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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Manchester (disambiguation)">Manchester (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style> Manchester (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmæntʃɪstər, -tʃɛs-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cb\/En-gb-Manchester.ogg\/En-gb-Manchester.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-gb-Manchester.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/En-gb-Manchester.ogg/En-gb-Manchester.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:En-gb-Manchester.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:En-gb-Manchester.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, England, which had an estimated population of 568,996 in 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-popstats-4">[4]</a> Greater Manchester is the third-most populous metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2.92 million,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and the largest in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_Plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a> to the south, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford">Salford</a> to the west. The city borders the boroughs of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tameside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Rochdale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Bury</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Salford">Salford</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"> <div class="fn org"> Manchester </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <div class="category"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"> <div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"> <div style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg/258px-Deansgate_Square_%26_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Deansgate_Square_%2526_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg/387px-Deansgate_Square_%2526_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Deansgate_Square_%2526_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg/516px-Deansgate_Square_%2526_Elizabeth_Tower_Manchester_Winter_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="721"></a> </div> <div> Skyline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deansgate_Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"> <div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/129px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/194px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/258px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Town Hall">Town Hall</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"> <div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Cathedral_(4).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg/125px-Manchester_Cathedral_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Manchester_Cathedral_%25284%2529.jpg/188px-Manchester_Cathedral_%25284%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Manchester_Cathedral_%25284%2529.jpg/250px-Manchester_Cathedral_%25284%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"> <div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bridgewater_Canal,_Castlefield_Basin_(geograph_6966336).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg/124px-Bridgewater_Canal%2C_Castlefield_Basin_%28geograph_6966336%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridgewater_Canal%252C_Castlefield_Basin_%2528geograph_6966336%2529.jpg/186px-Bridgewater_Canal%252C_Castlefield_Basin_%2528geograph_6966336%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bridgewater_Canal%252C_Castlefield_Basin_%2528geograph_6966336%2529.jpg/248px-Bridgewater_Canal%252C_Castlefield_Basin_%2528geograph_6966336%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"> <div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Central_Library_and_war_memorial,_St._Peter%27s_Square,_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg/130px-Central_Library_and_war_memorial%2C_St._Peter%27s_Square%2C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Library_and_war_memorial%252C_St._Peter%2527s_Square%252C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg/195px-Central_Library_and_war_memorial%252C_St._Peter%2527s_Square%252C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Central_Library_and_war_memorial%252C_St._Peter%2527s_Square%252C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg/260px-Central_Library_and_war_memorial%252C_St._Peter%2527s_Square%252C_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2752516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="460"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Central Library">Manchester Central Library</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"> <div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg/121px-Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg/182px-Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg/242px-Manchester_Central_Building_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1530"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Central_Convention_Complex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Central Convention Complex">Central Convention Complex</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"> <div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Exchange_Square_(geograph_5147517).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg/133px-Exchange_Square_%28geograph_5147517%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Exchange_Square_%2528geograph_5147517%2529.jpg/200px-Exchange_Square_%2528geograph_5147517%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Exchange_Square_%2528geograph_5147517%2529.jpg/266px-Exchange_Square_%2528geograph_5147517%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exchange_Square,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exchange Square, Manchester">Exchange Square</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"> <div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg/115px-Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg/173px-Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg/230px-Royal_Exchange_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"> <div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg/139px-Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%2528cropped%2529.jpg/209px-Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%2528cropped%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%2528cropped%2529.jpg/278px-Manchester_city_etihad_stadium_%2528cropped%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="1915"></a> </div> <div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etihad_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Etihad Stadium">Etihad Stadium</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Manchester"><img alt="Coat of arms of Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg/97px-Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg/145px-Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg/194px-Arms_of_the_Manchester_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1753"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Heraldry" title="Symbols of Manchester">Coat of arms</a> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:202203_western_honey_bee.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Manchester"><img alt="Official logo of Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/202203_western_honey_bee.svg/100px-202203_western_honey_bee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/202203_western_honey_bee.svg/150px-202203_western_honey_bee.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/202203_western_honey_bee.svg/200px-202203_western_honey_bee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Worker_bee" title="Symbols of Manchester">Worker bee</a> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames:  <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cottonopolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madchester">Madchester</a></li> <li>Mancs</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">Second City</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s):  <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Concilio Et Labore, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literal_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'By Counsel and Work'<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester shown within Greater Manchester"><img alt="Manchester shown within Greater Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Manchester_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="993"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Manchester shown within Greater Manchester </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <div style="width:250px;padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;width:250px"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Manchester is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Manchester is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369"></a> <div class="od notheme" style="top:62.675%;left:66.324%;font-size:91%"> <div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"> <img alt="Manchester" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </div> <div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"> <div> Manchester </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.2em"> Location within the United Kingdom </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DManchester%26params%3D53.479_N_2.2452_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">53°28′44″N 2°14′43″W / 53.4790°N 2.2452°W / 53.4790; -2.2452</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereign_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="England">England</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West England">North West</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_region_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City region (United Kingdom)">city region</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th> <td class="infobox-data">1st century AD</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Town charter</th> <td class="infobox-data">1301</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status</th> <td class="infobox-data">29 March 1853</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local Government Act 1972">1 April 1974</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Council_leadership-2">[2]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th> <td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_arrangements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Executive arrangements">Executive</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_arrangements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader and cabinet</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_arrangements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bev_Craig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bev Craig">Bev Craig</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of mayors of Manchester">Lord Mayor</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Paul Andrews</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> 5 MPs </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_Kane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mike Kane">Mike Kane</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afzal_Khan_(British_politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afzal Khan (British politician)">Afzal Khan</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucy_Powell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucy Powell">Lucy Powell</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">L</a>)</li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeff_Smith_(British_politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeff Smith (British politician)">Jeff Smith</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graham_Stringer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graham Stringer">Graham Stringer</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">45 sq mi (116 km2)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of English districts by area">181st</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population <div class="ib-settlement-fn">  (2022)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-popstats-4">[4]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">568,996</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of English districts by population">6th</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th> <td class="infobox-data">12,700/sq mi (4,920/km2)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_people_from_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of people from Manchester">Mancunian</a></li> <li>Manc (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colloquialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colloquialism">colloq.</a>)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>) <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_Nomis-5">[5]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> List </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">56.8% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">20.9% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Asians">Asian</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">11.9% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">Black</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">5.3% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">5.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion (2021) <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2021_Nomis-5">[5]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> List </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">36.2% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">32.4% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">22.3% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam in England">Islam</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">1.1% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hinduism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.6% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.5% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhism_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.5% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.5% <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion in England">other</a></li> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">5.9% not stated</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylight_saving_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Summer_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode area</a></th> <td class="infobox-data adr"> <div class="postal-code"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M_postcode_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M postcode area">M</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WA_postcode_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WA postcode area">WA</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">0161</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-MAN</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GSS_coding_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">E08000003</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://manchester.gov.uk">manchester.gov.uk</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Manchester">history of Manchester</a> began with the civilian settlement associated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Britain">Roman</a> fort (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castra">castra</a>) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamucium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamucium">Mamucium or Mancunium</a>, established <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> AD 79 on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Medlock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irwell">Irwell</a>. Throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Manchester remained a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manorialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manorialism">manorial</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Township_(England)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Township (England)">township</a> but began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cotton-9">[9]</a> and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Industrial_city-10">[10]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic counties of England">Historically</a> part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, areas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> south of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Mersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> were incorporated into Manchester in the 20th century, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wythenshawe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a> in 1931. Manchester achieved <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> in 1853. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> opened in 1894, creating the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port of Manchester">Port of Manchester</a> and linking the city to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Sea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, 36 miles (58 km) to the west. The city's fortune declined after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, owing to deindustrialisation, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_IRA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">IRA</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1996 Manchester bombing">bombing in 1996</a> led to extensive investment and regeneration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Following considerable redevelopment, Manchester was the host city for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a>. The city is notable for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture of Manchester">its architecture</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Manchester">culture</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popular_music_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Popular music of Manchester">musical exports</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Media in Manchester">media links</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_and_engineering_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and engineering in Manchester">scientific and engineering output</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociology_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociology of Manchester">social impact</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in Manchester">sports clubs</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in Manchester">transport connections</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Manchester Liverpool Road railway station</a> is the world's oldest surviving inter-city passenger railway station.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> first split the atom in 1917; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederic_C._Williams?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederic C. Williams">Frederic C. Williams</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_Kilburn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom Kilburn">Tom Kilburn</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geoff_Tootill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geoff Tootill">Geoff Tootill</a> developed the world's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Baby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Baby">stored-program computer</a> in 1948; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andre_Geim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> first isolated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graphene">graphene</a> in 2004. Manchester has a large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urban_sprawl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, which forms from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester City Centre">city centre</a> into the other neighbouring authorities; these include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Four_Heatons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Four Heatons">The Four Heatons</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Failsworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prestwich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stretford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Droylsden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Trafford_(area)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Trafford (area)">Old Trafford</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reddish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reddish">Reddish</a>. The city is also contiguous with Salford and its borough but is separated from it by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>. This urban area is cut off by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a>, also known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Outer_Ring_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Outer Ring Road">Manchester Outer Ring Road</a>, which runs in a circular around the city and these areas. It joins the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M62_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M62 motorway">M62</a> to the north-east and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M602_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M602 motorway">M602</a> to the west, as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Lancashire_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="East Lancashire Road">East Lancashire Road</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A6_(road)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A6 (road)">A6</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Toponymy">1 Toponymy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_history">2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industrial_Revolution">2.2 Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Blitz">2.3 Blitz</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post%E2%80%93Second_World_War">2.4 Post–Second World War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Since_2000">2.5 Since 2000</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government">3 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate">4.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Green_belt">4.2 Green belt</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">5.1 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnicity">5.2 Ethnicity</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">6 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Landmarks">7 Landmarks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport">8 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rail">8.1 Rail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Metrolink_(tram/light_rail)">8.2 Metrolink (tram/light rail)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bus">8.3 Bus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air">8.4 Air</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Canal">8.5 Canal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cycling">8.6 Cycling</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music">9.1 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Performing_arts">9.2 Performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Museums_and_galleries">9.3 Museums and galleries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literature">9.4 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nightlife">9.5 Nightlife</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gay_village">9.6 Gay village</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">10 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">11 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Media">12 Media</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Print">12.1 Print</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Television">12.2 Television</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Radio">12.3 Radio</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Twin_cities">13 Twin cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">16 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture">16.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General">16.2 General</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture_2">16.3 Culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport_2">16.4 Sport</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">17 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Manchester originates from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamucium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a> or its variant Mancunio and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/mænˈkjuːniən/</a>). These names are generally thought to represent a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latinization_of_names?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization of names">Latinisation</a> of an original <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_Brittonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_placenames?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic placenames">name</a>. The generally accepted etymology of this name is that it comes from Brittonic *mamm- ('<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breast">breast</a>', in reference to a '<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breast-like_hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast-like hill">breast-like hill</a>').<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Place_names-14">[14]</a> However, more recent work suggests that it could come from *mamma ('mother', in reference to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Medlock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Medlock">local river</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic mythology">goddess</a>). Both usages are preserved in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, such as mam meaning 'breast' in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Gaelic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Gaelic">Irish</a> and 'mother' in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffix">suffix</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester_(placename_element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester (placename element)">-chester</a> is from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Old English</a> ceaster ('Roman fortification', itself a loanword from Latin castra, 'fort; fortified town').<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Place_names-14">[14]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> The city is widely known as 'the capital of the North'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Manchester">History of Manchester</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Manchester_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Manchester history">Timeline of Manchester history</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamucium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> were the major <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_tribes_in_Britain_and_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland">Celtic tribe</a> in what is now known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>; they had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a> now stands, opposite the bank of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cooper-20">[20]</a> Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stretford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>. Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> in the 1st century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">General Agricola</a> ordered the construction of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castra">fort</a> named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamucium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamucium">Mamucium</a> in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deva_Victrix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deva Victrix">Deva Victrix</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester">Chester</a>) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eboracum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="York">York</a>) were protected from the Brigantes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cooper-20">[20]</a> Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Roman-21">[21]</a> A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a>. The Roman habitation of Manchester probably ended around the 3rd century; its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">civilian settlement</a> appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although the fort may have supported a small garrison until the late 3rd or early 4th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_withdrawal_from_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman withdrawal from Britain">Roman withdrawal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxon_invasions_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon invasions of Britain">Saxon conquest</a>, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irk">Irk</a> sometime before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Conquest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Conquest">arrival of the Normans</a> after 1066.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hylton-24">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Arrowsmith-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:McConnel_%26_Company_mills,_about_1820.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/220px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1258"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/220px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/330px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg/440px-McConnel_%26_Company_mills%2C_about_1820.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> McConnel & Company's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotton_mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancoats?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancoats">Ancoats</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1820 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Peterloo_Massacre.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/220px-Peterloo_Massacre.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/220px-Peterloo_Massacre.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/330px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Peterloo_Massacre.png/440px-Peterloo_Massacre.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peterloo Massacre">Peterloo Massacre</a> of 1819 resulted in 15 deaths and several hundred injured. </figcaption> </figure> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domesday_Book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086, Manchester is recorded as within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hundred_of_Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred of Salford">hundred of Salford</a> and held as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenant_in_chief?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant in chief">tenant in chief</a> by a Norman named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_of_Poitou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger of Poitou">Roger of Poitou</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-doomsday-26">[26]</a> later being held by the family of Grelley, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> and residents of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Castle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Castle">Manchester Castle</a> until 1215 before a Manor House was built.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gatehouse-27">[27]</a> By 1421 Thomas de la Warre founded and constructed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collegiate_church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_(ancient_parish)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester (ancient parish)">parish</a>, now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>; the domestic premises of the college house <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chetham's School of Music">Chetham's School of Music</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chetham's Library">Chetham's Library</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hartwell-28">[28]</a> The library, which opened in 1653 and is still open to the public, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nicholls2004P20-29">[29]</a> Manchester is mentioned as having a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Market_town?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Market town">market</a> in 1282.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flemish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flemish-31">[31]</a> Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wool">woollens</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linen">linen</a>, and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a>'s words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hylton-24">[24]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. Although not long-lasting, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a> granted it the right to elect its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Members_of_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">MP</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Worsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Worsley">Charles Worsley</a>, who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule_of_the_Major_Generals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of the Major Generals">Rule of the Major Generals</a>. He was a diligent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puritan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">puritan</a>, turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of Christmas; he died in 1656.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen and cotton <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fustian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fustian">fustians</a>, but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>, Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worsley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worsley">Worsley</a> to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Runcorn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a> by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hartwell-28">[28]</a> Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commodities_exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities exchange">commodities exchange</a>, opened in 1729,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hylton-24">[24]</a> and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. In 1780, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Arkwright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a> began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hylton-24">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hartwell-28">[28]</a> In the early 1800s, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Dalton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> formulated his atomic theory in Manchester. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3> </div> Manchester was one of the centres of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a>. The great majority of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spinning (textiles)">cotton spinning</a> took place in the towns of south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GMArch-33">[33]</a> Manchester became known as the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hall-34">[34]</a> and was dubbed "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cottonopolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cottonopolis">Cottonopolis</a>" and "Warehouse City" during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorian_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GMArch-33">[33]</a> In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OED-35">[35]</a> The industrial revolution brought about huge change in Manchester and was key to the increase in Manchester's population. Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as people flocked to the city for work from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and other areas of England as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-autogenerated1-38">[38]</a> It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hall-34">[34]</a> Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:460px;max-width:460px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:View_from_Kersal_Moor,_Salford_-_1820.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/220px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="827"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/220px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/330px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg/440px-View_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_Salford_-_1820.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> View from Kersal Moor towards Manchester by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Pether?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Pether">Sebastian Pether</a>, c. 1820, then still a rural landscape. Note the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a> in both paintings. </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"> <div class="thumbimage"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wyld,_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor,_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/232px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6133" data-file-height="3931"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 232px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/232px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="232" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/348px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/464px-Wyld%2C_William_-_Manchester_from_Kersal_Moor%2C_with_rustic_figures_and_goats_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Manchester from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kersal_Moor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kersal Moor">Kersal Moor</a>, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Wyld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Wyld">William Wyld</a> in 1857, a view now dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>. Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> In 1878 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Post_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General Post Office">GPO</a> (the forerunner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BT_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BT Group">British Telecom</a>) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> was built between 1888 and 1894, in some sections by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey, running 36 miles (58 km)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> to Eastham Locks on the tidal Mersey. This enabled oceangoing ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world. A centre of capitalism, Manchester was once the scene of bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes. One such gathering ended with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peterloo_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterloo massacre">Peterloo massacre</a> of 16 August 1819. The economic school of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester Capitalism</a> developed there, and Manchester was the centre of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Corn Law League">Anti-Corn Law League</a> from 1838 onward.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Manchester has a notable place in the history of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and left-wing politics; being the subject of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>' work <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a>; Engels spent much of his life in and around Manchester,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Engles-42">[42]</a> and when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> visited Manchester, they met at Chetham's Library. The economics books Marx was reading at the time can be seen in the library, as can the window seat where Marx and Engels would meet.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nicholls2004P20-29">[29]</a> The first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a> was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June 1868. Manchester was an important cradle of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffragette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a> Movement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_capitalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester capitalism">Manchester School</a>, promoting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_trade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free trade">free trade</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laissez-faire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a>), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-manchester_innovation-44">[44]</a> Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a>) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hall%C3%A9_Orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallé Orchestra">Hallé Orchestra</a>. In 1889, when county councils were created in England, the municipal borough became a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County borough">county borough</a> with even greater autonomy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Oxford_Road,_Manchester_1910,_Valette.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/200px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 241px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/200px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/300px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg/400px-Oxford_Road%2C_Manchester_1910%2C_Valette.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An oil painting of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_Road,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Road, Manchester">Oxford Road</a>, Manchester, in 1910, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Adolphe_Valette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Adolphe Valette">Valette</a> </figcaption> </figure> Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Schama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester's blackspots saw "wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotton_mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GMArch-33">[33]</a> Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolton">Bolton</a> in the 1850s and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham">Oldham</a> in the 1860s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GMArch-33">[33]</a> However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of the city as the financial centre of the region.