CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>   <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#">  <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"95211f24ac",applicationID:"402367740"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.275.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.275.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);const R=new Map;function E(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function x(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const _={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");_[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{_[e]=t}));var R="api-",x=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),E(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(x+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(x,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(x,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!_[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var T=r(9417),S=r(8122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},k={};var I=r(5284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,T.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");k[e]=(0,S.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=k[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,T.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(h.proxy.assets&&(O(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),x(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",I.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.275.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.275.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-VznhEApF3XO7GHWYwoNt4lU4Zn1sF0wsG8RtlBJC9Du2BOSHAa8jtx37qttCscUPYIniZ1GOu0mu/jpr+lo34w=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.275.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.275.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=10, minimum-scale=1, user-scalable=yes" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Yale School of Nursing" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://nursing.yale.edu/" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Yale School of Nursing" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://nursing.yale.edu/" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Yale School of Nursing" /> <title>Page not found | Yale School of Nursing</title>  <link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="icon" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/touch-icon-228.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="228x228" href="/sites/all/themes/yalenew_base/images/touch-icon-228.png"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_PKs5Hq5Li8PX7HT_PH1LS4PeTkFCiwwnkI-AAUd5b_M.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_OVuMPxT4Nd12nV_lpFqlkbYFG6zsQYsfVyPyFmpYoVg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_rsOJNlzLQQpkyfXf0EyZTJ9bi9XeS8h9Wqjz-fxf1DY.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_zaOco2G8k_Y9ZPkHcPipwrYE0eu9i_I-umrYSytTB3U.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_SbupwLY96NaCH1HAe9Sy9EfHqQ1Kyj0Oq1Ed_4OscR4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_1.css?soc71b" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_2.css?soc71b" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_6.css?soc71b" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_8.css?soc71b" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_Ed_VjifiOOrFpOqZpLkI6MJaokHL5HFZi7ltMA4PmNs.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_27.css?soc71b" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_28.css?soc71b" media="all" />   <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_059BxwQdO3W6gC_prw0ohrQj1fWv8MiFJkqt4YP0qJk.css" media="all" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/all/libraries/respondjs/respond.min.js?soc71b"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.10.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_MiJp43iEf0FDQ1n9nvzw8fltzo4x59gfVKTrx-Sr6Og.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/webfont/1.5.10/webfont.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_onbE0n0cQY6KTDQtHO_E27UBymFC-RuqypZZ6Zxez-o.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_bDtmBTPGtbeGjoQeVJnT1uXGq5vC_2OsOvlpX-sXO7Y.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Mx7UpCWJ-738u2Ujg3ZP20w1RhLVyfiKgc3Jd6oD72E.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-147967460-1"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_VHzFwEtMy2zMu38pwmYCuLijXAeFCHiO2WU2ngRszb0.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_UNPtX_ZGxcpSkJyp8ls50mHCG5a_tcqRFqN4KjkfLso.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js_injector/js_injector_4.js?soc71b"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in page-navigation404 yalenew-wide i18n-en context-navigation404 one-sidebar sidebar-first nav-carbon block-carbon nav-serif block-font-serif block-outline"> <aside role='complementary' id="skip-link" aria-label="Skip to main content"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </aside> <div class="region region-page-top" id="region-page-top"> <div class="region-inner region-page-top-inner"> </div> </div> <div class="page clearfix" id="page"> <header id="section-header" class="section section-header" role="banner"> <div id="zone-topper-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-topper-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-topper" class="zone zone-topper clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-3 region region-topper-first" id="region-topper-first"> <div class="region-inner region-topper-first-inner"> <div class="topper-logo"><a href="http://www.yale.edu" class="y-icons y-yale y-univ"><span class="element-invisible">Yale University</span></a> </div> <div id="moved-main-nav-wrapper"> <button aria-expanded="false" id="nav-ready" class="nav-ready"><span class="element-invisible">Open Main Navigation</span></button> <div id="moved-main-nav" class="moved-main-nav" data-set="append-main-nav"></div> <button aria-expanded="true" id="nav-close" class="nav-close nav-hidden"><span class="element-invisible">Close Main Navigation</span></button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-9 region region-topper-second" id="region-topper-second"> <div class="region-inner region-topper-second-inner"> <div class="block block-search block-form block-search-form odd block-without-title" id="block-search-form"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <form class="search-form" role="search" aria-label="Site