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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Temple complexes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temple_complexes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temple complexes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temple_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Basic layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalyani_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Kalyani region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalyani_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architectural elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architectural_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architectural elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architectural_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vimana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vimana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vimana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vimana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantapa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantapa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mantapa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantapa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Figure_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figure_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Figure sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figure_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deity_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deity_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Deity sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deity_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miniature_towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miniature_towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Miniature towers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miniature_towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temple deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appreciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appreciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appreciation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appreciation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appreciation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appreciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Notable temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> 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data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_chalukya_occidental" title="Arquitectura chalukya occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura chalukya occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिमी चालुक्य वास्तुशैली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी चालुक्य वास्तुशैली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA" title="ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="चालुक्य शिल्पस्थापत्य शैली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चालुक्य शिल्पस्थापत्य शैली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_%C3%87alukja_per%C3%ABndimore" title="Arkitektura Çalukja perëndimore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitektura Çalukja perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%AE%E5%A8%84%E5%85%B6%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="西遮娄其建筑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西遮娄其建筑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">11–12th century Indian building style</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg/220px-Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg/330px-Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg/440px-Western_Chalukya_Monuments.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>Core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> state, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG/170px-Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG/255px-Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG/340px-Dodda_Basappa_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Dodda Basappa Temple at <a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a>, a unique 24-pointed, uninterrupted stellate (star-shaped), 7-tiered <i>dravida</i> plan, 12th century CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallikarjuna_temple_(11th_century)_at_Kuruvatti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mallikarjuna_temple_%2811th_century%29_at_Kuruvatti.JPG/170px-Mallikarjuna_temple_%2811th_century%29_at_Kuruvatti.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mallikarjuna_temple_%2811th_century%29_at_Kuruvatti.JPG/255px-Mallikarjuna_temple_%2811th_century%29_at_Kuruvatti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mallikarjuna_temple_%2811th_century%29_at_Kuruvatti.JPG/340px-Mallikarjuna_temple_%2811th_century%29_at_Kuruvatti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti, 11th century CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_(1100_AD)_at_Kubatur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_%281100_AD%29_at_Kubatur.JPG/170px-Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_%281100_AD%29_at_Kubatur.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_%281100_AD%29_at_Kubatur.JPG/255px-Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_%281100_AD%29_at_Kubatur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_%281100_AD%29_at_Kubatur.JPG/340px-Rear_view_of_Kaitabhesvara_temple_%281100_AD%29_at_Kubatur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Kaitabhesvara temple at Kubatur, 4-tiered plan, 1100 CE</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Western Chalukya architecture</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>: <span lang="kn">ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ</span>), also known as <b>Kalyani Chalukya</b> or <b>Later Chalukya</b> architecture and broadly classified under the <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara Style</a>, is the distinctive style of ornamented architecture that evolved during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungabhadra">Tungabhadra</a> region of modern central <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India, during the 11th and 12th centuries. Western Chalukyan political influence was at its peak in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> during this period. The centre of cultural and temple-building activity lay in the Tungabhadra region, where large medieval workshops built numerous monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-workshop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workshop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These monuments, regional variants of pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">dravida</a> (South Indian) temples, form a climax to the wider regional temple architecture tradition called <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara</a> or <i>Karnata dravida</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-local_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temples of all sizes built by the Chalukyan architects during this era remain today as examples of the architectural style.