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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="تطهير (أحياء دقيقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطهير (أحياء دقيقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%A8psia" title="Asèpsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asèpsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepse" title="Asepse – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asepse" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asepsis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptika" title="Aseptika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aseptika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsia" title="Asepsia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asepsia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsia" title="Asepsia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asepsia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsie" title="Asepsie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asepsie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiseipseas" title="Aiseipseas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aiseipseas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsia" title="Asepsia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asepsia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B7%A0" title="무균 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptik" title="Aseptik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aseptik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsi" title="Asepsi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asepsi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%96%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Іріңдетпеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Іріңдетпеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Асептика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Асептика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asepsis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%8F%8C" title="無菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptika" title="Aseptika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aseptika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%C5%82owo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Jałowość – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jałowość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assepsia" title="Assepsia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assepsia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilizarea_instrumentelor" title="Sterilizarea instrumentelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sterilizarea instrumentelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Асептика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асептика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asepsis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Асепса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асепса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsa" title="Asepsa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asepsa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseptik" title="Aseptik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aseptik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asepsi" title="Asepsi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asepsi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Асептика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Асептика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4_tr%C3%B9ng" title="Vô trùng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Absence of disease-causing microorganisms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the state of being free from pathogens. For the process of achieving this state, see <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">Sterilization (microbiology)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg/220px-A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg/330px-A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg/440px-A_day_in_the_life_of_an_OR_technician_160920-F-AE629-070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Hand scrubbing procedure for surgery</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Asepsis</b> is the state of being free from <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">disease-causing micro-organisms</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic fungi">pathogenic fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two categories of asepsis: medical and surgical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern day notion of asepsis is derived from the older <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> techniques, a shift initiated by different individuals in the 19th century who introduced practices such as the sterilizing of surgical tools and the wearing of surgical gloves during operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of asepsis is to eliminate infection, not to achieve sterility.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideally, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Surgical_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surgical field (page does not exist)">surgical field</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterile</a>, meaning it is free of all biological contaminants (e.g. fungi, bacteria, viruses), not just those that can cause disease, <a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">putrefaction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in an aseptic state, a condition of sterile inflammation may develop. The term often refers to those practices used to promote or induce asepsis in an operative field of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern concept of asepsis evolved in the 19th century through multiple individuals. <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a> showed already in 1847-1848 that <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">delivery</a> reduced <a href="/wiki/Puerperal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal fever">puerperal fever</a>. Despite this, many hospitals continued to practice surgery in unsanitary conditions, with some surgeons taking pride in their bloodstained operating gowns.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only a decade later the situation started to change, when some French surgeons started to adopt <a href="/wiki/Carbolic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbolic acid">carbolic acid</a> as an antiseptic, reducing surgical infection rates, followed by their Italian colleagues in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> explained this reduction by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory</a> and popularized the disinfectant in the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guiseppe_Ruggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guiseppe Ruggi (page does not exist)">Guiseppe Ruggi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiseppe_Ruggi" class="extiw" title="it:Guiseppe Ruggi">it</a>]</span> shifted the movement then from antisepsis to asepsis in the 1870s, publishing his findings in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Neuber" title="Gustav Adolf Neuber">Gustav Adolf Neuber</a> introduced sterile gowns and capes in 1883, and in 1891, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Bergmann" title="Ernst von Bergmann">Ernst von Bergmann</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclave</a>, a device used for the practice of the sterilization of surgical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg/220px-William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg/330px-William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg/440px-William_Stewart_Halsted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>Image of William Stewart Halsted</figcaption></figure> <p>Rubber gloves were pioneered by <a href="/wiki/William_Stewart_Halsted" title="William Stewart Halsted">William Halsted</a>, who also implemented a no street clothes policy in his operating room, opting to wear a completely white, sterile uniform consisting of a duck suit, <a href="/wiki/Tennis_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis shoes">tennis shoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)#Scrub_caps" title="Scrubs (clothing)">skullcap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped to prevent the introduction of infections into open wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Halsted would sterilize the operation site with disinfectants and use drapes to cover all areas except for the site.