Search" action="/about" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label for="edit-search-block-form--2"><span class="fa fa-search"></span><span class="element-invisible">Search this site</span> </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="custom-search-box form-text" placeholder="Search this site" type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input style="display:none;" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-qtXlHuPT0fDyqEfjvhPMcZaZ5gna5T4Ju9oZ2Xzdw2k" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="zone-branding-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-branding-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-branding" class="zone zone-branding clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-10 region region-branding" id="region-branding"> <div class="region-inner region-branding-inner"> <div class="block block-superfish block-2 block-superfish-2 odd block-without-title" id="block-superfish-2"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul id="superfish-2" class="menu sf-menu sf-menu-secondary-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-7 sf-parent-items-0 sf-single-items-7"><li id="menu-6318-2" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/office-diversity-equity-inclusion-belonging" class="sf-depth-1">Equity</a></li><li id="menu-8315-2" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/alumni" class="sf-depth-1">Alumni</a></li><li id="menu-1050-2" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/precepting-ysn" class="sf-depth-1">Precepting at YSN</a></li><li id="menu-1037-2" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/news" class="sf-depth-1">News</a></li><li id="menu-859-2" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="/calendar" class="sf-depth-1">Event Calendar</a></li><li id="menu-5832-2" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="https://secure.yale.imodules.com/s/1667/52/cart/form.aspx?sid=1667&gid=52&pgid=5594&cid=14277&bledit=1&dids=874.881.499.394.779.601.&origin=5767&_ga=2.139129844.613150956.1722517013-251536949.1719937957" target="_blank" class="sf-depth-1">Donate Now</a></li><li id="menu-8369-2" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-no-children"><a href="https://nursing.yale.edu/academics/simulation-and-assessment-lab" class="sf-depth-1">Simulation Lab</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-block block-plain new_nursinglogo block-208 block-block-208 even block-without-title" id="block-block-208"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <p><a href="https://nursing.yale.edu/"><img alt="School of Nursing logo" src="/sites/default/files/images/Yale-School-of-Nursing_YSN_Logo_SVG_Website-June-2023.svg" style="width:720px; height:67px; float:left; margin-top:10px; margin-bottom:10px" /></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></header> <main id="section-content" class="section section-content" role="main"> <div id="section-content-inner"> <div id="zone-menu-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-menu-wrapper clearfix yale-wide-menu"> <div id="zone-menu" class="zone zone-menu clearfix container-12"> <div id="original-main-nav-wrapper"> <div id="original-main-nav" data-set="append-main-nav"> <div id="main-nav"> <div class="grid-12 region region-menu" id="region-menu"> <div class="region-inner region-menu-inner"> <nav id="main-menu-navigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Main Menu" class="navigation"> <div class="block block-superfish block-1 block-superfish-1 odd block-without-title" id="block-superfish-1"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-7 sf-parent-items-7 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1045-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-10 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/node/64" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About</a><ul><li id="menu-1208-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2"><a href="/about/mission-and-values" class="sf-depth-2">Mission and Values</a></li><li id="menu-1209-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/about/history" class="sf-depth-2">History</a></li><li id="menu-1696-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/about/staff-directory" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory</a></li><li id="menu-1212-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visit-us" class="sf-depth-2">Visit Us</a></li><li id="menu-8417-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/accreditation-and-state-authorization" class="sf-depth-2">Accreditation and State Authorization</a></li><li id="menu-5971-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/about/job-openings" class="sf-depth-2">Job Openings</a></li><li id="menu-8168-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centennial" class="sf-depth-2">Centennial Celebration</a></li><li id="menu-8398-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2"><a href="/about/ysn-aging-well-initiatives" class="sf-depth-2">YSN Aging Well Initiatives</a></li><li id="menu-8413-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/year-review-2023-2024" class="sf-depth-2">The Year in Review: 2023-2024</a></li><li id="menu-8416-1" class="last even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/cares" class="sf-depth-2">CARES Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-6655-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/admissions" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Admissions & Aid</a><ul><li id="menu-8297-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/admissions?cmd=howtoapply" class="sf-depth-2">How to Apply</a></li><li id="menu-8299-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/admissionsmeetings?cmd=meetadmissions" class="sf-depth-2">Virtual Appointments</a></li><li id="menu-8298-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/admissions?cmd=requestinfo" class="sf-depth-2">Request information</a></li><li id="menu-6658-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/apply-ysn" class="sf-depth-2">Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-1214-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/virtualinfosessions" class="sf-depth-2">Information Sessions</a></li><li id="menu-6350-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/admissions?cmd=financialaid" class="sf-depth-2">Financial Aid</a></li><li id="menu-8378-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://apply.nursing.yale.edu/portal/admissions?cmd=studentambassadors" class="sf-depth-2">Student