimes seen esoterically as the "mind to mind" transmission of the light of awakening from master to disciple.<a href="#cite_note-276">[261]</a> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">William Bodiford</a> and John Jorgensen have argued that this "ancestral" dimension of Zen which sees the school as an extended family is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian values</a>, and that it is part of what allowed Zen to become such an influential form of Buddhism in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-277">[262]</a> Zen lineages often maintain <a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a> which list all the teachers in their transmission lineage, establishing institutional legitimacy by claiming a direct link from the Buddha to the present.<a href="#cite_note-:03-278">[263]</a> Indeed, according to Michel Mohr, the traditional view is that "it is through the transmission process that the identity and integrity of the lineage is preserved."<a href="#cite_note-:42-279">[264]</a> Zen lineage narratives were further supported by "transmission of the lamp" texts (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Jǐngdé Chuándēnglù</a>), which contained stories of the past masters and legitimized Zen lineages. These texts could often be sectarian, favoring a specific lineage or school and they sometimes even led to conflict among the Zen schools.<a href="#cite_note-:42-279">[264]</a> Furthermore, these Zen transmission narratives were often not historically accurate and contain mythological material developed over centuries in China. Their <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historicity</a> has been recently critiqued by modern scholars.<a href="#cite_note-280">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae20034-281">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-278">[263]</a> The formal practice of dharma transmission is generally understood in two main ways by Zen traditions. It can be seen as a formal recognition of a disciple's deep spiritual realization, which is separate from clerical ordination.<a href="#cite_note-:12-282">[267]</a> It could also be understood as an institutional procedure which ensures the transmission of a temple lineage.<a href="#cite_note-:12-282">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-283">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-279">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg/220px-1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg/330px-1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg/440px-1-%EB%8C%80%ED%96%89%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daehaeng" title="Daehaeng">Daehaeng</a>, a modern Korean Sŏn nun who attained awakening without the guidance of a Zen master, a phenomenon termed "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_without_a_teacher" title="Wisdom without a teacher">wisdom without a teacher</a>".<a href="#cite_note-284">[269]</a></figcaption></figure> The institutions of Dharma transmission have come under criticism in various times throughout Zen history. Zen masters like <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikky%C5%AB" title="Ikkyū">Ikkyū</a> "were said to have refused to receive transmission certificates", seeing the procedure as corrupt and institutionalized.<a href="#cite_note-285">[270]</a> During the Ming dynasty, important masters like <a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zibo_Zhenke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zibo Zhenke (page does not exist)">Zibo Zhenke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yunqi_Zhuhong" title="Yunqi Zhuhong">Yunqi Zhuhong</a> did not belong to any formal lineage.<a href="#cite_note-286">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-287">[272]</a> According to Jiang Wu, these eminent Ming Chan monks emphasized self-cultivation while criticizing formulaic instructions and nominal recognition. Wu writes that at this time "eminent monks, who practiced meditation and asceticism but without proper dharma transmission, were acclaimed as acquiring 'wisdom without teachers' (wushizhi)."<a href="#cite_note-:22-287">[272]</a> Hanshan's writings indicate that he seriously questioned the value of dharma transmission, seeing personal enlightenment as what truly mattered in Zen.<a href="#cite_note-:22-287">[272]</a> In a similar fashion, several important medieval Japanese masters like <a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a> eschewed formal transmission and did not believe it was necessary since the Dharma was always available to be discovered within.<a href="#cite_note-:7-288">[273]</a> Some of these figures were even considered "self-enlightened and self-certified" (jigo jishō), since they claimed to have achieved "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_without_a_teacher" title="Wisdom without a teacher">wisdom without a teacher</a>" (無師智, pinyin: wúshīzhì; Japanese: 無師独悟, mushi-dokugo). They include <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Sh%C5%8Dsan" title="Suzuki Shōsan">Suzuki Shōsan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a> figures like Daigu, Ungo and Isshi.<a href="#cite_note-:7-288">[273]</a> Modern Chinese Buddhists like Tanxu, <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yinshun</a> also criticized dharma transmission, seeing it as a Chinese invention that was not taught by the Buddha. Taixu held that the practice led to sectarianism, and Tanxu wrote that it contributed to the decline of Zen.<a href="#cite_note-:32-289">[274]</a> Yinshun believed that the Dharma was not something that could belong to anyone and thus it could not be "transmitted" in a lineage.<a href="#cite_note-:32-289">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripture">Scripture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Scripture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen and Sutras</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripitaka_Koreana,_Haeinsa,_South_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tripitaka_Koreana%2C_Haeinsa%2C_South_Korea.jpg/220px-Tripitaka_Koreana%2C_Haeinsa%2C_South_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tripitaka_Koreana%2C_Haeinsa%2C_South_Korea.jpg/330px-Tripitaka_Koreana%2C_Haeinsa%2C_South_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tripitaka_Koreana%2C_Haeinsa%2C_South_Korea.jpg/440px-Tripitaka_Koreana%2C_Haeinsa%2C_South_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Tablets of the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka_Koreana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka Koreana">Tripiṭaka Koreana</a>, an early edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon, in <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Haeinsa Temple">Haeinsa</a>, the head temple of the Seon Jogye order, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_role_of_scripture_in_Zen">The role of scripture in Zen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The role of scripture in Zen">edit</a>]</div> Zen is deeply rooted in the teachings and doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2000-290">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1981-182">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-183">[171]</a> Classic Zen texts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform sutra</a>, contain numerous references to Mahāyāna sutras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967112–114-291">[276]</a> According to Sharf, Zen monastics "are expected to become familiar with the classics of the Zen canon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995c427-292">[277]</a> A review of the early historical literature of early Zen clearly reveals that their authors were well versed in numerous <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">[7]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy#Indian_Mahāyāna_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Mahayana Buddhist philosophy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1981-182">[170]</a> Nevertheless, Zen masters are sometimes pictured as iconoclastically <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectual</a> and dismissive of scriptural study, or at least as weary of scripture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2000-290">[275]</a> Early Chan sources contain numerous statements which see scriptural study as unnecessary. The Bodhidharma Anthology for example states "don't use knowledge of the sutras and treatises" and instead states one should return to the ultimate principle, "firmly abiding without shifting, in no way following after the written teachings".<a href="#cite_note-293">[278]</a> The Bloodstream Sermon states: "The true Way is sublime. It can't be expressed in language. Of what use are scriptures? But someone who sees his own nature finds the Way, even if he can't read a word."<a href="#cite_note-294">[279]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg/161px-The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg/242px-The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg/322px-The_Sixth_Patriarch_Tearing_a_Sutra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Liang Kai, The Sixth Patriarch Tearing a Sutra, Song dynasty (960–1279 AD)</figcaption></figure> This radical antinomian <a href="#Narratives">view of Zen</a> became more pronounced during a period between the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> (960–1297), when Chán (especially the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a>) became the dominant in China, and gained great popularity among the literary classes who were attracted to the idea that true sages did not depend on texts and language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200318-21-295">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski200710-11-296">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[283]</a> Several famous phrases from this period defined Zen as "not established on words and letters" and as "a special transmission outside the scriptures" (statements which were <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistically</a> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2000-299">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200943-300">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Record of Linji</a> is even more radical, stating that the Buddhist scriptures are "all so much old toilet paper to wipe away filth".<a href="#cite_note-301">[286]</a> Another example of this attitude is found in the story of <a href="/wiki/Deshan_Xuanjian" title="Deshan Xuanjian">Deshan Xuanjian</a>, who is known for having burned all his scriptural commentaries.<a href="#cite_note-302">[287]</a> However, scholars like Welter and Hori write that these rhetorical statements were not a complete denial of the importance of study and scripture, but a warning to those who mistake the teachings for the direct insight into truth itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200094-303">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312-10">[9]</a> Indeed, Chan masters of this period continue to cite and refer to Buddhist sutra passages.<a href="#cite_note-305">[note 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[note 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[note 15]</a> Furthermore, not all masters made use of this kind of "rhetorical" Chan which was popular in the Chinese Linji school and emphasized a direct "mind to mind" transmission of the truth from master to disciple while de-emphasizing sutra study. Another contrasting style of Chinese Chan was a more moderate "literary Chan" (wenzi chan, 文字禪) associated with figures like <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Huizhong" title="Nanyang Huizhong">Nanyang Huizhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-309">[291]</a> This type of Chan continued to actively promote doctrinal study as a part of Chan practice with the slogan of "the correspondence of the teachings and Chan" (chiao-ch'an i-chih).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200942-310">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wel-311">[293]</a> Even <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a>, often depicted as a great iconoclast, alludes to and quotes numerous Mahayana sutras (as do other Hongzhou school masters). He also stated in his sermons that Bodhidharma "used the Lankāvatāra Scripture to seal the sentient beings' mind-ground".<a href="#cite_note-:5-312">[294]</a> Zongmi's perspective was that "the scriptures are like a marking line to be used as a standard to determine true and false....those who transmit Ch'an must use the scriptures and treatises as a standard."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002227-186">[174]</a> Juefan Huihong (1071–1128) coined the term "literary chan" and wrote on the importance of studying the sutras in his Zhizheng zhuan (Commentary on wisdom and enlightenment). Later figures like Zibo Zhenke and Hanyue Fazang (1573–1635) promoted the view of Chan practice which makes use of the sutras based on the Zhizheng zhuan.<a href="#cite_note-:8-309">[291]</a> Similarly, the Japanese Rinzai master <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin</a> writes that the Zen path begins with studying all the classic Buddhist sutras and commentaries, citing one of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow#Four_extensive_vows" title="Bodhisattva vow">the four vows</a> which states: "the Dharma teachings are infinite, I vow to study them all."<a href="#cite_note-314">[note 16]</a> As such, while the various Zen traditions today emphasize that enlightenment arises from a direct non-conceptual insight, they also generally accept that study and understanding of the Buddhist teachings support and guide one's practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanagida200962-315">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000295-297-316">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[note 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000296-318">[298]</a> Hori writes that modern Rinzai Zen teachers "do not teach that intellectual understanding has nothing to do with Zen; instead they teach the quite opposite lesson that Zen requires intellectual understanding and literary study".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312-10">[9]</a> Since the emphasis is generally on a balanced approach to study and practice, the extremes which reject either pole are seen as problematic by most Zen traditions. As Hori writes (referring to the attitude of the modern Rinzai school): "the intellectual understanding of Zen and the experience itself are presented as standing in a complementary, both/and relationship."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000297-99">[87]</a> As such, it is said that the master of Zen uses two swords, the study of the teaching (kyoso) and the experience of the way (doriki).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000297-99">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Important_scriptures">Important scriptures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Important scriptures">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg/220px-%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg/330px-%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg/440px-%E5%8D%B3%E9%9D%9E%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AD%86_%E5%A2%A8%E8%B9%9F-Reading_a_Sutra_by_Moonlight_MET_DP221671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3915" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption>Reading a Sutra by Moonlight, by <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a> Zen monk <bdi><a href="/wiki/Sokuhi_Nyoitsu" title="Sokuhi Nyoitsu">Sokuhi Nyoitsu</a></bdi> (1616–1671).</figcaption></figure> The early Buddhist schools in China were each based on a specific sutra. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, by the time of the Fifth Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a> (601–674), the Zen school became established as a separate school of Buddhism and began to develop its doctrinal position based on the scriptures.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200017-319">[299]</a> Various sutras were used by the early Zen tradition, even before the time of Hongren. They include the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81dev%C4%AB_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Śrīmālādevī Sūtra">Śrīmālādevī Sūtra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huike" class="mw-redirect" title="Huike">Huike</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200317-320">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoxin">Daoxin</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200317-320">[300]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lankavatara_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lankavatara Sutra">Lankavatara Sutra</a> (East Mountain School),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200317-320">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">[7]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362-321">[301]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200317-320">[300]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a> (a Chinese composition).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362-321">[301]</a> The Chan tradition drew inspiration from a variety of scriptural sources and did not follow any single scripture over the others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200318-322">[302]</a> Subsequently, the Zen tradition produced a rich corpus of written literature, which has become a part of its practice and teaching. Other influential sutras in Zen are the <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a49–51-323">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987157-158-324">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow200083-112-325">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49-326">[306]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurangama Sutra">Shurangama Sutra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2000135-154-327">[307]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra">Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-328">[308]</a> Important apocryphal sutras composed in China include the <a href="/wiki/Sutra_of_Perfect_Enlightenment" title="Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment">Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasamadhi-sutra" title="Vajrasamadhi-sutra">Vajrasamadhi sutra</a>. In his analysis of the works of the influential Tang dynasty <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a>, Mario Poceski notes that they cite the following Mahayana sutras often: the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Huayan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na_Mah%C4%81parinirv%C4%81%E1%B9%87a_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra">Nirvana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā sutras</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81ratnak%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra">Mahāratnakūta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahasamnipata_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamnipata Sutra">Mahāsamnipāta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakīrti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-312">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zen_and_Sutras#Zen_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen and Sutras">Zen literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG/220px-Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG/330px-Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG/440px-Fukan_Zazengi_Tenpuku_Copy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of the Tenpuku version of Dogen's Fukanzazengi, originally produced in 1233</figcaption></figure> Zen developed a rich textual tradition, based on original Zen writings, such as poems, dialogues, histories, and the recorded sayings of Zen masters. Important Zen texts and genres include: <ul><li>Zen "sutras" or "scriptures" (Ch: jīng) such as the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a>, a key work in the development and history of Zen.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> The Korean <a href="/wiki/Vajrasamadhi-sutra" title="Vajrasamadhi-sutra">Vajrasamadhi sutra</a> is another apocryphal Zen work which calls itself a "sutra".<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a></li> <li>Poems or songs, like <a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Faith in Mind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Precious_Mirror_Samadhi" title="Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi">Song of the Precious Mirror Samadhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Enlightenment" title="Song of Enlightenment">Song of Awakening</a></li> <li>Records of Zen transmission and teachings (tenglu),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200082-86-330">[310]</a> and "encounter dialogues" (ch: jiyuan wenda, jp: kien mondō) such as <a href="/wiki/Lengqie_shizi_ji" title="Lengqie shizi ji">Masters of the Lankavatara</a> (c. 683-750), <a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Transmission of the Lamp</a> (c. 1004),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200083-331">[311]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a> (952).</li> <li>Recorded sayings of the masters (yulu) like the Record of <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo's</a> Essential of Mind Transmission, the <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yulu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen yulu.</a></li> <li>Collections of Zen <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">koans</a> (Ch: gongan), such as <a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Barrier" title="The Gateless Barrier">the Gateless Barrier</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Equanimity" title="Book of Equanimity">Book of Equanimity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell1993192-332">[312]</a></li> <li>Meditation manuals like the <a href="/wiki/Zuochan_Yi" title="Zuochan Yi">Zuochan Yi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fukan_zazengi" title="Fukan zazengi">Fukanzazengi</a> .</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Chán">Chinese Chán</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chinese Chán">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chinese Chán</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/220px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/330px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg/440px-Bodhidharma.and.Huike-Sesshu.Toyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Huike</a> Offering His Arm to <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a> (1496).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism#History" title="Chan Buddhism">history of Chán in China</a> is divided into various periods by different scholars, who generally distinguish a classical phase and a post-classical period. Each period had different schools of Zen, some of which remained influential while others vanished.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> Ferguson distinguishes three periods from the 5th century into the 13th century: the Legendary period of the six patriarchs (5th century to the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">760s CE</a>); the Classical period of the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou</a> masters (760s to 950); and the Literary period (950-1250) of Song dynasty Chan which saw the compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">gongan-collections</a> and the rise of Linji and Caodong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003-333">[313]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> McRae distinguishes four rough phases in the history of Chán (though he notes this is only an expedient device and the reality was much more complicated):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21-334">[314]</a> <ol><li>Proto-Chán (c. 500–600) (<a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Southern and Northern dynasties</a> (420 to 589) and <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (589–618 CE)). In this phase, Chán developed in multiple locations in northern China. It was based on the practice of meditation as taught by figures like <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Huike</a>. A key source from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a>, attributed to Bodhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17-335">[315]</a></li> <li>Early Chán (c. 600–900, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> c. 618–907 CE). In this phase Chán took its first clear contours. Prime figures are the fifth patriarch <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a> (601–674), his dharma-heir <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Yuquan Shenxiu</a> (606?–706), the sixth patriarch <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> (638–713), protagonist of the quintessential <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a> (670–762), whose propaganda elevated Huineng to the status of sixth patriarch. Major schools are the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">Northern School</a>, Southern School and <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18-336">[316]</a></li> <li>Middle Chán (c. 750–1000, from <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> c. 755–763 to the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> (907–960/979)). Major schools include the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heze_School" title="Heze School">Heze school</a>, and the Hubei faction<a href="#cite_note-339">[note 18]</a> Some key figures include <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a>. A key text from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a> (952), which includes many "encounter stories", as well as the traditional genealogy of the Chán-school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19-340">[319]</a></li> <li>Song Dynasty Chán (c. 950–1300). This period saw the development of the traditional Zen narrative as well as the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Linji school</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a>. The key figures are <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a> (1089–1163), who introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">Hua Tou</a> practice, and <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a> (1091–1157) who emphasized <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a>. This era saw the composition of the classic koan-collections (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a>) which reflect the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">literati class</a> on the development of Chán.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello1994-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2000-299">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21-341">[320]</a> In this phase Chán is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a> (1158–1210).</li></ol> Neither Ferguson nor McRae give a periodisation for Chinese Chán following the Song-dynasty, though McRae mentions "at least a post-classical phase or perhaps multiple phases".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313-342">[321]</a> David McMahan discusses the later <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> (1368–1644) and <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> (1644–1912) era of Chan, which saw increasing syncretism with other traditions, and a later <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">modern</a> phase (19th century onwards) during which Chan adapted western ideas and attempted to modernize in response to the pressure of foreign <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-343">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a></div> Before the arrival of the "founder" of Chan, <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, various Buddhist masters of meditation or <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyana</a> (Ch: channa) had taught in China, including <a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhabhadra_(translator)" title="Buddhabhadra (translator)">Buddhabhadra</a>. These figures also brought with them various meditation texts, called the <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_sutras" title="Dhyāna sutras">Dhyāna sutras</a> which mainly drew from the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deleanu2-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yuanci2-345">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-ibc.ac.th-346">[325]</a> These early meditation texts laid the groundwork for the practices of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HangDat-347">[326]</a> The translation work of Kumārajīva (especially his <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a> translations and his <a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a>), Buddhabhadra (<a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87abhadra" title="Guṇabhadra">Gunabhadra</a> (<a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Lankāvatāra sūtra</a>) were also key formative influences on Chan and remained key sources for later Chan masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a50–55,_66,_68–69-348">[327]</a> Indeed, in some early Chan texts (like the <a href="/wiki/Lengqie_shizi_ji" title="Lengqie shizi ji">Masters of the Lankāvatāra</a>), it is Gunabhadra, not Bodhidharma, which is seen as the first patriarch who transmits the Chan lineage (here seen as synonymous with the Lankāvatāra tradition) from India.<a href="#cite_note-349">[328]</a> The meditation works of the fourth Tiantai patriarch <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a>, such as his monumental <a href="/wiki/Mohe_Zhiguan" title="Mohe Zhiguan">Mohezhiguan</a>, were also influential on later Chan meditation manuals, like the <a href="/wiki/Tso-chan-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tso-chan-i">Tso-chan-i</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_1986-350">[329]</a> A further influence on the origin of Chan Buddhism is <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. Some of the earliest Chinese Buddhists were influenced by Daoist thought and terminology and this has led some scholars to see a Taoist influence on Chan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045-351">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-352">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg1994-353">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70_&_74-354">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axx,_65,_68,_148,_167–168,_190-355">[334]</a> Two Chinese disciples of Kumārajīva, <a href="/wiki/Sengzhao" title="Sengzhao">Sengzhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tao_Sheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Tao Sheng">Tao Sheng</a> were influenced by Taoist works like the <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70_&_74-354">[333]</a> These <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Sanlun</a> figures in turn had an influence on some early Chan masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a71–77-356">[335]</a> When Buddhism came to China from <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism#Gandharan_proselytism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Gandhara</a> (now Afghanistan) and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, it was initially adapted to the Chinese culture and understanding. Buddhism was exposed to <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianist</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-357">[336]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710-358">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045-351">[330]</a>influences.<a href="#cite_note-359">[note 19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711-360">[338]</a> Buddhism was first identified to be "a barbarian variant of Taoism":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-352">[331]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Judging from the reception by the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han</a> of the Hinayana works and from the early commentaries, it appears that Buddhism was being perceived and digested through the medium of religious Taoism. Buddha was seen as a foreign immortal who had achieved some form of Daoist nondeath. The Buddhists' mindfulness of the breath was regarded as an extension of Daoist breathing exercises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-328">[308]</a></blockquote> Taoist terminology was used to express Buddhist doctrines in the oldest translations of Buddhist texts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-352">[331]</a> a practice termed ko-i, "matching the concepts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-361">[339]</a>The first Buddhist recruits in China were Taoists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-352">[331]</a> They developed high esteem for the newly introduced Buddhist meditational techniques,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65-362">[340]</a> and blended them with <a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Taoist meditation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64-363">[341]</a> Against this background, especially the Taoist concept of <a href="/wiki/Taoism#Naturalness" title="Taoism">naturalness</a> was inherited by the early Chán disciples:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167-364">[342]</a> they equated – to some extent – the ineffable <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168-365">[343]</a> and thus, rather than feeling bound to the abstract "wisdom of the sūtras", emphasized Buddha-nature to be found in "everyday" human life, just like the Tao.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168-365">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proto-Chán">Proto-Chán</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Proto-Chán">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG/220px-Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG/330px-Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG/440px-Bodhidharma_Shaolinsi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Bodhidharma, stone carving in <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin Temple">Shaolin Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> Proto-Chán (c. 500–600) encompasses the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Southern and Northern dynasties</a> period (420 to 589) and <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> (589–618 CE). This is the time of the first "patriarchs" of Chan, like <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, Seng-fu and <a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Huike</a>. There is little actual historical information about these early figures and most legendary stories about their life come from later, mostly <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> sources. What is known is that they were considered Mahayana meditation masters (chanshi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae198619–29-366">[344]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> An important text from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Two Entrances and Four Practices</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, and attributed to Bodhidharma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17-335">[315]</a> Later sources mention that these figures taught using the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra though there is no direct evidence of this from the earliest sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87-367">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20174-368">[346]</a> According to John McRae, the earliest Chan sources on these masters show considerable influence from <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> thought, while the influence from the Laṅkāvatāra is actually much less pronounced. As such, it is questionable if it was there at all with regards to the earliest figures like Bodhidharma and Huike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae198619–29-366">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Chán">Early Chán</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Early Chán">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hongren.jpg/220px-Hongren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Hongren.