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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and evolution of medieval knighthood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_evolution_of_medieval_knighthood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and evolution of medieval knighthood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_evolution_of_medieval_knighthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Carolingian_legacies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Carolingian_legacies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Carolingian legacies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Carolingian_legacies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carolingian_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolingian_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Carolingian age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carolingian_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_crusades_and_military_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_crusades_and_military_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Multiple crusades and military orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_crusades_and_military_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knightly_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knightly_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Knightly culture in the Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Knightly_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Knightly culture in the Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Knightly_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Page" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Page"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Page</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Page-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Squire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Accolade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accolade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chivalric_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chivalric_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chivalric code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chivalric_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tournaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tournaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tournaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tournaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_chivalric_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_and_Renaissance_chivalric_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Medieval and Renaissance chivalric literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_and_Renaissance_chivalric_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_knighthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_knighthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types of knighthood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_knighthood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of knighthood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_knighthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hereditary_knighthoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_knighthoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hereditary knighthoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_knighthoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Continental Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_baronetcies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_baronetcies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>British baronetcies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_baronetcies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chivalric_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chivalric_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Chivalric orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chivalric_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Military orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorific_orders_of_knighthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorific_orders_of_knighthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Honorific orders of knighthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorific_orders_of_knighthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.1</span> <span>England and the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.4</span> <span>The Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3.5</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_knights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_knights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable knights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_knights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Counterparts_in_other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterparts_in_other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Counterparts in other cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterparts_in_other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Knight</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder" title="Ridder – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ridder" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ritter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Арыцарцәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арыцарцәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="فارس (وسام) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فارس (وسام)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballeru" title="Caballeru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caballeru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99ngav%C9%99r" title="Cəngavər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəngavər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F" title="নাইট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাইট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рыцар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыцар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рыцар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыцар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Рицар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рицар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitez_(vojnik)" title="Vitez (vojnik) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitez (vojnik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%27heg_(marc%27hegiezh)" title="Marc'heg (marc'hegiezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marc'heg (marc'hegiezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaller" title="Cavaller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cavaller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalyero" title="Kabalyero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kabalyero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C3%AD%C5%99" title="Rytíř – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rytíř" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchog" title="Marchog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marchog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder" title="Ridder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ridder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ritter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BC%C3%BCtel" title="Rüütel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rüütel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%80%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ιππότης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιππότης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballero" title="Caballero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caballero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaliro" title="Kavaliro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kavaliro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaldun" title="Zaldun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zaldun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87" title="شوالیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوالیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevalier_(chevalerie)" title="Chevalier (chevalerie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chevalier (chevalerie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder" title="Ridder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ridder" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridire" title="Ridire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ridire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reejerey" title="Reejerey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reejerey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaleiro" title="Cabaleiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cabaleiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Рыцарь – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Рыцарь" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%AC_(%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC)" title="기사 (군사) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기사 (군사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Ասպետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասպետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitez_(naslov)" title="Vitez (naslov) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitez (naslov)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaliero" title="Kavaliero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kavaliero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatria_(gelar)" title="Kesatria (gelar) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesatria (gelar)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddari" title="Riddari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Riddari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaliere" title="Cavaliere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavaliere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אביר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಶ್ವಾರೋಹಿ ಸೈನಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಶ್ವಾರೋಹಿ ಸೈನಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Империалық рыцарьлар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Империалық рыцарьлар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eovalye" title="Şovalye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şovalye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Рыцарь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рыцарь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eques_(medium_aevum)" title="Eques (medium aevum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eques (medium aevum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bru%C5%86inieks" title="Bruņinieks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bruņinieks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riteris" title="Riteris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Riteris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaller" title="Cavaller – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cavaller" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovag" title="Lovag – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lovag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Витез – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витез" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="فارس (وسام) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فارس (وسام)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatria" title="Kesatria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder_(ruiter)" title="Ridder (ruiter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ridder (ruiter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB" title="騎士 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="騎士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder" title="Ridder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ridder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddar" title="Riddar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Riddar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevalier" title="Kevalier – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Kevalier" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsarlar" title="Ritsarlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ritsarlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvalier_(Mo%C3%A9yin_Ache)" title="Cvalier (Moéyin Ache) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cvalier (Moéyin Ache)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cavalier" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder" title="Ridder – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ridder" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawaler_(tytu%C5%82_szlachecki)" title="Kawaler (tytuł szlachecki) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawaler (tytuł szlachecki)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaleiro" title="Cavaleiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cavaleiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaler" title="Cavaler – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cavaler" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Рыцарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыцарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knicht" title="Knicht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Knicht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor%C3%ABsi" title="Kalorësi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalorësi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaleri_(mediuevu)" title="Cavaleri (mediuevu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cavaleri (mediuevu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight" title="Knight – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Knight" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitez" title="Vitez – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="سوارچاک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوارچاک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Витез – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitez" title="Vitez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritari" title="Ritari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ritari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddare" title="Riddare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riddare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalyero" title="Kabalyero – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabalyero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="வீரத்திருத்தகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீரத்திருத்தகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Рыцарь – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рыцарь" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="อัศวิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัศวิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ритсар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ритсар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%B6valye" title="Şövalye – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şövalye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Honorary title awarded for service to a church or state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Knights" redirects here. For the Roman social class also known as "knights", see <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites"><i>Equites</i></a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Knight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Knight (disambiguation)">Knight (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Knights (disambiguation)">Knights (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg/220px-Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg/330px-Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg/440px-Codex_Manesse_Hartmann_von_Aue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1463" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century depiction of the 13th-century German knight <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble,<br />gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_(Gules_Mitre).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/110px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/165px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg/220px-Heraldic_Imperial_Crown_%28Gules_Mitre%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor, Empress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar, Tsarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_king" title="Great king">Great king, Great queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_king" title="High king">High king, High queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_dowager" class="mw-redirect" title="King dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Queen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">dowager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduke, Archduchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">Grand duke, Grand duchess</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">Princess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_consort" title="Princess consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke, Duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz, Knyaginya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">Heir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzog" title="Herzog">Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector, Princess-elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst, Fürstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess, Marchioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave, Margravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">Count palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count, Countess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount, Viscountess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">Castellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">Burgrave, Burgravine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidame" title="Vidame">Vidame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starosta" title="Starosta">Starosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron, Baroness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant in chief">Tenant in chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lendmann" title="Lendmann">Lendmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobile_(aristocracy)" title="Nobile (aristocracy)">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primor" title="Primor">Primor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet, Baronetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavasour" title="Vavasour">Vavasour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial knight">Imperial knight</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knight/Chevalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">Knight bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_(Scotland)" title="Thane (Scotland)">Thane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">Druzhinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentilhomme, Gente dame</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman, Gentlewoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_at_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Man at arms">Man at arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelfrei" title="Edelfrei">Edelfrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">Ministerialis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial,_royal,_noble_and_chivalric_ranks" title="Template:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial,_royal,_noble_and_chivalric_ranks" title="Template talk:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial,_royal,_noble_and_chivalric_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial, royal, noble and chivalric ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>knight</b> is a person granted an honorary title of <b>knighthood</b> by a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> (including the pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of knighthood may have been inspired by the ancient Greek <i><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">hippeis</a></i> (ἱππεῖς) and Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christian">Western Christian</a> Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, knighthood was considered a class of <a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">petty nobility</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, the rank had become associated with the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, a code of conduct for the perfect <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">courtly</a> Christian warrior. Often, a knight was a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> who served as an elite fighter or a bodyguard for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">battle on horseback</a>. Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship (and especially the <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">joust</a>) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the <a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">high nobility</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a> in the 15th century. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of <i>chivalry</i>, <i>cavalier</i> and related terms such as the French title <i>chevalier</i>. In that sense, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> finds a parallel in the <i><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">furusiyya</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> brought various <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military orders of knights</a> to the forefront of defending <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrims</a> traveling to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Late Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">new methods of warfare</a> – such as the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Culverin" title="Culverin">culverin</a> as an anti-personnel, gunpowder-fired weapon – began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many countries. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I</a> (1459–1519) is often referred to as the "last knight" in this regard;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some of the most iconic battles of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a>, took place after his rule. The ideals of chivalry were popularized in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval literature</a>, particularly the literary cycles known as the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>, relating to the legendary companions of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">men-at-arms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">paladins</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, relating to the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a>. </p><p>Today, a number of orders of knighthood continue to exist in Christian Churches, as well as in several historically Christian countries and their former territories, such as the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(Bailiwick_of_Brandenburg)" title="Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)">Order of Saint John</a>, as well as the English <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a>, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a>, and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a>. There are also dynastic orders like the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rose" title="Order of the Rose">Imperial Order of the Rose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Habsburg-Lorraine)" title="Order of St. George (Habsburg-Lorraine)">Order of St. George</a>. In modern times these are orders centered around charity and civic service, and are no longer military orders. Each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state, monarch, or <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement, as in the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">British honours system</a>, often for service to the Church or country. The modern female equivalent in the English language is <a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a>. Knighthoods and damehoods are traditionally regarded as being one of the most prestigious awards people can obtain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>knight</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>cniht</i> ("boy" or "servant"),<sup id="cite_ref-Etymo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word <i>Knecht</i> ("servant, bondsman, vassal").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meaning, of unknown origin, is common among <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> (cf <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <i>kniucht</i>, Dutch <i>knecht</i>, Danish <i>knægt</i>, Swedish <i>knekt</i>, Norwegian <i>knekt</i>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <i>kneht</i>, all meaning "boy, youth, lad").<sup id="cite_ref-Etymo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> had the phrase <i>guoter kneht</i>, which also meant knight; but this meaning was in decline by about 1200.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of <i>cniht</i> changed over time from its original meaning of "boy" to "household <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">retainer</a>". <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a>'s homily of St. <a href="/wiki/Swithun" title="Swithun">Swithun</a> describes a mounted retainer as a <i>cniht</i>. While <i>cnihtas</i> might have fought alongside their lords, their role as household servants features more prominently in the Anglo-Saxon texts. In several Anglo-Saxon wills <i>cnihtas</i> are left either money or lands. In his will, King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> leaves his cniht, Aelfmar, eight <a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">hides</a> of land.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>rādcniht</i>, "riding-servant", was a servant on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A narrowing of the generic meaning "servant" to "military follower of a king or other superior" is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a mounted warrior in the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> emerges only in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. The verb "to knight" (to make someone a knight) appears around 1300; and, from the same time, the word "knighthood" shifted from "adolescence" to "rank or dignity of a knight". </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equestrian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, from <i>eques</i> "horseman", from <i>equus</i> "<a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a member of the second highest <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. This class is often translated as "knight"; the medieval knight, however, was called <i>miles</i> in Latin (which in classical Latin meant "soldier", normally infantry).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> word for horse, <i>equus</i>, was replaced in common parlance by the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">vulgar Latin</a> <i>caballus</i>, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish <i>caballos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <i>caballus</i> arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the (French-derived) English <i>cavalier</i>: Italian <i>cavaliere</i>, Spanish <i>caballero</i>, French <i>chevalier</i> (whence <i>chivalry</i>), Portuguese <i>cavaleiro</i>, and Romanian <i>cavaler</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English <i>rider</i>: German <i>Ritter</i>, and Dutch and Scandinavian <i>ridder</i>. These words are derived from Germanic <i>rīdan</i>, "to ride", in turn derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root <i>*reidh-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_evolution_of_medieval_knighthood">History and evolution of medieval knighthood</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Carolingian_legacies">Pre-Carolingian legacies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bucellarii" title="Bucellarii">Bucellarii</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, there was a knightly class <i><a href="/wiki/Ordo_Equestris" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordo Equestris">Ordo Equestris</a></i> (order of mounted nobles). Some portions of the armies of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, and some armies, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, were mainly cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was the Franks who generally fielded armies composed of large masses of <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, with an infantry elite, the <a href="/wiki/Comitatus_(classical_meaning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitatus (classical meaning)">comitatus</a>, which often rode to battle on horseback rather than marching on foot. When the armies of the Frankish ruler <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> Arab invasion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> in 732, the Frankish forces were still largely infantry armies, with elites riding to battle but dismounting to fight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carolingian_age">Carolingian age</h3></div><p> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Medieval</a> period, any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or <i>miles</i> in Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first knights appeared during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Duck_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duck-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OrignsOsu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrignsOsu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> Age progressed, the Franks were generally on the attack, and larger numbers of warriors took to their <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">horses</a> to ride with the Emperor in his wide-ranging campaigns of conquest. At about this time the Franks increasingly remained on horseback to fight on the battlefield as true cavalry rather than mounted infantry, with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrup</a>, and would continue to do so for centuries afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in some nations the knight returned to foot combat in the 14th century, the association of the knight with mounted combat with a spear, and later a lance, remained a strong one. The older Carolingian ceremony of presenting a young man with weapons influenced the emergence of knighthood ceremonies, in which a noble would be ritually given weapons and declared to be a knight, usually amid some festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg/220px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg/330px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg/440px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene57_Harold_death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2948" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>A Norman knight slaying <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_tapestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayeux tapestry">Bayeux tapestry</a>, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.</figcaption></figure><p> These mobile mounted warriors made Charlemagne's far-flung conquests possible, and to secure their service he rewarded them with grants of land called <a href="/wiki/Benefices" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefices">benefices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duck_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duck-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were given to the captains directly by the Emperor to reward their efforts in the conquests, and they in turn were to grant benefices to their warrior contingents, who were a mix of free and unfree men. In the century or so following Charlemagne's death, his newly empowered warrior class grew stronger still, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> declared their fiefs to be hereditary, and also issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_P%C3%AEtres" title="Edict of Pîtres">Edict of Pîtres</a> in 864, largely moving away from the infantry-based traditional armies and calling upon all men who could afford it to answer calls to arms on horseback to quickly repel the constant and wide-ranging Viking attacks, which is considered the beginnings of the period of knights that were to become so famous and spread throughout Europe in the following centuries. The period of chaos in the 9th and 10th centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms (later to become <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> respectively) only entrenched this newly landed warrior class. This was because governing power and defense against <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> attack became an essentially local affair which revolved around these new hereditary local <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lords</a> and their <i><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesnes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OrignsOsu_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrignsOsu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_crusades_and_military_orders">Multiple crusades and military orders</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg/220px-OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg/330px-OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg/440px-OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian knights routing Ottoman spahi cavalry during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526</figcaption></figure> <p>Clerics and the Church often opposed the practices of the Knights because of their abuses against women and civilians, and many such as St. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Clairvaux">Bernard de Clairvaux</a> were convinced that Knights served the devil and not God, and needed reforming.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the 12th century, knighthood became a social rank with a distinction being made between <i>milites gregarii</i> (non-noble cavalrymen) and <i>milites nobiles</i> (true knights).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the term "knight" became increasingly confined to denoting a social rank, the military role of fully armoured cavalryman gained a separate term, "<a href="/wiki/Man-at-arms" title="Man-at-arms">man-at-arms</a>". Although any medieval knight going to war would automatically serve as a man-at-arms, not all men-at-arms were knights. </p><p>The first military orders of knighthood were the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Knights of the Holy Sepulchre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>, both founded shortly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> of 1099, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a> (1100), <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templars</a> (1118), the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Montesa" title="Order of Montesa">Order of Montesa</a> (1128), the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a> (1170) and the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> (1190). At the time of their foundation, these were intended as <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic orders</a>, whose members would act as simple soldiers protecting pilgrims. </p><p>It was only over the following century, with the successful conquest of the Holy Land and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">crusader states</a>, that these orders became powerful and prestigious. </p><p>The great European legends of warriors such as the <a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">paladins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a> popularized the notion of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> among the warrior class.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arty_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arty-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ideal of chivalry as the ethos of the Christian warrior, and the transmutation of the term "knight" from the meaning "servant, soldier", and of <i>chevalier</i> "mounted soldier", to refer to a member of this ideal class, is significantly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, on one hand inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military orders</a> of monastic warriors, and on the other hand also cross-influenced by Islamic (<a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a>) ideals of <i><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">furusiyya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arty_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arty-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knightly_culture_in_the_Middle_Ages">Knightly culture in the Middle Ages</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3></div> <p>The institution of knights was already well-established by the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the knight was essentially a title denoting a military office, the term could also be used for positions of higher nobility such as landholders. The higher nobles grant the <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> their portions of land (<a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefs</a>) in return for their loyalty, protection, and service. The nobles also provided their knights with necessities, such as lodging, food, armour, weapons, horses, and money.