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GMArch-33">[33]</a> Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression</a> and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Blitz">Blitz</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Blitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester Blitz</a> </div> Like most of the UK, the Manchester area was mobilised extensively during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. For example, casting and machining expertise at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beyer,_Peacock_%26_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyer, Peacock & Company">Beyer, Peacock & Company</a>'s locomotive works in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorton">Gorton</a> was switched to bomb making; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dunlop_Rubber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dunlop Rubber">Dunlop's</a> rubber works in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorlton-on-Medlock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorlton-on-Medlock">Chorlton-on-Medlock</a> made <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrage_balloon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a>; and just outside the city in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>, engineers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a> made <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avro_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avro Manchester">Avro Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avro_Lancaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> bombers and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ford_of_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ford of Britain">Ford</a> built the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engines to power them. Manchester was thus the target of bombing by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luftwaffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>, and by late 1940 air raids were taking place against non-military targets. The biggest took place during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Blitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Blitz">Christmas Blitz</a> on the nights of 22/23 and 24 December 1940, when an estimated 474 tonnes (467 long tons) of high explosives plus over 37,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed, including 165 warehouses, 200 business premises, and 150 offices. 376 were killed and 30,000 houses were damaged.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Exchange, Manchester">Royal Exchange</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Trade Hall">Free Trade Hall</a> were among the buildings seriously damaged; restoration of the cathedral took 20 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WWII-48">[48]</a> In total, 589 civilians were recorded to have died as result of enemy action within the Manchester County Borough.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Post–Second_World_War">Post–Second World War</h3> </div> Cotton processing and trading continued to decline in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> By 1963 the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UK's_3rd_largest-50">[50]</a> and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Containerization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Containerization">container</a> ships. Traffic declined, and the port closed in 1982.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ship_close-51">[51]</a> Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the 1960s and was greatly reduced under the economic policies followed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s government after 1979. Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/220px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="279"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/220px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg/330px-BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/87/BBC_picture_Arndale_centre_after_1996_bomb.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corporation_Street,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corporation Street, Manchester">Corporation Street</a> after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester bombing on 15 June 1996</a>. There were no fatalities, but it was one of the most expensive man-made disasters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A large rebuilding project of Manchester ensued. </figcaption> </figure> Regeneration began in the late 1980s, with initiatives such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metrolink">Metrolink</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bridgewater Hall">Bridgewater Concert Hall</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a>, and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>. Two bids to host the Olympic Games were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Regeneration-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Oxfordrd.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/220px-Oxfordrd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="3785"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/220px-Oxfordrd.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/330px-Oxfordrd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Oxfordrd.jpg/440px-Oxfordrd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilmslow_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilmslow Road">Oxford Road</a>, one of the main thoroughfares into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_city_centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester city centre">Manchester city centre</a> </figcaption> </figure> Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Martyrs">Manchester Martyrs</a> of 1867, arson in 1920, a series of explosions in 1939, and two bombs in 1992. On Saturday 15 June 1996, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) carried out the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a>, the detonation of a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2 mile (800 m) away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at £50 million, but this was quickly revised upwards.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1996_IRA_costs-54">[54]</a> The final insurance payout was over £400 million; many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IRA_business-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h3> </div> Spurred by the investment after the 1996 bombing and aided by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">XVII Commonwealth Games</a>, the city centre has undergone extensive regeneration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Regeneration-53">[53]</a> New and renovated complexes such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Printworks_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Printworks (Manchester)">The Printworks</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corn_Exchange,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corn Exchange, Manchester">Corn Exchange</a> have become popular shopping, eating and entertainment areas. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Arndale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Arndale">Manchester Arndale</a> is the UK's largest city-centre shopping centre.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Arndale-56">[56]</a> Large city sections from the 1960s have been demolished, re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into apartments. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hulme">Hulme</a> has undergone extensive regeneration, with million-pound loft-house apartments being developed. The 47-storey, 554-foot (169 m) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beetham Tower, Manchester">Beetham Tower</a> was the tallest UK building outside of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/London?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="London">London</a> and the highest residential accommodation in Europe when completed in 2006. It was surpassed in 2018 by the 659-foot (201 m) South Tower of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deansgate_Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deansgate Square">Deansgate Square</a> project, also in Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Beetham_Tower-57">[57]</a> In January 2007, the independent Casino Advisory Panel licensed Manchester to build the UK's only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supercasino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercasino">supercasino</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> but plans were abandoned in February 2008.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On 22 May 2017, an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamist_terrorist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorist">Islamist terrorist</a> carried out <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Arena bombing">a bombing</a> at an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ariana_Grande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ariana Grande">Ariana Grande</a> concert in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a>; the bomb killed 23, including the attacker, and injured over 800.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> It was the deadliest terrorist attack and first suicide bombing in Britain since the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a>. It caused <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Manchester_Arena_bombing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reactions to the Manchester Arena bombing">worldwide condemnation</a> and changed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_Threat_Levels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK Threat Levels">UK's threat level</a> to "critical" for the first time since 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Birmingham has historically been considered to be England or the UK's second city, but in the 21st century claims to this <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">unofficial title</a> have also been made for Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Government">Government</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics in Manchester">Politics in Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_local_elections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester local elections">Manchester local elections</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Lord_Mayors_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lord Mayors of Manchester">List of Lord Mayors of Manchester</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Healthcare_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Healthcare in Greater Manchester">Healthcare in Greater Manchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/220px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1095"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/220px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/330px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg/440px-Manchester_Town_Hall_from_Lloyd_St.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square</a>, the seat of local government, is an example of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorian_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victorian era">Victorian-era</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_revival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> architecture. </figcaption> </figure> The City of Manchester is governed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester Combined Authority</a>, with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">directly elected mayor</a>, has responsibilities for economic strategy and transport, amongst other areas, on a Greater Manchester-wide basis. Manchester has been a member of the English <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Core_Cities_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a> since its inception in 1995.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Core_city-65">[65]</a> The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301 but lost its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a> in a court case of 1359. Until the 19th century local government was largely in the hands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manorial_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manorial court">manorial courts</a>, the last of which was dissolved in 1846.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> From <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Lancashire">a very early time</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Township_(England)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Township (England)">township of Manchester</a> lay within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic counties of England">historic or ceremonial county boundaries</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner</a> wrote "That [neighbouring] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stretford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stretford">Stretford</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flemish-31">[31]</a> A stroke of a baron's pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of lords, that was separated from Salford.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Evolution-66">[66]</a> It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salfordshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salfordshire">Salfordshire</a>, which included the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_(ancient_parish)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester (ancient parish)">ancient parish of Manchester</a>. Manchester later formed its own <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poor_Law_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law Union">Poor Law Union</a> using the name "Manchester".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> In 1792, Commissioners – usually known as "Police Commissioners" – were established for the social improvement of Manchester. Manchester regained its borough status in 1838 and comprised the townships of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beswick,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Beswick, Greater Manchester">Beswick</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheetham_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorlton_upon_Medlock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton upon Medlock">Chorlton upon Medlock</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hulme">Hulme</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> By 1846, with increasing population and greater industrialisation, the Borough Council had taken over the powers of the "Police Commissioners". In 1853, Manchester was granted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> In 1885, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bradford,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford, Greater Manchester">Bradford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harpurhey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harpurhey">Harpurhey</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusholme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a> and parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moss_Side?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Withington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Withington">Withington</a> townships became part of the City of Manchester. In 1889, the city became a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_borough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="County borough">county borough</a>, as did many larger Lancashire towns, and therefore not governed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_County_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire County Council">Lancashire County Council</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> Between 1890 and 1933, more areas were added to the city, which had been administered by Lancashire County Council, including former villages such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burnage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burnage">Burnage</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didsbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fallowfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fallowfield">Fallowfield</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levenshulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levenshulme">Levenshulme</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longsight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longsight">Longsight</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Withington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Withington">Withington</a>. In 1931, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parishes</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baguley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baguley">Baguley</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northenden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northenden">Northenden</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northen_Etchells?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northen Etchells">Northen Etchells</a> from the south of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Mersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> were added.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> In 1974, by way of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, the City of Manchester became a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">metropolitan district</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_county?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan county</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">[45]</a> That year, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ringway,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringway, Greater Manchester">Ringway</a>, the village where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> is located, was added to the city. In November 2014, it was announced that Greater Manchester would receive a new directly elected mayor. The mayor would have fiscal control over health, transport, housing and police in the area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andy_Burnham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andy Burnham">Andy Burnham</a> was elected as the first mayor of Greater Manchester in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2017_Greater_Manchester_mayoral_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2017 Greater Manchester mayoral election">2017</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geography of Greater Manchester">Geography of Greater Manchester</a> </div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Manchester</th> </tr> <tr> <th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> J </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> F </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> M </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> A </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> M </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> J </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> J </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> A </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> S </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> O </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> N </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;"> D </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 72 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 7 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 2 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.02em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 51 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1.2em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 8 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 2 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.22em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 61 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:1.4em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 10 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 3 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 54 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 13 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 5 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.14em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 57 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 16 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 8 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 66 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 19 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 11 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.28em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 64 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 21 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 13 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.54em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 77 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 20 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 12 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 72 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.6em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 18 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 10 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.86em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 93 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:1.4em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 14 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 7 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.64em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 82 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:1.2em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 10 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 4 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.62em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 81 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 7 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right"> 2 </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in mm</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/u/UK03334.html">Climate-Charts.com</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th> </tr> <tr> <td>J</td> <td>F</td> <td>M</td> <td>A</td> <td>M</td> <td>J</td> <td>J</td> <td>A</td> <td>S</td> <td>O</td> <td>N</td> <td>D</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.8 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 45 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 36 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.02em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1.2em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 46 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 36 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.22em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.4 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.6em;height:1.4em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 50 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 37 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.08em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.1 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 55 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 41 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.14em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.2 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.6em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 61 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 46 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.32em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.6 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.2em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 66 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.7em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 52 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.28em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.5 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.6em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.2em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 70 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.1em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 55 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.54em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 3 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.4em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 68 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 54 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.44em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 2.8 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10em;height:1.6em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.6em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 64 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.5em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 50 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.86em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 3.7 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.4em;height:1.4em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.8em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 57 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 45 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.64em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 3.2 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.8em;height:1.2em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 50 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 39 </div> </div></td> <td> <div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.62em;overflow:hidden">   </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 3.2 </div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0">   </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.4em;height:1em;">   </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.4em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 45 </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center"> 36 </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in inches</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> At <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DManchester%26params%3D53_28_0_N_2_14_0_W_type:city">53°28′0″N 2°14′0″W / 53.46667°N 2.23333°W / 53.46667; -2.23333</a>, 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London, Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, an upland chain that runs the length of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">northern England</a>, and to the south by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire_Plain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire Plain</a>. Manchester is 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-east of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheffield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, making the city the halfway point between the two. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_city_centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester city centre">city centre</a> is on the east bank of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>, near its confluences with the Rivers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Medlock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Irk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Irk">Irk</a>, and is relatively low-lying, being between 35 and 42 metres (115 and 138 feet) above sea level.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Topography-68">[68]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/River_Mersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a> flows through the south of Manchester. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Port?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Port">seaport</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, the availability of waterpower from its rivers, and its nearby coal reserves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Coalfields-69">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_of_Manchester.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/170px-Map_of_Manchester.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="693"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 285px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/170px-Map_of_Manchester.png" data-width="170" data-height="285" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/255px-Map_of_Manchester.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Manchester.png/340px-Map_of_Manchester.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The City of Manchester. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Land_use?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Land use">land use</a> is overwhelmingly urban. </figcaption> </figure> The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district within Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. The "Manchester City Zone", "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M_postcode_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M postcode area">Manchester post town</a>" and the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Congestion_Charge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Congestion Charge">Manchester Congestion Charge</a>" are all examples of this. For purposes of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, Manchester forms the most populous settlement within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Urban_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Urban Area">Greater Manchester Urban Area</a>, the United Kingdom's second-largest conurbation. There is a mix of high-density urban and suburban locations. The largest open space in the city, at around 260 hectares (642 acres),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heaton_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a>. Manchester is contiguous on all sides with several large settlements, except for a small section along its southern boundary with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M56_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M56 motorway">M56 motorways</a> pass through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northenden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northenden">Northenden</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wythenshawe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a> respectively in the south of Manchester. Heavy rail lines enter the city from all directions, the principal destination being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Manchester Piccadilly station</a>. <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> </div> Manchester experiences a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oceanic_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), like much of the British Isles, with warm summers and cold winters compared to other parts of the UK. Summer daytime temperatures regularly top 20 °C, quite often reaching 25 °C on sunny days during July and August in particular. In more recent years, temperatures have occasionally reached over 30 °C. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The city's average annual rainfall is 806.6 millimetres (31.76 in)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manchester_weather-71">[71]</a> compared to a UK average of 1,125.0 millimetres (44.29 in),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UK_weather-72">[72]</a> and its mean rain days are 140.4 per annum,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manchester_weather-71">[71]</a> compared to the UK average of 154.4.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UK_weather-72">[72]</a> Manchester has a relatively high humidity level, and this, along with abundant soft water, was one factor that led to advancement of the textile industry in the area.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Snowfalls are not common in the city because of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urban_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urban climate">urban warming</a> effect but the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Pennine_Moors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Pennine Moors">West Pennine Moors</a> to the north-west, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Pennines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Pennines">South Pennines</a> to the north-east and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peak_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> to the east receive more snow, which can close roads leading out of the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snow-74">[74]</a> They include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A62_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A62 road">A62</a> via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oldham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oldham">Oldham</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standedge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standedge">Standedge</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A57_road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A57 road">A57</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snake_Pass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Snake Pass">Snake Pass</a>, towards <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheffield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Peaks-76">[76]</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M62_motorway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Milnrow_to_Outlane" title="M62 motorway">Pennine section of the M62</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The lowest temperature ever recorded in Manchester was −17.6 °C (0.3 °F) on 7 January 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The highest temperature recorded in Manchester is 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 19 July 2022, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#July_heatwave_7" title="2022 European heatwaves">2022 European Heatwave</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Manchester_weatherbox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Manchester weatherbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template_talk:Manchester_weatherbox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template talk:Manchester weatherbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester_weatherbox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester weatherbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="navbar-ct-mini"> Climate data for Manchester (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">MAN</a>), 69 m (226 ft) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsl">amsl</a>, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1958–present </div></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month</th> <th scope="col">Jan</th> <th scope="col">Feb</th> <th scope="col">Mar</th> <th scope="col">Apr</th> <th scope="col">May</th> <th scope="col">Jun</th> <th scope="col">Jul</th> <th scope="col">Aug</th> <th scope="col">Sep</th> <th scope="col">Oct</th> <th scope="col">Nov</th> <th scope="col">Dec</th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1 (77.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7 (80.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3)</td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7 (92.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0 (80.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1 (59.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.0 (100.4)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3 (68.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (40.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8)</td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4)</td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2)</td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8)</td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1)</td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9)</td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 (40.8)</td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3)</td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6)</td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2)</td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.6 (0.3)</td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1 (8.4)</td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.7 (14.5)</td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9 (23.2)</td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7 (28.9)</td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4)</td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7)</td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5)</td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0)</td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5)</td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0)</td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0 (6.8)</td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−17.6 (0.3)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.3 (2.85)</td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4 (2.02)</td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.2 (2.41)</td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (2.13)</td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 (2.24)</td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.1 (2.60)</td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.9 (2.52)</td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.0 (3.03)</td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.5 (2.81)</td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.5 (3.64)</td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5 (3.21)</td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7 (3.18)</td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">828.8 (32.63)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1</td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7</td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3</td> <td style="background: #7070FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2</td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4</td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1</td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9</td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0</td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1</td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6</td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1</td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5</td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">142.9</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days</th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6</td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5</td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3</td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2</td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1</td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3</td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relative_humidity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)</th> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83</td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81</td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77</td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74</td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72</td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74</td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76</td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77</td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79</td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81</td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83</td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84</td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">79</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dew_point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36)</td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36)</td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37)</td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (39)</td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (45)</td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (48)</td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52)</td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (54)</td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50)</td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46)</td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41)</td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37)</td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 (43)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunshine_duration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th> <td style="background: #5F5F5F; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.5</td> <td style="background: #949494; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.9</td> <td style="background: #ACAC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.0</td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.9</td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.3</td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.5</td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">179.7</td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.3</td> <td style="background: #BDBD35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">131.2</td> <td style="background: #ACAC98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.3</td> <td style="background: #707070; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.5</td> <td style="background: #565656; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.1</td> <td style="background: #B6B65F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,416.2</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunshine_duration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4</td> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4</td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2</td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8</td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7</td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4</td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6</td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0</td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9</td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8</td> <td style="background: #B1B17B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5</td> <td style="background: #B3B372; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6</td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a></th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1</td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2</td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4</td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5</td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6</td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6</td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5</td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4</td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2</td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1</td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0</td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Met Office<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Met_Averages-80">[80]</a> NOAA (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NOAA-81">[81]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: KNMI<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Current Results - Weather and Science<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snowfall-84">[84]</a> Meteo Climat<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Time and Date: Average dew point (1985-2015)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> WeatherAtlas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weather-Atlas-87">[87]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Green_belt">Green belt</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Green_Belt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West Green Belt">North West Green Belt</a> </div> Manchester lies at the centre of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Green belt (United Kingdom)">green belt</a> region extending into the wider surrounding counties. This reduces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urban_sprawl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, prevents towns in the conurbation from further convergence, protects the identity of outlying communities, and preserves nearby countryside. It is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-belt2-88">[88]</a> Due to being already highly urban, the city contains limited portions of protected green-belt area within <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenfield_land?