<sup id="cite_ref-kardra_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kardra-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most notable of the many buildings dating from this period are the <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi in the <a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal district</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kasivisvesvara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasivisvesvara Temple">Kasivisvesvara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Temple,_Kuruvatti" title="Mallikarjuna Temple, Kuruvatti">Mallikarjuna Temple</a> at Kuruvatti in the <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalleshvara_Temple,_Bagali" title="Kalleshvara Temple, Bagali">Kallesvara Temple</a> at Bagali in the <a href="/wiki/Davangere_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Davangere district">Davangere district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy_list1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy_list1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other monuments notable for their craftsmanship include the <a href="/wiki/Kaitabheshvara_Temple,_Kubatur" title="Kaitabheshvara Temple, Kubatur">Kaitabheshvara Temple</a> in Kubatur and <a href="/wiki/Kedareshvara_Temple,_Balligavi" title="Kedareshvara Temple, Balligavi">Kedareshvara Temple</a> in Balligavi, both in the <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siddhesvara_Temple" title="Siddhesvara Temple">Siddhesvara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri district</a>, the Amrtesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Annigeri" title="Annigeri">Annigeri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a>, the Sarasvati Temple in <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dodda_Basappa_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodda Basappa Temple">Dodda Basappa Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy_list2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy_list2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surviving Western Chalukya monuments are temples built in the <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> religious traditions. None of the military, civil, or courtly architecture has survived; being built of mud, brick and wood, such structures may not have withstood repeated invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-mud_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mud-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre of these architectural developments was the region encompassing the present-day <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a>; it included areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a> districts.<sup id="cite_ref-heart_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gad_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gad-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these districts, about fifty monuments have survived as evidence of the widespread temple building of the Western Chalukyan workshops. The influence of this style extended beyond the <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Kalyani</a> region in the northeast to the <a href="/wiki/Bellary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary">Bellary</a> region in the east and to the <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> region in the south. In the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur, Karnataka">Bijapur</a>–<a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a> region to the north, the style was mixed with that of the <i>Hemadpanti</i> temples. Although a few Western Chalukyan temples can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> region, the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> probably prevented the style from spreading westwards.<sup id="cite_ref-heart_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG/220px-Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG/330px-Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG/440px-Siddhesvara_Temple_Haveri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>Siddhesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a>, a staggered square plan with <i>dravida</i> articulation and superstructure, 11th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the basic plan of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya">Western Chalukya</a> style originated from the older <i>dravida style</i>, many of its features were unique and peculiar to it.<sup id="cite_ref-trace_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trace1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trace1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these distinguishing features of the Western Chalukyan architectural style was an <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(architecture)" title="Articulation (architecture)">articulation</a> that can still be found throughout modern Karnataka. The only exceptions to this motif can be found in the area around <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Kalyani</a>, where the temples exhibit a <i>nagara</i> (North Indian) articulation which has its own unique character.<sup id="cite_ref-outlook_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to the buildings of the early <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a>, whose monuments were clustered around the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a>, these Western Chalukya temples are widely dispersed, reflecting a system of local government and decentralisation.<sup id="cite_ref-workshop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workshop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Chalukya temples were smaller than those of the early Chalukyas, a fact discernible in the reduced height of the superstructures which tower over the shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-workshop_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-workshop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG/220px-View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG/330px-View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG/440px-View_of_Vesara_tower_over_shrine_in_the_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi_in_the_Koppal_district.