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The knight generally held his lands by military tenure which was measured through military service that usually lasted 40 days a year. The military service was the <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> for each knight's <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>. Vassals and lords could maintain any number of knights, although knights with more military experience were those most sought after. Thus, all <a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">petty nobles</a> intending to become prosperous knights needed a great deal of military experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A knight fighting under another's banner was called a <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">knight bachelor</a></i> while a knight fighting under his own banner was a <i><a href="/wiki/Knight_banneret" title="Knight banneret">knight banneret</a></i>. </p><p>Some knights were familiar with <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> culture<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or familiarized with it during training. These knights, among others, were called in to end large <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgencies</a> and other large uprisings that involved <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1323%E2%80%931328_Flemish_revolt" title="1323–1328 Flemish revolt">1323–1328 Flemish revolt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Page">Page</h4></div> <p>A knight had to be born of nobility – typically sons of knights or lords.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, commoners could also be knighted as a reward for extraordinary military service. Children of the nobility were cared for by noble foster-mothers in <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> until they reached the age of seven. </p><p>These seven-year-old boys were given the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">page</a></i> and turned over to the care of the castle's lords. They were placed on an early training regime of hunting with <a href="/wiki/Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter">huntsmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconers</a>, and academic studies with priests or chaplains. Pages then become assistants to older knights in battle, carrying and cleaning armour, taking care of the horses, and packing the baggage. They would accompany the knights on expeditions, even into foreign lands. Older pages were instructed by knights in <a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">swordsmanship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrianism</a>, chivalry, warfare, and combat (using wooden swords and spears). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Squire">Squire</h4></div><p> When the boy turned 14, he became a <i><a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a></i>. In a religious ceremony, the new squire swore on a sword consecrated by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, and attended to assigned duties in his lord's household. During this time, the squires continued training in combat and were allowed to own armour (rather than borrowing it).</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidI%26squire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/DavidI%26squire.jpg/220px-DavidI%26squire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/DavidI%26squire.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I of Scotland</a> knighting a squire</figcaption></figure><p>Squires were required to master the <i>seven points of <a href="/wiki/Agility" title="Agility">agilities</a></i> – riding, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a> and diving, shooting different types of weapons, climbing, participation in tournaments, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">fencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_jumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Long jumping">long jumping</a>, and dancing – the prerequisite skills for knighthood. All of these were even performed while wearing armour.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon turning 21, the squire was eligible to be knighted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accolade">Accolade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">Accolade</a></div> <p>The accolade or knighting ceremony was usually held during one of the great feasts or holidays, like <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, and sometimes at the wedding of a noble or royal. The knighting ceremony usually involved a ritual bath on the eve of the ceremony and a prayer vigil during the night. On the day of the ceremony, the would-be knight would swear an oath and the master of the ceremony would dub the new knight on the shoulders with a sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Fact_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fact-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Craig_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squires, and even <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, could also be conferred direct knighthood early if they showed valor and efficiency for their service; such acts may include deploying for an important quest or mission, or protecting a high diplomat or a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">royal</a> relative in battle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chivalric_code">Chivalric code</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peraldus_Knight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Peraldus_Knight.jpg/220px-Peraldus_Knight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Peraldus_Knight.jpg/330px-Peraldus_Knight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Peraldus_Knight.jpg/440px-Peraldus_Knight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1208" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">miles Christianus</a></i> allegory (mid-13th century), showing a knight armed with <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtues</a> and facing the <a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">vices</a> in mortal combat.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></div> <p>Knights were expected, above all, to fight bravely and to display military professionalism and courtesy. When knights were taken as prisoners of war, they were customarily held for ransom in somewhat comfortable surroundings. This same standard of conduct did not apply to non-knights (<a href="/wiki/Archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer">archers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foot-soldier" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot-soldier">foot-soldiers</a>, etc.) who were often slaughtered after capture, and who were viewed during battle as mere impediments to knights' getting to other knights to fight them.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chivalry developed as an early standard of <a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">professional ethics</a> for knights, who were relatively affluent horse owners and were expected to provide military services in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Landed_property" title="Landed property">landed property</a>. Early notions of chivalry entailed loyalty to one's <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">liege lord</a> and bravery in battle, similar to the values of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heroic_Age" title="Germanic Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a>. During the Middle Ages, this grew from simple military professionalism into a social code including the values of gentility, nobility and treating others reasonably.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a></i> (c. 1100), <a href="/wiki/Roland" title="Roland">Roland</a> is portrayed as the ideal knight, demonstrating unwavering loyalty, military prowess and social fellowship. In <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i> (c. 1205), chivalry had become a blend of religious duties, love and military service. <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a>'s <i>Book of the Order of Chivalry</i> (1275) demonstrates that by the end of the 13th century, chivalry entailed a litany of very specific duties, including riding warhorses, <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>, attending <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a>, holding <a href="/wiki/Round_table_(tournament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Round table (tournament)">Round Tables</a> and hunting, as well as aspiring to the more æthereal virtues of "faith, hope, charity, justice, strength, moderation and loyalty."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knights of the late medieval era were expected by society to maintain all these skills and many more, as outlined in <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i>, though the book's protagonist, Count Ludovico, states the "first and true profession" of the ideal <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a> "must be that of arms."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chivalry</i>, derived from the French word <i>chevalier</i> ('cavalier'), simultaneously denoted skilled horsemanship and military service, and these remained the primary occupations of knighthood throughout the Middle Ages. </p><p>Chivalry and religion were mutually influenced during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. The early Crusades helped to clarify the moral code of chivalry as it related to religion. As a result, Christian armies began to devote their efforts to sacred purposes. As time passed, clergy instituted religious vows which required knights to use their weapons chiefly for the protection of the weak and defenseless, especially women and orphans, and of churches.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tournaments">Tournaments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">Tournament (medieval)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_(Herzog)_von_Anhalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg/220px-Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg/330px-Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg/440px-Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">Tournament</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></i>, depicting the mêlée</figcaption></figure> <p>In peacetime, knights often demonstrated their martial skills in tournaments, which usually took place on the grounds of a castle.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knights could parade their armour and banner to the whole court as the tournament commenced. Medieval tournaments were made up of martial sports called <i><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">hastiludes</a></i>, and were not only a major spectator sport but also played as a real combat simulation. It usually ended with many knights either injured or even killed. One contest was a free-for-all battle called a <i><a href="/wiki/Melee_(tournament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melee (tournament)">melee</a></i>, where large groups of knights numbering hundreds assembled and fought one another, and the last knight standing was the winner. The most popular and romanticized contest for knights was the <i><a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a></i>. In this competition, two knights charge each other with blunt wooden lances in an effort to break their lance on the opponent's head or body or unhorse them completely. The loser in these tournaments had to turn his armour and horse over to the victor. The last day was filled with feasting, dancing and <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrel</a> singing. </p><p>Besides formal tournaments, there were also unformalized <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">judicial duels</a> done by knights and <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squires</a> to end various disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-Dav_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dav-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Countries like <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britain_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britain (country)">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> practiced this tradition. Judicial combat was of two forms in medieval society, the feat of arms and chivalric combat.<sup id="cite_ref-Dav_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dav-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feat of arms were done to settle hostilities between two large parties and supervised by a judge. The chivalric combat was fought when one party's <a href="/wiki/Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor">honor</a> was disrespected or challenged and the conflict could not be resolved in court. Weapons were standardized and must be of the same caliber. The duel lasted until the other party was too weak to fight back and in early cases, the defeated party were then subsequently executed. Examples of these brutal duels were the judicial combat known as the <a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty" title="Combat of the Thirty">Combat of the Thirty</a> in 1351, and the <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_combat" title="Trial by combat">trial by combat</a> fought by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Carrouges#Trial_by_combat" title="Jean de Carrouges">Jean de Carrouges</a> in 1386. A far more chivalric duel which became popular in the Late Middle Ages was the <i><a href="/wiki/Pas_d%27armes" title="Pas d'armes">pas d'armes</a></i> or "passage of arms". In this <a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">hastilude</a>, a knight or a group of knights would claim a bridge, lane or city gate, and challenge other passing knights to fight or be disgraced.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a lady passed unescorted, she would leave behind a glove or scarf, to be rescued and returned to her by a future knight who passed that way.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></div> <p>One of the greatest distinguishing marks of the knightly class was the flying of coloured banners, to display power and to distinguish knights in battle and in tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knights are generally <i>armigerous</i> (bearing a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>), and indeed they played an essential role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As heavier armour, including enlarged shields and enclosed helmets, developed in the Middle Ages, the need for marks of identification arose, and with coloured shields and <a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">surcoats</a>, coat armoury was born. <a href="/wiki/Roll_of_arms" title="Roll of arms">Armorial rolls</a> were created to record the knights of various regions or those who participated in various <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gothic_armour_parts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gothic_armour_parts.png/220px-Gothic_armour_parts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gothic_armour_parts.png/330px-Gothic_armour_parts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gothic_armour_parts.png/440px-Gothic_armour_parts.png 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Elements of a harness of the late style of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_plate_armour" title="Gothic plate armour">Gothic plate armour</a> that was a popular style in the mid 15th to early 16th century (depiction made in the 18th century)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_armour_components" title="List of medieval armour components">List of medieval armour components</a></div> <p>Knights used a variety of weapons, including <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">maces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_axe" title="Battle axe">axes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>. Elements of the knightly armour included <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuirass" title="Cuirass">cuirass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_(glove)" title="Gauntlet (glove)">gauntlet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>. </p><p>The sword was a weapon designed to be used solely in combat; it was useless in <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and impractical as a <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tool</a>. Thus, the sword was a status symbol among the knightly class. Swords were effective against lightly armoured enemies, while <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">maces</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_hammer" title="War hammer">warhammers</a> were more effective against heavily armoured ones.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85–86">: 85–86 </span></sup> </p><p>One of the primary elements of a knight's armour was the <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shield</a>, which could be used to block strikes and projectiles. Oval shields were used during the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> and were made of wooden boards that were roughly half an inch thick. Towards the end of the 10th century, oval shields were lengthened to cover the left knee of the mounted warrior, called the <a href="/wiki/Kite_shield" title="Kite shield">kite shield</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heater_shield" title="Heater shield">heater shield</a> was used during the 13th and the first half of the 14th century. Around 1350, square shields called bouched shields appeared, which had a notch in which to place the <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">couched lance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Until the mid-14th century, knights wore <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">mail armour</a> as their main form of defence. Mail was extremely flexible and provided good protection against sword cuts, but weak against blunt weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a> and piercing weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a>. Padded undergarment known as <a href="/wiki/Gambeson" title="Gambeson">aketon</a> was worn to absorb shock damage and prevent <a href="/wiki/Chafing_(skin)" title="Chafing (skin)">chafing</a> caused by mail. In hotter climates metal rings became too hot, so sleeveless <a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">surcoats</a> were worn as a protection against the sun, and also to show their <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">heraldic arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup> This sort of coat also evolved to be <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waffenrock" title="Waffenrock">waffenrocks</a> and other garments with the arms of the wearer sewn into it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Helmets of the knight of the early periods usually were more open helms such as the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_helmet" title="Nasal helmet">nasal helmet</a>, and later forms of the <a href="/wiki/Spangenhelm" title="Spangenhelm">spangenhelm</a>. The lack of more facial protection lead to the evolution of more <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_helmet" title="Enclosed helmet">enclosing helmets</a> to be made in the late 12th to early 13th centuries, this eventually would evolve to make the <a href="/wiki/Great_helm" title="Great helm">great helm</a>. Later forms of the <a href="/wiki/Bascinet" title="Bascinet">bascinet</a>, which was originally a small helm worn under the larger great helm, evolved to be worn solely, and would eventually have pivoted or hinged visors, the most popular was the <a href="/wiki/Bascinet#Hounskull" title="Bascinet">hounskull</a>, also known as the "pig-face visor".