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenfield land">greenfield</a> throughout the borough, with minimal development opportunities,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clayton_Vale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clayton Vale">Clayton Vale</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heaton_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a>, Chorlton Water Park along with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorlton_Ees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton Ees">Chorlton Ees</a> & Ivy Green nature reserve and the floodplain surrounding the River Mersey, as well as the southern area around Manchester Airport.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The green belt was first drawn up in 1961.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-belt2-88">[88]</a> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demographics_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demographics of Manchester">Demographics of Manchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_population_pyramid.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Manchester_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Manchester_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> City of Manchester population pyramid in 2021 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/220px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="2078"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/220px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/330px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg/440px-UK_and_foreign_born_population_pyramid_of_Manchester_in_2021.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> UK- and foreign-born population pyramid of Manchester in 2021. Males and females representing the UK born population while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population. </figcaption> </figure> Historically the population of Manchester began to increase rapidly during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorian_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, estimated at 354,930 for Manchester and 110,833 for Salford in 1865,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and peaking at 766,311 in 1931. From then the population began to decrease rapidly, due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a> and the increased building of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_housing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public housing">social housing</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overspill_estate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overspill estate">overspill estates</a> by Manchester City Council after the Second World War such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hattersley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hattersley">Hattersley</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langley,_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langley, Greater Manchester">Langley</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Slums-92">[92]</a> The 2012 mid-year estimate for the population of Manchester was 510,700. This was an increase of 7,900, or 1.6 per cent, since the 2011 estimate. Since 2001, the population has grown by 87,900, or 20.8 per cent, making Manchester the third fastest-growing area in the 2011 census.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mancpop-93">[93]</a> The city experienced the greatest percentage population growth outside London, with an increase of 19 per cent to over 500,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Manchester's population is projected to reach 532,200 by 2021, an increase of 5.8 per cent from 2011. This represents a slower rate of growth than the previous decade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mancpop-93">[93]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Built-up_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester Built-up Area">Greater Manchester Built-up Area</a> in 2011 had an estimated population of 2,553,400. In 2012 an estimated 2,702,200 people lived in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>. An 6,547,000 people were estimated in 2012 to live within 30 miles (50 km) of Manchester and 11,694,000 within 50 miles (80 km).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mancpop-93">[93]</a> Between the beginning of July 2011 and end of June 2012 (mid-year estimate date), births exceeded deaths by 4,800. Migration (internal and international) and other changes accounted for a net increase of 3,100 people between July 2011 and June 2012. Compared with Greater Manchester and with England, Manchester has a younger population, with a particularly large 20–35 age group.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mancpop-93">[93]</a> There were 76,095 undergraduate and postgraduate students at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Northern College of Music">Royal Northern College of Music</a> in the 2011/2012 academic year. Of all households in Manchester, 0.23 per cent were Same-Sex <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil union">Civil Partnership</a> households, compared with an English national average of 0.16 per cent in 2011.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GayPopulation-95">[95]</a> The Manchester <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larger_Urban_Zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Urban Zone">Larger Urban Zone</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, had a population of 2,539,100 in 2004.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-urbanaudit-96">[96]</a> In addition to Manchester itself, the LUZ includes the remainder of the county of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Manchester LUZ is the second largest within the United Kingdom, behind that of London. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 235.12870827578px; border-left-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:white"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 216.02362640883px; border-left-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 199.34765443401px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 155.40779058166px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.023184736587px 39.13736668372px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 84.866196759027px 100px 0; border-right-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religious beliefs, according to the 2021 census<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend">   Christian (36.2%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   No Religion (32.4%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Muslim (22.3%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Hindu (1.1%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Buddhist (0.6%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Jewish (0.5%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Other (0.5%) </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> <div class="legend">   Religion Not Stated (5.9%) </div> </div> </div> </div> Since the 2001 census, the proportion of Christians in Manchester has fallen by 22 per cent from 62.4 per cent to 48.7 per cent in 2011. The proportion of those with no religious affiliation rose by 58.1 per cent from 16 per cent to 25.3 per cent, whilst the proportion of Muslims increased by 73.6 per cent from 9.1 per cent to 15.8 per cent. The size of the Jewish population in Greater Manchester is the largest in Britain outside London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jewish_Population-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/220px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1097"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/220px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/330px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif/440px-Manchester_ethnic_demography_over_time.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ethnic demography of Manchester from 1971 to 2021 </figcaption> </figure> In terms of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_English_districts_and_their_ethnic_composition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English districts and their ethnic composition">ethnic composition</a>, the City of Manchester has the highest non-white proportion of any district in Greater Manchester. Statistics from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a> showed that 66.7 per cent of the population was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people">White</a> (59.3 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White British">White British</a>, 2.4 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">White Irish</a>, 0.1 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gypsy_(term)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsy (term)">Gypsy</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Traveller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>, 4.9 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Other_White?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Other White">Other White</a> – although the size of mixed European and British ethnic groups is unclear, there are reportedly over 25,000 people in Greater Manchester of at least partial <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Briton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Briton">Italian</a> descent alone, which represents 5.5 per cent of the population of Greater Manchester<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[100]</a>). 4.7 per cent were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed race</a> (1.8 per cent White and Black Caribbean, 0.9 per cent White and Black African, 1.0 per cent White and Asian, 1.0 per cent other mixed), 17.1 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> (2.3 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Indian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a>, 8.5 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Pakistanis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a>, 1.3 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Bangladeshi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a>, 2.7 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>, 2.3 per cent other Asian), 8.6 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black</a> (5.1 per cent African, 1.6 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Other_Black?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">other Black</a>), 1.9 per cent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Arab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Arab">Arab</a> and 1.2 per cent of other ethnic heritage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/220px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/220px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/330px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg/440px-Manchester_Chinatown_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Chinatown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Chinatown">Chinatown</a> Paifang </figcaption> </figure> Kidd identifies <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moss_Side?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moss Side">Moss Side</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longsight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longsight">Longsight</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheetham_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusholme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a>, as centres of population for ethnic minorities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a> Manchester's Irish Festival, including a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's Day">St Patrick's Day</a> parade, is one of Europe's largest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Irish_festival-102">[102]</a> There is also a well-established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinatown,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinatown, Manchester">Chinatown</a> in the city with a substantial number of Chinese restaurants and supermarkets. The area also attracts large numbers of Chinese students to the city who, in attending the local universities,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Chinatown-103">[103]</a> contribute to Manchester having the third-largest Chinese population in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Ethnicity of Manchester, from 1971 to 2021: <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group</th> <th colspan="12">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1971 estimations<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[106]</a></th> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[107]</a></th> <th colspan="2">1991<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:412-108">[108]</a></th> <th colspan="2">2001<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-109">[109]</a></th> <th colspan="2">2011<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[110]</a></th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[111]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total</th> <th>512,936</th> <th>95.8%</th> <th>396,487</th> <th>92.1%</th> <th>353,685</th> <th>87.4%</th> <th>318,013</th> <th>81%</th> <th>335,109</th> <th>66.6%</th> <th>313,632</th> <th>56.8%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White British">British</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>292,498</td> <td>74.5%</td> <td>298,237</td> <td>59.3%</td> <td>268,572</td> <td>48.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Irish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Irish">Irish</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>14,826</td> <td>3.8%</td> <td>11,843</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>9,442</td> <td>1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: Traveller of Irish heritage</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>509</td> <td>0.1%</td> <td>597</td> <td>0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: Gypsy/Roma</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>883</td> <td>0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Other_White?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Other White">Other</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>10,689</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>24,520</td> <td>4.9%</td> <td>34,138</td> <td>6.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian / Asian British</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>26,766</th> <th>6.6%</th> <th>41,003</th> <th>10.4%</th> <th>85,986</th> <th>17.1%</th> <th>115,109</th> <th>20.9%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Indians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Indians">Indian</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>4,404</td> <td></td> <td>5,817</td> <td></td> <td>11,417</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>14,857</td> <td>2.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Pakistanis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>15,360</td> <td>3.8%</td> <td>23,104</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>42,904</td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>65,875</td> <td>11.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Bangladeshis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2,000</td> <td></td> <td>3,654</td> <td></td> <td>6,437</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>9,673</td> <td>1.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,103</td> <td></td> <td>5,126</td> <td></td> <td>13,539</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>12,644</td> <td>2.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: Other Asians</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1,899</td> <td></td> <td>3,302</td> <td></td> <td>11,689</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>12,060</td> <td>2.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">Black / Black British</a>: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>18,898</th> <th>4.7%</th> <th>17,739</th> <th>4.5%</th> <th>43,484</th> <th>8.6%</th> <th>65,893</th> <th>12%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">African</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>3,465</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>6,655</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>25,718</td> <td>5.1%</td> <td>47,858</td> <td>8.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>10,390</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>9,044</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>9,642</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>10,472</td> <td>1.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Blacks</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>5,043</td> <td></td> <td>2,040</td> <td></td> <td>8,124</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>7,563</td> <td>1.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed / British Mixed</a></th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>12,673</th> <th>3.2%</th> <th>23,161</th> <th>4.6%</th> <th>29,026</th> <th>5.2%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>White and Black Caribbean</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>5,295</td> <td></td> <td>8,877</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>9,987</td> <td>1.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White and Black African</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2,412</td> <td></td> <td>4,397</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>5,992</td> <td>1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White and Asian</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2,459</td> <td></td> <td>4,791</td> <td>1%</td> <td>6,149</td> <td>1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Any other mixed background</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>2,507</td> <td></td> <td>5,096</td> <td>1%</td> <td>6,898</td> <td>1.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>–</th> <th>5,517</th> <th>1.4%</th> <th>3,391</th> <th>0.9%</th> <th>15,387</th> <th>3.1%</th> <th>28,278</th> <th>5.1%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Other: Arab</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>5,517</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>3,391</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>9,503</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>15,028</td> <td>2.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>5,884</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>13,250</td> <td>2.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Ethnic minority</th> <th>22,484</th> <th>4.2%</th> <th>33,944</th> <th>7.9%</th> <th>51,181</th> <th>12.6%</th> <th>74,806</th> <th>19%</th> <th>168,018</th> <th>33.4%</th> <th>238,306</th> <th>43.2%</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Total:</th> <th>535,420</th> <th>100%</th> <th>430,431</th> <th>100%</th> <th>404,866</th> <th>100%</th> <th>392,819</th> <th>100%</th> <th>503,127</th> <th>100%</th> <th>551,938</th> <th>100%</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> Ethnicity of school pupils <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Ethnic group</th> <th colspan="4">School year<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2004/2005</th> <th colspan="2">2021/2022</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> <th>Number</th> <th>%</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total</th> <th>34,860</th> <th>64%</th> <th>34,609</th> <th>37.6%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_British?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White British">British</a></td> <td>33,698</td> <td>61.9%</td> <td>29,591</td> <td>32.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_Irish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White Irish">Irish</a></td> <td>373</td> <td></td> <td>320</td> <td>0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: Traveller of Irish heritage</td> <td>106</td> <td></td> <td>87</td> <td>0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: Gypsy/Roma</td> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td>286</td> <td>0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Other_White?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Other White">Other</a></td> <td>658</td> <td></td> <td>4,325</td> <td>4.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Asian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian / Asian British</a>: Total</th> <th>8,893</th> <th>16.3%</th> <th>23,594</th> <th>25.9%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Indians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Indians">Indian</a></td> <td>770</td> <td></td> <td>2,163</td> <td>2.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Pakistanis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a></td> <td>6,204</td> <td></td> <td>15,838</td> <td>17.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Bangladeshis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a></td> <td>971</td> <td></td> <td>2,157</td> <td>2.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td>390</td> <td></td> <td>1,073</td> <td>1.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Asian / Asian British: Other Asians</td> <td>558</td> <td></td> <td>2,363</td> <td>2.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">Black / Black British</a>: Total</th> <th>4,700</th> <th>8.6%</th> <th>15,699</th> <th>17.1%</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></td> <td>1,517</td> <td></td> <td>1,324</td> <td>1.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_British_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black British people">African</a></td> <td>2,618</td> <td></td> <td>11,014</td> <td>12.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Black: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Other Blacks</a></td> <td>564</td> <td></td> <td>3,361</td> <td>3.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed / British Mixed</a></th> <th>3,530</th> <th>6.5%</th> <th>8,808</th> <th>9.5%</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total</th> <th>1,690</th> <th>3.1%</th> <th>7,448</th> <th>8.1%</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Unclassified</th> <th>793</th> <th>1.5%</th> <th>1,628</th> <th>1.8%</th> </tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Total:</th> <th>54,470</th> <th>100%</th> <th>91,786</th> <th>100%</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economy_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economy of Manchester">Economy of Manchester</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of companies based in Greater Manchester">List of companies based in Greater Manchester</a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption> GVA for Greater Manchester South 2002–2012<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ONS_regional_GVA-114">[114]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>GVA (£ million)</th> <th>Growth (%)</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>24,011</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 03.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>25,063</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 04.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>27,862</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 011.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>28,579</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 02.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>30,384</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 06.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>32,011</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 05.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>32,081</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 00.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>33,186</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 03.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>33,751</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 01.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>33,468</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 00.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>34,755</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 03.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>37,560</td> <td> <noscript> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> 09.6%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/220px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="1635"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/220px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/330px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg/440px-Great_Jackson_Street_Framework_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Great Jackson Street skyscraper district under construction in Central Manchester </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> does not produce economic data for the City of Manchester alone, but includes four other metropolitan boroughs, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Salford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Salford">Salford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stockport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tameside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>, in an area named Greater Manchester South, which had a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gross_Value_Added?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Value Added">GVA</a> of £34.8 billion. The economy grew relatively strongly between 2002 and 2012, when growth was 2.3 per cent above the national average.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Leeds.gov.uk-115">[115]</a> The wider <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_economy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan economy">metropolitan economy</a> is the third largest in the United Kingdom. It is ranked as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpha_world_city?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha world city">beta world city</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TheWorld-116">[116]</a> As the UK economy continues to recover from its 2008–2010 downturn, Manchester compares favourably according to recent figures. In 2012 it showed the strongest annual growth in business stock (5 per cent) of all <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Core_Cities_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Core Cities Group">core cities</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Business_Demography:_Enterprise_Births,_Deaths_and_Survival_Rates_for_2011-117">[117]</a> The city had a relatively sharp increase in the number of business deaths, the largest increase in all the core cities, but this was offset by strong growth in new businesses, resulting in strong net growth. Manchester's civic leadership has a reputation for business acumen.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-econ-118">[118]</a> It owns two of the country's four busiest airports and uses its earnings to fund local projects.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KPMG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KPMG">KPMG</a>'s competitive alternative report found that in 2012 Manchester had the 9th lowest tax cost of any industrialised city in the world,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-indices-120">[120]</a> and fiscal devolution has come earlier to Manchester than to any other British city: it can keep half the extra taxes it gets from transport investment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-econ-118">[118]</a> KPMG's competitive alternative report also found that Manchester was Europe's most affordable city featured, ranking slightly better than the Dutch cities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rotterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, which all have a cost-of-living index of less than 95.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-indices-120">[120]</a> Manchester is a city of contrast, where some of the country's most deprived and most affluent neighbourhoods can be found.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[122]</a> According to 2010 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indices_of_Multiple_Deprivation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indices of Multiple Deprivation">Indices of Multiple Deprivation</a>, Manchester is the 4th most deprived local council in England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gov.uk-123">[123]</a> Unemployment throughout 2012–2013 averaged 11.9 per cent, which was above national average, but lower than some of the country's comparable large cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On the other hand, Greater Manchester is home to more multi-millionaires than anywhere outside London, with the City of Manchester taking up most of the tally.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In 2013 Manchester was ranked 6th in the UK for quality of life, according to a rating of the UK's 12 largest cities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-qol-126">[126]</a> Women fare better in Manchester than the rest of the country in comparative pay with men. The per hours-worked <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gender_pay_gap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a> is 3.3 per cent compared with 11.1 per cent for Britain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2013_labour_market_profile-127">[127]</a> 37 per cent of the working-age population in Manchester have degree-level qualifications, as opposed to an average of 33 per cent across other core cities,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2013_labour_market_profile-127">[127]</a> although its schools under-perform slightly compared with the national average.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London, according to GVA Grimley, with a quarterly office uptake (averaged over 2010–2014) of some 250,000 square feet – equivalent to the quarterly office uptake of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leeds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, Liverpool and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> combined and 90,000 square feet more than the nearest rival, Birmingham.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The strong office market in Manchester has been partly attributed to "northshoring" (from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Offshoring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a>), which entails the relocation or alternative creation of jobs away from the overheated South to areas where office space is possibly cheaper and the workforce market less saturated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:968px"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the Manchester skyline, January 2020"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/960px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="960" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="1142"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 960px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/960px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="960" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/1440px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg/1920px-Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_City_Centre_Skyline.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Manchester City Centre Skyline.jpg"> </a> </div>A view of the Manchester skyline, January 2020 </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture of Manchester">Architecture of Manchester</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester">List of tallest buildings and structures in Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of streets and roads in Manchester">List of streets and roads in Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of public art in Greater Manchester">List of public art in Greater Manchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:67_Whitworth_Street.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/200px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="640"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 315px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/200px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="315" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/300px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/67_Whitworth_Street.jpg/400px-67_Whitworth_Street.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Neo-baroque <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancaster_House,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancaster House, Manchester">Lancaster House</a>. Manchester is known for opulent warehouses from the city's textile trade. </figcaption> </figure> Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victorian_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contemporary_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contemporary architecture">contemporary architecture</a>. The widespread use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_brick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick">red brick</a> characterises the city, much of the architecture of which harks back to its days as a global centre for the cotton trade.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hartwell-28">[28]</a> Just outside the immediate city centre are a large number of former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotton_mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a>, some of which have been left virtually untouched since their closure, while many have been redeveloped as apartment buildings and office space. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Square,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Square, Manchester">Albert Square</a>, was built in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a> style.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Manchester also has a number of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tallest_Buildings_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallest Buildings of Manchester">skyscrapers</a> built in the 1960s and 1970s, the tallest being the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIS_Tower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CIS Tower">CIS Tower</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Victoria station">Manchester Victoria station</a> until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beetham Tower, Manchester">Beetham Tower</a> was completed in 2006. The latter exemplifies a new surge in high-rise building. It includes a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hilton_Hotels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Hotels">Hilton hotel</a>, a restaurant and apartments. The largest skyscraper is now Deansgate Square South Tower, at 201 metres (659 feet).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Green_Building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Green Building">The Green Building</a>, opposite <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Oxford Road station</a>, is a eco-friendly housing project, while the recently completed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_Angel_Square?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One Angel Square">One Angel Square</a>, is one of the most sustainable large buildings in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heaton_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heaton Park">Heaton Park</a> in the north of the city borough is one of the largest municipal parks in Europe, covering 610 acres (250 ha) of parkland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HeatonPark-133">[133]</a> The city has 135 parks, gardens, and open spaces.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Parks-134">[134]</a> Two large squares hold many of Manchester's public monuments. Albert Square has monuments to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Albert</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Fraser_(bishop)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Fraser (bishop)">Bishop James Fraser</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_Heywood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver Heywood">Oliver Heywood</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Bright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Bright">John Bright</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piccadilly_Gardens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piccadilly Gardens">Piccadilly Gardens</a> has monuments dedicated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Peel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Watt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Cenotaph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Cenotaph">The cenotaph</a> in St Peter's Square is Manchester's main memorial to its war dead. Designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, it echoes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Whitehall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cenotaph, Whitehall">the original on Whitehall</a> in London. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Turing_Memorial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Turing Memorial">Alan Turing Memorial</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sackville_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sackville Park">Sackville Park</a> commemorates his role as the father of modern computing. A larger-than-life statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> by George Gray Barnard in the eponymous Lincoln Square (having stood for many years in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platt_Fields?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Platt Fields">Platt Fields</a>) was presented to the city by Mr and Mrs Charles Phelps Taft of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cincinnati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio, to mark the part Lancashire played in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotton_famine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton famine">cotton famine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861–1865.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PSGM-135">[135]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Concorde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Concorde">Concorde</a> is on display near Manchester Airport. Manchester has six designated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_nature_reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Local nature reserve">local nature reserves</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorlton_Water_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton Water Park">Chorlton Water Park</a>, Blackley Forest, Clayton Vale and Chorlton Ees, Ivy Green, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boggart_Hole_Clough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boggart Hole Clough">Boggart Hole Clough</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Highfield_Country_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Highfield Country Park">Highfield Country Park</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-136">[136]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport in Manchester</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport for Greater Manchester">Transport for Greater Manchester</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Liverpool_Road_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Liverpool Road railway station">Manchester Liverpool Road</a> was the world's first purpose-built passenger and goods railway station<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and served as the Manchester terminus on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_%26_Manchester_Railway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool & Manchester Railway">Liverpool & Manchester Railway</a> – the world's first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inter-city_rail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inter-city rail">inter-city</a> passenger railway. It is still extant and its buildings form part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_%26_Industry_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Science & Industry Museum">Science & Industry Museum</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/220px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/220px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/330px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg/440px-Piccadilly_Station_Manchester_-_geograph.org.uk_-_692981.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Manchester Piccadilly railway station</a>, the busiest of the four major railway stations in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_station_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester station group">Manchester station group</a>, with over 32 million passengers using the station in 2019/20<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ORR-138">[138]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Two of the city's four main line termini did not survive the 1960s: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Central_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Central railway station">Manchester Central</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Exchange_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Exchange railway station">Manchester Exchange</a> each closed in 1969. In addition, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Mayfield_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Mayfield railway station">Manchester Mayfield station</a> closed to passenger services in 1960; its buildings and platforms are still extant, next to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Piccadilly station">Piccadilly station</a>, but are due to be redeveloped in the 2020s. Today, the city is well served by its rail network although it is now working to capacity,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and is at the centre of an extensive county-wide railway network, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Coast Main Line">West Coast Main Line</a>, with two mainline stations: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Piccadilly_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Piccadilly railway station">Manchester Piccadilly</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Victoria_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Victoria railway station">Manchester Victoria</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_station_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester station group">Manchester station group</a> – comprising Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Victoria, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Oxford_Road_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Oxford Road railway station">Manchester Oxford Road</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deansgate_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deansgate railway station">Deansgate</a> – is the third busiest in the United Kingdom, with 44.9 million passengers recorded in 2017/2018.