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hóngrěn</a>, the fifth patriarch of Zen</figcaption></figure> Early Chán refers to early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–750) Chán. The fifth patriarch <a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Daman Hongren</a> (601–674), and his dharma-heir <a href="/wiki/Yuquan_Shenxiu" title="Yuquan Shenxiu">Yuquan Shenxiu</a> (606?–706) were influential in founding the first Chan institution in Chinese history, known as the <a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">"East Mountain school"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20175-369">[347]</a> Hongren emphasized the meditation practice of "maintaining (guarding) the mind," which focuses on "an awareness of True Mind or Buddha-nature within".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu19929-370">[348]</a> Shenxiu was the most influential and charismatic student of Hongren and was considered to be the sixth patriarch by his followers. He was even invited to the Imperial Court by <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Empress Wu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20176-7-371">[349]</a> Shenxiu also became the target of much criticism by <a href="/wiki/Shenhui" title="Shenhui">Shenhui</a> (670–762), for his supposedly "gradualist" teachings. Shenhui instead promoted the "sudden" teachings attributed to his teacher <a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a> (638–713).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20177-9-372">[350]</a> Shenhui's propaganda campaign eventually succeeded when he became a key figure in the royal court, elevating Huineng to the status of sixth patriarch of Chinese Chán.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-373">[351]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Subitism#Chan" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">sudden vs. gradual debate</a> came to define later forms of Chan discourse.<a href="#cite_note-374">[352]</a> This early period also saw the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a>, which would become one of the most influential Chan texts of all time. The sutra purports to contain the teachings of the sixth Patriarch Huineng, but modern scholars like Yanagida Seizan now believe that it was redacted over a period of time within the <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_school" title="Oxhead school">Oxhead school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> According to McRae, the text attempts to reconcile the so called "sudden" teachings with the "gradual" teachings of the Northern school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-69-375">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Chán">Middle Chán</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Middle Chán">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04(%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04%28%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%29.jpg/220px-%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04%28%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04%28%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%29.jpg/330px-%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04%28%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04%28%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%29.jpg/440px-%E8%87%A8%E6%BF%9F%E5%AE%97%E9%AB%98%E5%83%A7%E9%A0%82%E7%9B%B8%E5%9C%96_04%28%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></figcaption></figure> The Middle Chán (c. 750–1000) phase runs from the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> (755–763) to the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> (907–960/979). This period saw the rise of Chan schools in rural <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">southern China</a>. The most prominent among them was the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788), which arose in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> Other important Hongzhou masters include <a href="/wiki/Dazhu_Huihai" title="Dazhu Huihai">Dazhu Huihai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baizhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Baizhang">Baizhang Huaihai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo Xiyun</a>. This school is sometimes seen as the archetypal expression of Chán, with its emphasis on the personal expression of the buddha-mind in everyday life activities, its use of <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">classical Chinese</a>, as well as the importance it placed on spontaneous and unconventional "questions and answers during an encounter" (linji wenda) between master and disciple.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> This period also sees the first Chan monastic code, the <a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Pure Rules of Baizhang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> Some sources depict these masters as highly antinomian and iconoclastic people, who make paradoxical or nonsensical statements, shout at and beat their students to shock them into realization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-183">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201713-376">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201720-377">[355]</a> However, modern scholars have seen much of the literature that presents these "iconoclastic" encounters as being later revisions during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song era</a>. The Hongzhou masters may not have been as radical as the Song sources depict them to be and they seem to have promoted traditional Buddhist practices like keeping precepts, accumulating good <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a> and practicing meditation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201713-376">[354]</a> There were other important schools of Zen in this period as well, such as the Jìngzhòng school of Zhishen (609–702) and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Hwasang" title="Kim Hwasang">Kim Hwasang</a> which was based in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baotang_Wuzhu" title="Baotang Wuzhu">Baotang</a> school (also in Sichuan), and the more moderate and intellectual <a href="/wiki/Heze_School" title="Heze School">Heze lineage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Guifeng Zongmi</a> (780–841).<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> Zongmi, who was also a Huayan patriarch, is known for his critique of the Hongzhou tradition, his sutra commentaries, and for his extensive writings on Chan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201714-378">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Anti-Buddhist_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution">Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution</a> in 845 was devastating for all schools of metropolitan Chinese Buddhism, but the Chan tradition survived in the rural areas and in the outlying regions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> Chan was thus in a position to take a leading role in the later eras of Chinese Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a15-379">[357]</a> During the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms era, the Hongzhou school gradually split into several regional traditions led by various masters. These eventually became known as the <a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guīyǎng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Caodong">Cáodòng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Línjì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fǎyǎn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yúnmén</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> Some schools of this period, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a> (d. 866), promoted an iconoclastic and often absurd style, with masters often hitting and shouting at students.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201720-377">[355]</a> This period also saw the development of encounter dialogue literature, some of which were retroactively attributed to past Chan masters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201720-377">[355]</a> An important encounter dialogue text from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Anthology_of_the_Patriarchal_Hall" title="Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall">Anthology of the Patriarchal Hall</a> (952), which also establishes a genealogy of the Chán school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19-340">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Song_Dynasty_Chán">Song Dynasty Chán</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Song Dynasty Chán">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dahui_49th_generation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dahui_49th_generation.jpg/220px-Dahui_49th_generation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dahui_49th_generation.jpg/330px-Dahui_49th_generation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dahui_49th_generation.jpg/440px-Dahui_49th_generation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui</a> introduced the method of kan huatou, or "inspecting the critical phrase", of a kōan story. This method was called the "Chan of kōan introspection" (Kanhua Chan).<a href="#cite_note-380">[358]</a></figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Song_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dynasty">Song Dynasty</a> Chán (c. 950–1300), Chán Buddhism became a dominant force. Chán became the largest sect of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> and had strong ties to the imperial government, which led to the development of a highly organized system of temple rank and administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003b266-381">[359]</a> The development of printing technology advanced during this era, and Chan works were widely printed and distributed.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> Furthermore, during this period, Chan literati developed their own idealized history, seeing the Tang era as a "golden age" of Chan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120-11">[10]</a> In spite of the popularity of Chan at this time, it was also under increased attack by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">Neo-Confucian</a> scholars who wrote critiques of Buddhism, and dominated the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examination</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a> The dominant form of Song Chán was the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a>. This was due to extensive support from the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-officials</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_court_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial court of China">imperial court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-382">[360]</a> The Linji school developed the study of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">gong'an</a> ("public case", Jp: kōan) literature, which depicted stories of master-student encounters that were seen as demonstrations of the awakened mind. Most kōan stories depicted the idealized encounters of past Chan masters, particularly from the Tang era, and show the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Chinese literati class.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201723,_27-383">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello1994-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2000-299">[284]</a> Some influential kōan texts are the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Cliff_Record" title="Blue Cliff Record">Blue Cliff Record</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Equanimity" title="Book of Equanimity">Book of Equanimity</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gateless Gate">The Gateless Gate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21-341">[320]</a> During the 12th century, a rivalry emerged between the Linji and the <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong</a> schools for the support of Chinese elites. Most well known Linji masters were aligned with either Huanglong Huinan (1002-1069) or Yangqi Fanghui (992-1049), both students of Shishuang Chuyan (986–1039). Yuanwu Keqin (1063-1135) called this the "five families and seven traditions", referring to the five houses and the Huanglong and Yangqi branches of the Linji tradition.<a href="#cite_note-384">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a> (1091–1157) of the Caodong school emphasized <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza#Silent_illumination" title="Shikantaza">silent illumination</a> or serene reflection (mòzhào) as a means for solitary practice, which could be undertaken by lay-followers. The Linji school's <a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a> (1089–1163) meanwhile, introduced <a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">k'an-hua chan</a> ("observing the word-head" chan), which involved meditation on the crucial phrase or "punch line" (<a href="/wiki/Hua_Tou" title="Hua Tou">hua-tou</a>) of a gong'an.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008-385">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201729-386">[364]</a> The Song also saw the syncretism of Chán and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> by figures like <a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a> (904–975), a practice that would become very popular.<a href="#cite_note-387">[365]</a> Yongming also echoed <a href="/wiki/Guifeng_Zongmi" title="Guifeng Zongmi">Zongmi's</a> work in indicating that the values of Taoism and Confucianism could also be embraced and integrated into Buddhism. Chán also influenced <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> as well as certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201731-388">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[367]</a> During the Song, Chán was also transmitted to Japan by figures <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dan_Eisai" class="mw-redirect" title="Myōan Eisai">Myōan Eisai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanpo_Sh%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Nanpo Shōmyō">Nanpo Shōmyō</a> who studied in China. It also exerted a great influence on <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a> via figures like <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Classical_Chán">Post-Classical Chán</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Post-Classical Chán">edit</a>]</div> Some scholars see the post-classical phase as an "age of <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201734-390">[368]</a> The post-classical period saw the increasing popularity of the dual practice of Chán and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> Buddhism (known as nianfo Chan), as seen in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Zhongfeng_Mingben" title="Zhongfeng Mingben">Zhongfeng Mingben</a> (1263–1323), <a href="/wiki/Hanshan_Deqing" title="Hanshan Deqing">Hanshan Deqing</a> (1546–1623) and <a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a> (1599–1655).<a href="#cite_note-:3-329">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-:05-391">[369]</a> This became a widespread phenomenon and in time much of the distinction between them was lost, with many monasteries teaching both Chán meditation and the Pure Land practice of <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2002-392">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201735-109">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> also saw the efforts of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Yunqi_Zhuhong" title="Yunqi Zhuhong">Yunqi Zhuhong</a> (1535–1615) and Daguan Zhenke (1543–1603) to revive and reconcile Chan Buddhism with the practice of Buddhist scriptural study and writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201734-390">[368]</a> This non-sectarian and syncretic style of Chan Buddhism which drew on all facets of Chinese Buddhism was so dominant at this time, that all Chinese monks were affiliated a Chan school during the Ming.<a href="#cite_note-394">[372]</a> In the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, the highly influential teacher <a href="/wiki/Miyun_Yuanwu" title="Miyun Yuanwu">Miyun Yuanwu</a> (1566–1642) began a revival of the Linji school style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeng-Tat_Chia2011-395">[373]</a> Miyun's students had a broad impact on Qing Chan, as well as on Japanese and Vietnamese Zen.<a href="#cite_note-396">[374]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg/220px-Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg/330px-Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg/440px-Image_of_Xuyun_and_Laiguo_Chan_Masters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Chan masters <a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a> and Laiguo. Xuyun was one of the most influential Chán Buddhists of the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-397">[375]</a></figcaption></figure> After further centuries of decline during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912), Chán activity was revived again in the 19th and 20th centuries by a flurry of modernist activity. This period saw the rise of worldly Chan activism, what is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a> (or more literally "Buddhism for human life", rensheng fojiao), promoted by figures like Jing'an (1851–1912), <a href="/wiki/Yuanying" title="Yuanying">Yuanying</a> (1878–1953), <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a> (1890–1947), <a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a> (1840–1959) and <a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Yinshun</a> (1906–2005). These figures promoted social activism to address issues such as poverty and social injustice, as well as participation in political movements. They also promoted modern science and scholarship, including the use of the methods of modern critical scholarship to study the history of Chan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201738-39-398">[376]</a> Many Chán teachers today trace their lineage back to Xuyun, including <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>, who have propagated Chán in the West where it has grown steadily through the 20th and 21st centuries. Chán Buddhism was repressed in China during the 1960s in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, but in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening up">reform and opening up</a> period in the 1970s, a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Reform_and_opening_up_–_Second_Buddhist_Revival" title="Chinese Buddhism">revival of Chinese Buddhism</a> has been taking place on the mainland, while Buddhism has a significant <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">following in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Buddhism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> as well as among <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_outside_of_China">Spread outside of China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Spread outside of China">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnamese_Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Vietnamese Thiền">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Buddhism in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg/220px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg/330px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg/440px-Thich_Nhat_Hanh_Visit_EIAB_2010_Germany_june_retreat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> leading a namo avalokiteshvaraya chanting session with monastics from his <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Interbeing" title="Order of Interbeing">Order of Interbeing</a>, Germany 2010</figcaption></figure> Chan was introduced to Vietnam during the early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese domination of Vietnam">Chinese occupation periods</a> (111 BCE to 939 CE) as Thiền. During the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Lý</a> (1009–1225) and <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần</a> (1225 to 1400) dynasties, Thiền rose to prominence among the elites and the royal court and a new native tradition was founded, the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a> ("Bamboo Grove") school, which also contained Confucian and Taoist influences. In the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji</a> school was brought to Vietnam as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A2m_T%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lâm Tế (page does not exist)">Lâm Tế</a>, which also mixed Chan and <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure land">Pure land</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A2m_T%E1%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lâm Tế (page does not exist)">Lâm Tế</a> remains the largest monastic order in the country today.<a href="#cite_note-399">[377]</a> Modern Vietnamese Thiền is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[378]</a> Important figures include Thiền master <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a> (1924–), the activist and popularizer <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a> (1926–2022) and the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a>. Vietnamese Thiền is eclectic and inclusive, bringing in many practices such as <a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">breath meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> influences, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">chanting</a>, sutra recitation and <a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">engaged Buddhism</a> activism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_Seon">Korean Seon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Korean Seon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Korea">Buddhism in Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG/220px-Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG/330px-Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG/440px-Korea-Seoul-Jogyesa_Chinese_Scholar_Tree_2195-06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jogyesa" title="Jogyesa">Jogyesa</a> is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a>. The temple was first established in 1395, at the dawn of the Joseon dynasty.</figcaption></figure> Seon (선) was gradually transmitted into <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> period (7th through 9th centuries) as Korean monks travelled to China and returned home to establish the initial Seon schools of Korea, which were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">nine mountain schools</a>". Seon received its most significant impetus and consolidation from the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a> (1158–1210), who is considered the most influential figure in the formation of the mature Seon school. Jinul founded the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a>, which remains the largest Seon tradition in Korea today, as well as the important <a href="/wiki/Songgwangsa" title="Songgwangsa">Songgwangsa</a> temple. Jinul also wrote extensive works on Seon, developing a comprehensive system of thought and practice. Buddhism was mostly suppressed during the strictly <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> (1392–1910), and the number of monasteries and clergy sharply declined. The period of <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a> also brought numerous modernist ideas and changes to Korean Seon. Some monks began to adopt the Japanese practice of marrying and having families, while others such as <a href="/wiki/Yongseong" title="Yongseong">Yongseong</a>, worked to <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">resist the Japanese occupation</a>. Today, the largest Seon school, the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye</a>, enforces celibacy, while the second largest, the <a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a>, allows for married priests. Important modernist figures that influenced contemporary Seon include <a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyeongheo" title="Gyeongheo">Gyeongheo</a>. Seon has also been transmitted to West, with new traditions such as the <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um School of Zen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_Zen">Japanese Zen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Japanese Zen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhism in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunriseatsojiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Sunriseatsojiji.jpg/220px-Sunriseatsojiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Sunriseatsojiji.jpg/330px-Sunriseatsojiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/63/Sunriseatsojiji.jpg/440px-Sunriseatsojiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Sojiji Temple, of the <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Soto Zen">Soto Zen</a> school, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> Zen was not introduced as a separate school until the 12th century, when <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dan_Eisai" class="mw-redirect" title="Myōan Eisai">Myōan Eisai</a> traveled to China and returned to establish a Linji lineage, which eventually perished.<a href="#cite_note-ROZ-401">[379]</a> Decades later, <a href="/wiki/Nanpo_Sh%C5%8Dmy%C5%8D" title="Nanpo Shōmyō">Nanpo Shōmyō</a> (1235–1308) also studied Linji teachings in China before founding the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Otokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Otokan">Otokan</a> lineage, the most influential and only surviving lineage of <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-ROZ-401">[379]</a> In 1215, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>, a younger contemporary of Eisai's, journeyed to China himself, where he became a disciple of the Caodong master <a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Rujing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong Rujing">Tiantong Rujing</a>. After his return, <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> established the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> school, the Japanese branch of Caodong. The three traditional schools of Zen in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> are the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> (曹洞), <a href="/wiki/Rinzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai">Rinzai</a> (臨済), and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a> (黃檗). The schools are further divided into subschools by head temple, with two head temples for Sōtō (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dji-ji" title="Sōji-ji">Sōji-ji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a>), fourteen head temples for Rinzai, and one head temple (<a href="/wiki/Manpuku-ji" title="Manpuku-ji">Manpuku-ji</a>) for Ōbaku. Besides these traditional organizations, there are newer modern Zen organizations that have especially attracted Western lay followers, namely the <a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a> and the FAS Society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zen_in_the_West">Zen in the West</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Zen in the West">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg/220px-Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg/330px-Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg/440px-Daisetsu_Suzuki_by_Ken_Domon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a></figcaption></figure> Various Zen traditions were transmitted to the West in the 20th century. Important Asian figures in this transmission include <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyogen_Senzaki" title="Nyogen Senzaki">Nyogen Senzaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunryu Suzuki">Shunryu Suzuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seung Sahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thi%C3%AAn-%C3%82n" title="Thích Thiên-Ân">Thích Thiên-Ân</a> and <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a>. Among the first Western Zen teachers were <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Fuller_Sasaki" title="Ruth Fuller Sasaki">Ruth Fuller Sasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Nowick" title="Walter Nowick">Walter Nowick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_D%27Ortschy" title="Brigitte D'Ortschy">Brigitte D'Ortschy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Hōun Jiyu-Kennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myokyo-ni" title="Myokyo-ni">Myokyo-ni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1994-402">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[382]</a> Zen became more popular in the West when authors including <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pirsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pirsig">Robert Pirsig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Herrigel" title="Eugen Herrigel">Eugen Herrigel</a> wrote on and promoted Zen.<a href="#cite_note-405">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[385]</a> There are currently numerous Zen centers from various traditions in the Western world, including <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwan_Um_School_of_Zen" title="Kwan Um School of Zen">Kwan Um</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narratives">Narratives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Narratives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen Narratives</a></div> The Chán of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji</a> with its antinomian saying and emphasis on "shock techniques", was retrospectively seen as a "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a>" of Chán by later Chan authors.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> As Mario Poceski writes, Song dynasty texts like the <a href="/wiki/The_Jingde_Record_of_the_Transmission_of_the_Lamp" title="The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp">Record of the Transmission of the Lamp</a> (c. 1004) depict the past masters as iconoclastic sages who embraced radical and transgressive practices like shouting, beating their students and making paradoxical statements. However, these iconoclastic stories cannot be traced back to Tang era sources, and a such, they should be seen as apocryphal lore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski20079-11-408">[386]</a> This traditional <a href="/wiki/Zen_Narratives" title="Zen Narratives">Zen narrative</a> became dominant during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a>, when Chán became dominant form of Buddhism in China, due to support from the Imperial Court and the <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">scholar-official</a> class.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a> Another important element of the traditional Zen narrative is that Zen is an unbroken <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">lineage</a> that has transmitted the enlightened Buddha-mind from the time of the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Shakyamuni</a> Buddha to the present. This narrative is traditionally supported through Zen histories and <a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a>, which developed in China throughout several centuries until they became canonized in the Song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae20034-281">[266]</a> The traditional picture of the ancient iconoclastic Zen masters has gained great popularity in the West in the 20th century, especially due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-343">[322]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995b-409">[387]</a> This traditional narrative has been challenged, and complemented, since the 1970s by modern academic research on Zen history and pre-Song sources.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1993-410">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995a-411">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2005-412">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2007-413">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen1991-414">[392]</a> Modern scientific research on the history of Zen discerns three main narratives concerning Zen, its history and its teachings: Traditional Zen Narrative (TZN),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine20086-415">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[394]</a> Buddhist Modernism (BM),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-343">[322]</a> Historical and Cultural Criticism (HCC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine20086-415">[393]</a> An external narrative is <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a>, which claims Zen to be a token of a universal nondualist essence of religions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2009iii-417">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2007-418">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">List of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Chán">Chinese Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Zen_Stories" title="101 Zen Stories">101 Zen Stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chins%C5%8D" title="Chinsō">Chinso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shussan_Shaka" title="Shussan Shaka">Shussan Shaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsu_(Zen)" title="Katsu (Zen)">Katsu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In this article, the English term Zen, while derived from Japanese, is used to refer to the school of Buddhism as a whole. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Dumoulin writes in his preface to Zen. A History. Part One: India and China: "Zen (Chin. Ch'an, an abbreviation of ch'an-na, which transliterates the Sanskrit Dhyāna (Devanagari: ध्यान) or its Pali cognate Jhāna (Sanskrit; Pāli झान), terms meaning 'meditation') is the name of a Mahāyāna Buddhist school of meditation originating in China. It is characterized by the practice of meditation in the lotus position (Jpn., zazen; Chin., tso-ch'an and the use of the koan (Chin., kung-an) as well as by the enlightenment experience of <a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">satori</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii-18">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Harold Stewart, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nembutsu.info/hsrtp.htm">"Awakening to One's True Personality"</a>: "In Buddhist terminology this all-decisive moment is known as the Awakening of the Buddha-Mind, or Bodaishin, when the third, or frontal, eye of prajna, the intellectual intuition, first opens. There are three practically synonymous terms in the Mahayana for this: Bodaishin (Sanskrit: Bodhicitta); Busshin, literally 'Buddha-Heart' of Great Compassion (Sanskrit: Tathagatagarbha, or the latent possibility of Buddhahood inherent in all beings); and Bussho (Sanskrit: Buddhata), or the Buddha-nature. Compare "Buddha's compassion, Buddha's heart",<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> and "The term buddha-mind also functions in certain cases as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Buddhadh%C4%81tu" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhadhātu">Buddhadatū</a> (foxing) or <a href="/wiki/Tathagatagarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagatagarbha">tathagatagarbha</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> An early Chan critique of the notion of "pacifying the mind" can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Oxhead_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxhead School">Oxhead School</a> text, the Jueguan lun: "What is the mind? What is it to pacify the mind (an-hsin 安心)?" [The master] answered: "You should not posit a mind, nor should you attempt to pacify it—this may be called 'pacified.'"