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate armour</a> first appeared in the 13th century, when plates were added onto the torso and mounted to a base of leather. This form of armour is known as a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_plates" title="Coat of plates">coat of plates</a>, and was initially used over chain mail in the 13th and 14th centuries, at the time of <a href="/wiki/Transitional_armour" title="Transitional armour">Transitional armour</a>. The torso was not the only part of the knight to receive this plate protection evolution, as the elbows and shoulders were covered with circular pieces of metal, commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Rondel_(armour)" title="Rondel (armour)">rondels</a>, eventually evolving into the plate arm harness consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Rerebrace" title="Rerebrace">rerebrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vambrace" title="Vambrace">vambrace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spaulder" title="Spaulder">spaulder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pauldron" title="Pauldron">pauldron</a>. The legs too were covered in plates, mainly on the shin, called <a href="/wiki/Schynbalds" title="Schynbalds">schynbalds</a> which later evolved to fully enclose the leg in the form of enclosed <a href="/wiki/Greave" title="Greave">greaves</a>. As for the upper legs, <a href="/wiki/Cuisses" title="Cuisses">cuisses</a> came about in the mid 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, plate armour offered better protection against piercing weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Crossbow_bolt" title="Crossbow bolt">bolts</a> than mail armour did.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup>Plate armor reached his peak in the 15th and 16th centuries, but was still used at the beginning of the 17th century by the first <a href="/wiki/Cuirassiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuirassiers">Cuirassiers</a> like the <a href="/wiki/London_lobsters" title="London lobsters">London lobsters</a>. </p><p>Knights' horses were also armoured in later periods; <a href="/wiki/Caparison" title="Caparison">caparisons</a> were the first form of medieval horse coverage and was used much like the surcoat. Other <a href="/wiki/Barding" title="Barding">armours</a>, such as the facial armouring chanfron, were made for horses.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_and_Renaissance_chivalric_literature">Medieval and Renaissance chivalric literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric romance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jinete" title="Jinete">Jinete</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg/220px-Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg/330px-Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg/440px-Traiciti%C3%A9_de_la_forme_et_devis_comme_on_fait_les_tournoys_BNF_Fr._2695_f98r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4713" data-file-height="6075" /></a><figcaption>Page from <i><a href="/wiki/King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Tournament_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="King René's Tournament Book">King René's Tournament Book</a></i> (BnF Ms Fr 2695)</figcaption></figure> <p>Knights and the ideals of knighthood featured largely in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance literature</a>, and have secured a permanent place in literary <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While chivalric romances abound, particularly notable literary portrayals of knighthood include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of Roland">The Song of Roland</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_Mio_Cid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantar de Mio Cid">Cantar de Mio Cid</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_of_England" title="The Twelve of England">The Twelve of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight%27s_Tale" title="The Knight's Tale">The Knight's Tale</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Sir Thomas Malory's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i> and other Arthurian tales (<a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Poet">Pearl Poet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight" title="Sir Gawain and the Green Knight">Sir Gawain and the Green Knight</a></i>, etc.). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> (<i>History of the Kings of Britain</i>), written in the 1130s, introduced the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, which was to be important to the development of chivalric ideals in literature. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Sir Thomas Malory's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i> (<i>The Death of Arthur</i>), written in 1469, was important in defining the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">ideal</a> of chivalry, which is essential to the modern concept of the knight, as an elite warrior sworn to uphold the values of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">courage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a>. </p><p>Instructional literature was also created. <a href="/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny" title="Geoffroi de Charny">Geoffroi de Charny</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chivalry" title="Book of Chivalry">Book of Chivalry</a>" expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knight's life, though still laying stress on the primarily military focus of knighthood. </p><p>In the early Renaissance greater emphasis was laid upon courtliness. The ideal courtier—the chivalrous knight—of Baldassarre Castiglione's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i> became a model of the ideal virtues of nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castiglione's tale took the form of a discussion among the nobility of the court of the Duke of Urbino, in which the characters determine that the ideal knight should be renowned not only for his bravery and prowess in battle, but also as a skilled dancer, athlete, singer and orator, and he should also be well-read in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and classical <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later Renaissance literature, such as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, rejected the code of chivalry as unrealistic idealism.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance literature</a> demonstrated a marked departure from the chivalric romance of late medieval literature, and the chivalric ideal ceased to influence literature over successive centuries until it saw some pockets of revival in post-Victorian literature. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley,_IGMN144483,_1526-31.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/300px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/450px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG/600px-Manif._di_bruxelles_su_dis.di_bernart_von_orley%2C_IGMN144483%2C_1526-31.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> in 1525. <a href="/wiki/Landsknecht" title="Landsknecht">Landsknecht</a> mercenaries with <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid to late 16th century, knights were quickly becoming obsolete as countries started creating their own <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing armies</a> that were faster to train, cheaper to equip, and easier to mobilize.<sup id="cite_ref-End_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advancement of high-powered firearms contributed greatly to the decline in use of plate armour, as the time it took to train soldiers with guns was much less compared to that of the knight. The cost of equipment was also significantly lower, and guns had a reasonable chance to easily penetrate a knight's armour. In the 14th century the use of infantrymen armed with <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a> and fighting in close formation also proved effective against heavy cavalry, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> and his armoured cavalry were decimated by Swiss pikemen.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the feudal system came to an end, lords saw no further use of knights. Many landowners found the duties of knighthood too expensive and so contented themselves with the use of squires. <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">Mercenaries</a> also became an economic alternative to knights when conflicts arose. </p><p>Armies of the time started adopting a more realistic approach to warfare than the honor-bound code of chivalry. Soon, the remaining knights were absorbed into professional armies. Although they had a higher rank than most soldiers because of their valuable lineage, they lost their distinctive identity that previously set them apart from common soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-End_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some knightly orders survived into modern times. They adopted newer technology while still retaining their age-old chivalric traditions. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Knights of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_knighthood">Types of knighthood</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hereditary_knighthoods">Hereditary knighthoods</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h4></div> <p>In continental Europe different systems of hereditary knighthood have existed or do exist. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_House_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal House of Spain">Royal House of Spain</a> grants titles of knighthood to the successor of the throne. This knighthood title, known as <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, is probably the most prestigious and exclusive <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a>. This order can also be granted to persons not belonging to the Spanish Crown, as the former <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of United Kingdom">Queen of United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> or the relevant Spanish politician of the Spanish democratic transition <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a>, among others. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ridder_(title)" title="Ridder (title)">Ridder</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for "knight", is a hereditary noble title in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. It is the lowest title within the nobility system and ranks below that of "<a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>" but above "<a href="/wiki/Jonkheer" title="Jonkheer">Jonkheer</a>" (the latter is not a title, but a Dutch honorific to show that someone belongs to the untitled nobility). The collective term for its holders in a certain locality is the Ridderschap (e.g. Ridderschap van Holland, Ridderschap van Friesland, etc.). In the Netherlands no female equivalent exists. Before 1814, the history of nobility is separate for each of the eleven provinces that make up the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. In each of these, there were in the early Middle Ages a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so than the rulers themselves. During this period, knights ranked below the ruler and above the feudal barons (Dutch: <i><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">heren</a></i>). In the Netherlands only 10 knightly families are still extant, a number which steadily decreases because in that country ennoblement or incorporation into the nobility is not possible anymore. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG/220px-Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG/330px-Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG/440px-Schlo%C3%9F_Hart_Kindberg_Hadersdorf.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">Fortified house</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">family seat</a> of a knight (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Schloss_Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schloss Hart (page does not exist)">Schloss Hart</a> by the Harter Graben near <a href="/wiki/Kindberg" title="Kindberg">Kindberg</a>, Austria)</figcaption></figure> <p>Likewise <i><a href="/wiki/Ridder_(title)" title="Ridder (title)">Ridder</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> for "knight", or the equivalent <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>Chevalier</i> is a hereditary noble title in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. It is the second lowest title within the nobility system above <a href="/wiki/Jonkheer" title="Jonkheer"><i>Écuyer</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Jonkheer" title="Jonkheer"><i>Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw</i></a> and below <i><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a></i>. Like in the Netherlands, no female equivalent to the title exists. Belgium still does have about 232 registered <a href="/wiki/List_of_noble_families_in_Belgium#Knights" title="List of noble families in Belgium">knightly families</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> equivalent of an hereditary knight is a <i><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></i>. This designation is used as a title of nobility in all German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "<a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a>" (noble) and below "<a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a>" (baron). For its historical association with warfare and the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> in the Middle Ages, it can be considered roughly equal to the titles of "Knight" or "Baronet". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">Royal House of Portugal</a> historically bestowed hereditary knighthoods to holders of the highest ranks in the Royal Orders. Today, the head of the Royal House of Portugal Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, bestows hereditary knighthoods for extraordinary acts of sacrifice and service to the Royal House. There are very few hereditary knights and they are entitled to wear an oval neck badge with the shield of the house of Braganza. As there are two classes of hereditary knights in Portugal, the highest grade is the hereditary knight with <a href="/wiki/Collar_(order)" title="Collar (order)">grand collar</a>. Portuguese hereditary knighthoods confer nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaristo_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaristo-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the hereditary knighthood existed similarly throughout as a title of nobility, as well as in regions formerly under <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> control. One family ennobled with a title in such a manner is the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hauteclocque" title="House of Hauteclocque">house of Hauteclocque</a> (by letters patents of 1752), even if its most recent members used a <a href="/wiki/Black_Nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nobility">pontifical title</a> of count. In some other regions such as <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> was granted to the lower ranked knights (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">chevaliers</i>) called the <i>fief de haubert</i>, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Hauberk" title="Hauberk">hauberk</a>, or chain mail shirt worn almost daily by knights, as they would not only fight for their <a href="/wiki/Liege_lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lords">liege lords</a>, but enforce and carry out their orders on a routine basis as well.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the term came to officially designate the higher rank of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">nobility</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> (the lower rank being Squire), as the romanticism and prestige associated with the term grew in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a> also had the hereditary knighthood that existed within their respective systems of nobility. Just as with the Royal House of Portugal, the Royal House of Italy - <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, continue to confer their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-Italian citizens, these dynastic orders include the; <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Savoy" title="Civil Order of Savoy">Civil Order of Savoy</a>. Additionally the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies" title="House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies">House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies</a> confers their dynastic orders of chivalry on both Italian and non-italian citizens, including the dynastic orders of; <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Order of Saint Januarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George" title="Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George">Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4></div> <p>There are traces of the Continental system of hereditary knighthood in Ireland. Notably all three of the following belong to the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Hiberno-Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">FitzGerald dynasty</a>, created by the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Desmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Desmond">Earls of Desmond</a>, acting as <a href="/wiki/Earls_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls Palatine">Earls Palatine</a>, for their kinsmen. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Kerry" title="Knight of Kerry">Knight of Kerry</a> or Green Knight (FitzGerald of Kerry) — the current holder is Sir <a href="/wiki/Adrian_FitzGerald" title="Adrian FitzGerald">Adrian FitzGerald</a>, 6th Baronet of Valencia, 24th Knight of Kerry. He is also a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Knight of Malta</a>, and has served as President of the Irish Association of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_Glin" title="Knight of Glin">Knight of Glin</a> or Black Knight (FitzGerald of Limerick) — now dormant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Knight_(Fitzgibbon_family)" title="White Knight (Fitzgibbon family)">White Knight</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Fitzgibbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Fitzgibbon">Edmund Fitzgibbon</a></i>) — now dormant.</li></ul> <p>Another Irish family were the <a href="/wiki/O%27Shaughnessy" title="O'Shaughnessy">O'Shaughnessys</a>, who were created knights in 1553 under the policy of <a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">surrender and regrant</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (first established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>). They were <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a> in 1697 for participation on the Jacobite side in the Williamite wars.