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his department at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a>, he enforced an extreme hand washing ritual consisting of soaking in harmfully strong chemicals like <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">permanganate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_bichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury bichloride">mercury bichloride</a> solution as well as scrubbing with stiff brushes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage to a surgical nurse's hands compelled him to create the earliest form of the <a href="/wiki/Medical_glove" title="Medical glove">surgical gloves</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Rubber_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodyear Rubber Company">Goodyear Rubber Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gloves became a part of the aseptic surgery standard when Dr. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Colt_Bloodgood" title="Joseph Colt Bloodgood">Joseph Colt Bloodgood</a> and several others began wearing them for that particular purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisepsis_vs._Asepsis">Antisepsis vs. Asepsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antisepsis vs. Asepsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The line between antisepsis and asepsis is interpreted differently, depending on context and time.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, antiseptic operations occurred in people's homes or in operating theaters before a large crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procedures for implementing antisepsis varied among physicians and experienced constant changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 19th century, physicians rejected the connection between Louis Pasteur's <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory</a> that bacteria caused diseases and antiseptic techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 19th century, Joseph Lister and his followers expanded the term "antisepsis" and coined "asepsis", with the justification that Lister had initially "suggested excluding septic agents from the wound from the start."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, however, asepsis is seen as a continuation of antisepsis since many of the values are the same, such as a "germ-free environment around the wound or patient", and techniques pioneered under both names are used in conjunction today.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asepsis refers to any procedure that is performed under sterile conditions. This includes medical and laboratory techniques (such as with <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">bacterial cultures</a>). There are two types of asepsis — medical and surgical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical or clean asepsis reduces the number of organisms and prevents their spread; surgical or sterile asepsis includes procedures to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Micro-organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-organism">micro-organisms</a> from an area and is practiced by <a href="/wiki/Surgical_technologist" title="Surgical technologist">surgical technologists</a> and nurses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, though, successful usage of aseptic operations depends on a combination of preparatory actions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, sterile equipment and fluids are used during invasive medical and nursing procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest manifestation of such aseptic techniques is in hospital <a href="/wiki/Operating_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating theatre">operating theaters</a>, where the aim is to keep patients free from <a href="/wiki/Nosocomial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosocomial infection">hospital micro-organisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scalpel_blade_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scalpel_blade_01.JPG/220px-Scalpel_blade_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scalpel_blade_01.JPG/330px-Scalpel_blade_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scalpel_blade_01.JPG/440px-Scalpel_blade_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Packaged, sterilized surgical instruments</figcaption></figure> <p>While all members of the surgical team should demonstrate good aseptic technique, it is the role of the <a href="/wiki/Perioperative_Nursing#Scrub_Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioperative Nursing">scrub nurse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surgical_technologist" title="Surgical technologist">surgical technologist</a> to set up and maintain the sterile field.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent cross-contamination of patients, instruments are sterilized through <a href="/wiki/Autoclaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoclaving">autoclaving</a> or by using disposable equipment; <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">suture</a> material or <a href="/wiki/Xenograft" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenograft">xenografts</a> also need to be sterilized beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basic aseptic procedures includes hand washing, donning protective gloves, masks and gowns, and sterilizing equipment and linens.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical aseptic techniques also includes curbing the spread of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infectious diseases</a> through quarantine, specifically isolation procedures based on the mode of disease transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within contact, droplet and airborne isolation methods, two different procedures emerge: strict isolation vs. reverse isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strict isolation quarantines patients to prevent them from infecting others, while reverse isolation prevents vulnerable patients from becoming infected.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_infections">Related infections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related infections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In aseptic conditions, a "chronic low-level inflammation" known as sterile inflammation may develop as a result of trauma, stress, or environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in infections caused by pathogens or microbes, the immune response is regulated by host receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tissue damage resulting from non-infectious means are caused by <a href="/wiki/DAMPs" class="mw-redirect" title="DAMPs">DAMPs</a> molecules released after injury or cell death has occurred, which are able to stimulate inflammation response.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseases associated with sterile inflammation include <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, as well as cancer <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">tumor</a> growth due to "immune cell infiltration."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, aseptic tissue damage may arise from <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> injections, which are drugs used to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, though this tends to result from improper aseptic technique.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg/220px-Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg/330px-Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg/440px-Staphylococcus_Bacteria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Medical illustration of Staphylococcus</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite efforts to preserve asepsis during surgery, there still persists a 1-3% chance of a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_site_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical site infection">surgical site infection</a> (SSI).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infections are categorized as superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ; the first type are confined to the skin, the second to muscles and nearby tissues, and the third to organs not anatomically close to the operation site.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact modes of infection depend on the types of surgery, but the most common bacteria that are responsible for SSIs are <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>, coagulase-negative staphylococci, <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, and Enterococcus spp.