<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Sharf observes that "maintaining the one" or "guarding the one" (shou yi 守一) fell out of favor with the eclipse of the Northern School. Evidence of this can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Xinxin Ming</a>, for example: “If there is even a trace of ‘is’ or ‘is not,’ the mind will be lost in confusion. Although the two comes from the One, do not guard even this One.”<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> Other sources explicitly reject the notion of "maintaining" or "preserving" (shou 守). See for example the <a href="/wiki/Xin_Ming" title="Xin Ming">Xin Ming</a> (not to be confused with the Xinxin Ming): "Bodhi exists originally It has no need of being preserved Afflictions have no intrinsic existence They do not need to be eradicated Numinous knowing is self-illuminated The myriad dharmas return to Thusness There is no return, no receiving Cut off contemplation, forget preservation"<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> It first appears in a Chinese text named the Ju-tao an-hsin yao-fang-pien fa-men (JTFM, Instructions on essential expedients for calming the mind and accessing the path), itself a part of the Leng Ch'ieh Shih Tzu Chi (Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-46">[39]</a> The Records of the Masters of the Lankavatara is associated with the early Chan tradition known as the "<a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain School</a>" and has been dated to around 713.<a href="#cite_note-Buswell_2017-51">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> The original title of the Long Scroll, the earliest extant Chan text, is unknown. Although it has been called the Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices, John Jorgensen writes in his thesis on this text, "I have titled it the Long Scroll rather than the Erh-ju ssu-hsing lun [Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices] or Ta-mo lun because these latter titles are confusing and ill-defined."<a href="#cite_note-64">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The Japanese Rinzai master <a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a> was critical of the practice of placing the mind below the navel (at the hara/tanden) in concentration. He said, "...viewed from the highest standpoint of Buddhism, putting the mind just below the navel and not allowing it to wander is a low level of understanding, not a high one. [...] If you consider putting your mind below your navel and not letting it wander, your mind will be taken by the mind that thinks of this plan. You will have no ability to move ahead and will be exceptionally unfree."<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Similarly, according to the famous East Asian śāstra, the <a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a>, one does not concentrate on the breath: "Should there be a person who desires to practice “cessation,” he should stay in a quiet place and sit erect in an even temper. [His attention should be focused] neither on breathing nor on any form or color, nor on empty space, earth, water, fire, wind, nor even on what has been seen, heard, remembered, or conceived."<a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> According to Kalupahana, the influence of Yogacara is stronger in the ts'ao-tung school and the tradition of silent meditation, while the influence of Madhyamaka is clear in the koan-tradition and its stress on insight and the use of paradoxical language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994228-236-211">[199]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-No-Mind-216"><a href="#cite_ref-No-Mind_216-0">^</a> Compare Mazu's "Mind is Buddha" versus "No mind, no Buddha": "When Ch'an Master Fa-ch'ang of Ta-mei Mountain went to see the Patriarch for the first time, he asked, "What is Buddha?" The Patriarch replied, "Mind is Buddha." [On hearing this] Fa-ch'ang had great awakening. Later he went to live on Ta-mei mountain. When the Patriarch heard that he was residing on the mountain, he sent one of his monks to go there and ask Fa-ch'ang, "What did the Venerable obtain when he saw Ma-tsu, so that he has come to live on this mountain?" Fach'ang said, "Ma-tsu told me that mind is Buddha; so I came to live here." The monk said, "Ma-tsu's teaching has changed recently." Fa-ch'ang asked, "What is the difference?" The monk said, "Nowadays he also says, 'Neither mind nor Buddha."' Fa-ch'ang said, "That old man still hasn't stopped confusing people. You can have 'neither mind nor Buddha,' I only care for 'mind is Buddha."' The monk returned to the Patriarch and reported what has happened. "The plum is ripe." said the Patriarch."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992-215">[202]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a> attempts to reconcile Shenhui's rhetoric of sudden awakening and rejection of gradualism with actual Buddhist practices and training methods, just like later Chan writers like Zongmi did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200460-247">[233]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Sasaki's translation of the Linji yulu contains an extensive biography of 62 pages, listing influential Chinese Buddhist texts that played a role in Song dynasty Chán.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESasaki2009-304">[289]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Albert Low: "It is evident that the masters were well versed in the sutras. Zen master Tokusan, for example, knew the Diamond Sutra well and, before meeting with his own Zen master, lectured upon it extensively; the founder of the Zen sect, Bodhidharma, the very one who preached selfrealization outside the scriptures, nevertheless advocated the Lankavatara Sutra; Zen master Hogen knew the Avatamsaka Sutra well, and koan twenty-six in the Mumonkan, in which Hogen is involved, comes out of the teaching of that sutra. Other koans, too, make reference directly or indirectly to the sutras. The autobiography of yet another Zen master, Hui Neng, subsequently became the Platform Sutra, one of those sutras so condemned by those who reject intellectual and sutra studies"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELow20004-306">[290]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Poceski: "Direct references to specific scriptures are relatively rare in the records of Mazu and his disciples, but that does not mean that they rejected the canon or repudiated its authority. On the contrary, one of the striking features of their records is that they are filled with scriptural quotations and allusions, even though the full extent of their usage of canonical sources is not immediately obvious and its discernment requires familiarity with Buddhist literature." See source for a full-length example from "one of Mazu's sermons", in which can be found references to the Vimalakīrti Scripture, the Huayan Scripture, the Mahāsamnipata-sūtra, the Foshuo Foming Scripture 佛說佛名經, the Lankāvatāra scripture and the Faju jing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> "[A] person [...] must first gain wide-ranging knowledge, accumulate a treasure-store of wisdom by studying all the Buddhist sutras and commentaries, reading through all the classic works Buddhist and non-Buddhist and perusing the writings of the wise men of other traditions. It is for that reason the vow states 'the Dharma teachings are infinite, I vow to study them all.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200942-313">[295]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> Hakuin goes as far as to state that the buddhat path even starts with study: "[A] person [...] must first gain wide-ranging knowledge, accumulate a treasure-store of wisdom by studying all the Buddhist sutras and commentaries, reading through all the classic works Buddhist and nonBuddhist and perusing the writings of the wise men of other traditions. It is for that reason the vow states "the Dharma teachings are infinite, I vow to study them all.""<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200942-313">[295]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> McRae gives no further information on this "Hubei faction". It may be the continuation of Shenxiu's "Northern School". See Nadeau 2012 p.89.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201289-337">[317]</a> Hebei was also the place where the Linji branch of chán arose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963-338">[318]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/The_Tao_of_Zen" title="The Tao of Zen">The Tao of Zen</a> which argues that Zen is almost entirely grounded in Taoist philosophy, though this fact is well covered by Mahayana Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg1994-353">[332]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"foxin_zong"_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014)</a>, p. "foxin zong". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201779-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201779_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995159–169-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995159–169_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey1995">Harvey 1995</a>, p. 159–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200941-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200941_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoshizawa2009">Yoshizawa 2009</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1989-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1989_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSekida1989">Sekida 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a3-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a3_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d.-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d._8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d._8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d._8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d._8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d._8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceskin.d._8-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceskin.d.">Poceski n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup20088-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup20088_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorup2008">Borup 2008</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000280-312_10-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, p. 280-312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003119–120_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGimello1994-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello1994_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello1994_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGimello1994_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGimello1994">Gimello 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360,_119–120-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360,_119–120_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, pp. 60, 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a48-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a48_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELievens198152–53-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELievens198152–53_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLievens1981">Lievens 1981</a>, p. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a41–45-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a41–45_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 41–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Andre van der Braak (2011), Self Overcoming Without a Self, p.117 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axvii_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis200324_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201758-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201758_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore198242-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore198242_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore1982">Moore (1982)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell2010a"the_Buddha_mind_school_[Zen]"-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell2010a"the_Buddha_mind_school_[Zen]"_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaddell2010a">Waddell (2010a)</a>, p. "the Buddha mind school [Zen]". </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Hisao Inagaki (1995), 真宗用語英訳グロッサリー, p.7; </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"buddhakāya"-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014"buddhakāya"_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014)</a>, p. "buddhakāya". </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2018" class="citation news cs1">Zimmer, Ben (28 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/zen-and-the-art-of-scrabble-dictionary-maintenance-1538144910">"Zen and the Art of Scrabble Dictionary Maintenance"</a>. Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123184756/https://www.wsj.com/articles/zen-and-the-art-of-scrabble-dictionary-maintenance-1538144910">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021 – via www.wsj.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Zen+and+the+Art+of+Scrabble+Dictionary+Maintenance&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fzen-and-the-art-of-scrabble-dictionary-maintenance-1538144910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008169-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008169_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlütter2008">Schlütter 2008</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deleanu2-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deleanu2_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deleanu2_32-1">b</a> Deleanu, Florin (1992); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mindfulness-of-breathing-in-the-dhayana-sutra_florin-deleanu_1992.pdf">Mindfulness of Breathing in the Dhyāna Sūtras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519002753/https://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/mindfulness-of-breathing-in-the-dhayana-sutra_florin-deleanu_1992.pdf">Archived</a> 19 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Transactions of the International Conference of Orientalists in Japan (TICOJ) 37, 42–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (24 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=damaduoluo+chanjing&pg=PA1212">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3"><bdi>978-0-691-15786-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103643/https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ&q=damaduoluo+chanjing&pg=PA1212">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15786-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGmYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddamaduoluo%2Bchanjing%26pg%3DPA1212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201759-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201759_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Mohr, Michel. 2006. "Imagining Indian Zen: Tōrei's Commentary on the Ta-Mo-to-Lo Ch'an Ching and the Rediscovery of Early Meditation Techniques During the Tokugawa Era". In Zen Classics: Formative Texts in the History of Zen Buddhism, edited by Steven Heine, and Dale S. Wright. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 215–246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008103-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008103_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener 2008</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuanci-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuanci_37-0">^</a> Ven. Dr. Yuanci, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf">A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf">Archived</a> 8 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Buddhist Academy of China. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200227–28-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200227–28_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhangStevenson2002">Zhang & Stevenson 2002</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200229–30-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200229–30_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhangStevenson2002">Zhang & Stevenson 2002</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200339-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200339_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Luk-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Luk_41-0">^</a> Luk, Charles. The Secrets of Chinese Meditation. 1964. p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>, p. 939. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae1983" class="citation journal cs1">McRae, John R. (1983). R.M. Gimello; P. N. Gregory (eds.). "The Ox-Head School of Chinese Ch'an Buddhism: From Early Ch'an to the Golden Age". Studies in East Asian Buddhism, Studies in Ch'an and Hua-yen (1). Honolulu: Kuroda Institute, University of Hawaii Press: 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+Asian+Buddhism%2C+Studies+in+Ch%27an+and+Hua-yen&rft.atitle=The+Ox-Head+School+of+Chinese+Ch%27an+Buddhism%3A+From+Early+Ch%27an+to+the+Golden+Age&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Nan, Huai-Chin. Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 1997. p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986143_46-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae1986">McRae 1986</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014939,_951-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014939,_951_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>, p. 939, 951. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf2002" class="citation book cs1">Sharf, Robert (2002). Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism, A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coming+to+Terms+with+Chinese+Buddhism%2C+A+Reading+of+the+Treasure+Store+Treatise&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Records of the Transmission of the Lamp, Volume 8, Chan Poetry and Inscriptions, translated by Randolph S. Whitfield, p. 91, Books on Demand, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-Buswell_2017-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Buswell_2017_51-0">^</a> Robert E. Buswell Jr. (2017). The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea: The Vajrasamadhi-Sutra, a Buddhist Apocryphon. Princeton University Press, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014296-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014296_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez 2014</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200825-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200825_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2008">McRae 2008</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Sasaki, Ruth Fuller. The Record of Linji, p. 28. University of Hawaii Press, Oct 31, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Cleary, Thomas. Shōbōgenzo: Zen Essays by Dōgenp, p. 9. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell2016" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr. (2016). Buswell, Robert E. (ed.). Numinous Awareness is Never Dark. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824867423">10.1515/9780824867423</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6742-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-6742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numinous+Awareness+is+Never+Dark&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824867423&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6742-3&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApp" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">App, Urs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otani.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/8623">"TRANSLATION Treatise on No-Mind: A Chan Text from Dunhuang"</a>. The Eastern Buddhist. New Series (in Japanese). 28 (1): 70–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8708">0012-8708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=TRANSLATION+Treatise+on+No-Mind%3A+A+Chan+Text+from+Dunhuang&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.issn=0012-8708&rft.aulast=App&rft.aufirst=Urs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fotani.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecords%2F8623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014945-950_59-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>, p. 945-950. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_19862-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_19862_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBielefeldt1986" class="citation book cs1">Bielefeldt, Carl (1986). "Ch 'ang-lu Tsung-tse and Zen Meditation". Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, edited by Peter Gregory. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch+%27ang-lu+Tsung-tse+and+Zen+Meditation&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Meditation+in+Chinese+Buddhism%2C+edited+by+Peter+Gregory&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bielefeldt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Sasaki, Ruth Fuller. The Record of Linji, p. 11. University of Hawaii Press, Oct 31, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Sasaki, Ruth Fuller. The Record of Linji, p. 159. University of Hawaii Press, Oct 31, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986115-116-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1986115-116_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae1986">McRae 1986</a>, p. 115-116. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> John Alexander Jorgensen. The Earliest Text of Ch'an Buddhism: The Long Scroll, page 1, the Australian National University, October 1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, pp. 26 and 51. Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21972-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> McRae, John (2000), The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Translated from the Chinese of Zongbao, p. 79. Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2023" class="citation book cs1">McRae, John R. (2023). Robson, James; Sharf, Robert H.; de Vries, Fedde; Buswell, Robert E. (eds.). Zen Evangelist: Shenhui, Sudden Enlightenment, and the Southern School of Chan Buddhism. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780824896461">10.1515/9780824896461</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-9646-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-9646-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-9646-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Evangelist%3A+Shenhui%2C+Sudden+Enlightenment%2C+and+the+Southern+School+of+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780824896461&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-9646-1&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamek2011" class="citation book cs1">Adamek, Wendi L. (2011). The Teachings of Master Wuzhu: Zen and Religion of No-Religion. Columbia University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fadam15022">10.7312/adam15022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15023-1"><bdi>978-0-231-15023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Master+Wuzhu%3A+Zen+and+Religion+of+No-Religion&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fadam15022&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15023-1&rft.aulast=Adamek&rft.aufirst=Wendi+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Pine, Red. The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, pp. 39-41. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Nov 1, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Pine, Red. The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, p. 25. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Nov 1, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamek2011" class="citation book cs1">Adamek, Wendi L. (2011). The Teachings of Master Wuzhu: Zen and Religion of No-Religion. Columbia University Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fadam15022">10.7312/adam15022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15023-1"><bdi>978-0-231-15023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Master+Wuzhu%3A+Zen+and+Religion+of+No-Religion&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fadam15022&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15023-1&rft.aulast=Adamek&rft.aufirst=Wendi+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Watson, Burton. The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi: A Translation of the Lin-chi Lu, p. 52. Columbia University Press, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Katsuki Sekida, Zen Training: Methods and Philosophy, Shambhala Publications, 2005, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Omori Sogen, Introduction To Zen Training, Routledge, 2012, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-shengyen-76"><a href="#cite_ref-shengyen_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheng" class="citation web cs1">Sheng, Yen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chancenter.org/chanctr/ddp/talks/zuochan.html">"Fundamentals of Meditation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417125807/http://www.chancenter.org/chanctr/ddp/talks/zuochan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Meditation&rft.aulast=Sheng&rft.aufirst=Yen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chancenter.org%2Fchanctr%2Fddp%2Ftalks%2Fzuochan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Takuan Sōhō, The Unfettered Mind, Writings from a Zen Master to a Master Swordsman, translated by William Scott Wilson, page 18, Shambhala Publications, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Katsuki Sekida, Zen Training: Methods and Philosophy, Shambhala Publications, 2005, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Taizan Maezumi, Bernie Glassman (editors) On Zen Practice: Body, Breath, and Mind, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Katsuki Sekida, Zen Training: Methods and Philosophy, Shambhala Publications, 2005, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Kapleau, P. The Three Pillars of Zen, 2013, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Sōtō Zen: an Introduction to Zazen, pages 16-17, Sotoshu Shumucho, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The Awakening of Faith, attributed to Aśvaghoṣa, translated from the Chinese of Paramārtha by Yoshito Hakeda, page 74, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton200017-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton200017_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeighton2000">Leighton 2000</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Sheng Yen, John Hurrell Crook, Shengyan, Illuminating Silence: The Practice of Chinese Zen, Watkins Publishing, 2002, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton20001–2_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeighton2000">Leighton 2000</a>, p. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton20002–3-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton20002–3_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeighton2000">Leighton 2000</a>, p. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Sōtō Zen: an Introduction to Zazen, page 17, Sotoshu Shumucho, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSōtō_Zen_Text_Project" class="citation web cs1">Sōtō Zen Text Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022108/https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html">"Zazengi translation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/shobogenzo/translations/zazengi/zazengi.html">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zazengi+translation&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.au=S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D+Zen+Text+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fscbs%2Fsztp3%2Ftranslations%2Fshobogenzo%2Ftranslations%2Fzazengi%2Fzazengi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSōtō_Zen_Text_Project" class="citation web cs1">Sōtō Zen Text Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429201213/http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo_seiten/translations/part_3/fukan_zazengi.html">"Fukan Zazengi"</a>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/scbs/sztp3/translations/gongyo_seiten/translations/part_3/fukan_zazengi.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fukan+Zazengi&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.au=S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D+Zen+Text+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fscbs%2Fsztp3%2Ftranslations%2Fgongyo_seiten%2Ftranslations%2Fpart_3%2Ffukan_zazengi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Kasulis, Thomas P. Zen Action / Zen Person, pp. 70-71. University of Hawaii Press, May 25, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson2002152-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson2002152_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhangStevenson2002">Zhang & Stevenson 2002</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlyth1966_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlyth1966">Blyth 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008116-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008116_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008116_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlütter2008">Schlütter 2008</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003125-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003125_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Buswell, Robert E. (1991). <a href="//archive.org/details/tracingbackradia0000chin/page/68/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:tracingbackradia0000chin/page/68/mode/2up">Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen (Classics in East Asian Buddhism)</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 68–69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1427-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1427-4">0-8248-1427-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000297-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000297_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000297_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000297_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodiford200694-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodiford200694_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodiford2006">Bodiford 2006</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2006-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2006_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2006_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLachs2006">Lachs 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow200637-39-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow200637-39_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2006">Low 2006</a>, p. 37-39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoori2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoori2006[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoori2006">Loori 2006</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Leighton, Taigen Daniel; Okumura, Shohaku. Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community: A Translation of Eihei Shingi, p. 13-14. SUNY Press, January 1, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskel1984xxxv,_23-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaskel1984xxxv,_23_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaskel1984">Haskel 1984</a>, p. xxxv, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Cleary, Thomas. Instant Zen: Waking Up in the Present, pp. 13, 39. North Atlantic Books, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Cleary, Thomas. Instant Zen: Waking Up in the Present, pp. 6–7. North Atlantic Books, 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_108-4">e</a> Sharf, Robert H. On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch'an/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China. T'oung Pao Second Series, Vol. 88, Fasc. 4/5 (2002), pp. 282-331, Brill. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201735-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201735_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201735_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Baroni, Helen Josephine (2006). Iron Eyes: The Life and Teachings of the Ōbaku Zen master Tetsugen Dōko, pp 5-6. State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6891-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6891-7">0-7914-6891-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> LoBreglio, John S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/6c1a8a7f-3b05-3ebc-b196-541c97bdfad2/1/">Orthodox, Heterodox, Heretical: Defining Doctrinal Boundaries in Meiji-period Sōtō Zen</a>, BJOAF Bd. 33, 2009. Oxford Brookes University. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Aitken, Robert, The Practice of Perfection: The Paramitas from a Zen Buddhist Perspective, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura201215-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura201215_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShohaku_Okumura2012">Shohaku Okumura 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Sheng Yen, Shengyan, Dharma Drum: The Life and Heart of Chan Practice, Shambhala Publications, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200432-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200432_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2004">McRae 2004</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Jeffrey Lyle Broughton, Zongmi on Chan, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfzc.org/about-zen-center/principles-governance/ethics/ethical-principles/the-ten-essential-precepts">"The ten essential precepts"</a>. sfzc.org. San Francisco Zen Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214233435/http://sfzc.org/about-zen-center/principles-governance/ethics/ethical-principles/the-ten-essential-precepts">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfzc.org&rft.atitle=The+ten+essential+precepts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfzc.org%2Fabout-zen-center%2Fprinciples-governance%2Fethics%2Fethical-principles%2Fthe-ten-essential-precepts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Kenji Matsuo, A History of Japanese Buddhism, Global Oriental, 2007, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Baroni, Helen J. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup2008247-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup2008247_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorup2008">Borup 2008</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ling, Haicheng (2004). Buddhism in China. Chinese Intercontinental Press, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200256-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200256_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhangStevenson2002">Zhang & Stevenson 2002</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Asian American Religious Cultures [2 volumes], edited by Jonathan H. X. Lee, Fumitaka Matsuoka, Edmond Yee, Ronald Y. Nakasone, ABC-CLIO, 2015, p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_124-1">b</a> Buswell Jr., Robert E. The Zen Monastic Experience: Buddhist Practice in Contemporary Korea, pp. 1-9. Princeton University Press, Jul 21, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Leighton, Taigen Daniel; Okumura, Shohaku. Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community: A Translation of Eihei Shingi, p. 18. SUNY Press, Jan 1, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Heine, Steven; Wright, Dale (editors), Zen Masters, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 10-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Leighton, Taigen Daniel; Okumura, Shohaku. Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community: A Translation of Eihei Shingi, p. 7. SUNY Press, Jan 1, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffe1998" class="citation journal cs1">Jaffe, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119103916/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2645">"Meiji Religious Policy, Soto Zen and the Clerical Marriage Problem"</a>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 24 (1–2): 46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2645">the original</a> on 19 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Meiji+Religious+Policy%2C+Soto+Zen+and+the+Clerical+Marriage+Problem&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Leighton, Taigen Daniel; Okumura, Shohaku. Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community: A Translation of Eihei Shingi, pp. 20-21. SUNY Press, Jan 1, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura20121-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura20121_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShohaku_Okumura20121_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShohaku_Okumura2012">Shohaku Okumura 2012</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2008127-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2008127_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2008">Heine & Wright 2008</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Kapleau, Phillip</a> (1989a). The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice and Enlightenment. NY: Anchor Books, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Jiang Wu, Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China, Oxford University Press, USA, 2011, pp. 145–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrzech1989" class="citation journal cs1">Orzech, Charles D. (November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/463182">"Seeing Chen-Yen Buddhism: Traditional Scholarship and the Vajrayāna in China"</a>. History of Religions. 29 (2): 87–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463182">10.1086/463182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2710">0018-2710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162235701">162235701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103644/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/463182">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Seeing+Chen-Yen+Buddhism%3A+Traditional+Scholarship+and+the+Vajray%C4%81na+in+China&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.date=1989-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162235701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463182&rft.aulast=Orzech&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F463182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLye2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Lye, Hun Yeow (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.18130/v3s82z">Feeding Ghosts: A Study of the Yuqie Yankou Rite</a> (Thesis). University of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18130%2Fv3s82z">10.18130/v3s82z</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103646/https://libraetd.lib.virginia.edu/public_view/b8515n64w">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Feeding+Ghosts%3A+A+Study+of+the+Yuqie+Yankou+Rite&rft.inst=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18130%2Fv3s82z&rft.aulast=Lye&rft.aufirst=Hun+Yeow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.18130%2Fv3s82z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Sheng Yen, Shengyan, Orthodox Chinese Buddhism: A Contemporary Chan Master's Answers to Common Questions, North Atlantic Books, 2007, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodiford1992-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodiford1992_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodiford1992">Bodiford 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Repentance Ritual of the Emperor of Liang: A complete translation of Repentance Dharma of Kindness and Compassion in the Bodhimanda, Buddhist Text Translation Society, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Dumoulin, Heinrich, Zen Enlightenment: Origins and Meaning, Shambhala Publications, 2007, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2008124–125-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2008124–125_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2008">Heine & Wright 2008</a>, pp. 124–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Wilson, Jeff, Mourning the Unborn Dead: A Buddhist Ritual Comes to America </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Baroni, Helen J. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2002, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011926-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011926_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, p. 926. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kwanumzen.org/how-to-practice-sitting-meditation">"How to Practice Sitting Meditation"</a>. Kwan Um School of Zen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218201940/https://kwanumzen.org/how-to-practice-sitting-meditation">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kwan+Um+School+of+Zen&rft.atitle=How+to+Practice+Sitting+Meditation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkwanumzen.org%2Fhow-to-practice-sitting-meditation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup2008218,_241-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup2008218,_241_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorup2008">Borup 2008</a>, pp. 218, 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Unno, Mark, Shingon Refractions: Myoe and the Mantra of Light, Ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinert2015277–278-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeinert2015277–278_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeinert2015">Meinert 2015</a>, pp. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011298–299-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011298–299_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinert2015300-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeinert2015300_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeinert2015">Meinert 2015</a>, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011589-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011589_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, p. 589. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyworth2016" class="citation journal cs1">Keyworth, George A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799795">"Zen and the "Hero's March Spell" of the Shoulengyan jing"</a>. The Eastern Buddhist. 47 (1): 81–120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8708">0012-8708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799795">26799795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911013724/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799795">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=Zen+and+the+%22Hero%27s+March+Spell%22+of+the+Shoulengyan+jing&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26799795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8708&rft.aulast=Keyworth&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26799795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011927-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011927_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, p. 927. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Bloom, Phillip Emmanual (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/fff3c1b24e162f7d120b6b56c045fc8b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750">Descent of the Deities: The Water-Land Retreat and the Transformation of the Visual Culture of Song-Dynasty (960–1279) Buddhism</a> (Thesis). Harvard University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829060338/https://www.proquest.com/openview/fff3c1b24e162f7d120b6b56c045fc8b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Descent+of+the+Deities%3A+The+Water-Land+Retreat+and+the+Transformation+of+the+Visual+Culture+of+Song-Dynasty+%28960%E2%80%931279%29+Buddhism&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Emmanual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2Ffff3c1b24e162f7d120b6b56c045fc8b%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Hong, Tsai-Hsia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/1e7f2eadff4d9baec078f55f48fd3dc7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750">The Water-Land Dharma Function Platform ritual and the Great Compassion Repentance ritual</a> (Thesis). University of the West. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829060338/https://www.proquest.com/openview/1e7f2eadff4d9baec078f55f48fd3dc7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Water-Land+Dharma+Function+Platform+ritual+and+the+Great+Compassion+Repentance+ritual&rft.inst=University+of+the+West&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Tsai-Hsia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F1e7f2eadff4d9baec078f55f48fd3dc7%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D18750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011931-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011931_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, p. 931. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011617,_635–639-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011617,_635–639_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 617, 635–639. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011924–925-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011924–925_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 924–925. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a> discusses what he calls "the Shingon elements of Chinese Zen" in his Manual of Zen Buddhism (1960, 21) and "the Chinese Shingon element" in The Training of the Zen Buddhist Monk (1965, 80). </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Leighton, Taigen Dan; Okumura, Shohaku (1996). Dogen's Pure Standards for the Zen Community, p. 23. SUNY Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Rigg, David E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822115545/http://shikon.nichibun.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/123456789/925/1/IJ1602.pdf">"The Life of Menzan Zuiho, Founder of Dogen Zen"</a>, Japan Review, 2004, 16:67-100 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011827–829-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrzechSørensenPayne2011827–829_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011">Orzech, Sørensen & Payne 2011</a>, pp. 827–829. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Heinrich Dumoulin (2005). Zen Buddhism: Japan, p. 26. World Wisdom, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori1-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori1_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddissLoori">Addiss & Loori</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2020" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Rajyashree (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353/book.77661">Writing and Renunciation in Medieval Japan</a>. Michigan Monograph Series in Japanese Studies. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.77661">10.1353/book.77661</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F41568">20.500.12657/41568</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90189-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90189-0"><bdi>978-0-472-90189-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Renunciation+in+Medieval+Japan&rft.series=Michigan+Monograph+Series+in+Japanese+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F41568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook.77661&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90189-0&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Rajyashree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%2Fbook.77661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori4-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori4_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddissLoori">Addiss & Loori</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori15-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddissLoori15_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddissLoori">Addiss & Loori</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Christensen, Matthew B. A Geek in China: Discovering the Land of Alibaba, Bullet Trains and Dim Sum. Tuttle Publishing. p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4629-1836-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4629-1836-0">1-4629-1836-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar200855,_80-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar200855,_80_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 55, 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar20082,_80,_144-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar20082,_80,_144_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 2, 80, 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008147-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008147_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahar2008138,_173-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahar2008138,_173_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahar2008">Shahar 2008</a>, pp. 138, 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200234–35-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangStevenson200234–35_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhangStevenson2002">Zhang & Stevenson 2002</a>, p. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Hideharu Onuma, Dan DeProspero, Jackie DeProspero (1993) "Kyudo: The Essence and Practice of Japanese Archery," p. ix, Kodansha International. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Mann, Jeffrey, When Buddhists Attack: The Curious Relationship Between Zen and the Martial Arts, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Takuan Soho, The Unfettered Mind: Writings from a Zen Master to a Master Swordsman, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Waddell, Norman (ed. & trans.), Hakuin's Precious Mirror Cave: A Zen Miscellany, 2009, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Julian Daizan Skinner (2017), "Practical Zen: Meditation and Beyond," pp. 203–204. Singing Dragon </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Hakuin Ekaku (2010), "Wild Ivy: The Spiritual Autobiography of Zen Master Hakuin", p. 150. Shambhala Publications </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a85–94_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 85–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai198517-18-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai198517-18_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLai1985">Lai 1985</a>, p. 17-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1981-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1981_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1981_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1981_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1981_182-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng1981">Cheng 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai1985-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai1985_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLai1985">Lai 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewland2001137-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewland2001137_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewland2001">Newland 2001</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200960-61-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton200960-61_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton200960-61_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroughton2009">Broughton 2009</a>, p. 60-61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002227-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002227_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002227_186-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2002">Gregory 2002</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200951-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton200951_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroughton2009">Broughton 2009</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki1997154-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki1997154_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1997">Suzuki 1997</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1993245-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell1993245_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswell1993">Buswell 1993</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbeHeine199619-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbeHeine199619_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbeHeine1996">Abe & Heine 1996</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khandro.net/Bud_paths_Zen_2.htm">"Pointing at the moon"</a>. Khandro.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203200612/http://www.khandro.net/Bud_paths_Zen_2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pointing+at+the+moon&rft.pub=Khandro.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khandro.net%2FBud_paths_Zen_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanka-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Lanka_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-nondiacritical.htm">"Lankavatara Sutra"</a>. Translated by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki. Lirs.ru. 16 June 2008. chapter LXXXII, p.192, p.223 (224). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204045533/http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-nondiacritical.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lankavatara+Sutra&rft.pages=chapter+LXXXII%2C+p.192%2C+p.223+%28224%29&rft.pub=Lirs.ru&rft.date=2008-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flirs.ru%2Fdo%2Flanka_eng%2Flanka-nondiacritical.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023093949/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/surangama.pdf">The Surangama Sutra</a> (PDF), translated by Luk, Charles, Buddha Dharma Education Association, pp. 59–60, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/surangama.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 October 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Surangama+Sutra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Buddha+Dharma+Education+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fpdf_file%2Fsurangama.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-194"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_194-0">^</a> Kasulis, Thomas P. "Ch'an Spirituality." In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn790005.ca.archive.org/0/items/buddhist-spirituality-later-china-korea-japan-and-the-modern-world-takeuchi-yoshinori/Buddhist%20Spirituality%20Later%20China%20Korea%20Japan%20and%20the%20Modern%20World%20-%20Takeuchi%20Yoshinori.pdf">Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World.</a> pp. 24-33. Edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007164-165-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007164-165_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceski2007">Poceski 2007</a>, p. 164-165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991324-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991324_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswell1991">Buswell 1991</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter20083-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlütter20083_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlütter2008">Schlütter 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1995" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Jacqueline (1 May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/2559">"Medieval Tendai hongaku thought and the new Kamakura Buddhism: A reconsideration"</a>. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 22 (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48">10.18874/jjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Medieval+Tendai+hongaku+thought+and+the+new+Kamakura+Buddhism%3A+A+reconsideration&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.1-2.1995.17-48&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fnfile%2F2559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200939-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton200939_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroughton2009">Broughton 2009</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuzuki193260-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki193260_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuzuki193260_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuzuki1932">Suzuki 1932</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsing1999152–153-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsing1999152–153_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsing1999">Hsing 1999</a>, p. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002242-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002242_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2002">Gregory 2002</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis202112-17,_26-27_203-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFKasulis2021">Kasulis 2021</a>, p. 12-17, 26-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-204"><a href="#cite_ref-:43_204-0">^</a> Muller, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/articles/criticalbuddhism.html">"Innate Enlightenment and No-thought: A Response to the Critical Buddhist Position on Zen".</a> Toyo Gakuen University, A paper delivered to the International Conference on Sôn at Paekyang-sa, Kwangju, Korea, August 22, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory199158-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory199158_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory 1991</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967143-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967143_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYampolski1967">Yampolski 1967</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski200770-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceski200770_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceski2007">Poceski 2007</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Zeuschner, Robert B. (1978). "The Understanding of Mind in the Northern Line of Ch'an (Zen)." Philosophy East and West, Volume 28, Number 1 (January 1978). Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 69-79 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002165-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002165_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2002">Gregory 2002</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/b-madhya/">"Madhyamaka Buddhist Philosophy | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170719092816/http://www.iep.utm.edu/b-madhya/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madhyamaka+Buddhist+Philosophy+%26%23124%3B+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fb-madhya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994228-236-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994228-236_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994228-236_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1994">Kalupahana 1994</a>, p. 228-236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007128-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007128_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceski2007">Poceski 2007</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2014-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2014_214-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf2014">Sharf 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992">Cheng Chien Bhikshu 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007177-180-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceski2007177-180_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceski2007">Poceski 2007</a>, p. 177-180. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Muller, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/articles/criticalbuddhism.html">"Innate Enlightenment and No-thought: A Response to the Critical Buddhist Position on Zen".</a> Toyo Gakuen University, A paper delivered to the International Conference on Sôn at Paekyang-sa, Kwangju, Korea, August 22, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Nishihira Tadashi. The Philosophy of No-Mind - Experience without Self (Bloomsbury Introductions to World Philosophies), pp. 44-45, 61. Bloomsbury Academic (2022). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000289–290,_310,_note_14-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000289–290,_310,_note_14_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, pp. 289–290, 310, note 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> McCagney, Nancy, Nāgārjuna and the Philosophy of Openness, Rowman & Littlefield, 1 January 1997, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Watson, Burton, The Vimalakirti Sutra, Columbia University Press, 1997, pp. 104–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-223"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_223-0">^</a> Muller, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/articles/criticalbuddhism.html">"Innate Enlightenment and No-thought: A Response to the Critical Buddhist Position on Zen".</a> Toyo Gakuen University, A paper delivered to the International Conference on Sôn at Paekyang-sa, Kwangju, Korea, August 22, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Park, Sung-bae (2009). One Korean's approach to Buddhism: the mom/momjit paradigm. SUNY series in Korean studies: SUNY Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-7697-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-7697-9">0-7914-7697-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7697-0">978-0-7914-7697-0</a>. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEAq0ldHjVYC&dq=essence-function+nondual&pg=PA11">[1]</a> (accessed: Saturday 8 May 2010), p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Lai, Whalen (1979). "Ch'an Metaphors: waves, water, mirror, lamp". Philosophy East & West; Vol. 29, no.3, July, 1979, pp. 245–253. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/ChanMetaphors.htm">[2]</a> (accessed: Saturday 8 May 2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy1988184-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy1988184_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoy1988">Loy 1988</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasulis2003-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis2003_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKasulis2003_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKasulis2003">Kasulis 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199430–31-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199430–31_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori1994">Hori 1994</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000289–290-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000289–290_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, pp. 289–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000310,_note_14-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000310,_note_14_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, p. 310, note 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-231"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gold, Jonathan C. (27 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/vasubandhu/">"Vasubandhu"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2018 ed.). Retrieved 5 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vasubandhu&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2018&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2018%2Fentries%2Fvasubandhu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory20027-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory20027_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2002">Gregory 2002</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taigen_Dan_Leighton_2006-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Taigen_Dan_Leighton_2006_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneLeighton2006" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Richard Karl; <a href="/wiki/Taigen_Dan_Leighton" title="Taigen Dan Leighton">Leighton, Taigen Dan</a>, eds. (2006). Discourse and Ideology in Medieval Japanese Buddhism. Critical Studies in Buddhism. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35917-7"><bdi>978-0-415-35917-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse+and+Ideology+in+Medieval+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.series=Critical+Studies+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35917-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_234-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswell1991">Buswell 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000287-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000287_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000287_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener1991115-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener1991115_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener1991">Fischer-Schreiber, Ehrhard & Diener 1991</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullern.d.-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullern.d._238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMullern.d.">Muller n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae1991-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae1991_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae1991">McRae 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199143-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199143_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein1991">Stein 1991</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200457,_63-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200457,_63_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2004">McRae 2004</a>, pp. 57, 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs20124-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs20124_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLachs2012">Lachs 2012</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-McRae143-243"><a href="#cite_ref-McRae143_243-0">^</a> McRae, John R. (1986). The Northern School and the Formation of Early Chʻan Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Faure, Bernard (1986), "The Concept of One-Practice Samadhi in Early Ch'an in Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism", in Gregory, Peter (ed.), Studies in East Asian Buddhism, vol. 4, Honolulu: The Kuroda Institute, University of Hawaii Press </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991328-330_335-336-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswell1991328-330_335-336_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswell1991">Buswell 1991</a>, p. 328-330 335-336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu199224-25-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu199224-25_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu199224-25_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992">Cheng Chien Bhikshu 1992</a>, p. 24-25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200460-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200460_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2004">McRae 2004</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESekida1996-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESekida1996_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSekida1996">Sekida 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapleau1989_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapleau1989">Kapleau 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaezumiGlassman200754,_140-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaezumiGlassman200754,_140_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaezumiGlassman2007">Maezumi & Glassman 2007</a>, pp. 54, 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory2002149-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory2002149_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory2002">Gregory 2002</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregory1995150-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregory1995150_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregory1995">Gregory 1995</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2006-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2006_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2006">Low 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMumon2004-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMumon2004_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMumon2004">Mumon 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Torei Enji; Cleary, Thomas (trans.). The Undying Lamp of Zen: The Testament of Zen Master Torei, ch. 6 "progressive transcendence". Shambhala Publications, Oct 26, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (2014), The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism, p. 166. Honolulu: Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-299-95108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-299-95108-2">978-1-299-95108-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://szba.org/soto-zen/">"Soto Zen"</a>. The Soto Zen Buddhist Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701024944/http://szba.org/soto-zen/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Soto+Zen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fszba.org%2Fsoto-zen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighton2000xii-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighton2000xii_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeighton2000">Leighton (2000)</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Schlütter, Morten (2008), How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3508-8">978-0-8248-3508-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2000245-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineWright2000245_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2000">Heine & Wright 2000</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thuongchieu.net/index.php/chuyende/thiensuvn/863-thin-s-thy-nguyt-hiu-thong-giac">"Thiền Sư THỦY NGUYỆT hiệu THÔNG GIÁC"</a>. Thiền Viện Thường Chiếu (in Vietnamese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818053818/http://thuongchieu.net/index.php/chuyende/thiensuvn/863-thin-s-thy-nguyt-hiu-thong-giac">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thi%E1%BB%81n+Vi%E1%BB%87n+Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+Chi%E1%BA%BFu&rft.atitle=Thi%E1%BB%81n+S%C6%B0+TH%E1%BB%A6Y+NGUY%E1%BB%86T+hi%E1%BB%87u+TH%C3%94NG+GI%C3%81C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthuongchieu.net%2Findex.php%2Fchuyende%2Fthiensuvn%2F863-thin-s-thy-nguyt-hiu-thong-giac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005b380-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005b380_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005b">Dumoulin 2005b</a>, p. 380. </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-264"><a href="#cite_ref-:022_264-0">^</a> Johnston, William M. (editor), Encyclopedia of Monasticism, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Powers, John, A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Oneworld Publications, 2013, p.238 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoné2000-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoné2000_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoné2000_266-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoné2000">Koné 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorup2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorup2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorup2008">Borup 2008</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori1994-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori1994_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori1994">Hori 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995c-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995c_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf1995c">Sharf 1995c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316112314/http://www.ningen-zen.com/ningen-zen/home.shtml">"Start your Zen meditation practice with an authentic Zen Master of Ningen Zen Kyodan"</a>. Ningen Zen Meditation Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ningen-zen.com/ningen-zen/home.shtml">the original</a> on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Start+your+Zen+meditation+practice+with+an+authentic+Zen+Master+of+Ningen+Zen+Kyodan&rft.pub=Ningen+Zen+Meditation+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ningen-zen.com%2Fningen-zen%2Fhome.