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_baronetcies">British baronetcies</h4></div> <p>Since 1611, the British Crown has awarded a hereditary title in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronetcy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like knights, baronets are accorded the title <i>Sir</i>. Baronets are not <a href="/wiki/Peers_of_the_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Peers of the Realm">peers of the Realm</a>, and have never been entitled to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, therefore like knights they remain <a href="/wiki/Commoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Commoners">commoners</a> in the view of the British legal system. However, unlike knights, the title is hereditary and the recipient does not receive an accolade. The position is therefore more comparable with hereditary knighthoods in continental European orders of nobility, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></i>, than with knighthoods under the British orders of chivalry. However, unlike the continental orders, the British baronetcy system was a modern invention, designed specifically to raise money for the Crown with the purchase of the title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chivalric_orders">Chivalric orders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">Chivalric order</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_orders">Military orders</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order (religious society)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a> founded to provide military medical services in 1048<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a>, founded very shortly after the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> in 1099<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a> established to serve and protect lepers on/about 1100<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, founded 1118, disbanded 1307<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, established about 1190,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ruled the <a href="/wiki/Monastic_State_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights">Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> until 1525<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other orders were established in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, under the influence of the orders in the Holy Land and the Crusader movement of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and generally aligned with geographical area, for example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Spanish military orders</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Aviz">Order of Aviz</a>, established in <a href="/wiki/Avis_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avis (Portugal)">Avis</a> (Portugal) in 1143<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-2017_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Order of Alcántara">Order of Alcántara</a>, established in <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Alcántara">Alcántara</a> (Spain) in 1156<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-2017_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a>, established in <a href="/wiki/Calatrava_la_Vieja" title="Calatrava la Vieja">Calatrava</a> (Spain) in 1158<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-2017_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">Order of Santiago</a>, established in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago</a> (Spain) in 1164.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-2017_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-2017-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honorific_orders_of_knighthood">Honorific orders of knighthood</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Knight" title="Special:EditPage/Knight">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg/170px-Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg/255px-Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg/340px-Andrea_del_Castagno_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pippo_Spano" title="Pippo Spano">Pippo Spano</a>, the member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the military orders became idealized and romanticized, resulting in the late medieval notion of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romances" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric romances">chivalric romances</a> of the time. The creation of chivalric orders was fashionable among the nobility in the 14th and 15th centuries, and this is still reflected in contemporary honours systems, including the term <i><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">order</a></i> itself. Examples of notable orders of chivalry are: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_George_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)">Order of Saint George</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> in 1326<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Order of the Most Holy Annunciation</a>, founded by Count <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeus VI">Amadeus VI</a> in 1362<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> in 1348<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dragon" title="Order of the Dragon">Order of the Dragon</a>, founded by King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund of Luxemburg">Sigismund of Luxemburg</a> in 1408<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip III, Duke of Burgundy">Philip III, Duke of Burgundy</a> in 1430<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> in 1469<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a>, founded by King James VII of Scotland (also known as <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a>) in 1687<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Order of the Elephant</a>, which may have been first founded by <a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I of Denmark</a>, but was founded in its current form by <a href="/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark" title="Christian V of Denmark">King Christian V</a> in 1693<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> in 1725<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_(Sir_Francis_Drake)_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_%28Sir_Francis_Drake%29_from_NPG.jpg/250px-Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_%28Sir_Francis_Drake%29_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_%28Sir_Francis_Drake%29_from_NPG.jpg/375px-Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_%28Sir_Francis_Drake%29_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_%28Sir_Francis_Drake%29_from_NPG.jpg/500px-Admiral_Drake_knighted_by_Queen_Elizabeth%27_%28Sir_Francis_Drake%29_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> (left) being knighted by Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> in 1581. The recipient is tapped on each shoulder with a sword.</figcaption></figure> <p>From roughly 1560, purely honorific orders were established, as a way to confer prestige and distinction, unrelated to military service and chivalry in the more narrow sense. Such orders were particularly popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, and knighthood continues to be conferred in various countries: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> using the <a href="/wiki/British_honours_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British honours system">British honours system</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>;</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries, such as The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> among others (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see below</span>). The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit" title="Order of Civil Merit">Order of Civil Merit</a> are Spain's highest civil honours.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> implementing the <a href="/wiki/Papal_Orders_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Orders of Chivalry">Papal Orders of Chivalry</a>.</li></ul> <p>There are other <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> that also follow this practice. Modern knighthoods are typically conferred in recognition for services rendered to society, which are not necessarily martial in nature. The British musician <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, for example, is a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a>, thus entitled to be called Sir Elton. The female equivalent is a <i><a href="/wiki/Dame_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame (title)">Dame</a></i>, for example Dame <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, honorific knighthood may be conferred in two different ways: </p> <ul><li>The first is by membership of one of the <i>pure</i> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of chivalry">orders of chivalry</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Order of the Thistle</a> and the dormant <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Patrick">Order of Saint Patrick</a>, of which all members are knighted. In addition, many British <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of merit">orders of merit</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Order of St Michael and St George</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian Order</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> are part of the <a href="/wiki/British_honours_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British honours system">British honours system</a>, and the award of their highest ranks (Knight/Dame Commander and Knight/Dame Grand Cross), comes together with an honorific knighthood, making them a cross between orders of chivalry and orders of merit. By contrast, membership of other British orders of merit, such as the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Order of the Companions of Honour</a> does not confer a knighthood.</li> <li>The second is being granted honorific knighthood by the British sovereign without membership of an order, the recipient being called <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a>.</li></ul> <p>In the British honours system the knightly style of <i>Sir</i> and its female equivalent <i>Dame</i> are followed by the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> only when addressing the holder. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Sir Elton John</a> should be addressed as <i>Sir Elton</i>, not <i>Sir John</i> or <i>Mr John</i>. Similarly, actress <a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Dame Judi Dench</a> should be addressed as <i>Dame Judi</i>, not <i>Dame Dench</i> or <i>Ms Dench</i>. </p><p>Wives of knights, however, are entitled to the honorific pre-nominal "Lady" before their husband's surname. Thus <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Sir Paul McCartney</a>'s ex-wife was formally styled <i>Lady McCartney</i> (rather than <i>Lady Paul McCartney</i> or <i>Lady Heather McCartney</i>). The style <i>Dame Heather McCartney</i> could be used for the wife of a knight; however, this style is largely archaic and is only used in the most formal of documents, or where the wife is a Dame in her own right (such as Dame <a href="/wiki/Norma_Major" title="Norma Major">Norma Major</a>, who gained her title six years before her husband Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> was knighted). The husbands of Dames have no honorific pre-nominal, so Dame Norma's husband remained John Major until he received his own knighthood. </p><p>Up until 1965 it was not permitted to use these titles until after the knight concerned had received the <a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">accolade</a>; but in that year the prohibition was lifted, and it is now permitted to use the titles immediately, from the time the award is <a href="/wiki/Gazetted" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazetted">gazetted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galloway1996_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway1996-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg/220px-Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg/330px-Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg/440px-Cr%C3%A9cy_-_Grandes_Chroniques_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>The English fighting the French knights at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> in 1346</figcaption></figure> <p>With the award of a KCVO to the Rt Rev. <a href="/wiki/Randall_Davidson" title="Randall Davidson">Randall Davidson</a> in 1902,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the custom was established whereby a <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">clerk in holy orders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, on being appointed to a degree of knighthood, does not received the accolade.<sup id="cite_ref-Galloway1996_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway1996-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He receives the insignia of his honour and may place the appropriate letters after his name or title but he may not be called Sir<sup id="cite_ref-indyobit_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indyobit-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his wife may not be called Lady. This custom is not observed in Australia and New Zealand, where knighted Anglican clergymen routinely use the title "Sir". <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Ministers</a> of other Christian Churches are entitled to receive the accolade. For example, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Gilroy" title="Norman Gilroy">Sir Norman Cardinal Gilroy</a> did receive the accolade on his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a> in 1969. A knight who is subsequently ordained does not lose his title. A famous example of this situation was <a href="/wiki/Derek_Pattinson" title="Derek Pattinson">The Revd Sir Derek Pattinson</a>, who was ordained just a year after he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a>, apparently somewhat to the consternation of officials at Buckingham Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-indyobit_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indyobit-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A woman clerk in holy orders may be made a Dame in exactly the same way as any other woman since there are no military connotations attached to the honour. A clerk in holy orders who is a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a> is entitled to use the title Sir. </p><p>Outside the British honours system it is usually considered improper to address a knighted person as 'Sir' or 'Dame' (notable exceptions are members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Knights_of_Rizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Knights of Rizal">Order of the Knights of Rizal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a>.) Some countries, however, historically <em>did</em> have equivalent honorifics for knights, such as <a href="/wiki/Cavaliere" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliere">Cavaliere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (e.g. <i>Cavaliere</i> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Trapp" title="Georg von Trapp">Georg <i>Ritter von Trapp</i></a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Montiel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Montiel.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Montiel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Montiel.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Montiel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Battle_of_Montiel.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Montiel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Jean Froissart</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Chronicles</a></i> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel" title="Battle of Montiel">Battle of Montiel</a> (Castilian Civil War, in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>State knighthoods in the Netherlands are issued in three orders: the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of William">Order of William</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Orange_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Orange Nassau">Order of Orange Nassau</a>. Additionally there remain a few hereditary knights in the Netherlands. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, honorific knighthood (not hereditary) can be conferred by the king on particularly meritorious individuals such as scientists or eminent businessmen, or for instance to <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_De_Winne" title="Frank De Winne">Frank De Winne</a>, the second Belgian in space. This practice is similar to the conferral of the dignity of <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. In addition, there still are a number of hereditary knights in Belgium (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see below</span>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Belgium, one of the ranks conferred in some <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of merit">orders of merit</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'Honneur">Légion d'Honneur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_National_du_M%C3%A9rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordre National du Mérite">Ordre National du Mérite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_acad%C3%A9miques" title="Ordre des Palmes académiques">Ordre des Palmes académiques</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> in France, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Order of Leopold II</a> in Belgium, is that of <i>Chevalier</i> (in French) or <i>Ridder</i> (in Dutch), meaning Knight. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> the monarchs tried to establish chivalric orders, but the hereditary lords who controlled the Union did not agree and managed to ban such assemblies. They feared the king would use orders to gain support for absolutist goals and to make formal distinctions among the peerage, which could lead to its legal breakup into two separate classes, and that the king would later play one against the other and eventually limit the legal privileges of hereditary nobility. But finally in 1705 King <span class="nowrap">August II</span> managed to establish the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a> which remains Poland's most prestigious order of that kind. The head of state (now the President as the acting Grand Master) confers knighthoods of the order to distinguished citizens, foreign monarchs and other heads of state. The order has its chapter. There were no particular honorifics that would accompany a knight's name, as historically all (or at least by far most) of its members would be royals or hereditary lords anyway. So today, a knight is simply referred to as "Name Surname, knight of the White Eagle (Order)". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, holders of religious <a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">honours</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Knighthood_of_St._Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood of St. Gregory">Knighthood of St. Gregory</a> make use of the word <i>Sir</i> as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="England_and_the_United_Kingdom">England and the United Kingdom</h5></div> <p>Women were appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> almost from the start. In all, 68 women were appointed between 1358 and 1488, including all consorts. Though many were women of royal blood, or wives of knights of the Garter, some women were neither. They wore the garter on the left arm, and some are shown on their tombstones with this arrangement. After 1488, no other appointments of women are known, although it is said that the Garter was conferred upon Neapolitan poet Laura Bacio Terricina, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">King Edward VI</a>. In 1638, a proposal was made to revive the use of robes for the wives of knights in ceremonies, but this did not occur. <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_consorts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British consorts">Queens consort</a> have been made <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_and_Ladies_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knights and Ladies of the Garter">Ladies of the Garter</a> since 1901 (<a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Queens Alexandra</a> in 1901,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary</a> in 1910 and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth</a> in 1937). The first non-royal woman to be made Lady Companion of the Garter was <a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Fitzalan-Howard,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Lavinia Fitzalan-Howard, Duchess of Norfolk">The Duchess of Norfolk</a> in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second was <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">The Baroness Thatcher</a> in 1995<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (post-nominal: LG). On 30 November 1996, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Fraser" title="Marion Fraser">Lady Fraser</a> was made <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_and_Ladies_of_the_Thistle" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knights and Ladies of the Thistle">Lady of the Thistle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first non-royal woman (post-nominal: LT). (See Edmund Fellowes, <i>Knights of the Garter</i>, 1939; and Beltz: <i>Memorials of the Order of the Garter</i>). The first woman to be granted a knighthood in modern Britain seems to have been Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal, who became a Knight Grand Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a> (GCSI) in 1861, at the foundation of the order. Her daughter received the same honor in 1872, as well as her granddaughter in 1910. The order was open to "princes and chiefs" without distinction of gender. The first European woman to have been granted an order of knighthood was Queen Mary, when she was made a Knight Grand Commander of the same order, by special statute, in celebration of the Delhi Durbar of 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also granted a <a href="/wiki/Dame_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame (title)">damehood</a> in 1917 as a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Dame Grand Cross</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a> was created<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it was the first order explicitly open to women). The Royal Victorian Order was opened to women in 1936, and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Orders of the Bath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Saint Michael and Saint George</a> in 1965 and 1971 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5></div><p> Medieval French had two words, chevaleresse and chevalière, which were used in two ways: one was for the wife of a knight, and this usage goes back to the 14th century. The other was possibly for a female knight. Here is a quote from <a href="/wiki/Claude-Fran%C3%A7ois_M%C3%A9nestrier" title="Claude-François Ménestrier">Ménestrier</a>, a 17th-century writer on chivalry: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was not always necessary to be the wife of a knight in order to take this title. Sometimes, when some male fiefs were conceded by special privilege to women, they took the rank of chevaleresse, as one sees plainly in Hemricourt where women who were not wives of knights are called chevaleresses.</p></blockquote><p>Modern French orders of knighthood include women, for example the Légion d'Honneur (<a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a>) since the mid-19th century, but they are usually called chevaliers. The first documented case is that of <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Br%C3%BBlon" title="Angélique Brûlon">Angélique Brûlon</a> (1772–1859), who fought in the Revolutionary Wars, received a military disability pension in 1798, the rank of 2nd lieutenant in 1822, and the Legion of Honor in 1852. A recipient of the Ordre National du Mérite recently requested from the order's Chancery the permission to call herself "chevalière," and the request was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica1_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Italy">Italy</h5></div> <p>As related in <i>Orders of Knighthood, Awards and the Holy See</i> by H. E. Cardinale (1983), the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> was founded by two Bolognese nobles <a href="/wiki/Loderingo_degli_Andal%C3%B2" title="Loderingo degli Andalò">Loderingo degli Andalò</a> and Catalano di Guido in 1233, and approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a> in 1261. It was the first religious order of knighthood to grant the rank of militissa to women. However, this order was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> in 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica1_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Low_Countries">The Low Countries</h5></div> <p>At the initiative of Catherine Baw in 1441, and 10 years later of Elizabeth, Mary, and Isabella of the house of Hornes, orders were founded which were open exclusively to women of noble birth, who received the French title of chevalière or the Latin title of equitissa. In his Glossarium (s.v. militissa), Du Cange notes that still in his day (17th century), the female canons of the canonical monastery of St. Gertrude in Nivelles (Brabant), after a probation of 3 years, are made knights (militissae) at the altar, by a (male) knight called in for that purpose, who gives them the accolade with a sword and pronounces the usual words.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica1_97-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spain">Spain</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantigas_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantigas_battle.jpg/220px-Cantigas_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantigas_battle.jpg/330px-Cantigas_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cantigas_battle.jpg/440px-Cantigas_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>A battle of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria" title="Cantigas de Santa Maria">Cantigas de Santa Maria</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>To honour those women who defended <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a> against an attack by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona</a>, created the Order of the Hatchet ("<i>Orde de la Atxa" in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">catalan</a></i>) in 1149.<sup id="cite_ref-heraldica1_97-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heraldica1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The inhabitants [of Tortosa] being at length reduced to great streights, desired relief of the Earl, but he, being not in a condition to give them any, they entertained some thoughts of making a surrender. Which the Women hearing of, to prevent the disaster threatening their City, themselves, and Children, put on men's Clothes, and by a resolute sally, forced the Moors to raise the Siege. The Earl, finding himself obliged, by the gallentry of the action, thought fit to make his acknowlegements thereof, by granting them several Privileges and Immunities, and to perpetuate the memory of so signal an attempt, instituted an Order, somewhat like a Military Order, into which were admitted only those Brave Women, deriving the honour to their Descendants, and assigned them for a Badge, a thing like a Fryars Capouche, sharp at the top, after the form of a Torch, and of a crimson colour, to be worn upon their Head-clothes. He also ordained, that at all publick meetings, the women should have precedence of the Men. That they should be exempted from all Taxes, and that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own. These Women having thus acquired this Honour by their personal Valour, carried themselves after the Military Knights of those days.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a>, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_knights">Notable knights</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_church_905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temple_church_905.jpg/170px-Temple_church_905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temple_church_905.jpg/255px-Temple_church_905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Temple_church_905.jpg/340px-Temple_church_905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Tomb effigy of <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="William Marshal">William Marshal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Temple_Church" title="Temple Church">Temple Church</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scibor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scibor.jpg/170px-Scibor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scibor.jpg/255px-Scibor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Scibor.jpg/340px-Scibor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="4076" /></a><figcaption>Late painting of <a href="/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz" title="Stibor of Stiboricz">Stibor of Stiboricz</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_von_Bubenberg" title="Adrian von Bubenberg">Adrian von Bubenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray" title="Andrew Moray">Andrew Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin of Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Ibelin" title="Balian of Ibelin">Balian of Ibelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin" title="Bertrand du Guesclin">Bertrand du Guesclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond I of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cid" title="El Cid">El Cid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Sickingen" title="Franz von Sickingen">Franz von Sickingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Gerard" title="Blessed Gerard">Gerard Thom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroi_de_Charny" title="Geoffroi de Charny">Geoffroi de Charny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy_IV_de_la_Tour_Landry" title="Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry">Geoffroy IV de la Tour Landry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais" title="Gilles de Rais">Gilles de Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="Götz von Berlichingen">Götz von Berlichingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy de Lusignan">Guy de Lusignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy_(Hotspur)" title="Henry Percy (Hotspur)">Henry Percy (Hotspur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_B%C3%BClow_(Grotekop)" title="Heinrich von Bülow (Grotekop)">Heinrich von Bülow (Grotekop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Winkelried" title="Heinrich von Winkelried">Heinrich von Winkelried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens" title="Hugues de Payens">Hugues de Payens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_III_d%27Aa_of_Gruuthuse" title="Jean III d'Aa of Gruuthuse">Jean III d'Aa of Gruuthuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Maingre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Le Maingre">Jean Le Maingre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkwood" title="John Hawkwood">John Hawkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Riedesel_zu_Camberg" title="Philip Riedesel zu Camberg">Philip Riedesel zu Camberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Terrail,_seigneur_de_Bayard" title="Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard">Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond IV of Toulouse">Raymond IV of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_5th_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk">Roger Bigod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_5th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon V de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan Lazarević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibor_of_Stiboricz" title="Stibor of Stiboricz">Stibor of Stiboricz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suero_de_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="Suero de Quiñones">Suero de Quiñones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Anastagi" title="Vincenzo Anastagi">Vincenzo Anastagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clito" title="William Clito">William Clito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawisza_Czarny" class="mw-redirect" title="Zawisza Czarny">Zawisza Czarny</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knights" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Knights">Knights</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/knight" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/knight">knight</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">Accolade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auxilium_ad_filium_militem_faciendum_et_filiam_maritandam" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxilium ad filium militem faciendum et filiam maritandam">Auxilium ad filium militem faciendum et filiam maritandam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric orders">Chivalric orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order (religious society)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_military_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish military orders">Spanish military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destrier" title="Destrier">Destrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">Heavy cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knightly_virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Knightly virtues">Knightly virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Alleberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Alleberg">Knights of Alleberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_banneret" title="Knight banneret">Knight banneret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">Knight bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">Black knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Knight" title="Imperial Knight">Imperial Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Medieval warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Orders_of_Chivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Orders of Chivalry">Papal Orders of Chivalry</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterparts_in_other_cultures">Counterparts in other cultures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswaran" title="Aswaran">Aswaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphract" title="Cataphract">Cataphract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri" class="mw-redirect" title="Condottieri">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Eagle warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eso_Ikoyi" title="Eso Ikoyi">Eso Ikoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furusiyya" title="Furusiyya">Furusiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housecarl" title="Housecarl">Housecarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwarang" title="Hwarang">Hwarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juramentado" title="Juramentado">Juramentado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharlika" title="Maharlika">Maharlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Burmese_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Burmese Armed Forces">Myinsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_(class)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi (class)">Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timawa" title="Timawa">Timawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youxia" title="Youxia">Youxia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlmarez1999" class="citation book cs1">Almarez, Felix D. (1999). <i>Knight Without Armor: Carlos Eduardo Castañeda, 1896-1958</i>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603447140" title="Special:BookSources/9781603447140"><bdi>9781603447140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knight+Without+Armor%3A+Carlos+Eduardo+Casta%C3%B1eda%2C+1896-1958&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781603447140&rft.aulast=Almarez&rft.aufirst=Felix+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Diocese of Uyo</i>. El-Felys Creations. 2000. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789783565005" title="Special:BookSources/9789783565005"><bdi>9789783565005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diocese+of+Uyo&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=El-Felys+Creations&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789783565005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaddock1995" class="citation book cs1">Paddock, David Edge & John Miles (1995). <i>Arms & armor of the medieval knight : an illustrated history of weaponry in the Middle Ages</i> (Reprinted. ed.). New York: Crescent Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-10319-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-10319-2"><bdi>0-517-10319-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms+%26+armor+of+the+medieval+knight+%3A+an+illustrated+history+of+weaponry+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=Reprinted.&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-517-10319-2&rft.aulast=Paddock&rft.aufirst=David+Edge+%26+John+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnine2006" class="citation book cs1">Carnine, Douglas; et al. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00mcdo"><i>World History:Medieval and Early Modern Times</i></a></span>. US: McDougal Littell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00mcdo/page/300">300</a>–301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-27747-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-27747-6"><bdi>978-0-618-27747-6</bdi></a>. <q>Knights were often vassals, or lesser nobles, who fought on behalf of lords in return for land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3AMedieval+and+Early+Modern+Times&rft.place=US&rft.pages=300-301&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-27747-6&rft.aulast=Carnine&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcdougallittellw00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/middle-ages/crusades#:~:text=The%20Crusades%20set%20the%20stage,to%20and%20from%20the%20region.">"Crusades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_(American_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (American TV network)">History</a>. 