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ORR-138">[138]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Speed_2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a> link to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birmingham_Curzon_Street_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birmingham Curzon Street railway station">Birmingham</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euston_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euston railway station">London</a> was also planned, which would have included a 12 km (7 mi) tunnel under Manchester on the final approach into an upgraded Piccadilly station,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[140]</a> however this was cancelled by Prime Minister <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rishi_Sunak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> in October 2023.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Recent improvements in Manchester as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Hub?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Hub">Northern Hub</a> in the 2010s have been numerous electrification schemes into and through Manchester, redevelopment of Victoria station and construction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordsall_Chord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordsall Chord">Ordsall Chord</a> directly linking Victoria and Piccadilly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Work on two new through platforms at Piccadilly and an extensive upgrade at Oxford Road had not commenced as of 2019. Manchester city centre, specifically the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlefield_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlefield Corridor">Castlefield Corridor</a>, suffers from constrained rail capacity that frequently leads to delays and cancellations – a 2018 report found that all three major Manchester stations are among the top ten worst stations in the United Kingdom for punctuality, with Oxford Road deemed the worst in the country.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Metrolink_(tram/light_rail)">Metrolink (tram/light rail)</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/220px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="3816"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/220px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/330px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg/440px-Two_M5000_trams_passing.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Manchester Metrolink is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Trams_and_light_rail" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">largest tram system in the UK</a>, with a total route length of 64 miles (103 km).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </figcaption> </figure> Manchester became the first city in the UK to acquire a modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Light_rail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Light rail">light rail</a> tram system when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> opened in 1992. In 2016–2017, 37.8 million passenger journeys were made on the system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16/17DfTstats-145">[145]</a> The present system mostly runs on former commuter rail lines converted for light rail use, and crosses the city centre via on-street tram lines.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-metrolink-history-146">[146]</a> The network consists of eight lines with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Manchester_Metrolink_tram_stops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Manchester Metrolink tram stops">99 stops</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RTC-147">[147]</a> A new line to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford_Centre_tram_stop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafford Centre tram stop">Trafford Centre</a> opened in 2020.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Manchester city centre is also serviced by over a dozen heavy and light rail-based park and ride sites.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Park_&_Ride-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_free_bus.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/220px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3422"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 249px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/220px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/330px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Manchester_free_bus.jpg/440px-Manchester_free_bus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Free buses operate on three Manchester Metroshuttle routes around Manchester city centre. </figcaption> </figure> The city has one of the most extensive bus networks outside London, with over 50 bus companies operating in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> region radiating from the city. In 2011, 80 per cent of public transport journeys in Greater Manchester were made by bus, amounting to 220 million passenger journeys each year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2012_Annual_Report-151">[151]</a> After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bus_deregulation_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus deregulation in the United Kingdom">deregulation</a> in 1986, the bus system was taken over by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GM_Buses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GM Buses">GM Buses</a>, which after privatisation was split into GM Buses North and GM Buses South. Later these were taken over by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Greater Manchester">First Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stagecoach_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stagecoach Manchester">Stagecoach Manchester</a>. Much of the First Greater Manchester business was sold to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diamond_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diamond North West">Diamond North West</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Go_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Go North West">Go North West</a> in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Go North West operate a three-route <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zero-fare_public_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-fare public transport">zero-fare</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_buses_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free buses in Greater Manchester">Manchester Metroshuttle</a>, which carries 2.8 million commuters a year around Manchester's business districts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2012_Annual_Report-151">[151]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Stagecoach Manchester is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stagecoach_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach Group</a>'s largest subsidiary and operates around 690 buses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Air">Air</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Airport.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/220px-Manchester_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/220px-Manchester_Airport.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/330px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Manchester_Airport.jpg/440px-Manchester_Airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Manchester Airport from above </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a> serves Manchester, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Wales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>. The airport is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2010_/_2011_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">third busiest in the United Kingdom</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#2012_/_2013_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">over double the number of annual passengers</a> of the next busiest non-London airport.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-caa1990-156">[156]</a> Services cover many destinations in Europe, North America, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caribbean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than any other airport in Britain).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[157]</a> A second runway was opened in 2001 and there have been continued terminal improvements. The airport has the highest rating available: "Category 10", encompassing an elite group of airports able to handle "Code F" aircraft, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Airbus_A380?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boeing_747-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boeing 747-8">Boeing 747-8</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-158">[158]</a> From September 2010 the airport became one of only 17 airports in the world and the only UK airport other than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heathrow_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gatwick_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick Airport</a> to operate the Airbus A380.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[159]</a> A smaller <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_Airport_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City Airport Manchester">City Airport Manchester</a> exists 9.3 km (6 mi) to the west of Manchester city centre. It was Manchester's first municipal airport and became the site of the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_traffic_control?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> tower in the UK, and the first municipal airfield in the UK to be licensed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_Ministry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CAMHIST-160">[160]</a> Today, private <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_charter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air charter">charter flights</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_aviation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> use City. It also has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flight_training?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flight training">flight school</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Air_Support_Unit" title="Greater Manchester Police">Greater Manchester Police Air Support Unit</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Air_Ambulance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West Air Ambulance">North West Air Ambulance</a> have helicopters based there. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Canal">Canal</h3> </div> An extensive canal network, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>, was built to carry freight from the Industrial Revolution onward; the canals are still maintained, though now largely repurposed for leisure use.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In 2012, plans were approved to introduce a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_taxi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water taxi">water taxi</a> service between Manchester city centre and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MediaCityUK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-163">[163]</a> It ceased to operate in June 2018, citing poor infrastructure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cycling_in_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cycling in Greater Manchester">Cycling in Greater Manchester</a> </div> Cycling for transportation and leisure enjoys popularity in Manchester and the city also plays a major role in British cycle racing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture of Manchester">Culture of Manchester</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_people_from_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of people from Manchester">List of people from Manchester</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music">Music</h3> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popular_music_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Popular music of Manchester">Popular music of Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_music_artists_and_bands_from_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of music artists and bands from Manchester">List of music artists and bands from Manchester</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/220px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="297"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/220px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/330px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg/440px-Oasis_Liam_and_Noel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Gallagher brothers of Oasis </figcaption> </figure> Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Van_der_Graaf_Generator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Van der Graaf Generator">Van der Graaf Generator</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oasis_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oasis (band)">Oasis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Smiths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Smiths">the Smiths</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joy_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joy Division">Joy Division</a> and its successor group <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Order_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buzzcocks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buzzcocks">Buzzcocks</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Stone_Roses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Stone Roses">the Stone Roses</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Fall_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Fall (band)">the Fall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Durutti_Column?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Durutti Column">the Durutti Column</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10cc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10cc">10cc</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godley_%26_Creme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godley & Creme">Godley & Creme</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Verve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Verve">the Verve</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbow_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbow (band)">Elbow</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doves_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doves (band)">Doves</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Charlatans_(English_band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Charlatans (English band)">the Charlatans</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M_People?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="M People">M People</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_1975?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The 1975">the 1975</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simply_Red?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simply Red">Simply Red</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Take_That?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Take That">Take That</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dutch_Uncles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dutch Uncles">Dutch Uncles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Everything_Everything?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Everything Everything">Everything Everything</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Courteeners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courteeners">the Courteeners</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pale_Waves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pale Waves">Pale Waves</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Outfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Outfield">the Outfield</a>. Manchester was credited as the main driving force behind British <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indie_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie music">indie</a> music of the 1980s led by the Smiths, later including the Stone Roses, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Happy_Mondays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Happy Mondays">Happy Mondays</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inspiral Carpets">Inspiral Carpets</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James (band)">James</a>. The later groups came from what became known as the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madchester">Madchester</a>" scene that also centred on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a> nightclub developed by the founder of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factory_Records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factory Records">Factory Records</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Wilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Wilson">Tony Wilson</a>. Although from southern England, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Chemical_Brothers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Chemical Brothers">the Chemical Brothers</a> subsequently formed in Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ChemBros-167">[167]</a> Former Smiths frontman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morrissey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a>, whose lyrics often refer to Manchester locations and culture, later found international success as a solo artist. Previously, notable Manchester acts of the 1960s include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hollies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hollies">the Hollies</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herman%27s_Hermits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herman's Hermits">Herman's Hermits</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Davy_Jones_(musician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Davy Jones (musician)">Davy Jones</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monkees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkees">Monkees</a> (famed in the mid-1960s for their albums and their American TV show), and the earlier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bee_Gees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, who grew up in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BeeGees-168">[168]</a> Prominent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_rap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK rap">rap</a> artists from Manchester include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bugzy_Malone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bugzy Malone">Bugzy Malone</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aitch_(rapper)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aitch (rapper)">Aitch</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MEN_Arena,_Manchester_(7263927380).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/220px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3970" data-file-height="2831"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/220px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/330px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg/440px-MEN_Arena%2C_Manchester_%287263927380%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Manchester Arena, the city's premier indoor multi-use venue and one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of indoor arenas in Europe">largest purpose-built arenas</a> in Europe </figcaption> </figure> Its main pop music venue is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a>, voted "International Venue of the Year" in 2007.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MEN-169">[169]</a> With over 21,000 seats, it is the largest arena of its type in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MEN-169">[169]</a> In terms of concertgoers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world, ahead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> in New York and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_O2_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a> in London, which are second and third busiest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Other venues include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O2_Apollo_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="O2 Apollo Manchester">Manchester Apollo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Hall,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Hall, Manchester">Albert Hall</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_Warehouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria Warehouse">Victoria Warehouse</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Academy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Academy">Manchester Academy</a>. Smaller venues include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Band_on_the_Wall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Band on the Wall">Band on the Wall</a>, the Night and Day Café,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-171">[171]</a> the Ruby Lounge,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-172">[172]</a> and The Deaf Institute.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Manchester also has the most <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent music">indie</a> and rock music events outside London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Manchester has two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symphony_orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestras</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Hall%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Hallé">The Hallé</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Philharmonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Philharmonic">BBC Philharmonic</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chamber_orchestra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber orchestra">chamber orchestra</a>, the Manchester Camerata. In the 1950s, the city was home to a so-called "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Music_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Music Manchester">Manchester School</a>" of classical composers, which was composed of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Maxwell_Davies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Maxwell Davies">Peter Maxwell Davies</a>, David Ellis and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Goehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Goehr">Alexander Goehr</a>. Manchester is a centre for musical education: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Northern College of Music">Royal Northern College of Music</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chetham's School of Music">Chetham's School of Music</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Forerunners of the RNCM were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_School_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern School of Music">Northern School of Music</a> (founded 1920) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Manchester_College_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Manchester College of Music">Royal Manchester College of Music</a> (founded 1893), which merged in 1973. One of the earliest instructors and classical music pianists/conductors at the RNCM, shortly after its founding, was the Russian-born <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Friedheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Friedheim">Arthur Friedheim</a>, (1859–1932), who later had the music library at the famed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peabody_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peabody Institute">Peabody Institute</a> conservatory of music in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltimore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, named after him. The main classical music venue was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Trade_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free Trade Hall">Free Trade Hall</a> on Peter Street until the opening in 1996 of the 2,500 seat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bridgewater_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bridgewater Hall">Bridgewater Hall</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_brass_band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British brass band">Brass band</a> music, a tradition in the north of England, is important to Manchester's musical heritage;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mif-deller-177">[177]</a> some of the UK's leading bands, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Co-operative wholesale society">CWS</a> Manchester Band and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fairey_Band?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fairey Band">Fairey Band</a>, are from Manchester and surrounding areas, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whit_Friday?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whit Friday">Whit Friday</a> brass-band contest takes place annually in the neighbouring areas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saddleworth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saddleworth">Saddleworth</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tameside?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tameside">Tameside</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Opera_House_(Manchester).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/170px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="2033"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 231px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/170px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="231" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/255px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg/340px-Opera_House_%28Manchester%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Opera House, one of Manchester's largest theatre venues </figcaption> </figure> Manchester has a thriving theatre, opera and dance scene, with a number of large performance venues, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Opera_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Opera House">Manchester Opera House</a>, which feature large-scale touring shows and West End productions; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palace_Theatre,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palace Theatre, Manchester">Palace Theatre</a>; and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Exchange_Theatre,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester">Royal Exchange Theatre</a> in Manchester's former cotton exchange, which is the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in the round">theatre in the round</a> in the UK. Smaller venues include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contact_Theatre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contact Theatre">Contact Theatre</a> and Z-arts in Hulme. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dancehouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dancehouse">Dancehouse</a> on Oxford Road is dedicated to dance productions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[178]</a> In 2014, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HOME_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="HOME (Manchester)">HOME</a>, a new custom-built arts complex opened. Housing two theatre spaces, five cinemas and an art exhibition space, it replaced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornerhouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornerhouse">Cornerhouse</a> and The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_Theatre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Library Theatre">Library Theatre</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Since 2007, the city has hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_International_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester International Festival">Manchester International Festival</a>, a biennial international <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arts_festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arts festival">arts festival</a> with a focus on original work, which has included major new commissions by artists, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bjork?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjork">Bjork</a>. In 2023, the festival, operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Factory_International?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Factory International">Factory International</a>, was given a permanent home in Aviva Studios, a purpose-built multi-million pound venue designed by Rem Koolhaas from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_Metropolitan_Architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for Metropolitan Architecture">Office for Metropolitan Architecture</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Shackleton_AEW.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/220px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/220px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/330px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shackleton_AEW.JPG/440px-Shackleton_AEW.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)">Science and Industry Museum</a> </figcaption> </figure> Manchester's museums celebrate Manchester's Roman history, rich industrial heritage and its role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrial_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Textile_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>, the Trade Union movement, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">football</a>. A reconstructed part of the Roman fort of Mamucium is open to the public in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlefield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castlefield">Castlefield</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:National_Football_Museum,_Cathedral_Gardens_(geograph_6944591).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/220px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/220px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/330px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg/440px-National_Football_Museum%2C_Cathedral_Gardens_%28geograph_6944591%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Football_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Football Museum">National Football Museum</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)">Science and Industry Museum</a>, housed in the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liverpool_Road_railway_station_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)">Liverpool Road railway station</a>, has a large collection of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steam_locomotives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam locomotives">steam locomotives</a>, industrial machinery, aircraft and a replica of the world's first stored computer program (known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Baby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Baby">Manchester Baby</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mosi-181">[181]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museum_of_Transport_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Transport in Manchester">Museum of Transport</a> displays a collection of historic buses and trams.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gmts-182">[182]</a> Trafford Park in the neighbouring borough of Trafford is home to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_North?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial War Museum North">Imperial War Museum North</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iwm-183">[183]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Museum">Manchester Museum</a> opened to the public in the 1880s, has notable <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural history">natural history</a> collections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-museum-184">[184]</a> Other exhibition spaces and museums in Manchester include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islington_Mill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islington Mill">Islington Mill</a> in Salford, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Football_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Football Museum">National Football Museum</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urbis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urbis">Urbis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castlefield_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castlefield Gallery">Castlefield Gallery</a>, the Manchester Costume Gallery at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platt_Fields_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platt Fields Park">Platt Fields Park</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_History_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="People's History Museum">People's History Museum</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Jewish_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Jewish Museum">Manchester Jewish Museum</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-virtualmanc-185">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/220px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="1979"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/220px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/330px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg/440px-Manchester_Art_Gallery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1748756.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Manchester Art Gallery </figcaption> </figure> The municipally owned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Art_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Art Gallery">Manchester Art Gallery</a> in Mosley Street houses a permanent collection of European painting and one of Britain's main collections of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite</a> paintings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-preraph1-186">[186]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-preraph2-187">[187]</a> In the south of the city, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitworth_Art_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Art Gallery">Whitworth Art Gallery</a> displays modern art, sculpture and textiles and was voted Museum of the Year in 2015.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-whitworth-188">[188]</a> The work of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stretford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>-born painter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L._S._Lowry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L. S. Lowry">L. S. Lowry</a>, known for "matchstick" paintings of industrial Manchester and Salford, can be seen in the City and Whitworth Manchester galleries, and at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Lowry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Lowry">the Lowry</a> art centre in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a> (in the neighbouring borough of Salford), which devotes a large permanent exhibition to his works.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lowry-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/280px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/280px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG" data-width="280" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/420px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG/560px-Gaskell_House_Plymouth_Grove_front.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaskell_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskell House">Gaskell House</a>, where Mrs Gaskell wrote most of her novels. The house is now a museum. </figcaption> </figure> Manchester is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Literature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a> known for a "radical literary history".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Manchester in the 19th century featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought. They include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Elizabeth Gaskell</a>'s novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mary_Barton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mary Barton">Mary Barton</a>: A Tale of Manchester Life (1848),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[192]</a> and studies such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, while living and working here.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Manchester was the meeting place of Engels and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. The two began writing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chetham's Library">Chetham's Library</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-194">[194]</a> – founded in 1653 and claiming to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world. Elsewhere in the city, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Rylands_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Rylands Library">John Rylands Library</a> holds an extensive collection of early printing. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rylands_Library_Papyrus_P52?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rylands Library Papyrus P52">Rylands Library Papyrus P52</a>, believed to be the earliest extant New Testament text, is on permanent display there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%2527s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1835/Manchester" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835/Manchester">'Manchester' a poetical illustration by L. E. L.</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letitia_Landon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Letitia Landon">Letitia Landon</a>'s poetical illustration Manchester to a vista over the city by G. Pickering in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, records the rapid growth of the city and its cultural importance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Dickens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> is reputed to have set his novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hard_Times_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hard Times (novel)">Hard Times</a> in the city, and though partly modelled on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, it shows the influence of his friend Mrs Gaskell.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Gaskell penned all her novels but Mary Barton at her home in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/84_Plymouth_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="84 Plymouth Grove">84 Plymouth Grove</a>. Often her house played host to influential authors: Dickens, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a>, for example.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Independent-198">[198]</a> It is now open as a literary museum. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> began writing her novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jane_Eyre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a> in 1846, while staying at lodgings in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hulme">Hulme</a>. She was accompanying her father <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrick_Bront%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrick Brontë">Patrick</a>, who was convalescing in the city after cataract surgery.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-199">[199]</a> She probably envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and the birthplace of Jane herself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Also associated with the city is the Victorian poet and novelist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isabella_Banks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isabella Banks">Isabella Banks</a>, famed for her 1876 novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Manchester_Man_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Manchester Man (novel)">The Manchester Man</a>. Anglo-American author <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a> was born in the city's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cheetham_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a> district in 1849, and wrote much of her classic children's novel <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Secret_Garden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a> while visiting nearby Salford's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buile_Hill_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buile Hill Park">Buile Hill Park</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Burgess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> is among the 20th-century writers who made Manchester their home. He wrote here the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dystopian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian">dystopian</a> satire <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a> in 1962.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Dame <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">Poet Laureate</a> from 2009 to 2019, moved to the city in 1996 and lives in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Didsbury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Didsbury">West Didsbury</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3> </div> The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Park-204">[204]</a> The more than 500 licensed premises<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hobbs-205">[205]</a> in the city centre have a capacity to deal with more than 250,000 visitors,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[206]</a> with 110,000–130,000 people visiting on a typical weekend night,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hobbs-205">[205]</a> making Manchester the most popular city for events at 79 per thousand people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The night-time economy has a value of about £100 million,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-208">[208]</a> and supports 12,000 jobs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hobbs-205">[205]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> scene of the 1980s, from which groups including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Stone_Roses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Stone Roses">the Stone Roses</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Happy_Mondays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Happy Mondays">Happy Mondays</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inspiral_Carpets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inspiral Carpets">Inspiral Carpets</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/808_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="808 State">808 State</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_(band)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James (band)">James</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Charlatans_UK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Charlatans UK">the Charlatans</a> emerged, was based around clubs such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hasl-209">[209]</a> The period was the subject of the movie <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_Hour_Party_People?