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2002-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2002_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2002">Bell 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs1999-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs1999_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLachs1999">Lachs 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Haskel, Peter (2001). Letting Go: The Story of Zen Master Tōsui, p. 2. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2440-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Bodiford, William M. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Bodiford-transmission-ZenRitual.pdf">Dharma Transmission in Theory and Practice. In: Zen Ritual: Studies of Zen Buddhist Theory in Practice</a> (PDF), Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Nguyen, T.T.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/3/352">(Re-)invented Chan Lineage, Unique Vietnamese Meditation School, or Both? Thích Thanh Từ’s “Revived” Trúc Lâm Tradition of Thiền Tông.</a> Religions 2024, 15, 352. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15030352 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Borup, Jørn. Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, p. 9. Brill, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Bodiford, William M., ' Dharma Transmission in Theory and Practice', in Steven Heine, and Dale S. Wright (eds), Zen Ritual: Studies of Zen Theory in Practice (New York, 2007; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Jan. 2008), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304671.003.0010, accessed 20 May 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_278-1">b</a> Borup, Jørn. Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, p. 10. Brill, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_279-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_279-2">c</a> Mohr, Michel. “Zen Buddhism during the Tokugawa Period: The Challenge to Go beyond Sectarian Consciousness.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, vol. 21, no. 4, 1994, pp. 341–72. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30234140. Accessed 17 May 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Yampolski, Philip (2003), Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World, pp. 5-6; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae20034-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae20034_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae20034_281-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_282-1">b</a> Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen, pp. 53-56. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-509-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-283"><a href="#cite_ref-:52_283-0">^</a> Borup, Jørn. Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, p. 12-13. Brill, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2017" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Pori (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14639947.2017.1377336">"Uplifting Spiritual Cultivation for Lay People: Bhikṣuṇī Master Daehaeng (1927–2012) of the Hanmaum Seonwon (One Mind Sŏn Center) in South Korea"</a>. Contemporary Buddhism. 18 (2): 419–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14639947.2017.1377336">10.1080/14639947.2017.1377336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Buddhism&rft.atitle=Uplifting+Spiritual+Cultivation+for+Lay+People%3A+Bhik%E1%B9%A3u%E1%B9%87%C4%AB+Master+Daehaeng+%281927%E2%80%932012%29+of+the+Hanmaum+Seonwon+%28One+Mind+S%C5%8Fn+Center%29+in+South+Korea&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14639947.2017.1377336&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Pori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14639947.2017.1377336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Borup, Jørn. Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, p. 10. Brill, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Cleary, J.C. Zibo, The Last Great Zen Master of China, p. 59. Asian Humanities Press, Berkeley, California, 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_287-2">c</a> Wu, Jiang. Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China, p, 41. Oxford University Press, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_288-1">b</a> Haskel, Peter. Letting Go: The Story of Zen Master Tosui, pp. 20-26. University of Hawaii Press, May 1, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-289">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_289-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_289-1">b</a> Travagnin, Stefania. “The Madhyamika dimension of Yinshun : A restatement of the School of Nagarjuna in 20th century Chinese Buddhism,” pp. 220-223. (2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2000-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2000_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2000_290-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2000">Low 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967112–114-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski1967112–114_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYampolski1967">Yampolski 1967</a>, p. 112–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995c427-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995c427_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf1995c">Sharf 1995c</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999). The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, pp. 9, 40-41. Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21972-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Pine, Red. The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma, p. 29. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Nov 1, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200318-21-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200318-21_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 18-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski200710-11-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceski200710-11_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceski2007">Poceski 2007</a>, p. 10-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Schlutter, Morten. How Zen became Zen: The dispute over enlightenment and the formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China. University of Hawaii Press, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Cole, Alan. Fathering Your Father: The Zen of Fabrication in Tang Buddhism. Univ of California Press, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2000-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2000_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2000_299-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2000_299-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelter2000">Welter 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200943-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton200943_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroughton2009">Broughton 2009</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Watson, Burton. The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi: A Translation of the Lin-chi Lu, p. 47. Columbia University Press, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> Sasaki, Ruth Fuller. The Record of Linji, p. 92, note 10. University of Hawaii Press, Oct 31, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200094-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter200094_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelter2000">Welter 2000</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESasaki2009-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESasaki2009_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSasaki2009">Sasaki 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow20004-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow20004_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2000">Low 2000</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_309-1">b</a> Yi-hsun Huang. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/185">Chan Master Hanyue's Attitude toward Sutra Teachings in the Ming Yi-hsun Huang</a>." Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 2018 (15): 28-54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton200942-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton200942_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroughton2009">Broughton 2009</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wel-311"><a href="#cite_ref-Wel_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelter2011" class="citation cs2">Welter, Albert (2011), Yongming Yanshou's Conception of Chan in the Zongjing Lu: A Special Transmission Within the Scriptures, Oxford University Press, pp. 77–79, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976031-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976031-2"><bdi>978-0-19-976031-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yongming+Yanshou%27s+Conception+of+Chan+in+the+Zongjing+Lu%3A+A+Special+Transmission+Within+the+Scriptures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976031-2&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoceski" class="citation web cs1">Poceski, Mario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Attitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm">"Attitudes Towards Canonicity and Religious Authority in Tang Chan"</a>. www.thezensite.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203321/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Attitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thezensite.com&rft.atitle=Attitudes+Towards+Canonicity+and+Religious+Authority+in+Tang+Chan&rft.aulast=Poceski&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FAttitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200942-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200942_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoshizawa200942_313-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoshizawa2009">Yoshizawa 2009</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanagida200962-315"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanagida200962_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanagida2009">Yanagida 2009</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000295-297-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000295-297_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, p. 295-297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori2000296-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori2000296_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHori2000">Hori 2000</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson200017-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson200017_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2000">Ferguson 2000</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200317-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200317_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200317_320-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200317_320-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200317_320-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200362_321-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai200318-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai200318_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a49–51-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a49–51_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 49–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987157-158-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1987157-158_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling 1987</a>, p. 157-158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow200083-112-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow200083-112_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2000">Low 2000</a>, p. 83-112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a45–49_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 45–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELow2000135-154-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELow2000135-154_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2000">Low 2000</a>, p. 135-154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-328">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_328-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_328-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_329-13">n</a> Yampolski, Philip. "Chan. A Historical Sketch." In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200082-86-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter200082-86_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelter2000">Welter 2000</a>, p. 82-86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter200083-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter200083_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelter2000">Welter 2000</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell1993192-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChappell1993192_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChappell1993">Chappell 1993</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson20003_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson2000">Ferguson 2000</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200311-21_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 11-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_15–17_335-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_17–18_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadeau201289-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadeau201289_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNadeau2012">Nadeau 2012</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYanagida200963_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYanagida2009">Yanagida 2009</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_18–19_340-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313,_19–21_341-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13, 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200313_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008-343">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_343-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_343-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMahan2008_343-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcMahan2008">McMahan 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> Phra Kiattisak Ponampon Kittipanyo (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601153720/https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/5456/PonamponPhraK2015MA.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y">Mission, Meditation and Miracles: An Shigao in Chinese Tradition</a>, MA thesis, Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuanci2-345"><a href="#cite_ref-Yuanci2_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuanci" class="citation web cs1">Yuanci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf">"A Study of the Meditation Methods in the DESM and Other Early Chinese Texts"</a> (PDF). The Buddhist Academy of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508164744/http://www.undv.org/vesak2012/iabudoc/31YuanciFINAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Meditation+Methods+in+the+DESM+and+Other+Early+Chinese+Texts&rft.pub=The+Buddhist+Academy+of+China&rft.au=Yuanci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undv.org%2Fvesak2012%2Fiabudoc%2F31YuanciFINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibc.ac.th-346"><a href="#cite_ref-ibc.ac.th_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Chan, Yiu-wing (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150522111224/http://ibc.ac.th/faqing/files/English_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf">An English translation of the Dharmatrta-Dhyna Sutra</a> (PDF) (PhD). University of Hongkong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.ac.th/faqing/files/English_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+English+translation+of+the+Dharmatrta-Dhyna+Sutra&rft.inst=University+of+Hongkong&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Yiu-wing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibc.ac.th%2Ffaqing%2Ffiles%2FEnglish_Translation_ofBuddhabhadra_Meditation_Sutra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HangDat-347"><a href="#cite_ref-HangDat_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThich_Hang_Dat" class="citation thesis cs1">Thich Hang Dat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100726/http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf">A REAPPRAISAL OF KUMĀRAJĪVA'S ROLE IN MEDIEVAL CHINESE BUDDHISM: AN EXAMINATION OF KUMĀRAJĪVA'S TRANSLATION TEXT ON "THE ESSENTIAL EXPLANATION OF THE METHOD OF DHYANA"</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thichhangdat.com/files/Master_Thesis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+REAPPRAISAL+OF+KUM%C4%80RAJ%C4%AAVA%27S+ROLE+IN+MEDIEVAL+CHINESE+BUDDHISM%3A+AN+EXAMINATION+OF+KUM%C4%80RAJ%C4%AAVA%27S+TRANSLATION+TEXT+ON+%22THE+ESSENTIAL+EXPLANATION+OF+THE+METHOD+OF+DHYANA%22&rft.au=Thich+Hang+Dat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thichhangdat.com%2Ffiles%2FMaster_Thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a50–55,_66,_68–69-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a50–55,_66,_68–69_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 50–55, 66, 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> van Schaik, Sam (2019). The Spirit of Zen, p. 55. Yale University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_1986-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_1986_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1986" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Peter N. (1986). "Ch 'ang-lu Tsung-tse and Zen Meditation". Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch+%27ang-lu+Tsung-tse+and+Zen+Meditation&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+Meditation+in+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerstappen20045_351-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVerstappen2004">Verstappen 2004</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200579-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_352-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_352-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200579_352-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFowler2005">Fowler 2005</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrigg1994-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg1994_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrigg1994_353-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrigg1994">Grigg 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70_&_74-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70_&_74_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a70_&_74_354-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 70 & 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axx,_65,_68,_148,_167–168,_190-355"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005axx,_65,_68,_148,_167–168,_190_355-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. xx, 65, 68, 148, 167–168, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a71–77-356"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a71–77_356-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, pp. 71–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995-357"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown_Holt1995_357-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown_Holt1995">Brown Holt 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200710_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoddard2007">Goddard 2007</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711-360"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoddard200711_360-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoddard2007">Goddard 2007</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2000-361"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2000_361-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOh2000">Oh 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a65_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a64_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a167_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168_365-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a168_365-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae198619–29-366">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae198619–29_366-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae198619–29_366-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae1986">McRae 1986</a>, pp. 19–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski196729,_note_87_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYampolski1967">Yampolski 1967</a>, p. 29, note 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20174-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang20174_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20175-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang20175_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu19929-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng_Chien_Bhikshu19929_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992">Cheng Chien Bhikshu 1992</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20176-7-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang20176-7_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 6-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20177-9-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang20177-9_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 7-9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumoulin2005a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2020)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumoulin2005a">Dumoulin 2005a</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> Ray, Gary L. The Northern Ch'an School And Sudden Versus Gradual Enlightenment Debates In China And Tibet, Institute Of Buddhist Studies Berkeley. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-69-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae200360-69_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2003">McRae 2003</a>, p. 60-69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201713-376">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201713_376-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201713_376-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201720-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201720_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201720_377-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201720_377-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201714-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201714_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a15-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003a15_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003a">Yampolski 2003a</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Yu, Chun-Fang, 1979, Ta-hui Tsung-kao and Kung-an Ch'an, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, v. 6, p. 211-235 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003b266-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYampolski2003b266_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYampolski2003b">Yampolski 2003b</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelter2006-382"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelter2006_382-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelter2006">Welter 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201723,_27-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201723,_27_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 23, 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlutter2008" class="citation book cs1">Schlutter, Morten (2008). How Zen became Zen: the dispute over enlightenment and the formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-dynasty China. Kuroda Institute. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3255-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3255-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3255-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Zen+became+Zen%3A+the+dispute+over+enlightenment+and+the+formation+of+Chan+Buddhism+in+Song-dynasty+China&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Kuroda+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3255-1&rft.aulast=Schlutter&rft.aufirst=Morten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlütter2008_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlütter2008">Schlütter 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201729-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201729_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201731-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201731_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlejohn" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Littlejohn, Ronnie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/daoism/">"Daoist Philosophy"</a>. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531010524/https://www.iep.utm.edu/daoism/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daoist+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=Littlejohn&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fdaoism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201734-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201734_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201734_390-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-391"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_391-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire" class="citation cs2">McGuire, Beverley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-buddhism/ouyi-zhixu-COM_2106?lang=en">"Ouyi Zhixu"</a>, Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online, Brill, retrieved 6 January 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ouyi+Zhixu&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-buddhism%2Fouyi-zhixu-COM_2106%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2002-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2002_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf2002">Sharf 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> Keown, Damien. A Dictionary of Buddhism. 2003. p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> Stanley Weinstein, "The Schools of Chinese Buddhism," in Kitagawa & Cummings (eds.), Buddhism and Asian History (New York: Macmillan 1987) pp. 257–265, 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeng-Tat_Chia2011-395"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeng-Tat_Chia2011_395-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeng-Tat_Chia2011">Meng-Tat Chia 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Jiang (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/Jiang.pdf">"Building a Dharma Transmission Monastery"</a> (PDF). East Asian History. 31: 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Building+a+Dharma+Transmission+Monastery&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterebess.hu%2Fzen%2Fmesterek%2FJiang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Buswell_Jr." title="Robert Buswell Jr.">Buswell, Robert Jr</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr." title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S. Jr.</a>, eds. (2013). "Xuyun", in Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 1017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15786-3">978-0-691-15786-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201738-39-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang201738-39_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2017">Wang 2017</a>, p. 38-39. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> Powers, John, A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism, Oneworld Publications, 2013, p.238 </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> Borup, Jørn; Qvortrup Fibiger, Marianne; Eastspirit: Transnational Spirituality and Religious Circulation in East and West, BRILL, 2017, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-ROZ-401">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ROZ_401-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ROZ_401-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zen.rinnou.net/whats_zen/history.html#The%20Transmission%20of%20Zen%20to%20Japan">"Rinzai-Obaku Zen – What is Zen? – History"</a>. Zen.rinnou.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171008173253/http://zen.rinnou.net/whats_zen/history.html#The%20Transmission%20of%20Zen%20to%20Japan">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zen.rinnou.net&rft.atitle=Rinzai-Obaku+Zen+%E2%80%93+What+is+Zen%3F+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzen.rinnou.net%2Fwhats_zen%2Fhistory.html%23The%2520Transmission%2520of%2520Zen%2520to%2520Japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAitken1994-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAitken1994_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAitken1994">Aitken 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2015" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, Richard Bryan (2015). The Third Step East: Zen Masters of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1896559223" title="Special:BookSources/978-1896559223"><bdi>978-1896559223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Step+East%3A+Zen+Masters+of+America&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1896559223&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=Richard+Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> Koné, Alioune. 2015. “Zen in Europe: A Survey of the Territory”. Journal of Global Buddhism 2 (February):139-61. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1310681. </li> <li id="cite_note-405"><a href="#cite_ref-405">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromm1960" class="citation book cs1">Fromm, Erich (1960). Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism. George Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-616029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-616029-9"><bdi>0-04-616029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychoanalysis+and+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-04-616029-9&rft.aulast=Fromm&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts1958" class="citation magazine cs1">Watts, Alan W. (1958). "Beat Zen, Square Zen, and Zen". Chicago Review. Vol. 12, no. 2. pp. 3–11. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25293448">25293448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Review&rft.atitle=Beat+Zen%2C+Square+Zen%2C+and+Zen&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25293448%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Alan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> Josephine Nock-Hee Park, Apparitions of Asia: modernist form and Asian American poetics, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoceski20079-11-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoceski20079-11_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoceski2007">Poceski 2007</a>, p. 9-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995b-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995b_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf1995b">Sharf 1995b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1993-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1993_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf1993">Sharf 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf1995a-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf1995a_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharf1995a">Sharf 1995a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcRae2005-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcRae2005_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcRae2005">McRae 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2007-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeine2007_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeine2007">Heine 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorgensen1991-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorgensen1991_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJorgensen1991">Jorgensen 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine20086-415">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeine20086_415-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeine20086_415-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeine2008">Heine 2008</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-416"><a href="#cite_ref-416">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avdbraak.nl/Taylor_and_Zen_I.doc">"Andre van de Braak, ZEN SPIRITUALITY IN A SECULAR AGE. Charles Taylor and Zen Buddhism in the West"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524215203/http://www.avdbraak.nl/Taylor_and_Zen_I.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andre+van+de+Braak%2C+ZEN+SPIRITUALITY+IN+A+SECULAR+AGE.+Charles+Taylor+and+Zen+Buddhism+in+the+West&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avdbraak.nl%2FTaylor_and_Zen_I.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2009iii-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2009iii_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolfe2009">Wolfe 2009</a>, p. iii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2007-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2007_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz2007">Katz 2007</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Printed sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe1989" class="citation cs2">Abe, Masao (1989), Zen and Western Thought, translated by William R. LeFleur, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+Western+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Masao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeHeine1996" class="citation cs2">Abe, Masao; Heine, Steven (1996), Zen and Comparative Studies, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+Comparative+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Masao&rft.au=Heine%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddissLoori" class="citation cs2">Addiss, Stephen; Loori, John Daido, The Zen Art Book: The Art of Enlightenment</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Art+Book%3A+The+Art+of+Enlightenment&rft.aulast=Addiss&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Loori%2C+John+Daido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken1994" class="citation cs2">Aitken, Robert (1994), Foreword to "A Buddhist Bible", Boston, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+%22A+Buddhist+Bible%22&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Reb (2000), Being Upright: Zen Meditation and the Bodhisattva Precepts, Rodmell Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Upright%3A+Zen+Meditation+and+the+Bodhisattva+Precepts&rft.pub=Rodmell+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Reb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArokiasamy2005" class="citation cs2">Arokiasamy, Arul M. (2005), Zen: Awakening to Your Original Face, Chennai, India: Thiruvanmiyur</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen%3A+Awakening+to+Your+Original+Face&rft.place=Chennai%2C+India&rft.pub=Thiruvanmiyur&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Arokiasamy&rft.aufirst=Arul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatchelor2004" class="citation cs2">Batchelor, Martine (2004), The Path Of Compassion: The Bodhisattva Precepts, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_Altamira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowman Altamira">Rowman Altamira</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+Of+Compassion%3A+The+Bodhisattva+Precepts&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Batchelor&rft.aufirst=Martine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2002" class="citation cs2">Bell, Sandra (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3932/1/3932.pdf">"Scandals in emerging Western Buddhism"</a> (PDF), Westward Dharma: Buddhism beyond Asia, Berkeley, CA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, pp. 230–242, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227112111/https://dro.dur.ac.uk/3932/1/3932.