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal district</a>, 1112 CE, an example of <i>dravida</i> articulation with a <i>nagara</i> superstructure</figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Chalukya art evolved in two phases, the first lasting approximately a quarter of a century and the second from the beginning of 11th century until the end of Western Chalukya rule in 1186 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. During the first phase, temples were built in the <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>-<a href="/wiki/Banashankari,_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Banashankari, Bangalore">Banashankari</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mahakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakuta">Mahakuta</a> region (situated in the early <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> heartland) and <a href="/wiki/Ron,_Karnataka" title="Ron, Karnataka">Ron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>. A few provisional workshops built them in Sirval in the <a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gokak" title="Gokak">Gokak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Belgaum_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgaum district">Belgaum district</a>. The structures at Ron bear similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> temples in <a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal district</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudhol" title="Mudhol">Mudhol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur district</a>, evidence that the same workshops continued their activity under the new Karnata dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-mudhol_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mudhol-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mature and latter phase reached its peak at <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a> (Lokigundi), a principal seat of the imperial court.<sup id="cite_ref-jodi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jodi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-11th century, the artisans from the Lakkundi school moved south of the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a>. Thus the influence of the Lakkundi school can be seen in some of the temples of the <a href="/wiki/Davangere_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Davangere district">Davangere district</a>, and in the temples at Hirehadagalli and Huvinahadgalli in the <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huv_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influences of Western Chalukya architecture can be discerned in the geographically distant schools of architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a> in southern Karnataka, and the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mainstream_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mainstream-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes called the <i><a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a> style</i> of architecture, Western Chalukya architecture is considered a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a> of southern Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-pre_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This influence occurred because the early builders employed by the Hoysalas came from pronounced centres of medieval <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> art.<sup id="cite_ref-org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-build_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further monuments in this style were built not only by the Western Chalukya kings but, also by their feudal vassals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple_complexes">Temple complexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Temple complexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_layout">Basic layout</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri,_Dharwad_district,_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri%2C_Dharwad_district%2C_Karnataka.jpg/220px-Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri%2C_Dharwad_district%2C_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri%2C_Dharwad_district%2C_Karnataka.jpg/330px-Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri%2C_Dharwad_district%2C_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri%2C_Dharwad_district%2C_Karnataka.jpg/440px-Amritesvara_temple_at_Annigeri%2C_Dharwad_district%2C_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Amrtesvara Temple in Annigeri was built in the <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a> in 1050 CE with <i>dravida</i> articulation. This was the first temple made of <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A typical Western Chalukya temple may be examined from three aspects – the basic floor plan, the <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(architecture)" title="Articulation (architecture)">architectural articulation</a>, and the figure sculptures. </p><p><b>The basic floor plan</b> is defined by the size of the shrine, the size of the sanctum, the distribution of the building mass, and by the <i><a href="/wiki/Pradakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradakshina">pradakshina</a></i> (path for circumambulation), if there is one.<sup id="cite_ref-decor_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decor-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Architectural articulation</b> refers to the ornamental components that give shape to the outer wall of the shrine. These include projections, recesses, and representations that can produce a variety of patterns and outlines, either stepped, stellate (star-shaped), or square.<sup id="cite_ref-wall2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If stepped (also called "stepped diamond of projecting corners"), these components form five or seven projections on each side of the shrine, where all but the central one are projecting corners (projections with two full faces created by two recesses, left and right, that are at right angles with each other). If square (also called "square with simple projections"), these components form three or five projections on a side, only two of which are projecting corners. Stellate patterns form star points which are normally 8-, 16-, or 32-pointed and are sub-divided into interrupted and uninterrupted stellate components. In an 'interrupted' stellate plan, the stellate outline is interrupted by <a href="/wiki/Orthogonality" title="Orthogonality">orthogonal</a> (right-angle) projections in the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a>, resulting in star points that have been skipped.