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 Hour Party People">24 Hour Party People</a>. Many of the big clubs suffered problems with organised crime at that time; Haslam describes one where staff were so completely intimidated that free admission and drinks were demanded (and given) and drugs were openly dealt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hasl-209">[209]</a> Following a series of drug-related violent incidents, The Haçienda closed in 1997.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Park-204">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Canal_street_manchester.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/220px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/220px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/330px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Canal_street_manchester.jpg/440px-Canal_street_manchester.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Canal Street, one of Manchester's liveliest nightspots, part of the city's gay village </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gay_village">Gay village</h3> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_house?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">Public houses</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canal_Street_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canal Street (Manchester)">Canal Street</a> area have had an LGBTQ+ clientele since at least 1940,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Park-204">[204]</a> and now form the centre of Manchester's LGBTQ+ community. Since the opening of new bars and clubs, the area attracts 20,000 visitors each weekend<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Park-204">[204]</a> and has hosted a popular festival, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Pride?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Pride">Manchester Pride</a>, each August since 1995.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-210">[210]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Education">Education</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of schools in Manchester">List of schools in Manchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/220px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="615"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 211px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/220px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/330px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg/440px-Whitworth_Hall_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitworth_Hall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitworth Hall">Whitworth Hall</a> at the University of Manchester. With approximately 44,000 students, it is the second-largest university <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_enrolment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment">in the UK in terms of enrolment</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-211">[211]</a> </figcaption> </figure> There are three universities in the City of Manchester. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Northern_College_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Northern College of Music">Royal Northern College of Music</a>. The University of Manchester is the second largest full-time non-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collegiate_university?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collegiate university">collegiate university</a> in the United Kingdom,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-211">[211]</a> created in 2004 by the merger of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a>, founded in 1904, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UMIST?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UMIST">UMIST</a>, founded in 1956,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Man_Uni-212">[212]</a> having developed from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mechanics%27_Institute,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mechanics' Institute, Manchester">Mechanics' Institute</a> founded, as indicated in the university's logo, in 1824. The University of Manchester includes the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Business_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Business School">Manchester Business School</a>, which offered the first MBA course in the UK in 1965.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a> was formed as Manchester Polytechnic on the merger of three colleges in 1970. It gained university status in 1992, and in the same year absorbed Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education in South Cheshire.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The Cheshire campus permanently closed in 2019.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_University_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Law">The University of Law</a>, the largest provider of vocation legal training in Europe, has a campus in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The three universities are grouped around Oxford Road on the southern side of the city centre, which forms Europe's largest urban higher-education precinct.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Higher_edu-217">[217]</a> Together they have a combined population of over 80,000 students as of 2022.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-211">[211]</a> One of Manchester's notable secondary schools is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a>. Established in 1515,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Man_GS-218">[218]</a> as a free grammar school next to what is now the cathedral, it moved in 1931 to Old Hall Lane in Fallowfield, south Manchester, to accommodate the growing student body. In the post-war period, it was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Direct_grant_grammar_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Direct grant grammar school">direct grant grammar school</a> (i.e. partially state funded), but it reverted to independent status in 1976 after abolition of the direct-grant system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MGS-219">[219]</a> Its previous premises are now used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chetham%27s_School_of_Music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chetham's School of Music">Chetham's School of Music</a>. There are three schools nearby: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Hulme%27s_Grammar_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Hulme's Grammar School">William Hulme's Grammar School</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Withington_Girls%27_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Withington Girls' School">Withington Girls' School</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_High_School_for_Girls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester High School for Girls">Manchester High School for Girls</a>. In 2019, the Manchester <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Local_Education_Authority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Education Authority">Local Education Authority</a> was ranked second to last out of Greater Manchester's ten LEAs and 140th out of 151 in the country LEAs based on the percentage of pupils attaining grades 4 or above in English and mathematics GCSEs (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a>) with 56.2 per cent compared with the national average of 64.9 per cent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Of the 63 secondary schools in the LEA, four had 80 per cent or more pupils achieving Grade 4 or above in English and maths GCSEs: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_High_School_for_Girls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester High School for Girls">Manchester High School for Girls</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/King_David_School,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="King David School, Manchester">The King David High School</a>, Manchester Islamic High School for Girls, and Kassim Darwish Grammar School for Boys.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-221">[221]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport in Manchester">Sport in Manchester</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Etihad_Stadium.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/280px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2358"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/280px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/420px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/560px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Manchester Stadium">Etihad Stadium</a> is home to Premier League club Manchester City F.C. and host stadium for the 2002 Commonwealth Games. </figcaption> </figure> Two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premier_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">football</a> clubs bear the city's name – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City F.C.">Manchester City</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Manchester City's home is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City of Manchester Stadium">City of Manchester Stadium</a> in east Manchester, built for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a> and then reconfigured as a football ground in 2003. Manchester United, despite originating in Manchester, have been based in the neighbouring borough of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trafford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trafford">Trafford</a> since 1910. Their stadium <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Trafford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a> is adjacent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire County Cricket Club">Lancashire County Cricket Club</a> ground, also called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Trafford_(cricket_ground)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Trafford (cricket ground)">Old Trafford</a>. The cricket club has strong association with Manchester due to proximity to the city and Manchester historically being part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Sporting facilities built for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a> include the City of Manchester Stadium, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Squash_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Squash Centre">National Squash Centre</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Aquatics_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Aquatics Centre">Manchester Aquatics Centre</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Manchester has competed twice to host the Olympic Games, beaten by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlanta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bids_for_the_1996_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bids for the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sydney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bids_for_the_2000_Summer_Olympics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bids for the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Cycling_Centre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Cycling Centre">National Cycling Centre</a> includes a velodrome, BMX Arena and Mountainbike trials, and is the home of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Cycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Cycling">British Cycling</a>, UCI ProTeam <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Team_Sky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Sky">Team Sky</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sky_Track_Cycling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sky Track Cycling">Sky Track Cycling</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Velodrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Velodrome">Manchester Velodrome</a>, built as a part of the bid for the 2000 games, has become a catalyst for British success in cycling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Park-204">[204]</a> The velodrome hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UCI_Track_Cycling_World_Championships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UCI Track Cycling World Championships">UCI Track Cycling World Championships</a> for a record third time in 2008. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Indoor_BMX_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Indoor BMX Arena">National Indoor BMX Arena</a> (2,000 capacity) adjacent to the velodrome opened in 2011. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Arena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Arena">Manchester Arena</a> hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FINA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA">FINA</a> World Swimming Championships in 2008.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FINA-225">[225]</a> Manchester hosted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Open_(squash)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World Open (squash)">World Squash Championships</a> in 2008,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[226]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010_World_Lacrosse_Championship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010 World Lacrosse Championship">2010 World Lacrosse Championship</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-227">[227]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013_Ashes_series?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013 Ashes series">2013 Ashes series</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup">2013 Rugby League World Cup</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2015 Rugby World Cup">2015 Rugby World Cup</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2019 Cricket World Cup">2019 Cricket World Cup</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Media">Media</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Media_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Media in Manchester">Media in Manchester</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_television_programmes_set,_produced_or_filmed_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of television programmes set, produced or filmed in Manchester">List of television programmes set, produced or filmed in Manchester</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Films_set_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Films set in Manchester">Films set in Manchester</a>; and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_national_radio_programmes_made_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of national radio programmes made in Manchester">List of national radio programmes made in Manchester</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Print">Print</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Express_Building_Manchester.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/220px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="545"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/220px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/330px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Express_Building_Manchester.jpg/440px-Express_Building_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The 1930s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_Deco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Express_Building,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Express Building, Manchester">Express Building</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Ancoats_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Ancoats Street">Great Ancoats Street</a>, a remnant of Britain's "second Fleet Street" </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper was founded in the city in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian. Until 2008, its head office was still in the city, though many of its management functions were moved to London in 1964.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kidd-23">[23]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-guardian-timeline-228">[228]</a> For many years most national newspapers had offices in Manchester: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Express?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Mail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daily_Mirror?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a>. At its height, 1,500 journalists were employed, earning the city the nickname "second <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fleet_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a>". In the 1980s the titles closed their northern offices and centred their operations in London.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The main regional newspaper in the city is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>, which was for over 80 years the sister publication of The Manchester Guardian.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-guardian-timeline-228">[228]</a> The Manchester Evening News has the largest circulation of a UK regional evening newspaper and is distributed free of charge in the city centre on Thursdays and Fridays, but paid for in the suburbs. Despite its title, it is available all day.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Several local weekly free papers are distributed by the MEN group. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metro_(Associated_Metro_Limited)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro (Associated Metro Limited)">Metro</a> North West is available free at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metrolink">Metrolink</a> stops, rail stations and other busy locations. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[231]</a> An attempt to launch a Northern daily newspaper, the North West Times, employing journalists made redundant by other titles, closed in 1988.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-newpapers-232">[232]</a> Another attempt was made with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_Enquirer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West Enquirer">North West Enquirer</a>, which hoped to provide a true "regional" newspaper for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_West_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North West England">North West</a>, much in the same vein as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a> does for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yorkshire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Northern_Echo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Northern Echo">The Northern Echo</a> does for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_East_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North East England">North East</a>; it folded in October 2006.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-newpapers-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Television">Television</h3> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Granada_TV.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/220px-Granada_TV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/220px-Granada_TV.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/330px-Granada_TV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Granada_TV.jpg/440px-Granada_TV.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granada_Studios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granada Studios">Granada Studios</a>, the former headquarters of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granada_Television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada Television</a> </figcaption> </figure> Manchester has been a centre of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Television in the United Kingdom">television broadcasting</a> since the 1950s. A number of television studios have been in operation around the city, and have since relocated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MediaCityUK?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a> in neighbouring Salford. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchise <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ITV_Granada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ITV Granada">Granada Television</a> has been based in Manchester since 1954. Now based at MediaCityUK, the company's former headquarters at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granada_Studios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granada Studios">Granada Studios</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quay_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quay Street">Quay Street</a> with its distinctive illuminated sign were a prominent landmark on the Manchester skyline for several decades.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Skillset-234">[234]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Granada produces <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coronation_Street?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[236]</a> local news and programmes for North West England. Although its influence has waned, Granada had been described as "the best commercial television company in the world".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[238]</a> With the growth in regional television in the 1950s, Manchester became one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s three main centres in England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Skillset-234">[234]</a> In 1954, the BBC opened its first regional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Television?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> studio outside London, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dickenson_Road_Studios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dickenson Road Studios">Dickenson Road Studios</a>, in a converted Methodist chapel in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusholme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a>. The first edition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Top of the Pops">Top of the Pops</a> was broadcast here on New Year's Day 1964.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TOTP-239">[239]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-itsahotun-history-240">[240]</a> From 1975, BBC programmes including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mastermind_(television)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastermind (television)">Mastermind</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_programs-241">[241]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Real_Story?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Real Story">Real Story</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BBC_real_story-242">[242]</a> were made at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House_(Manchester)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New Broadcasting House (Manchester)">New Broadcasting House</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_Road,_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Road, Manchester">Oxford Road</a>. The Cutting It series set in the city's Northern Quarter and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Street_(BBC_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Street (BBC series)">The Street</a> were set in Manchester<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[243]</a> as was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Life_on_Mars_(UK_TV_series)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Mars (UK TV series)">Life on Mars</a>. Manchester was the regional base for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC One">BBC One</a> North West Region programmes before it relocated to MediaCityUK in nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salford_Quays?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salford Quays">Salford Quays</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NWT-244">[244]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Media_city-245">[245]</a> The Manchester television channel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channel_M?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channel M">Channel M</a>, owned by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a> operated from 2000, but closed in 2012.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Skillset-234">[234]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Manchester is also covered by two internet television channels: Quays News and Manchester.tv. The city had a new terrestrial channel from January 2014 when YourTV Manchester, which won the OFCOM licence bid in February 2013. It began its first broadcast, but in 2015, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/That%27s_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="That's Manchester">That's Manchester</a> took over to air on 31 May and launched the freeview channel 8 service slot, before moving to channel 7 in April 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3> </div> The city has the highest number of local radio stations outside London, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC_Radio_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC Radio Manchester">BBC Radio Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hits_Radio_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hits Radio Manchester">Hits Radio Manchester</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_Manchester_and_Lancashire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital Manchester and Lancashire">Capital Manchester and Lancashire</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Manchester_%26_The_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greatest Hits Radio Manchester & The North West">Greatest Hits Radio Manchester & The North West</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heart North West">Heart North West</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smooth_North_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smooth North West">Smooth North West</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold_(British_radio_network)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gold (British radio network)">Gold</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a>, NMFM (North Manchester FM) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XS_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XS Manchester">XS Manchester</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ofcomradio-247">[247]</a> Student radio stations include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuse_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fuse FM">Fuse FM</a> at the University of Manchester and MMU Radio at the Manchester Metropolitan University.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[248]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Community_radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Community radio">community radio</a> network is coordinated by Radio Regen, with stations covering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ardwick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ardwick">Ardwick</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Longsight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Longsight">Longsight</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levenshulme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Levenshulme">Levenshulme</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/All_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="All FM">All FM</a> 96.9) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wythenshawe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a> (Wythenshawe FM 97.2).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ofcomradio-247">[247]</a> Defunct radio stations include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunset_102?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunset 102">Sunset 102</a>, which became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kiss_102?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kiss 102">Kiss 102</a>, then <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galaxy_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy Manchester">Galaxy Manchester</a>, and KFM which became Signal Cheshire (later <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imagine_FM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imagine FM">Imagine FM</a>). These stations and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirate_radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirate radio">pirate radio</a> played a significant role in the city's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House music">house music</a> culture, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> scene. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Twin_cities">Twin cities</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> Manchester has formal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Town_twinning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">twinning</a> arrangements (or "friendship agreements") with several places.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manchester-250">[250]</a> In addition, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Council">British Council</a> maintains a metropolitan centre in Manchester.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amsterdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bilwi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilwi">Bilwi</a>, Nicaragua<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemnitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>, Germany (1983)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faisalabad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a>, Pakistan (1997)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, United States (2009)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rehovot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, Israel<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint_Petersburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wuhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, People's Republic of China (1986)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osaka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, Japan<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jayne-252">[252]</a></li> </ul> Manchester is home to the largest group of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consul_(representative)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consul (representative)">consuls</a> in the UK outside London. The expansion of international trade links during the Industrial Revolution led to the introduction of the first consuls in the 1820s and since then over 800, from all parts of the world, have been based in Manchester. Manchester hosts consular services for most of the north of England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[255]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Freemen_of_the_City_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Freemen of the City of Manchester">List of Freemen of the City of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester dialect</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbols of Manchester">Symbols of Manchester</a>, including the city's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbols_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Worker_bee" title="Symbols of Manchester">worker bee</a> motif</li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2009/02/11/110209_manchester_coat_of_arms_feature.shtml">"The antelope, the lion and the bees"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+antelope%2C+the+lion+and+the+bees&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2009%2F02%2F11%2F110209_manchester_coat_of_arms_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Council_leadership_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making">"Councillors and decision-making"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+City+Council&rft.atitle=Councillors+and+decision-making&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F200033%2Fcouncillors_and_decision-making&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri%3D/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2024. 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Shire Publications Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3">3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1"><bdi>0-85263-545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Shire+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85263-545-1&rft.aulast=Aspin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonindustry0000aspi%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Industrial_city-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Industrial_city_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/manchesterhistor0000kidd">Manchester: A History</a>. 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The historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County</a>. 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Science Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/on-line/energyhall/page84.asp">the original</a> on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sciencemuseum.org&rft.atitle=Manchester+%E2%80%93+the+first+industrial+city&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemuseum.org.uk%2Fon-line%2Fenergyhall%2Fpage84.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2016" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Jennifer (15 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817001934/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/manchester-ira-bomb-20-years-11433239">"Recap: The IRA bomb in Manchester... what happened on June 15, 1996"</a>. Manchester Evening News. 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Retrieved 10 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Industry+Museum&rft.atitle=About+us&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandindustrymuseum.org.uk%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names Based on the Collections of the English Place-Name Society, ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), under MANCHESTER.</li> <li id="cite_note-Place_names-14">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Place_names_14-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Place_names_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, A.D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbrit0000mill">A Dictionary of British Place-Names</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-852758-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-852758-6"><bdi>0-19-852758-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021051450/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199609086.001.0001/acref-9780199609086">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+British+Place-Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-852758-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofbrit0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2004" class="citation journal cs1">Breeze, Andrew (2004). "Manchester's Ancient Name". 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Retrieved 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween%3A+from+Pagan+Ritual+to+Party+Night&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-516896-8&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780195168969.do%23.UmOl33CVPp8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2007" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Richard, ed. (2007). Roman Manchester: The University of Manchester's Excavations within the Vicus 2001–5. 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Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. pp. 12, 15–24, 224. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=12%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E24%2C+224&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hylton-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hylton_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hylton_24-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hylton_24-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hylton_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). 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Phillimore & Co. pp. 1–10, 22, 25, 42, 63–67, 69. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4"><bdi>1-86077-240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10%2C+22%2C+25%2C+42%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E67%2C+69&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86077-240-4&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Arrowsmith-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Arrowsmith_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowsmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Arrowsmith, Peter (1997). 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Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. p. 30. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905164-99-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-905164-99-7"><bdi>0-905164-99-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stockport%3A+a+History&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Stockport+Metropolitan+Borough+Council&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-905164-99-7&rft.aulast=Arrowsmith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-doomsday-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-doomsday_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell-Smith" class="citation web cs1">Powell-Smith, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opendomesday.org/place/SJ8398/manchester/">"Open Doomsday"</a>. Open Doomsday. Retrieved 23 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Doomsday&rft.atitle=Open+Doomsday&rft.aulast=Powell-Smith&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendomesday.org%2Fplace%2FSJ8398%2Fmanchester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-gatehouse-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gatehouse_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%2520sites/1907.html">"Manchester Castle"</a>. The Gatehouse – the comprehensive gazetteer of the medieval fortifications and castles of England and Wales. 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Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester. London: Penguin Books. pp. 11–17, 155, 256, 267–268. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7"><bdi>0-14-071131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides%3A+Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E17%2C+155%2C+256%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-071131-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls2004P20-29">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nicholls2004P20_29-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Nicholls2004P20_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Robert (2004). 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British History Online. p. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314084039/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid%3D40422%26strquery%3Dlancashire">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. 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London: Penguin Books. p. 265. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1"><bdi>0-14-071036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%2C+The+Industrial+and+Commercial+South&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-14-071036-1&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurston,_Christopher2001" class="citation book cs1">Durston, Christopher (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHw622QZHTcYC%26q%3D%2522charles%2Bworsley%2522%26pg%3DPA86">Cromwell's major generals: godly government during the English Revolution</a>. 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London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84219-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84219-6"><bdi>0-297-84219-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+first+industrial+city%3A+Manchester+1760%E2%80%931830&rft.btitle=Cities+in+Civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-297-84219-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesinciviliza00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-OED-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OED_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220181739/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/manchester">"Manchester"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manchester&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmanchester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218092606/http://www.timelines.tv/index.php?t%3D0%26e%3D12">"Timelines.tv Urban Slums"</a>. Timelines.tv. 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Retrieved 2 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timelines.tv+Urban+Slums&rft.pub=Timelines.tv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timelines.tv%2Findex.php%3Ft%3D0%26e%3D12%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield" class="citation web cs1">Schofield, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/10/03/031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml">"Manchester: migrant city"</a>. BBC Manchester:New Kids From The Bloc. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071426/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2007/10/03/031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Manchester%3ANew+Kids+From+The+Bloc&rft.atitle=Manchester%3A+migrant+city&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F03%2F031007_migrant_history_manchester_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-autogenerated1_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspin1981" class="citation book cs1">Aspin, Chris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3">The Cotton Industry</a>. Aylesbury: Shire Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/3">3</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85263-545-1"><bdi>0-85263-545-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry&rft.place=Aylesbury&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-85263-545-1&rft.aulast=Aspin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonindustry0000aspi%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1605to1880/1878.htm">"Events in Telecommunications History"</a>. BT Archives. 1878. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402173107/http://www.btplc.com/thegroup/btshistory/1605to1880/1878.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+in+Telecommunications+History&rft.pub=BT+Archives&rft.date=1878&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btplc.com%2Fthegroup%2Fbtshistory%2F1605to1880%2F1878.