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2021, retrieved 26 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scandals+in+emerging+Western+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Westward+Dharma%3A+Buddhism+beyond+Asia&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E242&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F3932%2F1%2F3932.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenesch2016" class="citation cs2">Benesch, Oleg (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2016/17/Benesch.html">Reconsidering Zen, Samurai, and the Martial Arts</a>, The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916144448/http://apjjf.org/2016/17/Benesch.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2016, retrieved 4 September 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconsidering+Zen%2C+Samurai%2C+and+the+Martial+Arts&rft.pub=The+Asia+Pacific+Journal%3A+Japan+Focus&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Benesch&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2016%2F17%2FBenesch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodiford1992" class="citation cs2">Bodiford, William M. (1992), "Zen in the Art of Funerals: Ritual Salvation in Japanese Buddhism", <a href="/wiki/History_of_Religions_(journal)" title="History of Religions (journal)">History of Religions</a>, 32 (2): 150, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463322">10.1086/463322</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161648097">161648097</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Zen+in+the+Art+of+Funerals%3A+Ritual+Salvation+in+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161648097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bodiford&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodiford1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">Bodiford, William M.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sotozeninmedieva0000bodi">Sōtō Zen in Medieval Japan</a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1482-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1482-7"><bdi>0-8248-1482-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D+Zen+in+Medieval+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8248-1482-7&rft.aulast=Bodiford&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsotozeninmedieva0000bodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Bodiford, William M. "Koan practice". In <a href="#CITEREFLoori2006">Loori (2006)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorup2008" class="citation cs2">Borup, Jørn (2008), Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Rinzai+Zen+Buddhism%3A+My%C5%8Dshinji%2C+a+Living+Religion&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Borup&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Braak, Andre van der. Reimagining Zen in a Secular age: Charles Taylor and Zen Buddhism in the West (Brill Rodopi, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56335">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319211147/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56335">Archived</a> 19 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1999" class="citation cs2">Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, Berkeley: University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21972-4"><bdi>0-520-21972-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhidharma+Anthology%3A+The+Earliest+Records+of+Zen&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21972-4&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton2009" class="citation cs2">Broughton, Jeffrey (2009), Zongmi on Chan, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14392-9"><bdi>978-0-231-14392-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zongmi+on+Chan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14392-9&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown_Holt1995" class="citation cs2">Brown Holt, Linda (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/FromIndiatoChina.htm">"From India to China: Transformations in Buddhist Philosophy"</a>, Qi: The Journal of Traditional Eastern Health & Fitness, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604204242/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/FromIndiatoChina.htm">archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2012, retrieved 8 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qi%3A+The+Journal+of+Traditional+Eastern+Health+%26+Fitness&rft.atitle=From+India+to+China%3A+Transformations+in+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Brown+Holt&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FFromIndiatoChina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Buswell, Robert E. "The "Short-cut" Approach of K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism". In <a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory (1991)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Buswell, Robert E. "Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View". In <a href="#CITEREFLopez1993">Lopez (1993)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2014" class="citation cs2">Buswell; Lopez (2014), The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Buswell&rft.au=Lopez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth1966" class="citation cs2">Blyth, R. H. (1966), Zen and Zen Classics, Volume 4, Tokyo: Hokuseido Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+Zen+Classics%2C+Volume+4&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Hokuseido+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Chappell, David W. "Hermeneutical Phases in Chinese Buddhism". In <a href="#CITEREFLopez1993">Lopez (1993)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng1981" class="citation cs2">Cheng, Hsueh-Li (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/roots_of_zen.htm">"The Roots of zen Buddhism"</a>, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 8 (4): 451–478, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x">10.1111/j.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190602033444/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/roots_of_zen.htm">archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2019, retrieved 12 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+zen+Buddhism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E478&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Hsueh-Li&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FNagarjuna%2Froots_of_zen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992" class="citation cs2">Cheng Chien Bhikshu (1992), "Introduction", Sun-Face Buddha. The Teachings of Ma-tsu and the Hung-chou School of Ch'an, Asian Humanities Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Sun-Face+Buddha.+The+Teachings+of+Ma-tsu+and+the+Hung-chou+School+of+Ch%27an&rft.pub=Asian+Humanities+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Cheng+Chien+Bhikshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2010" class="citation cs2">Cleary, Thomas (2010), Translator's introduction. The Undying Lamp of Zen. The Testament of Zen Master Torei, Boston & London: <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translator%27s+introduction.+The+Undying+Lamp+of+Zen.+The+Testament+of+Zen+Master+Torei&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation cs2">Collins, Randall (2000), The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Philosophies%3A+A+Global+Theory+of+Intellectual+Change&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Dumoulin, Heinrich</a> (2000), A History of Zen Buddhism, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zen+Buddhism&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin2005a" class="citation cs2">Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005a), Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China, <a href="/wiki/World_Wisdom_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wisdom Books">World Wisdom Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1"><bdi>978-0-941532-89-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History.+Volume+1%3A+India+and+China&rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-89-1&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumoulin2005b" class="citation cs2">Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005b), Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan, World Wisdom Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7"><bdi>978-0-941532-90-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History.+Volume+2%3A+Japan&rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-90-7&rft.aulast=Dumoulin&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHori2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hori, Victor Sogen (2005), Introduction, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/HoriIntroduction.pdf">Zen Buddhism: A History</a> (PDF), by Dumoulin, Heinrich, vol. 2: Japan, translated by Heisig, James W.; Knitter, Paul, World Wisdom Books, p. xiii–xxi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7"><bdi>978-0-941532-90-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309113101/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/HoriIntroduction.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2012, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=xiii-xxi&rft.pub=World+Wisdom+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-941532-90-7&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FHoriIntroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaure2000" class="citation cs2">Faure, Bernard (2000), Visions of Power. Imaging Medieval Japanese Buddhism, Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Power.+Imaging+Medieval+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Faure&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2000" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Andy (2000), Zen's Chinese Heritage, Boston, MA: Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-163-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-163-7"><bdi>0-86171-163-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen%27s+Chinese+Heritage&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-86171-163-7&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008" class="citation cs2">Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid; Ehrhard, Franz-Karl; Diener, Michael S. (2008), Lexicon Boeddhisme. Wijsbegeerte, religie, psychologie, mystiek, cultuur en literatuur, Asoka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Boeddhisme.+Wijsbegeerte%2C+religie%2C+psychologie%2C+mystiek%2C+cultuur+en+literatuur&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Fischer-Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft.au=Ehrhard%2C+Franz-Karl&rft.au=Diener%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener1991" class="citation cs2">Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid; Ehrhard, Franz-Karl; Diener, Michael S. (1991), The Shambhala dictionary of Buddhism and Zen, Translated by M. H. Kohn, Boston: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shambhala+dictionary+of+Buddhism+and+Zen&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Fischer-Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rft.au=Ehrhard%2C+Franz-Karl&rft.au=Diener%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Ishmael_Ford" title="James Ishmael Ford">Ford, James Myoun</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Dharma_Transmission_Institutions.html">A Note On Dharma Transmission And The Institutions Of Zen</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184810/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Dharma_Transmission_Institutions.html">archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Note+On+Dharma+Transmission+And+The+Institutions+Of+Zen&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=James+Myoun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FDharma_Transmission_Institutions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulkn.d." class="citation cs2">Foulk, T. Griffith (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/DogenStudies/History_Soto_Zen_School.html">History of the Soto Zen School</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516000137/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/DogenStudies/History_Soto_Zen_School.html">archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2012, retrieved 19 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Soto+Zen+School&rft.aulast=Foulk&rft.aufirst=T.+Griffith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FDogenStudies%2FHistory_Soto_Zen_School.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2005" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Merv (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8EoJ94fY58EC&q=chan+buddhism+taoism&pg=PA79">Zen Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-42-1"><bdi>978-1-902210-42-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103644/https://books.google.com/books?id=8EoJ94fY58EC&q=chan+buddhism+taoism&pg=PA79">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023, retrieved 4 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Buddhism%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-42-1&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Merv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8EoJ94fY58EC%26q%3Dchan%2Bbuddhism%2Btaoism%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimello1994" class="citation cs2">Gimello, Robert M. (1994), Marga and Culture: Learning, Letters, and Liberation in Northern Sung Ch'an. In: Buswell & Gimello (editors)(1994), Paths to Liberation. Pages 475–505, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marga+and+Culture%3A+Learning%2C+Letters%2C+and+Liberation+in+Northern+Sung+Ch%27an.+In%3A+Buswell+%26+Gimello+%28editors%29%281994%29%2C+Paths+to+Liberation.+Pages+475%E2%80%93505&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Gimello&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2007" class="citation cs2">Goddard, Dwight (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tL2R7QRsr5oC&q=Goddard+%22natural+evolution+of+Buddhism+under+Taoist+conditions%22&pg=PA11">"History of Ch'an Buddhism previous to the times of Hui-neng (Wie-lang)"</a>, A Buddhist Bible, Forgotten Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-104-7"><bdi>978-1-60506-104-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103645/https://books.google.com/books?id=tL2R7QRsr5oC&q=Goddard+%22natural+evolution+of+Buddhism+under+Taoist+conditions%22&pg=PA11">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023, retrieved 4 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Ch%27an+Buddhism+previous+to+the+times+of+Hui-neng+%28Wie-lang%29&rft.btitle=A+Buddhist+Bible&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60506-104-7&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtL2R7QRsr5oC%26q%3DGoddard%2B%2522natural%2Bevolution%2Bof%2BBuddhism%2Bunder%2BTaoist%2Bconditions%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1991" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Peter N., ed. (1991). Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a> Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudden+and+Gradual.+Approaches+to+Enlightenment+in+Chinese+Thought&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Gregory, Peter N. (1991a). "Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi's Analysis of mind". In <a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory (1991)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Gregory, Peter N. "What Happened to the "Perfect Teaching"? Another lOok at Hua-yen Buddhist hermeneutics". In <a href="#CITEREFLopez1993">Lopez (1993)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory1995" class="citation cs2">Gregory, Peter N. (1995), Inquiry into the Origin of Humanity: An Annotated Translation of Tsung-mi's Yüan jen lun with a Modern Commentary, Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press, Kuroda Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1764-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1764-8"><bdi>0-8248-1764-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiry+into+the+Origin+of+Humanity%3A+An+Annotated+Translation+of+Tsung-mi%27s+Y%C3%BCan+jen+lun+with+a+Modern+Commentary&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%E2%80%99i+Press%2C+Kuroda+Institute&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8248-1764-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2002" class="citation cs2">Gregory, Peter N. (2002), Tsung-Mi and the Sinification of Buddhism, Hawaii: University of Hawai’i Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsung-Mi+and+the+Sinification+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%E2%80%99i+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Peter+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg1994" class="citation cs2">Grigg, Ray (1994), The Tao Of Zen, Charles E. Tuttle Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tao+Of+Zen&rft.pub=Charles+E.+Tuttle+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1995" class="citation cs2">Harvey, Peter (1995), An introduction to Buddhism. Teachings, history and practices, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Buddhism.+Teachings%2C+history+and+practices&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskel1984" class="citation cs2">Haskel, Peter (1984), Bankei Zen. Translations from The Record of Bankei, New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Weidenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Weidenfeld">Grove Weidenfeld</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bankei+Zen.+Translations+from+The+Record+of+Bankei&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Weidenfeld&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Haskel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineWright2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Heine, Steven</a>; Wright, Dale S. (2000). The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511748-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511748-4"><bdi>0-19-511748-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koan%3A+Texts+and+Contexts+in+Zen+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-511748-4&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Wright%2C+Dale+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeine2007" class="citation cs2">Heine, Steven (2007), "A Critical Survey of Works on Zen since Yampolsky.", <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_East_%26_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy East & West">Philosophy East & West</a>, 57 (4): 577–592, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2007.0047">10.1353/pew.2007.0047</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170450246">170450246</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Survey+of+Works+on+Zen+since+Yampolsky.&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2007.0047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170450246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineWright2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Heine, Steven</a>; Wright, Dale S., eds. (2008). Zen Ritual: Studies of Zen Buddhist Theory in Practice. USA: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Ritual%3A+Studies+of+Zen+Buddhist+Theory+in+Practice&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeine2008" class="citation cs2">Heine, Steven (2008), Zen Skin, Zen Marrow</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Skin%2C+Zen+Marrow&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHisamatsuGishin_TokiwaChristopher_Ives2002" class="citation cs2">Hisamatsu, Shin'ichi; Gishin Tokiwa; Christopher Ives (2002), Critical Sermons of the Zen Tradition: Hisamatsu's Talks on Linji, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Sermons+of+the+Zen+Tradition%3A+Hisamatsu%27s+Talks+on+Linji&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hisamatsu&rft.aufirst=Shin%27ichi&rft.au=Gishin+Tokiwa&rft.au=Christopher+Ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHori1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit">Hori, Victor Sogen (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707224132/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%2Band%2BLearning%2Bin%2Bthe%2BRinzai%2BZen%2BMonastery%2B.pdf">"Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery"</a> (PDF), <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Japanese_Studies" title="Journal of Japanese Studies">Journal of Japanese Studies</a>, 20 (1): 5–35, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132782">10.2307/132782</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132782">132782</a>, archived from the original on 7 July 2018, retrieved 16 July 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Teaching+and+Learning+in+the+Zen+Rinzai+Monastery&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132782&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essenes.net%2Fpdf%2FTeaching%2520and%2520Learning%2520in%2520the%2520Rinzai%2520Zen%2520Monastery%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Hori, Victor Sogen. "Koan and Kensho in the Rinzai Zen Curriculum". In <a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2000">Heine & Wright (2000)</a>. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsing1999" class="citation cs2">Hsing, Yun (1999), Being Good: Buddhist Ethics for Everyday Life., New York: Weatherhill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Good%3A+Buddhist+Ethics+for+Everyday+Life.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hsing&rft.aufirst=Yun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu_Shih1953" class="citation cs2">Hu Shih (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Chan_in_China.html">"Ch'an (Zen) Buddhism in China. Its History and Method"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_East_%26_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy East & West">Philosophy East & West</a>, 3 (1): 3–24, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1397361">10.2307/1397361</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397361">1397361</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217144149/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Chan_in_China.html">archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=Ch%27an+%28Zen%29+Buddhism+in+China.+Its+History+and+Method&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1397361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1397361%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hu+Shih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FChan_in_China.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuaijin1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Huaijin, Nan</a> (1997), Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen, York Beach: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Weiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Weiser">Samuel Weiser</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Buddhism%3A+Exploring+Buddhism+and+Zen&rft.place=York+Beach&rft.pub=Samuel+Weiser&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Huaijin&rft.aufirst=Nan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsshūSasaki1993" class="citation cs2">Isshū, Miura; Sasaki, Ruth F. (1993), The Zen Koan, New York: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_%26_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace & Company">Harcourt Brace & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-699981-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-699981-1"><bdi>0-15-699981-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Koan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-15-699981-1&rft.aulast=Issh%C5%AB&rft.aufirst=Miura&rft.au=Sasaki%2C+Ruth+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaksch2007" class="citation cs2">Jaksch, Mary (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/KoanStudies/the-road-to-nowhere.pdf">The Road to Nowhere. Koans and the Deconstruction of the Zen Saga</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220192617/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/KoanStudies/the-road-to-nowhere.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2012, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Nowhere.+Koans+and+the+Deconstruction+of+the+Zen+Saga&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Jaksch&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenTeachings%2FKoanStudies%2Fthe-road-to-nowhere.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgensen1991" class="citation cs2">Jorgensen, John (1991), "Heinrich Dumoulin's Zen Buddhism: A History", <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Journal_of_Religious_Studies" title="Japanese Journal of Religious Studies">Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</a>, 18 (4), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.18.4.1991.377-400">10.18874/jjrs.18.4.1991.377-400</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Dumoulin%27s+Zen+Buddhism%3A+A+History&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.18.4.1991.377-400&rft.aulast=Jorgensen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1992" class="citation cs2">Kalupahana, David J. (1992), The Principles of Buddhist Psychology, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Buddhist+Psychology&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=ri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1994" class="citation cs2">Kalupahana, David J. (1994), A history of Buddhist philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Buddhist+philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapleau1989" class="citation cs2">Kapleau, Philip (1989), The three pillars of Zen</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+three+pillars+of+Zen&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Kapleau&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasulis2021" class="citation cs2">Kasulis, Thomas P. (2021), Zen Action/Zen Person, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Action%2FZen+Person&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Kasulis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasulis2003" class="citation cs2">Kasulis, Thomas P. (2003), Ch'an Spirituality. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%27an+Spirituality.+In%3A+Buddhist+Spirituality.+Later+China%2C+Korea%2C+Japan+and+the+Modern+World%3B+edited+by+Takeuchi+Yoshinori&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Kasulis&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2007" class="citation cs2">Katz, Jerry (2007), One: Essential Writings on Nonduality, Sentient Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One%3A+Essential+Writings+on+Nonduality&rft.pub=Sentient+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoné2000" class="citation cs2">Koné, Alioune (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507120307/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/kone011.html">Zen In Europe: A Survey of the Territory</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbuddhism.org/2/kone011.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2012, retrieved 16 July 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+In+Europe%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Territory&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kon%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Alioune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbuddhism.org%2F2%2Fkone011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs1999" class="citation cs2">Lachs, Stuart (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Means_of_Authorization.htm">Means of Authorization: Establishing Hierarchy in Ch'an /Zen Buddhism in America</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319091620/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Means_of_Authorization.htm">archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022, retrieved 18 February 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Means+of+Authorization%3A+Establishing+Hierarchy+in+Ch%27an+%2FZen+Buddhism+in+America&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lachs&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FMeans_of_Authorization.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs2002" class="citation cs2">Lachs, Stuart (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Richard_Baker_and_the_Myth.htm">Richard Baker and the Myth of the Zen Roshi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205052539/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Richard_Baker_and_the_Myth.htm">archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2012, retrieved 26 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Baker+and+the+Myth+of+the+Zen+Roshi&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lachs&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FRichard_Baker_and_the_Myth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs2006" class="citation cs2">Lachs, Stuart (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Zen_Master_in_America.html">The Zen Master in America: Dressing the Donkey with Bells and Scarves</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120142838/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Zen_Master_in_America.html">archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2012, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Master+in+America%3A+Dressing+the+Donkey+with+Bells+and+Scarves&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lachs&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FZen_Master_in_America.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs2011" class="citation cs2">Lachs, Stuart (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/When_the_Saints_Go_Marching_Marching_In.pdf">When the Saints Go Marching In: Modern Day Zen Hagiography</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120162629/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/When_the_Saints_Go_Marching_Marching_In.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2012, retrieved 26 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Saints+Go+Marching+In%3A+Modern+Day+Zen+Hagiography&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lachs&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FWhen_the_Saints_Go_Marching_Marching_In.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs2012" class="citation cs2">Lachs, Stuart (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zennist.typepad.com/files/lachszen_2012_02_11.docx.pdf">Hua-t'ou : A Method of Zen Meditation</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054622/http://zennist.typepad.com/files/lachszen_2012_02_11.docx.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013, retrieved 4 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hua-t%27ou+%3A+A+Method+of+Zen+Meditation&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lachs&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzennist.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Flachszen_2012_02_11.docx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai1985" class="citation cs2">Lai, Whalen (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/MaTsu_and_Unfolding_of_Southern_Zen.html">"Ma-Tsu Tao-I And The Unfolding Of Southern Zen"</a>, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 12 (2/3): 173–192, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.12.2-3.1985.173-192">10.18874/jjrs.12.2-3.1985.173-192</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313142126/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/MaTsu_and_Unfolding_of_Southern_Zen.html">archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2012, retrieved 14 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Ma-Tsu+Tao-I+And+The+Unfolding+Of+Southern+Zen&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.12.2-3.1985.173-192&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Whalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FMaTsu_and_Unfolding_of_Southern_Zen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai2003" class="citation cs2">Lai, Whalen (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112205228/http://cw.routledge.com/ref/chinesephil/Buddhism.pdf">Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. In Antonio S. Cua (ed.): Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy</a> (PDF), New York: Routledge, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cw.routledge.com/ref/chinesephil/Buddhism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 November 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+China%3A+A+Historical+Survey.+In+Antonio+S.+Cua+%28ed.%29%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Chinese+Philosophy&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Whalen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcw.routledge.com%2Fref%2Fchinesephil%2FBuddhism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathouwers2000" class="citation cs2">Lathouwers, Ton (2000), Meer dan een mens kan doen. Zentoespraken, Rotterdam: Asoka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meer+dan+een+mens+kan+doen.+Zentoespraken&rft.place=Rotterdam&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lathouwers&rft.aufirst=Ton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2000" class="citation book cs1">Leighton, Taigen Dan (2000). Cultivating the Empty Field: The Silent Illumination of Zen Master Hongzhi. Tuttle Library of Enlightenment. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1652-8"><bdi>978-1-4629-1652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultivating+the+Empty+Field%3A+The+Silent+Illumination+of+Zen+Master+Hongzhi&rft.series=Tuttle+Library+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1652-8&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Taigen+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiang-Chieh1986" class="citation cs2">Liang-Chieh (1986), The Record of Tung-shan, translated by William F. Powell, Kuroda Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Record+of+Tung-shan&rft.pub=Kuroda+Institute&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Liang-Chieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLievens1981" class="citation cs2">Lievens, Bavo (1981), Ma-tsu. De gesprekken, Bussum: Het Wereldvenster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma-tsu.+De+gesprekken&rft.place=Bussum&rft.pub=Het+Wereldvenster&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lievens&rft.aufirst=Bavo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoori2006" class="citation cs2">Loori, John Daido (2006), Sitting with Koans: Essential Writings on Zen Koan Introspection, Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-369-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-369-9"><bdi>0-86171-369-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sitting+with+Koans%3A+Essential+Writings+on+Zen+Koan+Introspection&rft.place=Somerville%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86171-369-9&rft.aulast=Loori&rft.aufirst=John+Daido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1993" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. (1993). Buddhist Hermeneutics. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Hermeneutics&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoy1988" class="citation cs2">Loy, David (1988), Nonduality: A Study in Comparative Philosophy, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57392-359-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57392-359-1"><bdi>1-57392-359-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonduality%3A+A+Study+in+Comparative+Philosophy&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-57392-359-1&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow2000" class="citation cs2">Low, Albert (2000), Zen and the Sutras, Boston: Turtle Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+the+Sutras&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Turtle+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow2006" class="citation cs2">Low, Albert (2006), Hakuin on Kensho. The Four Ways of Knowing, Boston & London: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hakuin+on+Kensho.