<sup id="cite_ref-bidar_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two basic kinds of architectural articulation are found in Indian architecture: the southern Indian <i>dravida</i> and the northern Indian <i>nagara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wall_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Figure sculptures</b> are miniature representations that stand by themselves, including architectural components on pilasters, buildings, sculptures, and complete towers. They are generally categorised as "figure sculpture" or "other decorative features".<sup id="cite_ref-figure_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figure-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On occasion, rich figure sculpture can obscure the articulation of a shrine, when representations of gods, goddesses, and mythical figures are in abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-myth_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myth-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_mantapa_(hall)_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Open_mantapa_%28hall%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG/220px-Open_mantapa_%28hall%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Open_mantapa_%28hall%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG/330px-Open_mantapa_%28hall%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Open_mantapa_%28hall%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG/440px-Open_mantapa_%28hall%29_in_Kalleshvara_temple_at_Bagali_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Kalleshvara temple at Bagali (987 CE); Open <i><a href="/wiki/Mantapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantapa">mantapa</a></i> with ornate pillars, some of which have decorative relief on the pedestal</figcaption></figure> <p>Chalukyan temples fall into two categories – the first being temples with a common <i>mantapa</i> (a colonnaded hall) and two shrines (known as <i>dvikuta</i>), and the second being temples with one <i>mantapa</i> and a single shrine (<i>ekakuta</i>). Both kinds of temples have two or more entrances giving access to the main hall. This format differs from both the designs of the northern Indian temples, which have a small closed <i>mantapa</i> leading to the shrine and the southern Indian temples which generally have a large, open, columned <i>mantapa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg/220px-Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg/330px-Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg/440px-Yellamma_temple_at_Badami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Yellamma temple at Badami, early phase construction, 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chalukyan architects retained features from both northern and southern styles. However, in the overall arrangement of the main temple and of the subsidiary shrines, they inclined towards the northern style and tended to build one main shrine with four minor shrines, making the structure a <i>panchayatna</i> or five-shrined complex.<sup id="cite_ref-pancha_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pancha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chalukyan temples were, almost always, built facing the east.<sup id="cite_ref-multi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sanctum (cella) is connected by a <a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">vestibule</a> (<i>ardha mantapa</i> or ante-chamber) to the closed <i>mantapa</i> (also called the <i>navaranga</i>), which is connected to the open <i>mantapa</i>. Occasionally there can be two or more open <i>mantapas</i>. In Shaiva temples, directly opposite the sanctum and opposite the closed <i>mantapa</i> is the <i>nandi mantapa</i>, which enshrines a large image of <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a>, the bull attendant of Shiva. The shrine usually has no <i>pradakshina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nandi_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pillars that support the roof of the <i>mantapa</i> are monolithic shafts from the base up to the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>. Therefore, the height of the <i>mantapa</i> and the overall size of the temple were limited by the length of the stone shafts that the architects were able to obtain from the quarries.<sup id="cite_ref-pillarette_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the temple was also constrained by the weight of the superstructure on the walls and, since Chalukyan architects did not use mortar, by the use of dry masonry and bonding stones without clamps or cementing material.<sup id="cite_ref-pillarette_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absence of mortar allows some ventilation in the innermost parts of the temple through the porous masonry used in the walls and ceilings. The modest amount of light entering the temples comes into the open halls from all directions, while the very subdued illumination in the inner closed <i>mantapa</i> comes only through its open doorway. The vestibule receives even less light, making it necessary to have some form of artificial lighting (usually, oil lamps) even during the day. This artificial source of light perhaps adds "mystery" to the image of the deity worshipped in the sanctum.<sup id="cite_ref-cememt_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cememt-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_developments">Early developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/220px-Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/330px-Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/440px-Inner_mantapa_with_lathe_turned_pillars_in_the_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1734" /></a><figcaption>Kasivisvesvara Temple, inner closed <i><a href="/wiki/Mantapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantapa">mantapa</a></i> with polished, bell-shaped, lathe-turned pillars in <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a>, 1087 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 11th century, newly incorporated features were either based on the traditional <i>dravida</i> plan of the Badami Chalukyas, as found in the Virupaksha and Mallikarjuna Temples at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, or were further elaborations of this articulation. The new features produced a closer juxtaposition of architectural components, visible as a more crowded decoration, as can be seen in the Mallikarjuna Temple at Sudi in the Gadag district and the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri in the Dharwad district.