Ambassadors</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1390-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-10 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/academics" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Academics</a><ul><li id="menu-1090-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academics/graduate-entry-pre-specialty-nursing-gepn" class="sf-depth-2">Graduate Entry Pre-Speciality in Nursing</a></li><li id="menu-1159-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/msn" class="sf-depth-2">Master of Science in Nursing</a></li><li id="menu-6720-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/admissions-aid/admissions/doctor-nursing-practice-dnp" class="sf-depth-2">Doctor of Nursing Practice</a></li><li id="menu-2956-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/phd" class="sf-depth-2">PhD Program in Nursing</a></li><li id="menu-1226-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academics/post-masters-aprn-certificates" class="sf-depth-2">Post Master鈥檚 APRN Certificates</a></li><li id="menu-6716-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academics/pre-and-post-doctoral-research" class="sf-depth-2">Pre and Post Doctoral Research</a></li><li id="menu-1225-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academics/academic-calendar" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Calendar</a></li><li id="menu-1562-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions-requirements/joint-degrees" class="sf-depth-2">Joint Degrees</a></li><li id="menu-2696-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://catalog.yale.edu/nursing/" class="sf-depth-2">School of Nursing Bulletin, 2024-2025</a></li><li id="menu-2601-1" class="last even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academics/simulation-and-assessment-lab" class="sf-depth-2">Simulation & Assessment Lab</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1407-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Students</a><ul><li id="menu-5826-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2"><a href="/students/student-life" class="sf-depth-2">Student Life</a></li><li id="menu-6705-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/students/registrar" class="sf-depth-2">Registrar</a></li><li id="menu-1206-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/students/ysn-student-policies-guidelines" class="sf-depth-2">Student Policies & Guidelines</a></li><li id="menu-1172-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/students/student-awards" class="sf-depth-2">Student Awards</a></li><li id="menu-1292-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2"><a href="/students/commencement" class="sf-depth-2">Commencement</a></li><li id="menu-2931-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/students/career-resources" class="sf-depth-2">Career Resources</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-6317-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-0" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-1287-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty-research/faculty-directory" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory</a></li><li id="menu-1097-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty/faculty-practice" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Practice</a></li><li id="menu-6902-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty/faculty-publications" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Publications</a></li><li id="menu-1641-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty/yale-school-nursing-office-research-administration" class="sf-depth-2">Research at YSN</a></li><li id="menu-6320-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2"><a href="https://yale.instructure.com/courses/77061" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Toolkit for Success</a></li><li id="menu-6741-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty/office-dean" class="sf-depth-2">Office of the Dean</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1409-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="https://nursing.yale.edu/global-affairs-planetary-health/office-global-affairs-and-planetary-health" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Global Affairs & Planetary Health</a><ul><li id="menu-7113-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/about" class="sf-depth-2">About</a></li><li id="menu-6951-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/who-we-are" class="sf-depth-2">Who We Are</a></li><li id="menu-1791-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/global-health-resources" class="sf-depth-2">Global Health Resources</a></li><li id="menu-8309-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/collaboration-and-grant-opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Collaboration and Grant Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-8310-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/alumni" class="sf-depth-2">For Alumni</a></li><li id="menu-8311-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/international-visitors-and-scholars" class="sf-depth-2">For International Visitors and Scholars</a></li><li id="menu-6355-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/planetary-health-initiatives" class="sf-depth-2">Planetary Health Initiatives</a></li><li id="menu-6345-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/global-affairs-planetary-health/yale-institute-global-health" class="sf-depth-2">Yale Institute of Global Health</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-8326-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/giving" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Giving</a><ul><li id="menu-8328-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/giving/deans-annual-fund" class="sf-depth-2">Dean鈥檚 Annual Fund</a></li><li id="menu-8327-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/giving/scholarships" class="sf-depth-2">Scholarships</a></li><li id="menu-8329-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/giving/planned-giving" class="sf-depth-2">Planned Giving</a></li><li id="menu-8330-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/giving/naming-opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Naming Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-8331-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/giving/how-give" class="sf-depth-2">How to Give</a></li><li id="menu-8332-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://nursing.yale.edu/alumni/office-development-and-alumni-affairs" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-menu-block