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.peelports.com/ports/manchester-ship-canal">"Manchester Ship Canal"</a>. Peel Ports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520060954/https://www.peelports.com/ports/manchester-ship-canal">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Ship+Canal&rft.pub=Peel+Ports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peelports.com%2Fports%2Fmanchester-ship-canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpall1988" class="citation journal cs1">Spall, Richard Francis (1988). "Free Trade, Foreign Relations, and the Anti-Corn-Law League". The International History Review. 10 (3): 405–432. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F07075332.1988.9640484">10.1080/07075332.1988.9640484</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0707-5332">0707-5332</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105891">40105891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Free+Trade%2C+Foreign+Relations%2C+and+the+Anti-Corn-Law+League&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0707-5332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40105891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1988.9640484&rft.aulast=Spall&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Engles-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Engles_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm">"Marx-Engels Internet Archive – Biography of Engels"</a>. marxists.org. Marx/Engels Biography Archive. 1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430052112/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/bio/engels/en-1893.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.org&rft.atitle=Marx-Engels+Internet+Archive+%E2%80%93+Biography+of+Engels&rft.date=1893&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fbio%2Fengels%2Fen-1893.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). "Chapter 9 England Arise! The Politics of Labour and Women's Suffrage". Manchester: A history. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+England+Arise%21+The+Politics+of+Labour+and+Women%27s+Suffrage&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+history&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-manchester_innovation-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-manchester_innovation_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeake,_Jennifer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jennifer_Speake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jennifer Speake">Speake, Jennifer</a>, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00_0">The Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs</a> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860524-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860524-2"><bdi>0-19-860524-2</bdi></a>. 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Conservative Party Website. Conservative Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.conservatives.com/News/Speeches/2007/03/Osborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx">the original</a> on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009. <q>The saying goes that what Manchester does today the rest of the world does tomorrow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conservative+Party+Website&rft.atitle=Osborne%3A+Our+vision+to+make+Manchester+the+creative+capital+of+Europe&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservatives.com%2FNews%2FSpeeches%2F2007%2F03%2FOsborne_Our_vision_to_make_Manchester_the_creative_capital_of_Europe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411200443/http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/">"Manchester Life"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mmu.ac.uk/studyatmmu/manchesterlife/">the original</a> on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009. <q>What Manchester does today, the world does tomorrow</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Life&rft.pub=Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmu.ac.uk%2Fstudyatmmu%2Fmanchesterlife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GM_Gazetteer-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Gazetteer_45-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211203737/http://www.gmcro.co.uk/Guides/Gazeteer/gazzm2n.htm">"Greater Manchester Gazetteer"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Manchester+Gazetteer&rft.pages=Places+names+-+M+to+N&rft.pub=Greater+Manchester+County+Record+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmcro.co.uk%2FGuides%2FGazeteer%2Fgazzm2n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Schama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> (presenter) (4 June 2002). 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Altrincham: First Edition Limited. pp. 75–99. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84547-096-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-84547-096-6"><bdi>1-84547-096-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+blitz&rft.btitle=Manchester+at+War&rft.place=Altrincham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=First+Edition+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84547-096-6&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-WWII-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WWII_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416153101/http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline">"Timeline"</a>. Manchester Cathedral. Manchester Cathedral Online. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestercathedral.org/history/timeline">the original</a> on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Cathedral&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestercathedral.org%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCWGC" class="citation web cs1">CWGC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/4004227/manchester-county-borough/">"Civilian War Dead, Manchester County Borough"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft.atitle=Civilian+War+Dead%2C+Manchester+County+Borough&rft.au=CWGC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Fvisit-us%2Ffind-cemeteries-memorials%2Fcemetery-details%2F4004227%2Fmanchester-county-borough%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-UK's_3rd_largest-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UK's_3rd_largest_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 127. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3"><bdi>0-7190-5606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5606-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1969" class="citation book cs1">Pevsner, Nikolaus (1969). Lancashire, The Industrial and Commercial South. London: Penguin Books. p. 267. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071036-1"><bdi>0-14-071036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%2C+The+Industrial+and+Commercial+South&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-14-071036-1&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ship_close-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ship_close_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122642/http://www.salford.gov.uk/milestones_v2.pdf">"Salford Quays milestones: the story of Salford Quays"</a> (PDF). Salford City Council. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.salford.gov.uk/milestones_v2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salford+Quays+milestones%3A+the+story+of+Salford+Quays&rft.pub=Salford+City+Council&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salford.gov.uk%2Fmilestones_v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupata1997" class="citation news cs1">Sengupata, Kim (28 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html">"£411m cost after Manchester bomb sets record"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Independent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522031850/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/pounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%C2%A3411m+cost+after+Manchester+bomb+sets+record&rft.date=1997-03-28&rft.aulast=Sengupata&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpounds-411m-cost-after-manchester-bomb-sets-record-pounds-411m-1275416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Regeneration-53">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Regeneration_53-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Regeneration_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester. London: Penguin Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7"><bdi>0-14-071131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides%3A+Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-071131-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3"><bdi>0-7190-5606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5606-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwellHydePevsner2004" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn%3D9780300105834">Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East</a>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10583-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10583-5"><bdi>0-300-10583-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121084122/http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn%3D9780300105834">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%3A+Manchester+and+the+South-East&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-10583-5&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalepress.yale.edu%2Fyupbooks%2Fbook.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780300105834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-1996_IRA_costs-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1996_IRA_costs_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). A History of Manchester. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. pp. 227–230. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4"><bdi>1-86077-240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86077-240-4&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-IRA_business-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IRA_business_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3704943.stm">"Panorama – The cost of terrorism"</a>. BBC. 15 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415021411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3704943.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Panorama+%E2%80%93+The+cost+of+terrorism&rft.date=2004-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fpanorama%2F3704943.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Arndale-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Arndale_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804232909/http://www.mandg.co.uk/institutions/realestate/our-properties/">"Manchester Arndale"</a>. Prudential plc. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mandg.co.uk/institutions/realestate/our-properties/">the original</a> on 4 August 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Arndale&rft.pub=Prudential+plc&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandg.co.uk%2Finstitutions%2Frealestate%2Four-properties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Beetham_Tower-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Beetham_Tower_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/4944590.stm">"City building reaches full height"</a>. BBC. 26 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406120452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/4944590.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=City+building+reaches+full+height&rft.date=2006-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fmanchester%2F4944590.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/01/30/dome_feature.shtml">"Greenwich loses Casino Bet"</a>. BBC. 15 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213174837/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/01/30/dome_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greenwich+loses+Casino+Bet&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flondon%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2007%2F01%2F30%2Fdome_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttewell,_David2008" class="citation news cs1">Ottewell, David (26 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130203421/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/empty-promises-and-spin-944718">"Empty promises and spin"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. M.E.N. media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/empty-promises-and-spin-944718">the original</a> on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Empty+promises+and+spin&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft.au=Ottewell%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fempty-promises-and-spin-944718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-44129386">"Manchester Arena attack: Bomb 'injured more than 800'"</a>. BBC News. 16 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027164115/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-44129386">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manchester+Arena+attack%3A+Bomb+%27injured+more+than+800%27&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-44129386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40069959">"Manchester attack: Terror threat reduced from critical to severe"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527101510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40069959">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Manchester+attack%3A+Terror+threat+reduced+from+critical+to+severe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-40069959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroom2013" class="citation news cs1">Groom, Brian (25 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/6f4d18a6-7f3f-11e2-89ed-00144feabdc0">"Splendidly pointless second city debate"</a>. Financial Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ft.com/content/6f4d18a6-7f3f-11e2-89ed-00144feabdc0">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Splendidly+pointless+second+city+debate&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft.aulast=Groom&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6f4d18a6-7f3f-11e2-89ed-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northwest/series11/week5_manchester_second_city.shtml">"Inside Out - North West: Friday February 9, 2007"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+Out+-+North+West%3A+Friday+February+9%2C+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Finsideout%2Fnorthwest%2Fseries11%2Fweek5_manchester_second_city.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBontjeMusterd2016" class="citation book cs1">Bontje, Marco; Musterd, Sako (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dr1AfDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173">Inventive City-Regions: Path Dependence and Creative Knowledge Strategies</a>. London: Routledge. p. 173. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317113171?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781317113171"><bdi>9781317113171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventive+City-Regions%3A+Path+Dependence+and+Creative+Knowledge+Strategies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317113171&rft.aulast=Bontje&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Musterd%2C+Sako&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1AfDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Core_city-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Core_city_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919035621/http://www.corecities.com/dev07/Introduction/about.html">"About the Core Cities Group"</a>. English <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Core_Cities_Group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.corecities.com/dev07/Introduction/about.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Core+Cities+Group&rft.pub=English+Core+Cities+Group&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corecities.com%2Fdev07%2FIntroduction%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GM_Evolution-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GM_Evolution_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrangopulo1977" class="citation book cs1">Frangopulo, Nicholas (1977). Tradition in Action. The historical evolution of the Greater Manchester County. Wakefield: EP Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7158-1203-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7158-1203-3"><bdi>0-7158-1203-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+in+Action.+The+historical+evolution+of+the+Greater+Manchester+County&rft.place=Wakefield&rft.pub=EP+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7158-1203-3&rft.aulast=Frangopulo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillip_Inman2015" class="citation news cs1">Phillip Inman (16 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/16/northern-powerhouse-perils-devolution-mixed-blessing">"Perils of the 'Northern Powerhouse': is devolution a mixed blessing"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527051514/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/16/northern-powerhouse-perils-devolution-mixed-blessing">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Perils+of+the+%27Northern+Powerhouse%27%3A+is+devolution+a+mixed+blessing&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.au=Phillip+Inman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2Fmay%2F16%2Fnorthern-powerhouse-perils-devolution-mixed-blessing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Topography-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Topography_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). Manchester: A History. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. p. 11. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Coalfields-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Coalfields_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122645/http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/159631/the%2520manchester%2520coalfields.pdf">"The Manchester Coalfields"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_in_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester">Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/159631/the%2520manchester%2520coalfields.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manchester+Coalfields&rft.pub=Museum+of+Science+and+Industry+in+Manchester&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosi.org.uk%2Fmedia%2F159631%2Fthe%2520manchester%2520coalfields.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://m2002.thecgf.com/venues/HPK/">"Heaton Park"</a>. thecgf.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831032941/http://m2002.thecgf.com/venues/HPK/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heaton+Park&rft.pub=thecgf.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm2002.thecgf.com%2Fvenues%2FHPK%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester_weather-71">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Manchester_weather_71-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Manchester_weather_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103050/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/manchester_airport.html">"Manchester Airport 1971–2000 weather averages"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Met_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/manchester_airport.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Airport+1971%E2%80%932000+weather+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Fsites%2Fmanchester_airport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-UK_weather-72">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UK_weather_72-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UK_weather_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705140124/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html">"UK 1971–2000 averages"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Met_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Met Office">Met Office</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/uk.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+1971%E2%80%932000+averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19712000%2Fareal%2Fuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1959" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Wilfred (1959). "II". An Economic Geography of Great Britain. Taylor and Francis. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II&rft.btitle=An+Economic+Geography+of+Great+Britain&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Snow-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snow_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102012810/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/roads-chaos-as-snow-sweeps-in-1058608">"Roads chaos as snow sweeps in Manchester"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. 24 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/roads-chaos-as-snow-sweeps-in-1058608">the original</a> on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Roads+chaos+as+snow+sweeps+in+Manchester&rft.date=2005-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Froads-chaos-as-snow-sweeps-in-1058608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/snow-west-yorkshire-traffic-and-travel-latest-1-1925071">"Snow: West Yorkshire traffic and travel latest"</a>. Halifax Courier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005011/http://www.halifaxcourier.co.uk/news/snow-west-yorkshire-traffic-and-travel-latest-1-1925071">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Halifax+Courier&rft.atitle=Snow%3A+West+Yorkshire+traffic+and+travel+latest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halifaxcourier.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsnow-west-yorkshire-traffic-and-travel-latest-1-1925071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Peaks-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Peaks_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.highpeak.co.uk/hp/h_snakbd.htm">"Peak District sightseer's guide – Snake Pass"</a>. High Peak. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112081929/http://www.highpeak.co.uk/hp/h_snakbd.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peak+District+sightseer%27s+guide+%E2%80%93+Snake+Pass&rft.pub=High+Peak&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highpeak.co.uk%2Fhp%2Fh_snakbd.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/live-m62-motorway-closed-and-20-1217237">"Live: M62 motorway closed and 20 miles of queues as snow and high winds return to Greater Manchester"</a>. Manchester Evening News. 4 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005027/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/live-m62-motorway-closed-and-20-1217237">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Live%3A+M62+motorway+closed+and+20+miles+of+queues+as+snow+and+high+winds+return+to+Greater+Manchester&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Flive-m62-motorway-closed-and-20-1217237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvening_News2010" class="citation web cs1">Evening News, Manchester (7 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/minus-176c---big-freeze-880053">"Minus 17.6C – Big freeze sets new record"</a>. manchestereveningnews.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012053913/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/minus-176c---big-freeze-880053">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=manchestereveningnews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Minus+17.6C+%E2%80%93+Big+freeze+sets+new+record&rft.date=2010-01-07&rft.aulast=Evening+News&rft.aufirst=Manchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fminus-176c---big-freeze-880053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFen.tutiempo.net" class="citation web cs1">en.tutiempo.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/07-2022/ws-33340.html">"Climate Manchester Airport July - 2022"</a>. Retrieved 5 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Manchester+Airport+July+-+2022&rft.au=en.tutiempo.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tutiempo.net%2Fclimate%2F07-2022%2Fws-33340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Averages-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Met_Averages_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116131858/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19812010/sites/manchester_airport.html">"Manchester 1981-2010 Averages"</a>. Met Office. Retrieved 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+1981-2010+Averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130116131858%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Faverages%2F19812010%2Fsites%2Fmanchester_airport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NOAA_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/UK/03334.TXT">"Manchester Ringway weather station 1961-1990"</a> (FTP). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Ringway+weather+station+1961-1990&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FRA-VI%2FUK%2F03334.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php">"Manchester ringway extreme values"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KNMI_(institute)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KNMI (institute)">KNMI</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+ringway+extreme+values&rft.pub=KNMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Findicesextremes%2Fcustomquerytimeseriesplots.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat%3D**%26indexid%3DTXx%26periodidselect%3D1981-2010%26seasonid%3D7%26scalelogidselect%3Dno%26minx%3D-783333.333333%26miny%3D-5560000.000000%26maxx%3D2683333.333333%26maxy%3D-2960000.000000%26MapSize%3D560%252C420%26imagewidth%3D560%26imageheight%3D420%26CMD%3DQUERY_POINT%26CMD%3DQUERY_POINT%23bottom">"Manchester ringway 1981-2010 mean extreme values"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KNMI_(institute)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KNMI (institute)">KNMI</a>. Retrieved 2 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+ringway+1981-2010+mean+extreme+values&rft.pub=KNMI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feca.knmi.nl%2Futils%2Fmapserver%2Fclimatology.php%3Findexcat%3D%2A%2A%26indexid%3DTXx%26periodidselect%3D1981-2010%26seasonid%3D7%26scalelogidselect%3Dno%26minx%3D-783333.333333%26miny%3D-5560000.000000%26maxx%3D2683333.333333%26maxy%3D-2960000.000000%26MapSize%3D560%252C420%26imagewidth%3D560%26imageheight%3D420%26CMD%3DQUERY_POINT%26CMD%3DQUERY_POINT%23bottom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Snowfall-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snowfall_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/United-Kingdom/snowfall-annual-average.php">"Average snowfall over the UK"</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+snowfall+over+the+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentresults.com%2FWeather%2FUnited-Kingdom%2Fsnowfall-annual-average.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-507-1973-2020.php">"STATION MANCHESTER"</a>. Meteo climat. Retrieved 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STATION+MANCHESTER&rft.pub=Meteo+climat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-507-1973-2020.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/uk/manchester/climate">"Climate & Weather Averages in Manchester, England, United Kingdom"</a>. Time and Date. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+in+Manchester%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Fuk%2Fmanchester%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Weather-Atlas-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weather-Atlas_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/united-kingdom/manchester-climate">"Monthly weather forecast and Climate – Manchester, United Kingdom"</a>. Weather Atlas. 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Manchester City Council. 1 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/download/4220/public_intelligence_population_publications">the original</a> on 15 August 2014. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204154746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3223776.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Italians+revolt+over+church+closure&rft.date=2003-11-29&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fmanchester%2F3223776.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. ONS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113227/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=ONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks202ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Irish_festival-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Irish_festival_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221081149/http://www.manchesteririshfestival.co.uk/">"The Manchester Irish Festival: the largest in the UK"</a>. Manchester Irish Festival Website. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchesteririshfestival.co.uk">the original</a> on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Manchester+Irish+Festival%3A+the+largest+in+the+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+Irish+Festival+Website&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesteririshfestival.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Chinatown-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Chinatown_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/chinatown/2004/01/history.shtml">"History of Manchester's Chinatown"</a>. BBC. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401041607/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/chinatown/2004/01/history.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Manchester%27s+Chinatown&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fchinatown%2F2004%2F01%2Fhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313201103/http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/manweb.nsf/Content/ManchesterAirportcelebratesDiwaliandEid">"Manchester Airport celebrates Diwali and Eid"</a>. MAG Airports Group. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/manweb.nsf/Content/ManchesterAirportcelebratesDiwaliandEid">the original</a> on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Airport+celebrates+Diwali+and+Eid&rft.pub=MAG+Airports+Group&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterairport.co.uk%2Fmanweb.nsf%2FContent%2FManchesterAirportcelebratesDiwaliandEid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117014055/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/airport-city-bosses-in-650m-china-690688">"Airport City bosses in £650m China mission"</a>. Manchester Evening News. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/business-news/airport-city-bosses-in-650m-china-690688">the original</a> on 17 January 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Airport+City+bosses+in+%C2%A3650m+China+mission&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2Fairport-city-bosses-in-650m-china-690688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1978" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, P. N. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/622127">"The Distribution and Diffusion of the Coloured Population in England and Wales, 1961-71"</a>. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 3 (4): 515–532. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978TrIBG...3..515J">1978TrIBG...3..515J</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F622127">10.2307/622127</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-2754">0020-2754</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/622127">622127</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12157820">12157820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+and+Diffusion+of+the+Coloured+Population+in+England+and+Wales%2C+1961-71&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E515-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F622127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978TrIBG...3..515J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12157820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F622127&rft.issn=0020-2754&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F622127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.2&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:412-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:412_108-0">^</a> Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6)</li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Office+of+National+Statistics%3B+2001+Census+Key+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20160105160709%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2Fcensus-2001-key-statistics%2Flocal-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Flocal-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls">"2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. ONS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116113227/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Ethnic+group%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=ONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales%2Frft-table-ks202ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS021/editions/2021/versions/1">"Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics"</a>. www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Ethnic+group+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS021%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130104055718/http://www.education.gov.uk/researchandstatistics/statistics/statistics-by-topic/schoolpupilcharacteristics?page%3D1">"School and pupil characteristics"</a>. webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=School+and+pupil+characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20130104055718%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gov.uk%2Fresearchandstatistics%2Fstatistics%2Fstatistics-by-topic%2Fschoolpupilcharacteristics%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/school-pupils-and-their-characteristics">"Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22"</a>. explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Schools%2C+pupils+and+their+characteristics%2C+Academic+Year+2021%2F22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk%2Ffind-statistics%2Fschool-pupils-and-their-characteristics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ONS_regional_GVA-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ONS_regional_GVA_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2013/rft-nuts3.xls">"Regional Gross Value Added (Income Approach) NUTS3 Tables"</a>. Office for National Statistics. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219210913/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2013/rft-nuts3.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Gross+Value+Added+%28Income+Approach%29+NUTS3+Tables&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fregional-accounts%2Fregional-gross-value-added--income-approach-%2Fdecember-2013%2Frft-nuts3.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Leeds.gov.uk-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Leeds.gov.uk_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012657/http://www.leeds.gov.uk/docs/LEH%252004%2520Leeds%2520Economy.pdf">"The Leeds Economy"</a> (PDF). 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GVA Grimley. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227054540/http://www.gva.co.uk/research/the-big-nine-q4-2014/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Big+Nine+%E2%80%93+Regional+Office+Review+%E2%80%93+Q4+2014&rft.pub=GVA+Grimley&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gva.co.uk%2Fresearch%2Fthe-big-nine-q4-2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOglesby2012" class="citation web cs1">Oglesby, Chris (17 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.propertyweek.com/prepare-for-regional-renaissance-as-businesses-favour-%25E2%2580%2598northshoring%25E2%2580%2599/5041206.article">"Prepare for regional renaissance as businesses favour 'northshoring'"</a>. propertyweek.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006130352/http://www.propertyweek.com/prepare-for-regional-renaissance-as-businesses-favour-%25E2%2580%2598northshoring%25E2%2580%2599/5041206.article">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=propertyweek.com&rft.atitle=Prepare+for+regional+renaissance+as+businesses+favour+%27northshoring%27&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft.aulast=Oglesby&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.propertyweek.com%2Fprepare-for-regional-renaissance-as-businesses-favour-%25E2%2580%2598northshoring%25E2%2580%2599%2F5041206.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1986" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, John Martin (1986). The Architecture of Northern England. Macmillan. p. 153. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333373965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780333373965"><bdi>9780333373965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Northern+England&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780333373965&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521150355/http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id%3D598">"One Angel Square, Co-operative Group HQ"</a>. breeam.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id%3D598">the original</a> on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=breeam.org&rft.atitle=One+Angel+Square%2C+Co-operative+Group+HQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breeam.org%2Fpage.jsp%3Fid%3D598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HeatonPark-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HeatonPark_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315081308/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID%3D200073heaton%252F%26documentID%3D1422">"About Heaton Park"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?categoryID%3D200073heaton/%26documentID%3D1422">the original</a> on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Heaton+Park&rft.pub=Manchester+City+Council&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Fsite%2Fscripts%2Fdocuments_info.php%3FcategoryID%3D200073heaton%2F%26documentID%3D1422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Parks-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Parks_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID%3D200073">"Manchester's parks and open spaces"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142452/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents.php?categoryID%3D200073">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester%27s+parks+and+open+spaces&rft.pub=Manchester+City+Council&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Fsite%2Fscripts%2Fdocuments.php%3FcategoryID%3D200073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-PSGM-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PSGM_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocksWyke2004" class="citation book cs1">Cocks, Harry; Wyke, Terry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/publicsculptureg00wyke">Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester</a>. Public Sculpture of Britain. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/publicsculptureg00wyke/page/n30">11</a>–27, 88–92, 111–121, 123–5, 130–2. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-567-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-567-8"><bdi>0-85323-567-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Sculpture+of+Greater+Manchester&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.series=Public+Sculpture+of+Britain&rft.pages=11-27%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E92%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E121%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E5%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-85323-567-8&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Wyke%2C+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicsculptureg00wyke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wildaboutmanchester.info/www/index.php/news/3-archive-news/116-local-nature-reserve-status-for-two-new-sites">"Local nature Reserves"</a>. Manchester City Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709132101/http://www.wildaboutmanchester.info/www/index.php/news/3-archive-news/116-local-nature-reserve-status-for-two-new-sites">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+nature+Reserves&rft.pub=Manchester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildaboutmanchester.info%2Fwww%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2F3-archive-news%2F116-local-nature-reserve-status-for-two-new-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/aGqH_KJZSq6XUSo3q5UdEw">"A History of the World: Liverpool Road Station sundial"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802230037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/aGqH_KJZSq6XUSo3q5UdEw">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World%3A+Liverpool+Road+Station+sundial&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fahistoryoftheworld%2Fobjects%2FaGqH_KJZSq6XUSo3q5UdEw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ORR-138">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ORR_138-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ORR_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625013846/http://www.orr.gov.uk/statistics/published-stats/station-usage-estimates">"Estimates of station usage"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Office_of_Rail_%26_Road?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Rail & Road">Office of Rail Regulation</a>. 22 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://orr.gov.uk/statistics/published-stats/station-usage-estimates">the original</a> on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimates+of+station+usage&rft.pub=Office+of+Rail+Regulation&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forr.gov.uk%2Fstatistics%2Fpublished-stats%2Fstation-usage-estimates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116173005/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/eef5e63a-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a,Authorised%3Dfalse.html?_i_location%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%252Feef5e63a-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a.html%253Fsiteedition%253Duk%26siteedition%3Duk%26_i_referer%3D%23axzz2jybR0Zv4">"Extra track suggested to ease Manchester's rail bottlenecks"</a>. Financial Times. 17 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/eef5e63a-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a,Authorised%3Dfalse.html?_i_location%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%252Feef5e63a-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a.html%253Fsiteedition%253Duk%26siteedition%3Duk%26_i_referer%3D%23axzz2jybR0Zv4%23axzz1ox1RWxvB">the original</a> on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Extra+track+suggested+to+ease+Manchester%27s+rail+bottlenecks&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2Feef5e63a-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a%2CAuthorised%3Dfalse.html%3F_i_location%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%252Feef5e63a-1b62-11df-838f-00144feab49a.html%253Fsiteedition%253Duk%26siteedition%3Duk%26_i_referer%3D%23axzz2jybR0Zv4%23axzz1ox1RWxvB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-21230543">"HS2 to enter Manchester via tunnel under city"</a>. BBC News. 28 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131121/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-21230543">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=HS2+to+enter+Manchester+via+tunnel+under+city&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-21230543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/north-west-to-benefit-from-198-billion-transport-investment">"North West to benefit from £19.8 billion transport investment"</a>. GOV.UK. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=North+West+to+benefit+from+%C2%A319.8+billion+transport+investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fnorth-west-to-benefit-from-198-billion-transport-investment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopham2014" class="citation journal cs1">Topham, Gwyn (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/07/george-osborne-northern-hub-rail-project">"George Osborne launches £600m Northern Hub rail project"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009134654/http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/feb/07/george-osborne-northern-hub-rail-project">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=George+Osborne+launches+%C2%A3600m+Northern+Hub+rail+project&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Topham&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2014%2Ffeb%2F07%2Fgeorge-osborne-northern-hub-rail-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-45864908">"UK's railway stations with most train delays revealed"</a>. BBC News. 16 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517223302/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-45864908">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK%27s+railway+stations+with+most+train+delays+revealed&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-45864908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018021056/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/new-metrolink-line-wythenshawe-manchester-7927130">"New Metrolink line to Wythenshawe and Manchester Airport to open on November 3 – a year ahead of schedule"</a>. Manchester Evening News. 13 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/new-metrolink-line-wythenshawe-manchester-7927130">the original</a> on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=New+Metrolink+line+to+Wythenshawe+and+Manchester+Airport+to+open+on+November+3+%E2%80%93+a+year+ahead+of+schedule&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fnew-metrolink-line-wythenshawe-manchester-7927130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16/17DfTstats-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16/17DfTstats_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/623366/light-rail-tram-ending-march-2017.pdf">"Light Rail and Tram Statistics: England 2016/17"</a> (PDF). Department for Transport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709131401/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/623366/light-rail-tram-ending-march-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+Rail+and+Tram+Statistics%3A+England+2016%2F17&rft.pub=Department+for+Transport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F623366%2Flight-rail-tram-ending-march-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-metrolink-history-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-metrolink-history_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325191627/http://www.metrolink.co.uk/pdf/past_present_future.pdf">"Metrolink History"</a> (PDF). Manchester Metrolink. 9 March 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.metrolink.co.uk/pdf/past_present_future.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metrolink+History&rft.pub=Manchester+Metrolink&rft.date=2004-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrolink.co.uk%2Fpdf%2Fpast_present_future.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-RTC-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RTC_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheerhout2014" class="citation news cs1">Scheerhout, John (31 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/rochdales-first-passenger-tram-80-6897266">"Passenger trams start running to and from Rochdale town centre for first time in 80 years"</a>. Manchester Evening News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072444/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/rochdales-first-passenger-tram-80-6897266">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Passenger+trams+start+running+to+and+from+Rochdale+town+centre+for+first+time+in+80+years&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft.aulast=Scheerhout&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Frochdales-first-passenger-tram-80-6897266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-37645935">"Metrolink's Trafford Park £350m Tramline Approved"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129101729/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-manchester-37645935">Archived</a> 29 November 2018 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 13 October 2016.</li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/enabling-works-begin-on-new-trafford-park-metrolink-line">"Enabling works begin on new Trafford Park Metrolink line"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820163108/http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/enabling-works-begin-on-new-trafford-park-metrolink-line">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enabling+works+begin+on+new+Trafford+Park+Metrolink+line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railtechnologymagazine.com%2FRail-News%2Fenabling-works-begin-on-new-trafford-park-metrolink-line&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Park_&_Ride-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Park_&_Ride_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022114452/http://www.tfgm.com/journey_planning/ParkandRide/Pages/default.aspx">"TFGM Park & Ride – Stations and Stops"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport for Greater Manchester">Transport for Greater Manchester</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tfgm.com/journey_planning/ParkandRide/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TFGM+Park+%26+Ride+%E2%80%93+Stations+and+Stops&rft.pub=Transport+for+Greater+Manchester&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfgm.com%2Fjourney_planning%2FParkandRide%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2012_Annual_Report-151">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2012_Annual_Report_151-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2012_Annual_Report_151-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302015458/http://www.tfgm.com/Corporate/Documents/AnnualReportsBusinessPerformancePlans/11-0909-Ann_Performance-Report-AW.pdf">"2011/2012 Annual Report"</a> (PDF). Transport for Greater Manchester. 2012. pp. 10, 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tfgm.com/Corporate/Documents/AnnualReportsBusinessPerformancePlans/11-0909-Ann_Performance-Report-AW.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011%2F2012+Annual+Report&rft.pages=10%2C+16&rft.pub=Transport+for+Greater+Manchester&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfgm.com%2FCorporate%2FDocuments%2FAnnualReportsBusinessPerformancePlans%2F11-0909-Ann_Performance-Report-AW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327122708/http://www.gmpte.com/upload/library/t%2526s01_02.pdf">"GMPTE Trends and Statistics 2001/2002"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Passenger_Transport_Executive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive">Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive</a>. 2002. pp. 28–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gmpte.com/upload/library/t%26s01_02.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GMPTE+Trends+and+Statistics+2001%2F2002&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Greater+Manchester+Passenger+Transport+Executive&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmpte.com%2Fupload%2Flibrary%2Ft%26s01_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatchell2005" class="citation news cs1">Satchell, Clarissa (22 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026062602/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/free-buses-on-another-city-route-1085213">"Free buses on another city route"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. M.E.N. media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/free-buses-on-another-city-route-1085213">the original</a> on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Free+buses+on+another+city+route&rft.date=2005-09-22&rft.aulast=Satchell&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Ffree-buses-on-another-city-route-1085213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tfgm.com/public-transport/bus/free-bus">"Free bus in Manchester"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714144636/https://tfgm.com/public-transport/bus/free-bus">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+bus+in+Manchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfgm.com%2Fpublic-transport%2Fbus%2Ffree-bus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stagecoach.com/media/news-releases/2008/2008-06-09.aspx">"Stagecoach welcomes government funding for Greater Manchester transport strategy"</a>. stagecoachplc.co.uk. 9 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020194124/http://www.stagecoach.com/media/news-releases/2008/2008-06-09.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stagecoach+welcomes+government+funding+for+Greater+Manchester+transport+strategy&rft.pub=stagecoachplc.co.uk&rft.date=2008-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stagecoach.com%2Fmedia%2Fnews-releases%2F2008%2F2008-06-09.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-caa1990-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-caa1990_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.caa.co.uk/Data-and-analysis/UK-aviation-market/Airports/Datasets/UK-Airport-data/Airport-data-1990-onwards/">"CAA Airport Data 1990-2014"</a>. caa.co.uk. UK Civil Aviation Authority. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caa.co.uk&rft.atitle=CAA+Airport+Data+1990-2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2FData-and-analysis%2FUK-aviation-market%2FAirports%2FDatasets%2FUK-Airport-data%2FAirport-data-1990-onwards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, James (26 April 2007). "A busy hub of connectivity". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Financial_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. The Financial Times Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=A+busy+hub+of+connectivity&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821061436/http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/manweb.nsf/Content/A380Ready">"Manchester Airport is Officially 'A380 Ready'"</a>. manchesterairport.co.uk. 18 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/manweb.nsf/Content/A380Ready">the original</a> on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Airport+is+Officially+%27A380+Ready%27&rft.pub=manchesterairport.co.uk&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterairport.co.uk%2Fmanweb.nsf%2FContent%2FA380Ready&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-11148598">"Giant Airbus A380 lands at Manchester Airport"</a>. BBC News. 1 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017075939/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-11148598">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Giant+Airbus+A380+lands+at+Manchester+Airport&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-11148598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CAMHIST-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CAMHIST_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625164943/http://cityairportandheliport.com/about-us/airport-history">"Airport History: City Airport and Heliport"</a>. City Airport Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cityairportandheliport.com/about-us/airport-history">the original</a> on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+History%3A+City+Airport+and+Heliport&rft.pub=City+Airport+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityairportandheliport.com%2Fabout-us%2Fairport-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cityairportandheliport.com/learn-to-fly/where-to-start">"Where to start: City Airport and Heliport"</a>. City Airport Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809033457/http://cityairportandheliport.com/learn-to-fly/where-to-start">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+to+start%3A+City+Airport+and+Heliport&rft.pub=City+Airport+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityairportandheliport.com%2Flearn-to-fly%2Fwhere-to-start&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.waterways.org.uk/waterways/canals_rivers/manchester_ship_canal/manchester_ship_canal">"Manchester Ship Canal"</a>. Inland Waterways Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110941/https://www.waterways.org.uk/waterways/canals_rivers/manchester_ship_canal/manchester_ship_canal">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Ship+Canal&rft.pub=Inland+Waterways+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterways.org.uk%2Fwaterways%2Fcanals_rivers%2Fmanchester_ship_canal%2Fmanchester_ship_canal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPivaro2006" class="citation news cs1">Pivaro, Nigel (20 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110100910/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ship-canal-cruising-is-all-the-rage-1045298">"Ship canal cruising is all the rage"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. M.E.N. media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ship-canal-cruising-is-all-the-rage-1045298">the original</a> on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Ship+canal+cruising+is+all+the+rage&rft.date=2006-10-20&rft.aulast=Pivaro&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fship-canal-cruising-is-all-the-rage-1045298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233226/http://www.manchesterwatertaxis.com/links/">"Links"</a>. Manchester Water Taxis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchesterwatertaxis.com/links/">the original</a> on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Links&rft.pub=Manchester+Water+Taxis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterwatertaxis.com%2Flinks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeward2018" class="citation web cs1">Heward, Emily (22 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/waxi-manchester-water-taxi-closed-14815702.amp">"Manchester's Waxi water taxi service runs aground after two years – and the boats are being sold off too"</a>. Manchester Evening News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707222754/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/waxi-manchester-water-taxi-closed-14815702.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Manchester%27s+Waxi+water+taxi+service+runs+aground+after+two+years+%E2%80%93+and+the+boats+are+being+sold+off+too&rft.date=2018-06-22&rft.aulast=Heward&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fwaxi-manchester-water-taxi-closed-14815702.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlotte_Cox2014" class="citation news cs1">Charlotte Cox (23 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/census-shows-more-manchester-people-7021775">"Census shows more people in Manchester are cycling to work"</a>. Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 16 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Census+shows+more+people+in+Manchester+are+cycling+to+work&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.au=Charlotte+Cox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fcensus-shows-more-manchester-people-7021775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Connolly2014" class="citation web cs1">Justin Connolly (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/rapha-cycle-club-opens-manchester-7842026">"Rapha Cycle Club opens in Manchester"</a>. Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 16 February 2016. <q>There's a rich cycling heritage here, and Manchester is the home of British cycling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapha+Cycle+Club+opens+in+Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.au=Justin+Connolly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Frapha-cycle-club-opens-manchester-7842026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ChemBros-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ChemBros_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108091553/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate/ourreputation/distinguishedalumni/thechemicalbrothers/">"The Chemical Brothers – Alumni"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/undergraduate/ourreputation/distinguishedalumni/thechemicalbrothers/">the original</a> on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Brothers+%E2%80%93+Alumni&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Fundergraduate%2Fourreputation%2Fdistinguishedalumni%2Fthechemicalbrothers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BeeGees-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BeeGees_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3705559.stm">"Bee Gees go back to their roots"</a>. BBC News. 12 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20040614061444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/3705559.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2004. Retrieved 12 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bee+Gees+go+back+to+their+roots&rft.date=2004-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fmanchester%2F3705559.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-MEN-169">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MEN_169-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MEN_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222758/http://www.pollstaronline.com/PCIA-Static/2001winners.htm">"Pollstar Concert Industry Awards Winners Archives"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pollstar+Concert+Industry+Awards+Winners+Archives&rft.pub=Pollstar+Online&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pollstaronline.com%2FPCIA-Static%2F2001winners.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Rachel (10 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026062551/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/find-things-to-do/arenas-worlds-top-venue-1000549">"M.E.N Arena's world's top venue"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. 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Arena is the top-selling venue in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=M.E.N+Arena%27s+world%27s+top+venue&rft.date=2007-08-10&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ffind-things-to-do%2Farenas-worlds-top-venue-1000549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040846/http://www.men-arena.com/about/?page_id%3D1412%252F">"M.E.N Named Most Popular Entertainment Venue on Planet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.men-arena.com/about/?page_id%3D1412/">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.E.N+Named+Most+Popular+Entertainment+Venue+on+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.men-arena.com%2Fabout%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1412%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nightnday.org/">"Night & Day Café"</a>. nightnday.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123619/http://www.nightnday.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Night+%26+Day+Caf%C3%A9&rft.pub=nightnday.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nightnday.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324190503/http://www.therubylounge.com/index.php/history">"The Ruby Lounge: History"</a>. therubylounge.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.therubylounge.com/index.php/History/">the original</a> on 24 March 2012. 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Manchester International Festival. July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mif.co.uk/event/procession">the original</a> on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Procession+%E2%80%93+Jeremy+Deller&rft.pub=Manchester+International+Festival&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mif.co.uk%2Fevent%2Fprocession&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217073935/http://thedancehouse.co.uk/about_us/the_dancehouse_theatre.asp">"The Dancehouse Theatre"</a>. thedancehouse.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://thedancehouse.co.uk/about_us/the_dancehouse_theatre.asp">the original</a> on 17 February 2009. 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Manchester Evening News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/new-home-for-cornerhouse-and-library-theatre-903674">the original</a> on 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=New+home+for+Cornerhouse+and+Library+Theatre+in+%C2%A319m+arts+centre+plan&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft.aulast=Linton&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fnew-home-for-cornerhouse-and-library-theatre-903674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://factoryinternational.org/about/">"About"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/history/">the original</a> on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+The+Manchester+Museum&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.manchester.ac.uk%2Faboutus%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-virtualmanc-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-virtualmanc_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530143656/http://www.manchestereventsguide.co.uk/section/museums.html">"Manchester Museums Guide"</a>. Virtual Manchester. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereventsguide.co.uk/section/museums.html">the original</a> on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Museums+Guide&rft.pub=Virtual+Manchester&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereventsguide.co.uk%2Fsection%2Fmuseums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-preraph1-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-preraph1_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2003" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Richard (17 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176">"The Pre-Raphaelite Collections"</a>. 24-Hour Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909020028/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Raphaelite+Collections&rft.pub=24-Hour+Museum&rft.date=2003-10-17&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fart%2Ftra18176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-preraph2-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-preraph2_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Edward (2001). Public art collections in north-west England. Liverpool University Press. p. 118. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-527-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-527-9"><bdi>0-85323-527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+art+collections+in+north-west+England&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-85323-527-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-whitworth-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-whitworth_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227113021/http://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/collection/">"Collection"</a>. Whitworth Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/collection/">the original</a> on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection&rft.pub=Whitworth+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk%2Fcollection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-lowry-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lowry_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330200042/http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/the-ls-lowry-collection/">"The Lowry Collection"</a>. The Lowry. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thelowry.com/ls-lowry/the-ls-lowry-collection/">the original</a> on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lowry+Collection&rft.pub=The+Lowry&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelowry.com%2Fls-lowry%2Fthe-ls-lowry-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2017" class="citation news cs1">Royle, Nicholas (2 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature">"A new chapter begins: Manchester named Unesco City of Literature"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112032227/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2017/nov/02/a-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+new+chapter+begins%3A+Manchester+named+Unesco+City+of+Literature&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2017%2Fnov%2F02%2Fa-new-chapter-begins-as-manchester-awarded-unesco-city-of-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2014" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, David (4 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour">"A literary tour of Manchester"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001002106/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2014/oct/04/manchester-literature-festival-walking-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+literary+tour+of+Manchester&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2014%2Foct%2F04%2Fmanchester-literature-festival-walking-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml">"Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–1865)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205145033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/gaskell_elizabeth.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Gaskell+%281810%E2%80%931865%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fgaskell_elizabeth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1892" class="citation book cs1">Engels, Fredrick (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html">The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844</a>. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. pp. 45, 48–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012013114/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1844engels.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2015 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet History Sourcebooks Project">Internet History Sourcebooks Project</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condition+of+the+Working-Class+in+England+in+1844&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Fredrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1844engels.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tristram_Hunt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tristram Hunt">Hunt, Tristram</a> (2 June 2009). The Frock Coated Communist: A Revolutionary Life. Allen Lane. p. 129. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713998528?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713998528"><bdi>978-0713998528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frock+Coated+Communist%3A+A+Revolutionary+Life&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0713998528&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Tristram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2014" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, John (30 November 2014). Riches of the Rylands: The Special Collections of the University of Manchester Library (1st ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719096358?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719096358"><bdi>978-0719096358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riches+of+the+Rylands%3A+The+Special+Collections+of+the+University+of+Manchester+Library&rft.place=Manchester&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0719096358&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1834" class="citation book cs1">Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1834). "picture and poetical illustration". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id%3DBzk_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA34-IA4">Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835</a>. Fisher, Son & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=picture+and+poetical+illustration&rft.btitle=Fisher%27s+Drawing+Room+Scrap+Book%2C+1835&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Son+%26+Co.&rft.date=1834&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Letitia+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DBzk_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA34-IA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html">"Charles Dickens's Hard Times for These Times as an Industrial Novel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028194622/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/hardtimes/pva27.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Dickens%27s+Hard+Times+for+These+Times+as+an+Industrial+Novel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fdickens%2Fhardtimes%2Fpva27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Independent_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurden2006" class="citation news cs1">Nurden, Robert (26 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514042503/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html">"An ending Dickens would have liked"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/an-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=An+ending+Dickens+would+have+liked&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.aulast=Nurden&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Fan-ending-dickens-would-have-liked-471564.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml">"Jane Eyre: a Mancunian?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 10 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925071359/http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2006/10/10/101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Jane+Eyre%3A+a+Mancunian%3F&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmanchester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2006%2F10%2F10%2F101006_jane_eyre_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-200">^</a> Alexander, Christine, and Sara L. Pearson. Celebrating Charlotte Brontë: Transforming Life into Literature in Jane Eyre. Brontë Society, 2016, p. 173.</li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeling2014" class="citation news cs1">Keeling, Neal (3 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930025047/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923">"Derelict Buile Hill Mansion could be turned into Hilton hotel"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_Evening_News?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester Evening News">Manchester Evening News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/buile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923">the original</a> on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Derelict+Buile+Hill+Mansion+could+be+turned+into+Hilton+hotel&rft.date=2014-05-03&rft.aulast=Keeling&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fbuile-hill-salford-hilton-hotel-7064923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-202">^</a> See the essay "A Prophetic and Violent Masterpiece" by Theodore Dalrymple in "Not With a Bang but a Whimper" (2008) pp. 135–149.</li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2002" class="citation web cs1">Forbes, Peter (31 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8">"Winning lines"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213202550/http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/aug/31/featuresreviews.guardianreview8">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Winning+lines&rft.date=2002-08-31&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2002%2Faug%2F31%2Ffeaturesreviews.guardianreview8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Park-204">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Park_204-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Park_204-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Park_204-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Park_204-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Park_204-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 249–250, 284–286. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5606-3"><bdi>0-7190-5606-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E250%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E286&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7190-5606-3&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbs-205">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hobbs_205-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hobbs_205-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hobbs_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsWinlowHadfieldLister2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hobbs, Dick; Winlow, Simon; Hadfield, Philip; Lister, Stuart (2005). "Violent Hypocrisy: Governance and the Night-time Economy". European Journal of Criminology. 2 (2): 161. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F1477370805050864">10.1177/1477370805050864</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-3708">1477-3708</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145151649">145151649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=Violent+Hypocrisy%3A+Governance+and+the+Night-time+Economy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145151649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-3708&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1477370805050864&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Winlow%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hadfield%2C+Philip&rft.au=Lister%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs" class="citation web cs1">Hobbs, Dick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608000633/http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/seven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf">"Seven Deadly Sins: A new look at society through an old lens"</a> (PDF). Economic and Social Research Council. pp. 24–27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.esrc.ac.uk/_images/seven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Deadly+Sins%3A+A+new+look+at+society+through+an+old+lens&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Economic+and+Social+Research+Council&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrc.ac.uk%2F_images%2Fseven_deadly_sins_tcm8-13545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadha" class="citation web cs1">Chadha, Aayush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/772">"UK Event Data – In Review"</a>. www.tickx.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201232544/https://www.tickx.co.uk/article/772">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tickx.co.uk&rft.atitle=UK+Event+Data+%E2%80%93+In+Review&rft.aulast=Chadha&rft.aufirst=Aayush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tickx.co.uk%2Farticle%2F772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm">"Guide to Manchester"</a>. BBC Sport. 16 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205185422/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_1993000/1993489.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2003. Retrieved 12 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Manchester&rft.date=2002-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport3%2Fcommonwealthgames2002%2Fhi%2Ffeatures%2Fnewsid_1993000%2F1993489.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Hasl-209">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hasl_209-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Hasl_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslam2000" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Dave (2000). Manchester, England. New York: Fourth Estate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84115-146-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-84115-146-7"><bdi>1-84115-146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%2C+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-84115-146-7&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/11/gayrights.world">"Europe's biggest gay festival to be held in UK"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. M.E.N media. 11 February 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826221150/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/feb/11/gayrights.world">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+biggest+gay+festival+to+be+held+in+UK&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Ffeb%2F11%2Fgayrights.world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-211">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_211-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_211-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study">"Where do HE students study? | HESA"</a>. www.hesa.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hesa.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Where+do+HE+students+study%3F+%7C+HESA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hesa.ac.uk%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fstudents%2Fwhere-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Man_Uni-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Man_Uni_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/?id%3D2462%26year%3D2007%26month%3D01">"Manchester still top of the popularity league"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>. 18 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207071504/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/archive/list/item/?id%3D2462%26year%3D2007%26month%3D01">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+still+top+of+the+popularity+league&rft.pub=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Faboutus%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Flist%2Fitem%2F%3Fid%3D2462%26year%3D2007%26month%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> Description of 'Manchester Business School, Manchester Business School Archive, 1965-2002. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Manchester Library">University of Manchester Library</a>. GB 133 MBS' on the Archives Hub website, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-mbs">https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb133-mbs</a>, (date accessed :13/05/2022)</li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1994" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Alan (1994). Many Arts, Many Skills: Origins of Manchester Metropolitan University. Manchester Metropolitan University. pp. 115–20, 226–8. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870355-05-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-870355-05-9"><bdi>1-870355-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Arts%2C+Many+Skills%3A+Origins+of+Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E20%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Manchester+Metropolitan+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-870355-05-9&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2017" class="citation news cs1">Ryan, Belinda (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.crewechronicle.co.uk/news/crewe-mmu-campus-close-july-12589102">"Crewe MMU campus will close in July 2019, university says"</a>. Crewe Chronicle. Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crewe+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Crewe+MMU+campus+will+close+in+July+2019%2C+university+says&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crewechronicle.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrewe-mmu-campus-close-july-12589102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819080107/http://www.ibanet.org/Education_and_Internships/LLM/about_col.aspx">"The College of Law"</a>. International Bar Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ibanet.org/Education_and_Internships/LLM/about_col.aspx">the original</a> on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+College+of+Law&rft.pub=International+Bar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibanet.org%2FEducation_and_Internships%2FLLM%2Fabout_col.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Higher_edu-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Higher_edu_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). Pevsner Architectural Guides: Manchester. Penguin Books. p. 105. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-071131-7"><bdi>0-14-071131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides%3A+Manchester&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-14-071131-7&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Man_GS-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Man_GS_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2006" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan (2006). Manchester: A History. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. p. 206. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85936-128-5"><bdi>1-85936-128-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85936-128-5&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). A History of Manchester. Phillimore & Co. p. 25. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-240-4"><bdi>1-86077-240-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86077-240-4&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-MGS-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MGS_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1990" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, James (1990). Dare to be wise: a history of the Manchester Grammar School. James & James. pp. 108, 114, 119–121. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907383-04-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-907383-04-1"><bdi>0-907383-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dare+to+be+wise%3A+a+history+of+the+Manchester+Grammar+School&rft.pages=108%2C+114%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=James+%26+James&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-907383-04-1&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/data-tables/permalink/baee5d88-d366-4fd8-b927-4e9b2507abc9">"'KS4 local authority data' from 'Key stage 4 performance', Permanent data table"</a>. explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk&rft.atitle=%27KS4+local+authority+data%27+from+%27Key+stage+4+performance%27%2C+Permanent+data+table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk%2Fdata-tables%2Fpermalink%2Fbaee5d88-d366-4fd8-b927-4e9b2507abc9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513000447/https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/schools-by-type?step%3Ddefault%26table%3Dschools%26region%3D352%26geographic%3Dla%26for%3Dsecondary%26basedon%3DEnglish%2520%2526%2520maths%2520GCSEs%26show%3DAll%2520pupils%26orderby%3Dks4.0.PTL2BASICS_94%26orderdir%3Dasc">"Compare School Performance Service"</a>. GOV.UK. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/schools-by-type?step%3Ddefault%26table%3Dschools%26region%3D352%26geographic%3Dla%26for%3Dsecondary%26basedon%3DEnglish%2520%2526%2520maths%2520GCSEs%26show%3DAll%2520pupils%26orderby%3Dks4.0.PTL2BASICS_94%26orderdir%3Dasc">the original</a> on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Compare+School+Performance+Service&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk%2Fschools-by-type%3Fstep%3Ddefault%26table%3Dschools%26region%3D352%26geographic%3Dla%26for%3Dsecondary%26basedon%3DEnglish%2520%2526%2520maths%2520GCSEs%26show%3DAll%2520pupils%26orderby%3Dks4.0.PTL2BASICS_94%26orderdir%3Dasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteSmith2011" class="citation web cs1">White, Duncan; Smith, Rory (14 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/8514475/Manchester-is-a-City-United-in-celebration-as-both-clubs-end-the-day-with-silverware.html">"Manchester is a City United in celebration as both clubs end the day with silverware"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812203118/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-city/8514475/Manchester-is-a-City-United-in-celebration-as-both-clubs-end-the-day-with-silverware.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Manchester+is+a+City+United+in+celebration+as+both+clubs+end+the+day+with+silverware&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft.au=Smith%2C+Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Fteams%2Fmanchester-city%2F8514475%2FManchester-is-a-City-United-in-celebration-as-both-clubs-end-the-day-with-silverware.