<sup id="cite_ref-juxta_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juxta-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG/170px-Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG/255px-Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG/340px-Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Full and half Gadag-style pillars at Sarasvati Temple in <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The architects in the Karnataka region seem to have been inspired by architectural developments in northern India. This is evidenced by the fact that they incorporated decorative miniature towers (multi-<a href="/wiki/Aedicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Aedicule">aedicular</a> towers depicting superstructures) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sekhari_(architecture)" title="Sekhari (architecture)">Sekhari</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bhumija_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumija (architecture)">Bhumija</a></i> types, supported on pilasters, almost simultaneously with these developments in the temples in northern India. The miniature towers represented shrines, which in turn represented deities. Sculptural depictions of deities were generally discreet although not uncommon. Other northern ideas they incorporated were the pillar bodies that appeared as wall projections.<sup id="cite_ref-pilaster_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilaster-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-known constructions incorporating these features are found at the Kasivisvesvara Temple and the Nannesvara Temple, both at Lakkundi.<sup id="cite_ref-lak_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lak-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 11th century, temple projects began employing <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, a form of greenish or blueish black stone, although temples such as the Mallikarjuna Temple at <a href="/wiki/Sudi,_India" title="Sudi, India">Sudi</a>, the Kallesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Kuknur" title="Kuknur">Kuknur</a>, and the temples at Konnur and Savadi were built with the formerly traditional <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in the <i>dravida</i> articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-juxta_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juxta-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soapstone is found in abundance in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savanur" title="Savanur">Savanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byadgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Byadgi">Byadgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motebennur" title="Motebennur">Motebennur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangal" title="Hangal">Hangal</a>. The great archaic sandstone building blocks used by the Badami Chalukyas were superseded with smaller blocks of soapstone and with smaller masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-hangal_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hangal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first temple to be built from this material was the Amrtesvara Temple in Annigeri in the Dharwad district in 1050 CE. This building was to be the prototype for later, more articulated structures such as the <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi.<sup id="cite_ref-sand_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sand-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soapstone was also used for carving, modelling and chiselling of components that could be described as "chubby".<sup id="cite_ref-chub_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chub-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the finish of the architectural components compared to the earlier sandstone temples is much finer, resulting in opulent shapes and creamy decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-rorana_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rorana-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepped wells</a> are another feature that some of the temples included.<sup id="cite_ref-well_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-well-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_enhancements">Later enhancements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later enhancements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG/220px-Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG/330px-Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG/440px-Dodda_Basappa_temple_Stellate_plan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Twenty-four pointed stellate plan of <i><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">vimana</a></i> of Dodda Basappa Temple in <a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a>, 12th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The 11-century temple-building boom continued in the 12th century with the addition of new features. The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi and the Siddhesvara Temple in Haveri are standard constructions incorporating these developments. Based on the general plan of the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri, the Mahadeva Temple was built in 1112 CE and has the same architectural components as its predecessor. There are however differences in their articulation; the <i>sala</i> roof (roof under the <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> of the superstructure) and the miniature towers on <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> are chiseled instead of moulded.<sup id="cite_ref-sala_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sala-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between the two temples, built fifty years apart, is the more rigid modelling and decoration found in many components of the Mahadeva Temple. The voluptuous carvings of the 11th century were replaced with a more severe chiselling.<sup id="cite_ref-chisele_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisele-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg/220px-Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg/330px-Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/ca/Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg/440px-Square_floorplan_with_five_projections.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="74" /></a><figcaption>Square floorplan with five projections per side of the shrine</figcaption></figure> <p>As developments progressed, the Chalukyan builders modified the pure <i>dravida</i> tower by reducing the height of each stepped storey and multiplying their number. From base to top, the succeeding storeys get smaller in circumference and the topmost storey is capped with a crown holding the <i>kalasa</i>, a finial in the shape of a decorative water pot. Each storey is so richly decorated that the original <i>dravida</i> character becomes almost invisible. In the <i>nagara</i> tower the architects modified the central panels and niches on each storey, forming a more-or-less continuous vertical band and simulating the vertical bands up the centre of each face of the typical northern style tower.