21 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Crusades set the stage for several religious knightly military orders, including the Knights Templar, the Teutonic Knights, and the Hospitallers. These groups defended the Holy Land and protected pilgrims traveling to and from the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crusades&rft.pub=History&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fmiddle-ages%2Fcrusades%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Crusades%2520set%2520the%2520stage%2Cto%2520and%2520from%2520the%2520region.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tt.com/artikel/15198515/der-letzte-ritter-500-todestag-von-kaiser-maximilian-i">"Der letzte Ritter": 500. Todestag von Kaiser Maximilian I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Haag" title="Sabine Haag">Sabine Haag</a> "Kaiser Maximilian I.: Der letzte Ritter und das höfische Turnier" (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2015" class="citation web cs1">Mason, Christopher (13 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/tradition/news/a3918/whats-in-a-dame/">"Has Being Knighted Lost Its Prestige?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)">Town & Country</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Has+Being+Knighted+Lost+Its+Prestige%3F&rft.pub=Town+%26+Country&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.townandcountrymag.com%2Fsociety%2Ftradition%2Fnews%2Fa3918%2Fwhats-in-a-dame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etymo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etymo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/knight">"Knight"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fknight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.leo.org/ende?lp=ende&p=KO6ek.&search=Knecht">"Knecht"</a>. <i>LEO German-English dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LEO+German-English+dictionary&rft.atitle=Knecht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdict.leo.org%2Fende%3Flp%3Dende%26p%3DKO6ek.%26search%3DKnecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Henry Jackson. "Aspects of Knighthood in Hartmann's Adaptations of Chretien's Romances and in the Social Context." In <i>Chretien de Troyes and the German Middle Ages: Papers from an International Symposium</i>, ed. Martin H. Jones and Roy Wisbey. Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 1993. 37–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoss1996" class="citation book cs1">Coss, Peter R (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/34564952.html"><i>The knight in medieval England, 1000-1400</i></a>. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780938289777" title="Special:BookSources/9780938289777"><bdi>9780938289777</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+knight+in+medieval+England%2C+1000-1400&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Combined+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780938289777&rft.aulast=Coss&rft.aufirst=Peter+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2Fapi%2Fvolumes%2Foclc%2F34564952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark_Hall1916" class="citation book cs1">Clark Hall, John R. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31543/31543-h/files/dict_os.html"><i>A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary</i></a>. Macmillan Company. p. 238<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Anglo-Saxon+Dictionary&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Clark+Hall&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F31543%2F31543-h%2Ffiles%2Fdict_os.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Equestrian". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Equestrian&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'A. J. D. Boulton, "Classic Knighthood as Nobiliary Dignity", in Stephen Church, Ruth Harvey (ed.), <i>Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994</i>, Boydell & Brewer, 1995, pp. 41–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Anthony Carl Mantello, A. G. Rigg, <i>Medieval Latin: an introduction and bibliographical guide</i>, UA Press, 1996, p. 448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlton Thomas Lewis, <i>An elementary Latin dictionary</i>, Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xavier Delamarre, entry on <i>caballos</i> in <i>Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise</i> (Éditions Errance, 2003), p. 96. The entry on <i>cabullus</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Latin_Dictionary" title="Oxford Latin Dictionary">Oxford Latin Dictionary</a></i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), p. 246, does not give a probable origin, and merely compares <a href="/wiki/Old_Bulgarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bulgarian">Old Bulgarian</a> <i>kobyla</i> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Russian">Old Russian</a> <i>komoń<sub>b</sub></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Cavalier". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cavalier&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Reidh- [Appendix I: Indo-European Roots]". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reidh-+%5BAppendix+I%3A+Indo-European+Roots%5D&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+4th+ed.&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, Leif Inge Ree. <i>Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 A.D.)</i>. Brill (September 1, 2013). pp. 177–180, 243, 310–311. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004251991" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004251991">978-9004251991</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch1995" class="citation book cs1">Church, Stephen (1995). <i>Papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994</i>. Woodbridge, England: Boydell. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-628-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-628-6"><bdi>978-0-85115-628-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+from+the+sixth+Strawberry+Hill+Conference+1994&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+England&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-628-6&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duck-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duck_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duck_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2015" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Ken (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages/history_of_knights.php">"Middle Ages: History of the Medieval Knight"</a>. Ducksters. Technological Solutions, Inc. (TSI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Ages%3A+History+of+the+Medieval+Knight&rft.pub=Ducksters.+Technological+Solutions%2C+Inc.+%28TSI%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ducksters.com%2Fhistory%2Fmiddle_ages%2Fhistory_of_knights.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrignsOsu-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OrignsOsu_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrignsOsu_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2011" class="citation web cs1">Saul, Nigel (September 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origins.osu.edu/review/knighthood-it-was-not-we-wish-it-were">"Knighthood As It Was, Not As We Wish It Were"</a>. Origins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knighthood+As+It+Was%2C+Not+As+We+Wish+It+Were&rft.pub=Origins&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigins.osu.edu%2Freview%2Fknighthood-it-was-not-we-wish-it-were&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/knight.htm">"How Knights Work"</a>. How Stuff Works. January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Knights+Work&rft.pub=How+Stuff+Works&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Fhistorical-figures%2Fknight.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=307&HistoryID=aa89&gtrack=pthc">"The Knight in Armour: 8th–14th century"</a>. History World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Knight+in+Armour%3A+8th%E2%80%9314th+century&rft.pub=History+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fgroupid%3D307%26HistoryID%3Daa89%26gtrack%3Dpthc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumke1991" class="citation book cs1">Bumke, Joachim (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Bmpw8LIwMUgC"><i>Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages</i></a>. Berkeley, US and Los Angeles, US: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Bmpw8LIwMUgC/page/n238">231</a>–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520066342" title="Special:BookSources/9780520066342"><bdi>9780520066342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtly+Culture%3A+Literature+and+Society+in+the+High+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+US+and+Los+Angeles%2C+US&rft.pages=231-233&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520066342&rft.aulast=Bumke&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Bmpw8LIwMUgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._Kaeuper2001" class="citation book cs1">Richard W. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 76–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924458-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924458-4"><bdi>978-0-19-924458-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chivalry+and+Violence+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pages=76-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924458-4&rft.au=Richard+W.+Kaeuper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-m4zosAOchQC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch1995" class="citation book cs1">Church, Stephen (1995). <i>Papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994</i>. Woodbridge, England: Boydell. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-628-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-628-6"><bdi>978-0-85115-628-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+from+the+sixth+Strawberry+Hill+Conference+1994&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+England&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Boydell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-628-6&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171109080754/http://themiddleages.net/people/charlemagne.html">"The Middle Ages: Charlemagne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themiddleages.net/people/charlemagne.html">the original</a> on 2017-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Charlemagne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themiddleages.net%2Fpeople%2Fcharlemagne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arty-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arty_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arty_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermes2007" class="citation web cs1">Hermes, Nizar (December 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobleworld.biz/images/Hermes.pdf">"King Arthur in the Lands of the Saracen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nebula.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Arthur+in+the+Lands+of+the+Saracen&rft.pub=Nebula&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Hermes&rft.aufirst=Nizar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobleworld.biz%2Fimages%2FHermes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> wrote "I should attribute the origins of love to the influences of the Arabs' poetry and chivalry upon European ideas rather than to medieval Christianity." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2007" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard Francis (2007). Charles Anderson Read (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93XtaGIOPhMC&q=antar+2007+chivalry"><i>The Cabinet of Irish Literature, Vol. IV</i></a>. Read Books. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-8001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-8001-7"><bdi>978-1-4067-8001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cabinet+of+Irish+Literature%2C+Vol.+IV&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-8001-7&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D93XtaGIOPhMC%26q%3Dantar%2B2007%2Bchivalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fact-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fact_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Knights.aspx">"Knight"</a>. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. November 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knight.&rft.pub=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%2C+6th+ed.&rft.date=2015-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Ftopic%2FKnights.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Craig_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/knight2.htm">"How Knights Work"</a>. How Stuff Works. 22 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Knights+Work&rft.pub=How+Stuff+Works&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Fhistorical-figures%2Fknight2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Britain_(TV_series)#DVDs_and_books" title="A History of Britain (TV series)"><i>A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?</i></a> (Paperback 2003 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Worldwide" title="BBC Worldwide">BBC Worldwide</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48714-2"><bdi>978-0-563-48714-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain+1%3A+3000+BC-AD+1603+At+the+Edge+of+the+World%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=155&rft.edition=Paperback+2003&rft.pub=BBC+Worldwide&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-563-48714-2&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (August 1995). <i>The Princes in the Tower</i> (1st Ballantine Books Trade Paperback ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. pp. 110, 126, 140, 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345391780" title="Special:BookSources/9780345391780"><bdi>9780345391780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=110%2C+126%2C+140%2C+228&rft.edition=1st+Ballantine+Books+Trade+Paperback&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1995-08&rft.isbn=9780345391780&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lixey L.C., Kevin. <i>Sport and Christianity: A Sign of the Times in the Light of Faith</i>. The Catholic University of America Press (October 31, 2012). p. 26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813219936" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813219936">978-0813219936</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Marcia_L._Colish" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcia L. Colish">Marcia L. Colish</a>, <i>The Mirror of Language: A Study in the Medieval Theory of Knowledge</i>; University of Nebraska Press, 1983. p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen, Maurice Keen. Chivalry. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press (February 11, 2005). pp. 7–17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300107678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300107678">978-0300107678</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzeRobison2002" class="citation book cs1">Fritze, Ronald; Robison, William, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INmdwCSkvIgC&pg=PA105"><i>Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England: 1272–1485</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313291241" title="Special:BookSources/9780313291241"><bdi>9780313291241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Late+Medieval+England%3A+1272%E2%80%931485&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313291241&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Robison%2C+William%2C+eds.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINmdwCSkvIgC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeatsLogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Deats, Sarah; Logan, Robert (2002). <i>Marlowe's Empery: Expanding His Critical Contexts</i>. Cranbury, NJ: Rosemont Publishing & Printing–Associated University Presses. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marlowe%27s+Empery%3A+Expanding+His+Critical+Contexts&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+NJ&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Rosemont+Publishing+%26+Printing%E2%80%93Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Deats&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Logan%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Freudenrich, Ph.D.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/knight4.htm">"How Knights Work"</a>. How Stuff Works. January 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Knights+Work&rft.pub=How+Stuff+Works&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Fhistorical-figures%2Fknight4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston, Ruth A. <i>All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World, Volume 1</i>. Greenwood (August 15, 2011). pp. 690–700. ASIN: B005JIQEL2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dav-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dav_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dav_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Levinson and Karen Christensen. <i>Encyclopedia of World Sport: From Ancient Times to the Present</i>. Oxford University Press; 1st edition (July 22, 1999). pp. 206. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195131956" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195131956">978-0195131956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford J. Rogers, Kelly DeVries, and John Franc. <i>Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume VIII</i>. Boydell Press (November 18, 2010). pp. 157–160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843835967" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843835967">978-1843835967</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard, Ben. <i>Gladiators: From Spartacus to Spitfires</i>. Canary Press (August 15, 2011). Chapter: Pas D'armes. ASIN: B005HJTS8O.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch1993" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zdzILRmW54wC"><i>The image of aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01911-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01911-8"><bdi>978-0-415-01911-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+image+of+aristocracy+in+Britain%2C+1000%E2%80%931300&rft.place=London&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01911-8&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzdzILRmW54wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Platts, Beryl. <i>Origins of Heraldry</i>. (Procter Press, London: 1980). p. 32. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906650004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906650004">978-0906650004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2001" class="citation web cs1">Norris, Michael (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/feud/hd_feud.htm">"Feudalism and Knights in Medieval Europe"</a>. Department of Education, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feudalism+and+Knights+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Department+of+Education%2C+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Ffeud%2Fhd_feud.