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027081212/http://www.visitmanchester.com/Parts2.aspx?PartId%3D51%26ExperienceId%3D11">"Football fever"</a>. Visit Manchester web pages. Visit Manchester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.visitmanchester.com/Parts2.aspx?PartId%3D51%26ExperienceId%3D11">the original</a> on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Manchester+web+pages&rft.atitle=Football+fever&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitmanchester.com%2FParts2.aspx%3FPartId%3D51%26ExperienceId%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206131231/http://visitmanchester.com/Parts2.aspx?ExperienceId%3D11%26PartId%3D120">"Sporting heritage"</a>. Visit Manchester web pages. Visit Manchester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://visitmanchester.com/Parts2.aspx?ExperienceId%3D11%26PartId%3D120">the original</a> on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Manchester+web+pages&rft.atitle=Sporting+heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisitmanchester.com%2FParts2.aspx%3FExperienceId%3D11%26PartId%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111071627/http://www.gameslegacy.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi/34">"Sporting Legacy"</a>. Commonwealth Games Legacy Manchester 2002. Commonwealth Games Legacy. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gameslegacy.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi/34">the original</a> on 11 November 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fina.org/project/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D58%26Itemid%3D380">the original</a> on 4 September 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldsquash2008.com/">the original</a> on 15 July 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hi-Tec+World+Squash+Championships+%E2%80%93+Manchester+2008&rft.pub=Hi-Tec+World+Squash+Championships+Manchester+2008&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldsquash2008.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211113204/http://www.2010worldlacrosse.com/">"World Lacrosse Championships – Manchester 2010"</a>. World Lacrosse Championships 2010. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.2010worldlacrosse.com/">the original</a> on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Lacrosse+Championships+%E2%80%93+Manchester+2010&rft.pub=World+Lacrosse+Championships+2010&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2010worldlacrosse.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-timeline-228">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-guardian-timeline_228-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-guardian-timeline_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardian_Staff2017" class="citation web cs1">Guardian Staff (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/gnm-archive/2002/jun/11/1">"Key moments in The Guardian's history: a timeline"</a>. 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The Guardian. UK: Guardian News and Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110081617/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/aug/30/pressandpublishing.abcs1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Paid-for+sales+of+MEN+slump&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.aulast=Sweney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2007%2Faug%2F30%2Fpressandpublishing.abcs1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022154944/http://www.merrymedia.co.uk/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D2881%26Itemid%3D175">"M.E.N. Makes Changes To Metro Distribution"</a>. 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The Independent. London: Independent News and Media Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102200/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/new-quality-weekly-for-manchester-is-a-good-idea-on-paper-5544495.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nw-enquirer.co.uk/the_enquirer_suspends_publication_.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/business/1bn-vision-former-itv-site-8004809">the original</a> on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C2%A31bn+vision+for+former+ITV+site+revealed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2F1bn-vision-former-itv-site-8004809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Skillset-234">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Skillset_234-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Skillset_234-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Skillset_234-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113021242/http://www.skillset.org/uploads/pdf/asset_3933.pdf?3">"The creative media industries and workforce in North West England"</a> (PDF). skillset.org. 2008. 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Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+creative+media+industries+and+workforce+in+North+West+England&rft.pub=skillset.org&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skillset.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2Fasset_3933.pdf%3F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/itv-removes-famous-granada-sign-899669">"ITV removes famous Granada sign from Manchester studios"</a>. Manchester Evening News. 26 September 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=ITV+removes+famous+Granada+sign+from+Manchester+studios&rft.date=2010-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fitv-removes-famous-granada-sign-899669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittle1995" class="citation book cs1">Little, Daran (1995). The Coronation Street Story. London: Boxtree. p. 6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85283-464-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-85283-464-1"><bdi>1-85283-464-1</bdi></a>. <q>Coronation Street is without doubt the most successful television programme in the world.... what is today the world's longest running drama serial.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coronation+Street+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Boxtree&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85283-464-1&rft.aulast=Little&rft.aufirst=Daran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-plowright-413771.html">"Obituary – David Plowright"</a>. The Independent. 29 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130161610/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/david-plowright-413771.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012. <q>As he himself liked to quote, not for nothing had Granada been dubbed the best commercial television company in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary+%E2%80%93+David+Plowright&rft.date=2006-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fdavid-plowright-413771.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419172834/http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-features/special-features/party-people-returns-as-presenter-rob-mcloughlin-celebrates-thirtieth-year-at-itv-201">"Party People returns as presenter Rob McLoughlin celebrates thirtieth year at ITV"</a>. 25 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-features/special-features/party-people-returns-as-presenter-rob-mcloughlin-celebrates-thirtieth-year-at-itv-201">the original</a> on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012. <q>The Financial Times was to claim that 'Granada was probably the best commercial TV company in the world' – with respect to Thames TV; LWT and our American cousins – they may have been right but when that quote was hauled over reception in Quay Street I found it both inspiring and daunting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Party+People+returns+as+presenter+Rob+McLoughlin+celebrates+thirtieth+year+at+ITV&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.how-do.co.uk%2Fnorth-west-media-features%2Fspecial-features%2Fparty-people-returns-as-presenter-rob-mcloughlin-celebrates-thirtieth-year-at-itv-201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-TOTP-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TOTP_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/jul/16/32">"'Top of the Pops' shows"</a>. Observer Music Monthly. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. 16 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930035454/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/jul/16/32">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer+Music+Monthly&rft.atitle=%27Top+of+the+Pops%27+shows&rft.date=2006-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2006%2Fjul%2F16%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-itsahotun-history-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-itsahotun-history_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CP_Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CP Lee">Lee, CP</a> (20 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120204633/http://www.itsahotun.com/history.html">"Mancunian Film Company History"</a>. It's a Hot 'Un. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.itsahotun.com/history.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=It%27s+a+Hot+%27Un&rft.atitle=Mancunian+Film+Company+History&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=CP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itsahotun.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_programs-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_programs_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/speeches/stories/bennett_manch.shtml">"Championing sustainable TV production in the nations and regions"</a> (Press release). BBC. 23 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061224172214/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/speeches/stories/bennett_manch.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Championing+sustainable+TV+production+in+the+nations+and+regions&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fspeeches%2Fstories%2Fbennett_manch.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_real_story-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BBC_real_story_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/11_november/15/real.shtml">"BBC One's Real Story with Fiona Bruce series comes to end in 2007"</a> (Press release). BBC. 15 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229023321/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/11_november/15/real.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+One%27s+Real+Story+with+Fiona+Bruce+series+comes+to+end+in+2007&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2006%2F11_november%2F15%2Freal.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGans2007" class="citation news cs1">Gans, Charles J. (19 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-11-18-al-gore_N.htm">"International Emmys Awards to honor Al Gore"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018053409/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-11-18-al-gore_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=International+Emmys+Awards+to+honor+Al+Gore&rft.date=2007-11-19&rft.aulast=Gans&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fpeople%2F2007-11-18-al-gore_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NWT-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NWT_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922233804/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/media/tv-and-radio.html">"Television & Radio Stations in Manchester"</a>. Manchester 2002 UK. 2002. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Television+%26+Radio+Stations+in+Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+2002+UK&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester2002-uk.com%2Fmedia%2Ftv-and-radio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Media_city-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Media_city_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206144955/http://www.dtg.org.uk/news/news.php?id%3D2464">"BBC R&D to relocate to Salford Quays"</a>. Digital TV Group. 1 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dtg.org.uk/news/news.php?id%3D2464">the original</a> on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+R%26D+to+relocate+to+Salford+Quays&rft.pub=Digital+TV+Group&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtg.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D2464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/05_may/31/salford.shtml">"BBC move to Salford gets green light"</a> (Press release). BBC. 31 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222043534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2007/5_may/31/salford.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+move+to+Salford+gets+green+light&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2007%2F05_may%2F31%2Fsalford.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett2012" class="citation web cs1">Plunkett, John (16 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/16/manchester-channel-m-closes">"Manchester's Channel M closes after 12 years"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928020000/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/apr/16/manchester-channel-m-closes">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Manchester%27s+Channel+M+closes+after+12+years&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2012%2Fapr%2F16%2Fmanchester-channel-m-closes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ofcomradio-247">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ofcomradio_247-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ofcomradio_247-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/">Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016155741/http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ofcom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> web site and subpages, especially the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/amfm/analogue-main.htm">directory of analogue radio stations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102657/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/radiolicensing/amfm/analogue-main.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the map <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304085205/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/acrm_styles.pdf">"Commercial Radio Styles"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/acrm_styles.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commercial+Radio+Styles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fradio%2Fifi%2Frbl%2Fformats%2Facrm_styles.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> (PDF), and the map <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414200018/http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/crmmap.pdf">"Community Radio in the UK"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ofcom.org.uk/radio/ifi/rbl/formats/crmmap.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Radio+in+the+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ofcom.org.uk%2Fradio%2Fifi%2Frbl%2Fformats%2Fcrmmap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> (PDF). Retrieved on 6 November 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919151313/http://www.fusefm.co.uk/">"FUSE FM – Manchester Student Radio"</a>. fusefm.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fusefm.co.uk/">the original</a> on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fusefm.co.uk&rft.atitle=FUSE+FM+%E2%80%93+Manchester+Student+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fusefm.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">"International Civic Links"</a>. Manchester: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester_City_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221155306/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Civic+Links&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F100004%2Fthe_council_and_democracy%2F5903%2Finternational_civic_links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Manchester_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731001604/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445">"Twinning link with LA"</a>. Manchester Evening News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445">the original</a> on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Twinning+link+with+LA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Ftwinning-link-with-la-925445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121131/http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/transparency/reports-documents">"British Council Annual Report 2013–14"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Council">British Council</a>. 31 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/transparency/reports-documents">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Council+Annual+Report+2013%E2%80%9314&rft.pub=British+Council&rft.date=2014-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Forganisation%2Ftransparency%2Freports-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Jayne-252">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jayne_252-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayneHubbardBell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jayne, Mark; Hubbard, Philip; Bell, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26144203.pdf">"Twin Cities: Territorial and Relational Geographies of 'Worldly' Manchester"</a> (PDF). Urban Studies. 50 (2): 239–254. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013UrbSt..50..239J">2013UrbSt..50..239J</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F0042098012450480">10.1177/0042098012450480</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-0980">0042-0980</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26144203">26144203</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146405719">146405719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Twin+Cities%3A+Territorial+and+Relational+Geographies+of+%27Worldly%27+Manchester&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146405719%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013UrbSt..50..239J&rft.issn=0042-0980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0042098012450480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26144203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jayne&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Philip&rft.au=Bell%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F26144203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> At the time of the agreement, it was in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> and named Karl-Marx-Stadt.</li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111025743/https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">"International civic links | International civic links | Manchester City Council"</a>. www.manchester.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/100004/the_council_and_democracy/5903/international_civic_links">the original</a> on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.manchester.gov.uk&rft.atitle=International+civic+links+%7C+International+civic+links+%7C+Manchester+City+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.gov.uk%2Finfo%2F100004%2Fthe_council_and_democracy%2F5903%2Finternational_civic_links&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox,_David2007" class="citation book cs1">Fox, David (2007). Manchester Consuls. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. pp. vii–ix. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-155-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-155-9"><bdi>978-1-85936-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester+Consuls&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Eix&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85936-155-9&rft.au=Fox%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.manchesterconsularassociation.com/">"Manchester Consular Association"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230017/https://www.manchesterconsularassociation.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manchester+Consular+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchesterconsularassociation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001011/http://mca.group.shef.ac.uk/index_Page320.htm">"List of Consulates, Consulate Generals and High Commissioners"</a>. MCA (subsidiary of Sheffield University). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mca.group.shef.ac.uk/index_Page320.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Consulates%2C+Consulate+Generals+and+High+Commissioners&rft.pub=MCA+%28subsidiary+of+Sheffield+University%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmca.group.shef.ac.uk%2Findex_Page320.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style> <div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins1975" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Philip (1975). Guide across Manchester. Manchester: Civic Trust for the North West. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901347-29-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901347-29-9"><bdi>978-0-901347-29-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+across+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Civic+Trust+for+the+North+West&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-901347-29-9&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandsParker,_Sarah2000" class="citation book cs1">Hands, David; Parker, Sarah (2000). Manchester: A Guide to Recent Architecture. London: Ellipsis Arts. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899858-77-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-899858-77-4"><bdi>978-1-899858-77-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+A+Guide+to+Recent+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ellipsis+Arts&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-899858-77-4&rft.aulast=Hands&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Parker%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare (2001). Manchester. Pevsner Architectural Guides. London: Penguin Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-071131-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-071131-8"><bdi>978-0-14-071131-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester&rft.place=London&rft.series=Pevsner+Architectural+Guides&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-071131-8&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwellHydePevsner2004" class="citation book cs1">Hartwell, Clare; Hyde, Matthew; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (2004). Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East. The Buildings of England. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10583-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10583-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10583-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancashire%3A+Manchester+and+the+South-East&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.series=The+Buildings+of+England&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10583-4&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Hyde%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Pevsner%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson-Bailey2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5606-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-5606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+an+Architectural+History&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5606-2&rft.aulast=Parkinson-Bailey&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1986" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, John Martin (1986). The Architecture of Northern England. London: Macmillan. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37396-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-37396-5"><bdi>978-0-333-37396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Northern+England&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-37396-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=John+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="General">General</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesley1988" class="citation book cs1">Beesley, Ian (1988). Victorian Manchester and Salford. Keele: Ryburn. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-006-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-006-5"><bdi>978-1-85331-006-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Manchester+and+Salford&rft.place=Keele&rft.pub=Ryburn&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-85331-006-5&rft.aulast=Beesley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHylton2003" class="citation book cs1">Hylton, Stuart (2003). A History of Manchester. Chichester: Phillimore & Company. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-240-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-240-5"><bdi>978-1-86077-240-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Manchester&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86077-240-5&rft.aulast=Hylton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd1993" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, Alan J. (1993). Manchester. Town and City Histories. Keele: Ryburn. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-016-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85331-016-4"><bdi>978-1-85331-016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester&rft.place=Keele&rft.series=Town+and+City+Histories&rft.pub=Ryburn&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85331-016-4&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottley2013" class="citation book cs1">Mottley, A.L. (2013). A Northern Life. Coventry: Any Subject Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909392-53-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909392-53-3"><bdi>978-1-909392-53-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Northern+Life&rft.place=Coventry&rft.pub=Any+Subject+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-909392-53-3&rft.aulast=Mottley&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceStebbing2002" class="citation book cs1">Price, Jane; Stebbing, Ben, eds. (2002). The Mancunian Way. Manchester: Clinamen Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903083-81-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903083-81-9"><bdi>978-1-903083-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mancunian+Way&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Clinamen+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-903083-81-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedhead1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brian_Redhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brian Redhead">Redhead, Brian</a> (1993). Manchester: a Celebration. London: André Deutsch. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-98816-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-98816-0"><bdi>978-0-233-98816-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+a+Celebration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andr%C3%A9+Deutsch&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-233-98816-0&rft.aulast=Redhead&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2005" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Jonathan (2005). The City Life Guide to Manchester. Manchester: City Life. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9549042-2-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9549042-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9549042-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+Life+Guide+to+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=City+Life&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9549042-2-7&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Barry (2011). Discovering Manchester. Ammanford: Sigma Leisure. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-862-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85058-862-7"><bdi>978-1-85058-862-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Manchester&rft.place=Ammanford&rft.pub=Sigma+Leisure&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85058-862-7&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Culture_2">Culture</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantrell1985" class="citation book cs1">Cantrell, J. A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/jamesnasmythbri00cant">James Nasmyth and the Bridgewater Foundry, A study of entrepreneurship in the early engineering industry</a>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1339-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-1339-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-1339-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Nasmyth+and+the+Bridgewater+Foundry%2C+A+study+of+entrepreneurship+in+the+early+engineering+industry&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-1339-3&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesnasmythbri00cant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampion1990" class="citation book cs1">Champion, Sarah (1990). And God Created Manchester. Manchester: Wordsmith. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873205-01-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873205-01-3"><bdi>978-1-873205-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+God+Created+Manchester&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Wordsmith&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-873205-01-3&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatenby2002" class="citation book cs1">Gatenby, Phill (2002). Morrissey's Manchester: The Essential "Smiths" Tour. Manchester. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901746-28-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901746-28-0"><bdi>978-1-901746-28-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morrissey%27s+Manchester%3A+The+Essential+%22Smiths%22+Tour&rft.place=Manchester&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-901746-28-0&rft.aulast=Gatenby&rft.aufirst=Phill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslam2000" class="citation book cs1">Haslam, Dave (2000). Manchester, England. New York: Fourth Estate. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-146-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-146-5"><bdi>978-1-84115-146-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%2C+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-146-5&rft.aulast=Haslam&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2002" class="citation book cs1">Lee, C. P. (2002). hake, Rattle and Rain: popular music making in Manchester 1955–1995. Ottery St Mary: Hardinge Simpole. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-049-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84382-049-9"><bdi>978-1-84382-049-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=hake%2C+Rattle+and+Rain%3A+popular+music+making+in+Manchester+1955%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Ottery+St+Mary&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84382-049-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2004" class="citation book cs1">Lee, C. P. (2004). Like the Night (Revisited): Bob Dylan and the Road to the Manchester Free Trade Hall. London: Helter Skelter Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900924-33-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900924-33-7"><bdi>978-1-900924-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+the+Night+%28Revisited%29%3A+Bob+Dylan+and+the+Road+to+the+Manchester+Free+Trade+Hall&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Helter+Skelter+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-900924-33-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, Lynne (December 2007). "Women writers and the elusive urban sublime: the view from "Manchester, England"". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contemporary_Women%27s_Writing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contemporary Women's Writing">Contemporary Women's Writing</a>. 1 (1–2): 192–202. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fcww%252Fvpm014">10.1093/cww/vpm014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Women%27s+Writing&rft.atitle=Women+writers+and+the+elusive+urban+sublime%3A+the+view+from+%22Manchester%2C+England%22&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcww%2Fvpm014&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1992" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Jon, ed. (1992). The Haçienda Must Be Built. Woodford Green: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Music_Publications?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Music Publications">International Music Publications</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86359-857-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86359-857-9"><bdi>978-0-86359-857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ha%C3%A7ienda+Must+Be+Built&rft.place=Woodford+Green&rft.pub=International+Music+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86359-857-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sport_2">Sport</h3> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis2004" class="citation book cs1">Inglis, Simon (2004). Played in Manchester. Played in Britain. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-78-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873592-78-6"><bdi>978-1-873592-78-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Played+in+Manchester&rft.pub=Played+in+Britain&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-873592-78-6&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2008" class="citation book cs1">James, Gary (2008). Manchester: a football history. Halifax: James Ward. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9558127-0-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9558127-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9558127-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchester%3A+a+football+history&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=James+Ward&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9558127-0-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchester" class="Z3988"></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 34px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" data-width="45" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"> These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 3 February 2008 (2008-02-03), and do not reflect subsequent edits. </div> <div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer"> (<a 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%259B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%2589%25BD%25E1%2588%25B5%25E1%2589%25B0%25E1%2588%25AD" title="ማንችስተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማንችስተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mameceaster" title="Mameceaster – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mameceaster" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1" title="مانشستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانشستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C3%25A7ester" title="Mançester – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mançester" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1" title="منچستر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منچستر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="ম্যানচেস্টার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যানচেস্টার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D1%258D%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="Манчэстэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манчэстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D1%258D%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="Манчэстэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манчэстэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258A%25D1%2580" title="Манчестър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манчестър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian,_Inglatera,_Manchester)" title="Manchester (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Manchester) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manchester (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian, Inglatera, Manchester)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manceinion" title="Manceinion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Manceinion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CF%2583%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581" title="Μάντσεστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάντσεστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25A1nchester" title="Mánchester – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mánchester" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C4%2589estro" title="Manĉestro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĉestro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1" title="منچستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منچستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchain" title="Manchain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Manchain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuin" title="Manchuin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Manchuin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25A7%25A8%25EC%25B2%25B4%25EC%258A%25A4%25ED%2584%25B0" title="맨체스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맨체스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25B9%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D6%2580" title="Մանչեստր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանչեստր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मैन्चेस्टर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैन्चेस्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_(Anglaterra)" title="Manchester (Anglaterra) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Manchester (Anglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A6%2527%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8" title="מנצ'סטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנצ'סטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%259A%25E0%25B3%2586%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಚೆಸ್ಟರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಂಚೆಸ್ಟರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="მანჩესტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანჩესტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%25B9%25D8%25B1" title="مانچسٹر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مانچسٹر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancunium" title="Mancunium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mancunium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C4%258Destra" title="Mančestra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mančestra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C4%258Desteris" title="Mančesteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mančesteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="म्यानचेस्टर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्यानचेस्टर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259E%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%25BC" title="മാഞ്ചസ്റ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാഞ്ചസ്റ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%2581%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="मँचेस्टर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मँचेस्टर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="მანჩესტერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანჩესტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1" title="مانشستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانشستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1" title="منچستر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="منچستر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%259F%25EA%25AF%2586%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%2581%25EA%25AF%25AD%25EA%25AF%2587%25EA%25AF%2594" title="ꯃꯥꯟꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯟꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%25B7" title="မန်ချက်စတာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မန်ချက်စတာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjester_(Engeland)" title="Mesjester (Engeland) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mesjester (Engeland)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="म्यानचेस्टर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्यानचेस्टर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%259E%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2581%25E3%2582%25A7%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2583%25BC" title="マンチェスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マンチェスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%25C3%25AAtre" title="Manchêtre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Manchêtre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%259A%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%259F%25E0%25A8%25B0" title="ਮਾਨਚੈਸਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਨਚੈਸਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%25B9%25D8%25B1" title="مانچسٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مانچسٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2582%25E1%259E%2593%25E1%259E%2588%25E1%259F%2581%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2591%25E1%259F%2590%25E1%259E%259A" title="មែនឈេសទ័រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មែនឈេសទ័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C3%25A7ester" title="Mançester – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mançester" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%2590%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25A0%25E0%25B7%2599%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25A7%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A" title="මැන්චෙස්ටර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැන්චෙස්ටර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1" title="مەنچستر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەنچستر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="மன்செஸ்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மன்செஸ்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C3%25A7ester" title="Mançester – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mançester" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C" title="แมนเชสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมนเชสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580" title="Манчестер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Манчестер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%25B9%25D8%25B1" title="مانچسٹر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مانچسٹر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%25C3%25A9st%25C3%25A9r" title="Manchéstér – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Manchéstér" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%25C4%258Dester" title="Mančester – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mančester" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259B%25BC%25E5%25BD%25BB%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%2589%25B9" title="曼彻斯特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="曼彻斯特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8" title="מאנטשעסטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנטשעסטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259B%25BC%25E5%25BE%25B9%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%2589%25B9" title="曼徹斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="曼徹斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259B%25BC%25E5%25BD%25BB%25E6%2596%25AF%25E7%2589%25B9" title="曼彻斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼彻斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Manchester" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancester" title="Mancester – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mancester" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" 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