custom-menu block-9 block-menu-block-9 even block-without-title" id="block-menu-block-9"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-9 menu-name-menu-secondary-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf has-children menu-mlid-6318 menu-equity"><a href="/office-diversity-equity-inclusion-belonging"><span>Equity</span></a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-8315 menu-alumni"><a href="/alumni"><span>Alumni</span></a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-1050 menu-precepting-at-ysn"><a href="/precepting-ysn"><span>Precepting at YSN</span></a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-1037 menu-news"><a href="/news"><span>News</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-859 menu-event-calendar"><a href="/calendar"><span>Event Calendar</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5832 menu-donate-now"><a href="https://secure.yale.imodules.com/s/1667/52/cart/form.aspx?sid=1667&gid=52&pgid=5594&cid=14277&bledit=1&dids=874.881.499.394.779.601.&origin=5767&_ga=2.139129844.613150956.1722517013-251536949.1719937957" target="_blank"><span>Donate Now</span></a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-8369 menu-simulation-lab"><a href="https://nursing.yale.edu/academics/simulation-and-assessment-lab"><span>Simulation Lab</span></a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="zone-content-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-content" class="zone zone-content clearfix container-12"> <div id="breadcrumb" class="grid-12"><nav class="breadcrumb" role="navigation" aria-label="You are here"><a href="/">Home</a></nav></div> <div id="moved-sidenav-wrapper" class="moved-sidenav-wrapper grid-12"> <div id="moved-sidenav" class="moved-sidenav" data-set="append-sidenav"></div> </div> <div class="grid-8 push-4 region region-content" id="region-content"> <div class="region-inner region-content-inner"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Page not found </h1> The requested page could not be found. </div> </div> <aside class="grid-4 pull-8 region region-sidebar-first sidebar yale-wide-sidebar" id="region-sidebar-first"> <div class="region-inner region-sidebar-first-inner"> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer id="section-footer" class="section section-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="zone-footer-wrapper" class="zone-wrapper zone-footer-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="zone-footer" class="zone zone-footer clearfix container-12"> <div class="grid-4 region region-footer-third" id="region-footer-third"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-third-inner"> <div class="block block-menu block-menu-helpful-menu block-menu-menu-helpful-menu odd" id="block-menu-menu-helpful-menu"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <h2 class="block-title">Helpful Links</h2> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-ysn-library"><a href="http://library.medicine.yale.edu/nursing"><span>YSN Library</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-canvas"><a href="https://yale2.instructure.com/courses/266/pages/school-of-nursing"><span>Canvas</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-ysn-community-opportunities"><a href="/community-opportunities"><span>YSN Community Opportunities</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-yale-west-campus"><a href="http://westcampus.yale.edu/"><span>Yale West Campus</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-nondiscrimination-&-title-ix"><a href="http://www.yale.edu/nondiscrimination"><span>Nondiscrimination & Title IX</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-yale-emergency-management"><a href="http://emergency.yale.edu/"><span>Yale Emergency Management</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-university-policies"><a href="http://your.yale.edu/policies-procedures"><span>University Policies</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-it's-your-yale"><a href="http://your.yale.edu/"><span>It's Your Yale</span></a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-e-value"><a href="https://e-value.net/?s=yalesn"><span>e-Value</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-menu sharing block-menu-social-buttons block-menu-menu-social-buttons even block-without-title" id="block-menu-menu-social-buttons"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-facebook"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/yalenurse" class="fa fa-facebook-square" target="_blank"><span>Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-x"><a href="https://twitter.com/YaleNursing" class="fa fa-twitter" target="_blank"><span>X</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@yaleschoolofnursing4248" class="fa fa-youtube-play" target="_blank"><span>YouTube</span></a></li> <li class="leaf menu-instagram"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/yalenursing/" class="fa fa-instagram" target="_blank"><span>Instagram</span></a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-linkedin"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/yale-school-of-nursing/people" class="fa fa-linkedin" target="_blank"><span>linkedin</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="block block-block block-8 block-block-8 odd block-without-title" id="block-block-8"> <div class="block-inner clearfix"> <div class="content clearfix"> <p><img alt="" height="89" src="/sites/default/files/resize/images/YSN%20shield%20%28transparent%20border%29-71x89.png" width="71" /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-7 suffix-1 region region-footer-second" id="region-footer-second"> <div class="region-inner region-footer-second-inner"> <p class="copyright spacer"> <a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a> · <a href="http://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a> <br> Copyright © 2024 Yale University · All rights reserved </p> </div> </div> </div> </div></footer> </div> <div class="region region-page-bottom" id="region-page-bottom"> <div class="region-inner region-page-bottom-inner"> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://nursing.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_JMVekk522eOkII71K9F5yD4Su-iRqPdTR_-LxjPAtMk.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"95211f24ac","applicationID":"402367740","transactionName":"ZgNTYUtQXEdZUhELVl9JZEdQHh1dVlUAGhdBDkE=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":480,"atts":"SkRQFwNKT0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>