<sup id="cite_ref-hangal_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hangal-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old and new architectural components were juxtaposed but introduced separately.<sup id="cite_ref-sala_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sala-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some superstructures are essentially a combination of southern <i>dravida</i> and northern <i>nagara</i> structures and is termed "<a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara</a> <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a>" (also called <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba</a> Shikhara).<sup id="cite_ref-nandi_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The characteristically northern stepped-diamond plan of projecting corners was adopted in temples built with an entirely <i>dravida</i> articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-chub_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chub-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four 12th century structures constructed according to this plan are extant: the Basaveshwara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Basavana_Bagevadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basavana Bagevadi">Basavana Bagevadi</a>, the Ramesvara Temple at Devur and the temples at Ingleshwar and Yevur, all in the vicinity of the Kalyani region, where <i>nagara</i> temples were common. This plan came into existence in northern India only in the 11th century, a sign that architectural ideas traveled fast.<sup id="cite_ref-bij_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bij-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stellate_plans">Stellate plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stellate plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg/220px-32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg/330px-32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg/440px-32-pointed_interrupted_stellate_floorplan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Thirty-two pointed interrupted stellate floorplan (one side of the shrine)</figcaption></figure> <p>A major development of this period was the appearance of stellate (star-shaped) <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> in a few temples built of the traditional sandstone, such as the Trimurti Temple at Savadi, the Paramesvara Temple at Konnur and the Gauramma Temple at Hire Singgangutti. In all three cases, the shrine is a 16-pointed uninterrupted star, a ground-plan not found anywhere else in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and which entirely differentiates these temples from the 32-pointed interrupted star plans of <i>bhumija</i> shrines in northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-interrupt_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interrupt-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg/220px-16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg/330px-16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg/440px-16-pointed_uninterrupted_stellate_plan_of_Trimurti_Temple_in_Savadi_Gadag_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Sixteen-pointed uninterrupted stellate floorplan (one side of the shrine), Trimurti Temple at Savadi in <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a>, 11th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The stellate plan found popularity in the soapstone constructions such as the Doddabasappa Temple at Dambal as well. Contemporary stellate plans in northern India were all 32-pointed interrupted types. No temples of the 6-, 12-, or 24-pointed stellate plans are known to exist anywhere in India, with the exception of the unique temple at Dambal, which can be described either as a 24-pointed uninterrupted plan, or a 48-pointed plan with large square points of 90 degrees alternating with small short points of 75 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-degrees_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degrees-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper tiers of the seven-tiered superstructure look like cogged wheels with 48 dents.<sup id="cite_ref-dent_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dent-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Doddabasappa Temple and the Someshvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Lakshmeshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmeshwar">Lakshmeshwara</a> are examples of extreme variants of a basic <i>dravida</i> articulation. These temples prove that the architects and craftsman were consciously creating new compositions of architectural components out of traditional methods.<sup id="cite_ref-trad_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trad-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 13th century, 12th century characteristics remained prominent; however, many parts that were formerly plain became decorated. This change is observed in the Muktesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Chaudayyadanapura" title="Chaudayyadanapura">Chaudayyadanapura</a> (Chavudayyadanapura) and the Santesvara Temple at Tilavalli, both in the Haveri district. The Muktesvara Temple with its elegant <i>vimana</i> was renovated in the middle of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-elegent_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elegent-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Tilavalli Temple, all the architectural components are elongated, giving it an intended crowded look. Both temples are built with a <i>dravida</i> articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-elegent_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elegent-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from exotic <i>dravida</i> articulations, some temples of this period have <i>nagara</i> articulation, built in the stepped-diamond and the square plan natural to a <i>nagara</i> superstructure. Notable among temples with a stepped-diamond style are the Ganesha Temple at <a href="/wiki/Hangal" title="Hangal">Hangal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banashankari_Temple,_Amargol" title="Banashankari Temple, Amargol">Banashankari temple</a> at Amargol (which has one <i>dravida</i> shrine and one <i>nagara</i> shrine), and a small shrine that is a part of the ensemble at the Mahadeva Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-dent_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dent-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Hangal, the architects were able to provide a <i>sekhari</i> superstructure to the shrine, while the lower half received a <i>nagara</i> articulation and depictions of miniature <i>sekhari</i> towers. The style of workmanship with a square plan is found at Muttagi and the <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Narayana_Temple" title="Kamala Narayana Temple">Kamala Narayana Temple</a> at Degoan.