+The+Four+Ways+of+Knowing&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaezumiGlassman2007" class="citation cs2">Maezumi, Taizan; Glassman, Bernie (2007), The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment, Wisdom Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hazy+Moon+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Maezumi&rft.aufirst=Taizan&rft.au=Glassman%2C+Bernie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiessen1987" class="citation cs2">Matthiessen, Peter (1987), Nine-headed dragon river: Zen journals, 1969–1985, Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine-headed+dragon+river%3A+Zen+journals%2C+1969%E2%80%931985&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Matthiessen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCauley2005" class="citation cs2">McCauley, Charles (2005), Zen and the Art of Wholeness, iUniverse</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+the+Art+of+Wholeness&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=McCauley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahan2008" class="citation cs2">McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518327-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518327-6"><bdi>978-0-19-518327-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Buddhist+Modernism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518327-6&rft.aulast=McMahan&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae1986" class="citation cs2">McRae, John (1986), The Northern School and the Formation of Early Chʻan Buddhism, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+School+and+the+Formation+of+Early+Ch%CA%BBan+Buddhism&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">McRae, John. "Shen-hui and the Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch'an Buddhism". In <a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory (1991)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2003" class="citation cs2">McRae, John (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0v-xn-SZ_0C">Seeing through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23798-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23798-8"><bdi>978-0-520-23798-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+through+Zen.+Encounter%2C+Transformation%2C+and+Genealogy+in+Chinese+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23798-8&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0v-xn-SZ_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2004" class="citation cs2">McRae, John (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912130032/http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004.pdf">The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion's Roar and the Vimalakīrti Sutra</a> (PDF), Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886439-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-886439-31-1"><bdi>1-886439-31-1</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdkamerica.org/digital/dBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 September 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sutra+of+Queen+%C5%9Ar%C4%ABm%C4%81l%C4%81+of+the+Lion%27s+Roar+and+the+Vimalak%C4%ABrti+Sutra&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=Numata+Center+for+Buddhist+Translation+and+Research&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-886439-31-1&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdkamerica.org%2Fdigital%2FdBET_Srimala_Vimalakirti_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2005" class="citation cs2">McRae, John (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/McRaeIntroduction.pdf">Critical introduction by John McRae to the reprint of Dumoulin's A history of Zen</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111230154/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/McRaeIntroduction.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2011, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+introduction+by+John+McRae+to+the+reprint+of+Dumoulin%27s+A+history+of+Zen&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FMcRaeIntroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2008" class="citation cs2">McRae, John (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822131239/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/Translations/PlatformSutra_McRaeTranslation.pdf">The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch, translated from the Chinese of Zongbao (Taishō Volume 48, Number 2008)</a> (PDF), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/Translations/PlatformSutra_McRaeTranslation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Platform+Sutra+of+the+Sixth+Patriarch%2C+translated+from+the+Chinese+of+Zongbao+%28Taish%C5%8D+Volume+48%2C+Number+2008%29&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenTeachings%2FTranslations%2FPlatformSutra_McRaeTranslation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinert2015" class="citation cs2">Meinert, Carman, ed. (2015), Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries), BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transfer+of+Buddhism+Across+Central+Asian+Networks+%287th+to+13th+Centuries%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng-Tat_Chia2011" class="citation cs2">Meng-Tat Chia, Jack (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2011/06/JBE-Chia.pdf">"A Review of Enlightenment in Dispute: The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth-Century China"</a> (PDF), Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 18, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129174542/http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2011/06/JBE-Chia.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2012, retrieved 2 November 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Enlightenment+in+Dispute%3A+The+Reinvention+of+Chan+Buddhism+in+Seventeenth-Century+China&rft.volume=18&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Meng-Tat+Chia&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.dickinson.edu%2Fbuddhistethics%2Ffiles%2F2011%2F06%2FJBE-Chia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1982" class="citation cs2">Moore, Charles A. (1982), The Japanese Mind: Essentials of Japanese Philosophy and Culture, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Mind%3A+Essentials+of+Japanese+Philosophy+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumon2004" class="citation cs2">Mumon, Yamada (2004), The Ten Oxherding Pictures, translated by Victor Sōgen Hori, University of Hawai'i Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ten+Oxherding+Pictures&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mumon&rft.aufirst=Yamada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullern.d." class="citation cs2">Muller, A. Charles, ed. (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr-ddb.pl?q=%E8%A6%8B%E6%80%A7">Digital Dictionary of Buddhism</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhism-dict.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fxpr-ddb.pl%3Fq%3D%25E8%25A6%258B%25E6%2580%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadeau2012" class="citation cs2">Nadeau, Randall L. (2012), The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions, John Wiley & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Companion+to+Chinese+Religions&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Nadeau&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewland2001" class="citation cs2">Newland, Guy (2001), Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schijn+en+werkelijkheid.+De+twee+waarheden+in+de+vier+boeddhistische+leerstelsels&rft.pub=KunchabPublicaties&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Newland&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOh2000" class="citation cs2">Oh, Kang-nam (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Taoist_Influence_on_Hua-Yen_Buddhism.html">"The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Scinicization of Buddhism in China"</a>, Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal (13), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120821213722/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Taoist_Influence_on_Hua-Yen_Buddhism.html">archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2012, retrieved 8 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chung-Hwa+Buddhist+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Taoist+Influence+on+Hua-yen+Buddhism%3A+A+Case+of+the+Scinicization+of+Buddhism+in+China&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=Kang-nam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FTaoist_Influence_on_Hua-Yen_Buddhism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Orzech, Charles D.; Sørensen, Henrik Hjort; Payne, Richard Karl (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20401-0"><bdi>978-90-04-20401-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731667667">731667667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esoteric+Buddhism+and+the+Tantras+in+East+Asia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731667667&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20401-0&rft.aulast=Orzech&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft.au=S%C3%B8rensen%2C+Henrik+Hjort&rft.au=Payne%2C+Richard+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPajin1988" class="citation cs2">Pajin, Dusan (1988), "On Faith in Mind – Translation and Analysis of the Hsin Hsin Ming", Journal of Oriental Studies, 26 (2): 270–288</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Faith+in+Mind+%E2%80%93+Translation+and+Analysis+of+the+Hsin+Hsin+Ming&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Pajin&rft.aufirst=Dusan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoceski2007" class="citation cs2">Poceski, Mario (2007), Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Mind+as+the+Way%3A+The+Hongzhou+School+and+the+Growth+of+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Poceski&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoceskin.d." class="citation cs2">Poceski, Mario (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Attitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm">Attitudes Towards Canonicity and Religious Authority in Tang Chan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414203321/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Attitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm">archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2012, retrieved 14 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attitudes+Towards+Canonicity+and+Religious+Authority+in+Tang+Chan&rft.aulast=Poceski&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FAttitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSato" class="citation cs2">Sato, Kemmyō Taira, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Suzuki_and-Question_of-War.pdf">D.T. Suzuki and the Question of War</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025103356/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Suzuki_and-Question_of-War.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2014, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.T.+Suzuki+and+the+Question+of+War&rft.aulast=Sato&rft.aufirst=Kemmy%C5%8D+Taira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FSuzuki_and-Question_of-War.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasaki2009" class="citation cs2">Sasaki, Ruth Fuller (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622092345/http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf">The Record of Linji. Translation and commentary by Ruth Fuller Sasaki. Edited by Thomas Yūhō Kirchner</a> (PDF), Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 June 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Record+of+Linji.+Translation+and+commentary+by+Ruth+Fuller+Sasaki.+Edited+by+Thomas+Y%C5%ABh%C5%8D+Kirchner&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sasaki&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Fuller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.stiltij.nl%2Fpubliek%2Fmeditatie%2Fleraren%2F_historisch%2Flinji-sasaki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlütter2008" class="citation cs2">Schlütter, Morten (2008), How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3508-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-3508-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Zen+became+Zen.+The+Dispute+over+Enlightenment+and+the+Formation+of+Chan+Buddhism+in+Song-Dynasty+China&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3508-8&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCtter&rft.aufirst=Morten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekida1989" class="citation cs2">Sekida, Katsuki (1989), Zen Training: Methods and Philosophy, Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Training%3A+Methods+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Sekida&rft.aufirst=Katsuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekida1996" class="citation cs2">Sekida, Katuski (1996), Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, the gateless gate. Hekiganroku, the blue cliff record, New York & Tokyo: Weatherhill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Zen+Classics.+Mumonkan%2C+the+gateless+gate.+Hekiganroku%2C+the+blue+cliff+record&rft.place=New+York+%26+Tokyo&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sekida&rft.aufirst=Katuski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahar2008" class="citation cs2">Shahar, Meir (2008), The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts, University of Hawaii Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaolin+Monastery%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+Chinese+Martial+Arts&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shahar&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1993" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html">"The Zen of Japanese Nationalism"</a>, History of Religions, 33 (1): 1–43, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463354">10.1086/463354</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161535877">161535877</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174255/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html">archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Zen+of+Japanese+Nationalism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161535877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FZen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1995a" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (1995a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf">Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202090252/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2019, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whose+Zen%3F+Zen+Nationalism+Revisited&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2Fwhose%2520zen_sharf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1995b" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (1995b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf">"Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience"</a> (PDF), NUMEN, 42 (3): 228–283, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1568527952598549">10.1163/1568527952598549</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43810">2027.42/43810</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412103407/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2019, retrieved 31 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NUMEN&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Modernism+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Meditative+Experience&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1568527952598549&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhiststudies.berkeley.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsharf%2Fdocuments%2FSharf1995%2C%2520Buddhist%2520Modernism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1995c" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert H. (1995c), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/sanbokyodan%20zen.pdf">"Sanbokyodan. Zen and the Way of the New Religions"</a> (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 22 (3–4), <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.3-4.1995.417-458">10.18874/jjrs.22.3-4.1995.417-458</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316104918/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/sanbokyodan%20zen.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2012, retrieved 21 June 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Sanbokyodan.+Zen+and+the+Way+of+the+New+Religions&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18874%2Fjjrs.22.3-4.1995.417-458&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2Fsanbokyodan%2520zen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf2014" class="citation cs2">Sharf, Robert (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621101600/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/558818">"Mindfullness and Mindlessness in Early Chan"</a>, Philosophy East & West, 64 (4): 933–964, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2014.0074">10.1353/pew.2014.0074</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144208166">144208166</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/558818">the original</a> on 21 June 2022, retrieved 10 November 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=Mindfullness+and+Mindlessness+in+Early+Chan&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E933-%3C%2Fspan%3E964&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2014.0074&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144208166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F558818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimano1991" class="citation cs2">Shimano, Eido T. (1991), Points of Departure: Zen Buddhism With a Rinzai View, Livingston Manor, NY: The Zen Studies Society Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9629246-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9629246-0-1"><bdi>0-9629246-0-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Points+of+Departure%3A+Zen+Buddhism+With+a+Rinzai+View&rft.place=Livingston+Manor%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Zen+Studies+Society+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-9629246-0-1&rft.aulast=Shimano&rft.aufirst=Eido+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShohaku_Okumura2012" class="citation book cs1">Shohaku Okumura (2012). Living by Vow: A Practical Introduction to Eight Essential Zen Chants and Texts. Simon and Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+by+Vow%3A+A+Practical+Introduction+to+Eight+Essential+Zen+Chants+and+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Shohaku+Okumura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelling1987" class="citation cs2">Snelling, John (1987), The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice, London: Century Paperbacks</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+handbook.+A+Complete+Guide+to+Buddhist+Teaching+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Paperbacks&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Stein, R.A. "Sudden Illumination or Simultaneous Comprehension: Remarks on Chinese and Tibetan Terminology". In <a href="#CITEREFGregory1991">Gregory (1991)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki1932" class="citation cs2">Suzuki, D.T. (1932), The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana text, London: Routledge & Kegen Paul</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lankavatara+Sutra%3A+A+Mahayana+text&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegen+Paul&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=D.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki1997" class="citation cs2">Suzuki, Shunryu (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_5rgHVvHCUC&q=s+sandokai+%22finger+pointing+at+the+moon%22uzuki&pg=PA154">Branching streams flow in the darkness: Zen talks on the Sandokai</a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22226-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22226-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103711/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_5rgHVvHCUC&q=s+sandokai+%22finger+pointing+at+the+moon%22uzuki&pg=PA154">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023, retrieved 4 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Branching+streams+flow+in+the+darkness%3A+Zen+talks+on+the+Sandokai&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22226-7&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Shunryu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY_5rgHVvHCUC%26q%3Ds%2Bsandokai%2B%2522finger%2Bpointing%2Bat%2Bthe%2Bmoon%2522uzuki%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1993" class="citation cs2">Swanson, Paul L. (1993), "The Spirituality of Emptiness in Early chinese Buddhism", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.), Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese, New York: Crossroad</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Spirituality+of+Emptiness+in+Early+chinese+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Spirituality.+Indian%2C+Southeast+Asian%2C+Tibetan%2C+Early+Chinese&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocescki2007" class="citation cs2">Pocescki, Mario (2007), Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Mind+as+the+Way%3A+The+Hongzhou+School+and+the+Growth+of+Chan+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pocescki&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetsuo2003" class="citation cs2">Tetsuo, Otani (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/DogenStudies/ToTransmitDogenZenji%27sDharma.pdf">To Transmit Dogen Zenji's Dharma</a> (PDF), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125192512/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/DogenStudies/ToTransmitDogenZenji%27sDharma.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2013, retrieved 19 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Transmit+Dogen+Zenji%27s+Dharma&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tetsuo&rft.aufirst=Otani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FDogenStudies%2FToTransmitDogenZenji%2527sDharma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomoaki2003" class="citation cs2">Tomoaki, Tsuchida (2003), "The Monastic spirituality of Zen Master Dogen", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.), Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Monastic+spirituality+of+Zen+Master+Dogen&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Spirituality.+Indian%2C+Southeast+Asian%2C+Tibetan%2C+Early+Chinese&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Tomoaki&rft.aufirst=Tsuchida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorei2010" class="citation cs2">Torei (2010), The Undying Lamp of Zen. The Testament of Zen Master Torei, translated by Thomas Cleary, Boston & London: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Undying+Lamp+of+Zen.+The+Testament+of+Zen+Master+Torei&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Torei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweed2005" class="citation cs2">Tweed, Thomas A. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120522005213/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/721.pdf">"American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism. Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Translocative History"</a> (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 32 (2): 249–281, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/721.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=American+Occultism+and+Japanese+Buddhism.+Albert+J.+Edmunds%2C+D.+T.+Suzuki%2C+and+Translocative+History&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Tweed&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2Fpublications%2Fjjrs%2Fpdf%2F721.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerstappen2004" class="citation cs2">Verstappen, Stefan H. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bARGlc-fmFwC&q=chan+buddhism+taoism&pg=PA5">Blind Zen</a>, Red Mansion Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891688-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891688-03-4"><bdi>978-1-891688-03-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103645/https://books.google.com/books?id=bARGlc-fmFwC&q=chan+buddhism+taoism&pg=PA5">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023, retrieved 4 November 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blind+Zen&rft.pub=Red+Mansion+Pub&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-891688-03-4&rft.aulast=Verstappen&rft.aufirst=Stefan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbARGlc-fmFwC%26q%3Dchan%2Bbuddhism%2Btaoism%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria2006" class="citation cs2">Victoria, Brian Daizen (2006), Zen at war (2nd ed.), Lanham e.a.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+at+war&rft.place=Lanham+e.a.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Brian+Daizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria2010" class="citation cs2">Victoria, Brian Daizen (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/DTSuzukiandWar.pdf">"The "Negative Side" of D. T. Suzuki's Relationship to War"</a> (PDF), The Eastern Buddhist, 41 (2): 97–138, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120155528/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/DTSuzukiandWar.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2012, retrieved 13 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=The+%22Negative+Side%22+of+D.+T.+Suzuki%27s+Relationship+to+War&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Brian+Daizen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FCriticalZen%2FDTSuzukiandWar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2010" class="citation cs2">Waddell, Norman (2010), Foreword to "Wild Ivy: The Spiritual Autobiography of Zen Master Hakuin", Shambhala Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+%22Wild+Ivy%3A+The+Spiritual+Autobiography+of+Zen+Master+Hakuin%22&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2010a" class="citation cs2">Waddell, Norman (2010a), Foreword to "The Essential Teachings of Zen Master Hakuin: A Translation of the Sokko-roku Kaien-fusetsu", Shambhala Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword+to+%22The+Essential+Teachings+of+Zen+Master+Hakuin%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Sokko-roku+Kaien-fusetsu%22&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"The Diamond Sutra", A Buddhist Bible, translated by Wai-tao, Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press, 1994</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Diamond+Sutra&rft.btitle=A+Buddhist+Bible&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2017" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Youru (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uicnDwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Chan Buddhism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0552-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0552-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-0552-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114103645/https://books.google.com/books?id=uicnDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-0552-8&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Youru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuicnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayman1990" class="citation cs2">Wayman, Alex and Hideko (1990), The Lion's roar of Queen Srimala, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion%27s+roar+of+Queen+Srimala&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex+and+Hideko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelter2002" class="citation cs2">Welter, Albert (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/welter_Linji.html">The Textual History of the Linji lu (Record of Linji): The Earliest Recorded Fragments</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411204451/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/welter_Linji.html">archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2012, retrieved 15 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Textual+History+of+the+Linji+lu+%28Record+of+Linji%29%3A+The+Earliest+Recorded+Fragments&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2Fwelter_Linji.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelter2006" class="citation cs2">Welter, Albert (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316112305/http://www.skb.or.kr/down/papers/063.pdf">The Formation of the Linji lu: An Examination of the Guangdeng lu/Sijia yulu and Linji Huizhao Chanshi yulu. Versions of the Linji lu in Historical Context</a> (PDF), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skb.or.kr/down/papers/063.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Linji+lu%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Guangdeng+lu%2FSijia+yulu+and+Linji+Huizhao+Chanshi+yulu.+Versions+of+the+Linji+lu+in+Historical+Context&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skb.or.kr%2Fdown%2Fpapers%2F063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Welter, Albert. "Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition". In <a href="#CITEREFHeineWright2000">Heine & Wright (2000)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2009" class="citation cs2">Wolfe, Robert (2009), Living Nonduality: Enlightenment Teachings of Self-Realization, Karina Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Nonduality%3A+Enlightenment+Teachings+of+Self-Realization&rft.pub=Karina+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2010" class="citation cs2">Wright, Dale S. (2010), "Humanizing the Image of a Zen master: Taizan Maezumi Roshi", in Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (ed.), Zen Masters, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humanizing+the+Image+of+a+Zen+master%3A+Taizan+Maezumi+Roshi&rft.btitle=Zen+Masters&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Dale+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYampolski1967" class="citation cs2">Yampolski, Philip (1967), The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolsky, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08361-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08361-0"><bdi>0-231-08361-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Platform+Sutra+of+the+Sixth+Patriarch.+Translated+with+notes+by+Philip+B.+Yampolsky&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-231-08361-0&rft.aulast=Yampolski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYampolski2003a" class="citation cs2">Yampolski, Philip (2003a), "Chan. A Historical Sketch.", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.), Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chan.+A+Historical+Sketch.&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Spirituality.+Indian%2C+Southeast+Asian%2C+Tibetan%2C+Early+Chinese&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Yampolski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYampolski2003b" class="citation cs2">Yampolski, Philip (2003b), "Zen. A Historical Sketch", in Takeuchi Yoshinori (ed.), Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zen.+A+Historical+Sketch&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Spirituality.+Indian%2C+Southeast+Asian%2C+Tibetan%2C+Early+Chinese&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Yampolski&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanagida2009" class="citation cs2">Yanagida, Seizan (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622092345/http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf">Historical Introduction to The Record of Linji. In: The record of Linji, translated by Ruth Fuller Sasakia e.a. Pages 59–115</a> (PDF), University of Hawaii Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 June 2012, retrieved 30 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Introduction+to+The+Record+of+Linji.+In%3A+The+record+of+Linji%2C+translated+by+Ruth+Fuller+Sasakia+e.a.+Pages+59%E2%80%93115&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yanagida&rft.aufirst=Seizan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.stiltij.nl%2Fpubliek%2Fmeditatie%2Fleraren%2F_historisch%2Flinji-sasaki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYen1996" class="citation cs2">Yen, Chan Master Sheng (1996), Dharma Drum: The Life and Heart of Ch'an Practice, Boston & London: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dharma+Drum%3A+The+Life+and+Heart+of+Ch%27an+Practice&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Yen&rft.aufirst=Chan+Master+Sheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshizawa2009" class="citation cs2">Yoshizawa, Katsuhiro (2009), The Religious Art of Zen Master Hakuin, Counterpoint Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Art+of+Zen+Master+Hakuin&rft.pub=Counterpoint+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yoshizawa&rft.aufirst=Katsuhiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2009" class="citation cs2">Young, Stuart (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23405">Linji Lu and Chinese Orthodoxy. Review of "Albert Welter. The Linji lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy: The Development of Chan's Records of Sayings Literature.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510133314/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23405">archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013, retrieved 27 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linji+Lu+and+Chinese+Orthodoxy.+Review+of+%22Albert+Welter.+The+Linji+lu+and+the+Creation+of+Chan+Orthodoxy%3A+The+Development+of+Chan%27s+Records+of+Sayings+Literature.&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D23405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangStevenson2002" class="citation cs2">Zhang, Shengyen; Stevenson, Dan (2002), Hoofprint of the Ox: Principles of the Chan Buddhist Path as Taught by a Modern Chinese Master, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoofprint+of+the+Ox%3A+Principles+of+the+Chan+Buddhist+Path+as+Taught+by+a+Modern+Chinese+Master&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Shengyen&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Web sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OR_busshin-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OR_busshin_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OR_busshin_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095538315">"Busshin"</a>. A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860560-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Busshin&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860560-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095538315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Japanese Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nihongomaster.com/japanese/dictionary/word/115231/busshin-%E4%BB%8F%E8%BA%AB-%E3%81%B6%E3%81%A3%E3%81%97%E3%82%93">busshin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Thich Nhat Hanh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/the-three-gems/">The Three Gems</a>, TriCycle </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> Modern popular works <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>, Essays in Zen Buddhism, First Series (1927), Second Series (1933), Third Series (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Horace_Blyth" title="Reginald Horace Blyth">R. H. Blyth</a>, Zen and Zen Classics, 5 volumes (1960–1970; reprints of works from 1942 into the 1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a>, The Way of Zen (1957)</li> <li>Lu K'uan Yu (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Luk" title="Charles Luk">Charles Luk</a>), Ch'an and Zen Teachings, 3 vols (1960, 1971, 1974), The Transmission of the Mind: Outside the Teaching (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reps" title="Paul Reps">Paul Reps</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nyogen_Senzaki" title="Nyogen Senzaki">Nyogen Senzaki</a>, Zen Flesh, Zen Bones (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a>, The Three Pillars of Zen (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunryu Suzuki">Shunryu Suzuki</a>, Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind (1970)</li> <li>Katsuki Sekida, Zen Training: Methods & Philosophy (1975)</li></ul> Classic historiography <ul><li>Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China. World Wisdom Books.