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> emphasizes the importance of both antiseptic and aseptic approaches in avoiding SSIs, especially since Staphylococcus aureus, among other bacteria, are able to evolve drug-resistant strains that can be difficult to treat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, nearly 20,000 patients in the United States died from Staphylococcus aureus in comparison to the 16,350 from diagnosed HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">Antiseptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_nursing" title="Barrier nursing">Barrier nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_substance_isolation" title="Body substance isolation">Body substance isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contamination_control" title="Contamination control">Contamination control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">Disinfectant</a> (measurements of effectiveness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis" title="Ignaz Semmelweis">Ignaz Semmelweis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">Sterilization (microbiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission-based_precautions" title="Transmission-based precautions">Transmission-based precautions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Basic+Statistics+%7C+HIV+Basics+%7C+HIV%2FAIDS+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhiv%2Fbasics%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsepsis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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talk:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Techniques_in_clinical_microbiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Techniques in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">clinical microbiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology)" title="Isolation (microbiology)">Isolation</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Culture_(microbiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture (microbiology)">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolation techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking_(microbiology)" title="Streaking (microbiology)">Streak plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective media">Selective media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by body site</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">Blood culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genital_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genital culture (page does not exist)">Genital culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">Throat culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine culture">Urine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wound culture">Wound culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture">Bacterial culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungal_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungal culture (page does not exist)">Fungal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_culture" title="Viral culture">Viral culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiological identification">Identification</a><br />and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing: basic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_morphology" title="Colonial morphology">Colonial morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">Hemolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">Staining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-fast_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-fast stain">Acid-fast stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="India ink stain">India ink stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_prep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet prep">Wet prep</a></li> <li>Rapid tests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">Oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalase test">Catalase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indole_test" title="Indole test">Indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PYR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="PYR test">PYR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing:<br />biochemical and immunologic tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#ALA" title="Diagnostic microbiology">ALA test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid_decarboxylase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amino acid decarboxylase test (page does not exist)">Amino acid decarboxylase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_solubility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile solubility test">Bile solubility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_test" title="Citrate test">Citrate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulase test">Coagulase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#DNA_hydrolysis" title="Diagnostic microbiology">DNAse test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMViC" title="IMViC">IMViC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOH_test" title="KOH test">KOH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_red_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl red test">Methyl red test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Nitrite_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Nitrite test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONPG_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONPG test (page does not exist)">ONPG test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidative/fermentation_glucose_test" title="Oxidative/fermentation glucose test">Oxidative/fermentation glucose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_deaminase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylalanine deaminase test">Phenylalanine deaminase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Reverse_CAMP_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Reverse CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#6.5%_salt_broth" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Salt tolerance test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_indole_motility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide indole motility test">Sulfide indole motility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sugar_iron_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple sugar iron test">Triple sugar iron test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urease#As_diagnostic_test" title="Urease">Urease test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">rapid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voges%E2%80%93Proskauer_test" title="Voges–Proskauer test">Voges–Proskauer test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_and_V_factor_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X and V factor test (page does not exist)">X and V factor test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacitracin_susceptibility_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacitracin susceptibility test (page does not exist)">Bacitracin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optochin_susceptibility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Optochin susceptibility test">Optochin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin_susceptibility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Novobiocin susceptibility test">Novobiocin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancefield_grouping" title="Lancefield grouping">Lancefield grouping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="RPR test">RPR test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automated and <a href="/wiki/Point-of-care_testing" title="Point-of-care testing">point-of-care testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_profile_index" title="Analytical profile index">Analytical profile index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MALDI-TOF" class="mw-redirect" title="MALDI-TOF">MALDI-TOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction#Infectious_disease_applications" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VITEK" title="VITEK">VITEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_strep_test" title="Rapid strep test">Rapid strep test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospot_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospot test">Monospot test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic sensitivity">Antibiotic susceptibility testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactamase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-lactamase test (page does not exist)">Beta-lactamase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_diffusion_test" title="Disk diffusion test">Disk diffusion test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etest" title="Etest">Etest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFarland_standards" title="McFarland standards">McFarland standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="Minimum inhibitory concentration">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">Growth medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_and_Filde%27s_anaerobic_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar">Anaerobic jar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas-pak" title="Gas-pak">Gas-pak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_tube" title="Durham tube">Durham tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&oldid=1255581039">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asepsis&oldid=1255581039</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surgery" title="Category:Surgery">Surgery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antiseptics" title="Category:Antiseptics">Antiseptics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_hygiene" title="Category:Medical 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