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/The_Art_of_Chivalry_European_Arms_and_Armor_from_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art?Tag&title&author&pt&tc&dept&fmt">"The Art of Chivalry: European Arms and Armor from The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Chivalry%3A+European+Arms+and+Armor+from+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fmetpublications%2FThe_Art_of_Chivalry_European_Arms_and_Armor_from_The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art%3FTag%26title%26author%26pt%26tc%26dept%26fmt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2012" class="citation journal cs1">Watts, Karen (23 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004124356_emdt_com_157">"Black Prince: achievements of The Black Prince at Canterbury"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Medieval Dress and Textiles</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004124356_emdt_com_157">10.1163/9789004124356_emdt_com_157</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ASIN: B00A4Z2FUY</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30250" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30250/supplement/8794">"No. 30250"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8794.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30250&rft.pages=8794&rft.date=1917-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30250%2Fsupplement%2F8794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heraldica1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heraldica1_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldica1_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldica1_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldica1_97-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heraldica1_97-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm">"Women Knights"</a>. Heraldica.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Knights&rft.pub=Heraldica.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Forders%2Fwom-kn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Arnold, Benjamin. <i>German Knighthood, 1050-1300</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821960-1">0-19-821960-1</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/85235009">85-235009</a></li> <li>Bloch, Marc. <i>Feudal Society</i>, 2nd ed. Translated by Manyon. London: Routledge & Keagn Paul, 1965.</li> <li>Bluth, B. J. <i>Marching with Sharpe</i>. London: Collins, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-414537-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-414537-2">0-00-414537-2</a></li> <li>Boulton, D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre. <i>The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325–1520</i>. 2d revised ed. Woodbridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-795-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-795-5">0-85115-795-5</a></li> <li>Bull, Stephen. <i>An Historical Guide to Arms and Armour</i>. London: Studio Editions, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85170-723-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85170-723-9">1-85170-723-9</a></li> <li>Carey, Brian Todd; Allfree, Joshua B; Cairns, John. <i>Warfare in the Medieval World</i>, UK: Pen & Sword Military, June 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-339-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-339-8">1-84415-339-8</a></li> <li>Church, S. and Harvey, R. (Eds.) (1994) Medieval knighthood V: papers from the sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994. Boydell Press, Woodbridge</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1784" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Hugh (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJsOAAAAQAAJ"><i>A Concise History of Knighthood: Containing the Religious and Military Orders which have been Instituted in Europe</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Knighthood%3A+Containing+the+Religious+and+Military+Orders+which+have+been+Instituted+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.date=1784&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJsOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edge, David; John Miles Paddock (1988) <i>Arms & Armor of the Medieval Knight</i>. Greenwich, CT: Bison Books Corp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-10319-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-10319-2">0-517-10319-2</a></li> <li>Edwards, J. C. "What Earthly Reason? The replacement of the longbow by handguns." <i>Medieval History Magazine</i>, Is. 7, March 2004.</li> <li>Embleton, Gerry. <i>Medieval Military Costume</i>. UK: Crowood Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-371-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-371-6">1-86126-371-6</a></li> <li>Forey, Alan John. <i>The Military Orders: From the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries</i>. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Education, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-46234-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-46234-3">0-333-46234-3</a></li> <li>Hare, Christopher. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/details/courtscampsofita00hareuoft">Courts & camps of the Italian renaissance</a></i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/08031670">08-31670</a></li> <li>Kaeuper, Richard and Kennedy, Elspeth <i>The Book of Chivalry of Geoffrey De Charny : Text, Context, and Translation.</i> 1996.</li> <li>Keen, Maurice. <i>Chivalry</i>. Yale University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer Laing. <i>Medieval Britain: The Age of Chivalry</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16278-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16278-2">0-312-16278-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Oakeshott" title="Ewart Oakeshott">Oakeshott, Ewart</a>. <i>A Knight and his Horse</i>, 2nd ed. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8023-1297-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8023-1297-7">0-8023-1297-7</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/98032049">98-32049</a></li> <li>Robards, Brooks. <i>The Medieval Knight at War</i>. London: Tiger Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85501-919-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85501-919-1">1-85501-919-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Shaw" title="William Arthur Shaw">Shaw, William A.</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/details/knightsofengland01shawuoft"><i>The Knights of England: A Complete Record from the Earliest Time</i></a>. London: Central Chancery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+of+England%3A+A+Complete+Record+from+the+Earliest+Time&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Central+Chancery&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fdetails%2Fknightsofengland01shawuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKnight" class="Z3988"></span> (Republished Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1970). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8063-0443-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8063-0443-X">0-8063-0443-X</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/74129966">74-129966</a></li> <li>Williams, Alan. "The Metallurgy of Medieval Arms and Armour", in <i>Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour</i>. <a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">Nicolle, David</a>, ed. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-872-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-872-2">0-85115-872-2</a> <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2002003680">2002-3680</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related<wbr /> topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions<wbr /> or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phaleristics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phaleristics" title="Template:Phaleristics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phaleristics" title="Template talk:Phaleristics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phaleristics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phaleristics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phaleristics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">Auxiliary science of history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a> about <a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Distinctions</i><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By conferee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">Founts of honour</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_decoration" title="State decoration">States</a> <ul><li>and their national/public/official authorities</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order" title="Dynastic order">Dynasties</a> <ul><li>heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_award" title="Ecclesiastical award">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organisations</a></li> <li>Commercial</li> <li><small>(<a href="/wiki/Self-styled_order" title="Self-styled order">Self-styled order</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">Order of chivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_order_of_chivalry" title="Colonial order of chivalry">Colonial order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_merit" title="Order of merit">Order of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family_order" title="Royal family order">Royal family order</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Titles(Styles,Post-nominal)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">Titles</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_function" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer" title="Treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assessor_(law)" title="Assessor (law)">Assessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(order)" title="Bailiff (order)">Bailiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain#Other" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies" title="Master of ceremonies">Master of ceremonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_(order)" title="Commander (order)">Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry#Typical_insignia_and_ranks" title="Order of chivalry">Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knight</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dame" title="Dame">Dame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">Page</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter#Order_charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(religion)" title="Chapter (religion)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commandery" title="Commandery">Commandery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vow_of_obedience" title="Vow of obedience">Obedience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Lodge</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_awards" title="Lists of awards">Others,<br />by field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Military</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_military_decorations" title="List of military decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_military_decorations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest military decorations">List of highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_medal" title="Campaign medal">Campaign medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_awards_and_honors" title="List of law enforcement awards and honors">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_awards_and_decorations" title="Civil awards and decorations">Civilian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_society" title="List of awards for contributions to society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_intellectual_freedom_awards" title="List of intellectual freedom awards">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_awards" title="List of legal awards">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanitarian_and_service_awards" title="List of humanitarian and service awards">Humanitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politics_awards" title="List of politics awards">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volunteer_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volunteer awards">Volunteer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_for_contributions_to_culture" title="List of awards for contributions to culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_awards" title="List of architecture awards">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_art_awards" title="Lists of art awards">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_awards" title="List of film awards">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_history_awards" title="List of history awards">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophy_awards" title="List of philosophy awards">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatre_awards" title="List of theatre awards">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards" title="Lists of science and technology awards">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religion-related_awards" title="List of religion-related awards">Religion-related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_decoration" title="Ecclesiastical decoration">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sport_awards" title="List of sport awards">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_awards_in_Scouting" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest awards in Scouting">Scouting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beauty_pageants" title="List of beauty pageants">Beauty</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Insignia" title="Insignia">insignia</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_people" title="List of awards named after people">Named after <br />people</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">For wearing<br /><i>(decorations)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(order)" title="Collar (order)">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross" title="Grand Cross">Grand Cross</a><i>/Grand Cordon</i> <ul><li>with <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">Medal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necklet" title="Necklet">Necklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Medal bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_ribbon" title="Medal ribbon">Medal ribbon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(decoration)" title="Rosette (decoration)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Award_pin" title="Award pin">Award pin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge" title="Badge">Badge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_badge" title="Pilgrim badge">Pilgrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">Epaulette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon" title="Ribbon">Ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin-back_button" title="Pin-back button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_button" title="Campaign button">Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_lapel_button_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Service lapel button (disambiguation)">Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark" title="Shoulder mark">Shoulder mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prize" title="Prize">Prizes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">Trophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_trophy" title="War trophy">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">Plaquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(award)" title="Rosette (award)">Rosette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_money" title="Prize money">Money</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the Nobel of a field</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_the_Garter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/80px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/120px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Star_of_the_Garter.svg/160px-Star_of_the_Garter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="89" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/80px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/120px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png/160px-Chevalier_l%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur_2.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="411" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span><br /><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies <br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolade" title="Accolade">Accolade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vigil#Medieval_knights" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_fee" title="Passage fee">Passage fee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_day" title="Collar day">Collar day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">Fraternity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_order" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternities and sororities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellowship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">Honor society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hereditary_and_lineage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hereditary and lineage organizations">Hereditary society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_(organization)" title="Club (organization)">Club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">Gentlemen's club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_for_Orders_of_Chivalry" title="International Commission for Orders of Chivalry">International Commission for Orders of Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">Religious order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexillology" title="Vexillology">Vexillology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_flag" title="Service flag">Service flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_honour" title="Battle honour">Battle honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_streamer" title="Campaign streamer">Campaign streamer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence" title="Order of precedence">Order of precedence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotional_medal" title="Devotional medal">Devotional medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_ribbon" title="Awareness ribbon">Awareness ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">Code of conduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_honor" title="Code of honor">Code of honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><small>* = Direct or indirect reference to <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a> is the accepted criterion for official distinctions</small></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Category:Orders, decorations, and medals">Category:Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Orders,_decorations,_and_medals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals">Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Awards" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards">Wikipedia:WikiProject 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