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-89-1">978-0-941532-89-1</a></li> <li>Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan. World Wisdom Books.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-90-7">978-0-941532-90-7</a></li></ul> Critical historiography Overview <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Heine, Steven (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055236/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/phil149574.pdf">"A Critical Survey of Works on Zen since Yampolsky"</a> (PDF), Philosophy East & West, 57 (4): 577–592, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2007.0047">10.1353/pew.2007.0047</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170450246">170450246</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/phil149574.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013, retrieved 3 October 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Survey+of+Works+on+Zen+since+Yampolsky&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2007.0047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170450246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-PHIL%2Fphil149574.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Formation of Chán in Tang & Song China <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Welter, Albert (2000), "Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition", in Steven Heine; Dale S. Wright (eds.), The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism, Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahakasyapa%27s+smile.+Silent+Transmission+and+the+Kung-an+%28Koan%29+Tradition&rft.btitle=The+Koan%3A+Texts+and+Contexts+in+Zen+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Welter&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Schlütter, Morten (2008), How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3508-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3508-8"><bdi>978-0-8248-3508-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Zen+became+Zen.+The+Dispute+over+Enlightenment+and+the+Formation+of+Chan+Buddhism+in+Song-Dynasty+China&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3508-8&rft.aulast=Schl%C3%BCtter&rft.aufirst=Morten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Japan <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">Bodiford, William M.</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sotozeninmedieva0000bodi">Sōtō Zen in Medieval Japan</a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1482-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1482-7"><bdi>0-8248-1482-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D+Zen+in+Medieval+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8248-1482-7&rft.aulast=Bodiford&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsotozeninmedieva0000bodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Modern times <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Victoria, Brian Daizen (2006), Zen at war (Second ed.), Lanham e.a.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+at+war&rft.place=Lanham+e.a.&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Brian+Daizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Orientalism and east–west interchange <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Borup, Jorn (n.d.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terebess.hu/english/borup.html">Zen and the Art of inverting Orientalism: religious studies and genealogical networks</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+the+Art+of+inverting+Orientalism%3A+religious+studies+and+genealogical+networks&rft.aulast=Borup&rft.aufirst=Jorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fterebess.hu%2Fenglish%2Fborup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">King, Richard (2002), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+Religion%3A+Post-Colonial+Theory%2C+India+and+%22The+Mystic+East%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford University Press.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518327-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518327-6">978-0-19-518327-6</a></li></ul> Contemporary practice <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Borup, Jørn (2008), Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Rinzai+Zen+Buddhism%3A+My%C5%8Dshinji%2C+a+Living+Religion&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Borup&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit">Hori, Victor Sogen (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019155421/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Rinzai%20Zen%20Monastery%20.pdf">"Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery"</a> (PDF), Journal of Japanese Studies (1): 5–35, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132782">10.2307/132782</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132782">132782</a>, archived from the original on 19 October 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Teaching+and+Learning+in+the+Zen+Rinzai+Monastery&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132782&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essenes.net%2Fpdf%2FTeaching%2520and%2520Learning%2520in%2520the%2520Rinzai%2520Zen%2520Monastery%2520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert E. (1993a), The Zen Monastic Experience: Buddhist Practice in Contemporary Korea, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Monastic+Experience%3A+Buddhist+Practice+in+Contemporary+Korea&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zen&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zen Buddhism">Zen Buddhism</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%AA" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:禪">禪</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A6%85" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:禅">禅</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zen_proverbs" class="extiw" title="q:Zen proverbs">Zen proverbs</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zen">zen</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/">thezensite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120084412/http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Zen.html">Zen Buddhism WWW Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120819140600/http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/ZenSchools.html">Chart of (Asian) Zen schools</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/szotar/szotar.html">Glossary of Japanese Zen terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/japanese-zen/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: entry on Japanese Zen Buddhism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/what-is-zen-buddhism/">What is Zen Buddhism?</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zen540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zen" title="Template:Zen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zen" title="Template talk:Zen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zen540" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_in_the_United_States" title="Zen in the United States">Zen in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Doctrinal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential Sutras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_scriptures" title="Zen scriptures">Zen scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bulls" title="Ten Bulls">Ten Bulls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ranks" title="Five Ranks">Five Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Subitism">Sudden Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensh%C5%8D" title="Kenshō">Kenshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan#Three_Mysterious_Gates" title="Linji Yixuan">Three Mysterious Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku#Four_ways_of_knowing" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Four Ways of Knowing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Who_is_the_master_that_sees_and_hears%3F" title="Who is the master that sees and hears?">Who is the master that sees and hears?</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesshin" title="Sesshin">Sesshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_thought" title="Stopping thought">Stopping thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazenkai" title="Zazenkai">Zazenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ango" title="Ango">Ango</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical Chan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Huike" title="Dazu Huike">Dazu Huike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhi_Sengcan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jianzhi Sengcan">Jianzhi Sengcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_Daoxin" title="Dayi Daoxin">Dayi Daoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_Hongren" title="Daman Hongren">Hongren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue_Huairang" title="Nanyue Huairang">Nanyue Huairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangbo_Xiyun" title="Huangbo Xiyun">Huangbo Xiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linji_Yixuan" title="Linji Yixuan">Linji Yixuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huineng" title="Huineng">Huineng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Huizhong" title="Nanyang Huizhong">Nanyang Huizhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahui_Zonggao" title="Dahui Zonggao">Dahui Zonggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuefeng_Yicun" title="Xuefeng Yicun">Xuefeng Yicun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Shouchu" title="Dongshan Shouchu">Dongshan Shouchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanwu_Keqin" title="Yuanwu Keqin">Yuanwu Keqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Xingsi" title="Qingyuan Xingsi">Qingyuan Xingsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitou_Xiqian" title="Shitou Xiqian">Shitou Xiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunyan_Tansheng" title="Yunyan Tansheng">Yunyan Tansheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunju_Daoying" title="Yunju Daoying">Yunju Daoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Daopi" title="Tongan Daopi">Tongan Daopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Guanzhi" title="Tongan Guanzhi">Tongan Guanzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangshan_Yuanguan" title="Liangshan Yuanguan">Liangshan Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayang_Jingxuan" title="Dayang Jingxuan">Dayang Jingxuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touzi_Yiqing" title="Touzi Yiqing">Touzi Yiqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furong_Daokai" title="Furong Daokai">Furong Daokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danxia_Zichun" title="Danxia Zichun">Danxia Zichun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Zhengjue" title="Hongzhi Zhengjue">Hongzhi Zhengjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wansong_Xingxiu" title="Wansong Xingxiu">Wansong Xingxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxie_Qingliao" title="Zhenxie Qingliao">Zhenxie Qingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Zongjue" title="Tiantong Zongjue">Tiantong Zongjue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuedou_Zhijian" title="Xuedou Zhijian">Xuedou Zhijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_Rujing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantong Rujing">Tiantong Rujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueting_Fuyu" title="Xueting Fuyu">Xueting Fuyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Lingji</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Taixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan_Huai-Chin" title="Nan Huai-Chin">Nan Huai-Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanying" title="Yuanying">Yuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benhuan" title="Benhuan">Benhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Yen" title="Cheng Yen">Cheng Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Chueh" title="Wei Chueh">Wei Chueh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yinshun" title="Shi Yinshun">Shi Yinshun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Caodong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchu" title="Dongchu">Dongchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng-yen" title="Sheng-yen">Sheng-yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Guiyang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuyun" title="Xuyun">Xuyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yicheng_(monk)" title="Yicheng (monk)">Yicheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanyin" title="Chuanyin">Chuanyin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Rinzai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imakita_Kosen" title="Imakita Kosen">Imakita Kosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokei-an" title="Sokei-an">Sokei-an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern Sōtō</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">White Plum Asanga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlfried_Graf_D%C3%BCrckheim" title="Karlfried Graf Dürckheim">Karlfried Graf Dürckheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muh%C5%8D_Noelke" title="Muhō Noelke">Muhō Noelke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinul" title="Jinul">Jinul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seungsahn" title="Seungsahn">Seungsahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seongcheol" title="Seongcheol">Seongcheol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daewon" title="Daewon">Daewon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnamese Thiền</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Hi%E1%BB%81n" title="Pháp Hiền">Pháp Hiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Vạn Hạnh">Vạn Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_Loa" title="Pháp Loa">Pháp Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Thanh_T%E1%BB%AB" title="Thích Thanh Từ">Thích Thanh Từ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese Chán</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Houses_of_Ch%C3%A1n" title="Five Houses of Chán">Five Houses of Chán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_Teaching" title="East Mountain Teaching">East Mountain Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongzhou_school" title="Hongzhou school">Hongzhou school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayan_school" title="Fayan school">Fayan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunmen school">Yunmen school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_school" title="Guiyang school">Guiyang school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemperory Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Light_International_Association" title="Buddha's Light International Association">Buddha's Light International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings_(Taiwan)" title="Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)">Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzu Chi Foundation">Tzu Chi Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_University" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist University">Dharma Realm Buddhist University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%8Dnin" title="Nōnin">Nōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Sh%C5%8Dsan" title="Suzuki Shōsan">Niō Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lay organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryomo_Kyokai" title="Ryomo Kyokai">Ningen Zen Kyodan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korean Seon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_mountain_schools" title="Nine mountain schools">Nine mountain schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taego_Order" title="Taego Order">Taego Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m" title="Trúc Lâm">Trúc Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yantong" title="Wu Yantong">Wu Yantong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%E1%BA%A1n_H%E1%BA%A1nh_Monastery" title="Vạn Hạnh Monastery">Vạn Hạnh Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_L%C3%A2m_Monastery_of_Da_Lat" title="Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat">Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shunryū Suzuki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Shunryū Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zentatsu_Richard_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Zentatsu Richard Baker">Zentatsu Richard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Weitsman" title="Mel Weitsman">Mel Weitsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassajara_Zen_Mountain_Center" title="Tassajara Zen Mountain Center">Tassajara Zen Mountain Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Sawaki" title="Kōdō Sawaki">Kōdō Sawaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_Uchiyama" title="Kōshō Uchiyama">Kōshō Uchiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dhaku_Okumura" title="Shōhaku Okumura">Shōhaku Okumura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yasutani lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuun_Yasutani" title="Hakuun Yasutani">Hakuun Yasutani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Baker Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Zen_Institute" title="Pacific Zen Institute">John Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taizan_Maezumi" title="Taizan Maezumi">Taizan Maezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Los_Angeles" title="Zen Center of Los Angeles">Zen Center of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Plum_Asanga" title="White Plum Asanga">White Plum Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Glassman" title="Bernie Glassman">Bernie Glassman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Daido_Loori" title="John Daido Loori">John Daido Loori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Shugen_Arnold" title="Geoffrey Shugen Arnold">Geoffrey Shugen Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Peacemakers" title="Zen Peacemakers">Zen Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joko_Beck" title="Joko Beck">Joko Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Merzel" title="Dennis Merzel">Dennis Merzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzeon_Zen_Center" title="Kanzeon Zen Center">Kanzeon Zen Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philip Kapleau lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau" title="Philip Kapleau">Philip Kapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Zen_Center" title="Rochester Zen Center">Rochester Zen Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Packer" title="Toni Packer">Toni Packer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dy%C5%AB_Matsuoka" title="Sōyū Matsuoka">Sōyū Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dainin_Katagiri" title="Dainin Katagiri">Dainin Katagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dbun_Chino_Otogawa" title="Kōbun Chino Otogawa">Kōbun Chino Otogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyokuko_Carlson" title="Gyokuko Carlson">Gyokuko Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gud%C5%8D_Wafu_Nishijima" title="Gudō Wafu Nishijima">Gudō Wafu Nishijima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soen Nakagawa lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soen_Nakagawa" title="Soen Nakagawa">Soen Nakagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eido_Tai_Shimano" title="Eido Tai Shimano">Eido Tai Shimano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Bosatsu_Zendo_Kongo-ji" title="Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji">Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyozan_Joshu_Sasaki" title="Kyozan Joshu Sasaki">Kyozan Joshu Sasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omori_Sogen" title="Omori Sogen">Omori Sogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shodo_Harada" title="Shodo Harada">Shodo Harada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keido_Fukushima" title="Keido Fukushima">Keido Fukushima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European Zen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanbo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Enomiya-Lassalle" title="Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle">Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kōdō Sawaki lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taisen_Deshimaru" title="Taisen Deshimaru">Taisen Deshimaru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Sōtō lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houn_Jiyu-Kennett" title="Houn Jiyu-Kennett">Houn Jiyu-Kennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throssel_Hole_Buddhist_Abbey" title="Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey">Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Zen_Buddhist_Priory" title="Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory">Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendo Kyodan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzan_Miyamae_Roshi" title="Shinzan Miyamae Roshi">Shinzan Miyamae Roshi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Rinzai or Linji lineages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaishin_Inshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaishin Inshu (page does not exist)">Kaishin Inshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarchy and titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unsui" title="Unsui">Unsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_initiation_ritual" title="Buddhist initiation ritual">Buddhist initiation ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jikijitsu" title="Jikijitsu">Jikijitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jisha" title="Jisha">Jisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osh%C5%8D" title="Oshō">Oshō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sensei" title="Sensei">Sensei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_ranks_and_hierarchy" title="Zen ranks and hierarchy">Zen ranks and hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_transmission" title="Dharma transmission">Dharma transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_lineage_charts" title="Zen lineage charts">Zen lineage charts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Sōtō Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dji-ji" title="Sōji-ji">Sōji-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antai-ji" title="Antai-ji">Antai-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main Rinzai Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8Dshin-ji" title="Myōshin-ji">Myōshin-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daitoku-ji" title="Daitoku-ji">Daitoku-ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfuku-ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zen literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Scroll_of_the_Treatise_on_the_Two_Entrances_and_Four_Practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices">Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Sutra" title="Platform Sutra">Platform Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinxin_Ming" title="Xinxin Ming">Xinxin Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokai" title="Sandokai">Sandokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkoroku" title="Denkoroku">Denkoroku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateless_Barrier" title="The Gateless Barrier">The Gateless Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Db%C5%8Dgenz%C5%8D" title="Shōbōgenzō">Shōbōgenzō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_Mind,_Beginner%27s_Mind" title="Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind">Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_of_Zen" title="The Way of Zen">The Way of Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kapleau#Writings" title="Philip Kapleau">Three Pillars of Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_at_War" title="Zen at War">Zen at War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen_and_the_Art_of_Motorcycle_Maintenance" title="Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance">Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Dumoulin" title="Heinrich Dumoulin">Heinrich Dumoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masao_Abe" title="Masao Abe">Masao Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Heine" title="Steven Heine">Steven Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bodiford" title="William Bodiford">William Bodiford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen">Zen Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_Buddhists" title="Category:Zen Buddhists">Zen Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen_texts" title="Category:Zen texts">Zen texts</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zen&oldid=1277748524">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zen&oldid=1277748524</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zen" title="Category:Zen">Zen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nonduality" title="Category:Nonduality">Nonduality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yogacara" title="Category:Yogacara">Yogacara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_the_Kamakura_period" title="Category:Buddhism in the Kamakura period">Buddhism in the Kamakura period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_the_Muromachi_period" title="Category:Buddhism in the Muromachi period">Buddhism in the Muromachi period</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Vietnamese-language_sources_(vi)" title="Category:CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)">CS1 Vietnamese-language sources (vi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Vietnamese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text">Articles containing Vietnamese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 February 2025, at 13:55 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zen&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Zen</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 105 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5787d8fd46-5wxvr","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.194","walltime":"3.613","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40059,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":887946,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":44180,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":862549,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2807.252 1 -total"," 29.56% 829.899 312 Template:Sfn"," 19.42% 545.301 143 Template:Citation"," 14.93% 419.224 3 Template:Reflist"," 7.14% 200.402 15 Template:Page_needed"," 6.63% 186.060 16 Template:Fix"," 6.53% 183.213 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 6.05% 169.971 30 Template:Delink"," 3.86% 108.384 9 Template:Sfnp"," 3.75% 105.383 12 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.880","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24831314,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbe1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbeHeine1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamek2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAddissLoori\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAitken1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFApp\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArokiasamy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatchelor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenesch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBielefeldt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlyth1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodiford1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodiford1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodiford2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorup2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroughton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroughton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown_Holt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswellLopez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswellLopez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheng_Chien_Bhikshu1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleary2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumoulin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumoulin2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumoulin2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaure2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer-SchreiberEhrhardDiener2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFord\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoulkn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromm1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimello1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoddard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1991a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaskel1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeine2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeineWright2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeineWright2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHisamatsuGishin_TokiwaChristopher_Ives2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHori1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHori2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHori2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsing1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHu_Shih1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuaijin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsshūSasaki1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaksch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorgensen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalupahana1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalupahana1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapleau1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasulis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasulis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyworth2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoné2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachs2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachs2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachs2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLachs2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLathouwers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeighton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang-Chieh1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLievens1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittlejohn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoori2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoy1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLye2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaezumiGlassman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthiessen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCauley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMahan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeng-Tat_Chia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullern.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMumon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadeau2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrzech1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrzechSørensenPayne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPajin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayneLeighton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPocescki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoceski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoceski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoceskin.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSasaki2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSato\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlutter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlütter2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekida1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekida1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf1995a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf1995b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf1995c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheng\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimano1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShohaku_Okumura2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnelling1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzuki1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzuki1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSōtō_Zen_Text_Project\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTetsuo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThich_Hang_Dat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomoaki2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorei2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTweed2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerstappen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictoria2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictoria2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell2010a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelter2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYampolski1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYampolski2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYampolski2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanagida2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshizawa2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuanci\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangStevenson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"CJKV\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 143,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 10,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"MahayanaBuddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main article\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 3,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 6,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 15,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 13,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 312,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 3,\n [\"Zen\"] = 1,\n [\"ZenBuddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","24.5"],["?","300","15.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","9.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","80","4.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.1"],["mw.executeModule \u003Cmw.lua:467\u003E","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.1"],["[others]","340","17.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-78657f6676-n9qn8","timestamp":"20250226184614","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zen","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7953","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7953","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-27T07:45:29Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T13:55:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7d\/Ashtamangala_Lotus.svg","headline":"school of Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhist Tradition"}</script> </body> </html>