<sup id="cite_ref-dent_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dent-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalyani_region">Kalyani region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kalyani region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg/220px-Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg/330px-Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg/440px-Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Stepped floorplan of Dattatreya Temple (one side of the shrine) with five projections at Chattarki in Gulbarga district, 12th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Temples built in and around the Kalyani region (in the <a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar district</a>) were quite different from those built in other regions. Without exception, the articulation was <i>nagara</i>, and the temple plan as a rule was either stepped-diamond or stellate.<sup id="cite_ref-bidar_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elevations corresponding to these two plans were similar because star shapes were produced by rotating the corner projections of a standard stepped plan in increments of 11.25 degrees, resulting in a 32-pointed interrupted plan in which three star points are skipped in the centre of each side of the shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-bidar_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of stepped-diamond plans surviving in Karnataka are the Dattatreya Temple at Chattarki, the Someshvara Temple in Kadlewad, and the Mallikarjuna and Siddhesvara at Kalgi in the Gulbarga district. The <i>nagara</i> shrine at Chattarki is a stepped diamond of projecting corners with five projections per side.<sup id="cite_ref-bidar_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidar-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the stepped-diamond plan, the wall pillars have two fully exposed sides, with a high base block decorated with a mirrored stalk motif and two large wall images above. The shapes and decorations on the rest of the wall pillar have a striking resemblance to the actual pillars supporting the ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-wall100_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall100-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other type is the square plan with simple projections and recesses but with a possibility of both <i>sekhari</i> and <i>bhumija</i> superstructures. The plan does not have any additional elements save those that derive from the ground plan. The recesses are simple and have just one large wall image. The important characteristic of these <i>nagara</i> temples in the Kalyani region is that they not only differ from the <i>dravida</i> temples in the north Karnataka region but from the <i>nagara</i> temples north of the Kalyani region as well. These differences are manifest in the articulation and in the shapes and ornamentation of individual architectural components, giving them a unique place in Chalukyan architecture. Temples that fall in this category are the Mahadeva Temple at Jalsingi and the Suryanarayana Temple at Kalgi in the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wall100_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wall100-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan and the <i>nagara</i> articulation of these temples are the same as found to the north of the Kalyani region, but the details are different, producing a different look.<sup id="cite_ref-outlook_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outlook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_elements">Architectural elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architectural elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG/220px-Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG/330px-Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG/440px-Domical_bay_ceiling_in_Kaitabhesvara_temple_at_Kubatur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Domical bay ceiling in Kaitabheshvara temple at Kubatur, 1100 CE, in the <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western Chalukya decorative inventiveness focused on the pillars, door panels, lintels (<i>torana</i>), domical roofs in bays,<sup id="cite_ref-bay_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bay-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outer wall decorations such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kirtimukha" title="Kirtimukha">Kirtimukha</a></i> (gargoyle faces common in Western Chalukya decoration),<sup id="cite_ref-kirthi_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirthi-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kirti_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirti-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and miniature towers on pilasters.<sup id="cite_ref-pillarette_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the art form of these artisans does not have any distinguishing features from a distance, a closer examination reveals their taste for decoration. An exuberance of carvings, bands of scroll work, figural bas-reliefs and panel sculptures are all closely packed.<sup id="cite_ref-bas_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doorways are highly ornamented but have an architectural framework consisting of pilasters, a moulded lintel and a <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> top. The sanctum receives diffused light through pierced window screens flanking the doorway; these features were inherited and modified by the Hoysala builders.<sup id="cite_ref-nandi_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nandi-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer wall decorations are well rendered. The Chalukyan artisans extended the surface of the wall by means of pilasters and half pilasters. Miniature decorative towers of multiple types are supported by these pilasters. These towers are of the <i>dravida</i> tiered type, and in the <i>nagara</i> style they were made in the <i><a href="/wiki/Latina_(architecture)" title="Latina (architecture)">latina</a></i> (mono aedicule) and its variants; the <i>bhumija</i> and <i>sekhari</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhumi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhumi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vimana">Vimana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vimana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG/170px-Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG/255px-Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG/340px-Kirthimukha_at_Kasivisvesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kirtimukha" title="Kirtimukha">Kirtimukha</a> decoration at Kasivisvesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jain_Temple,_Lakkundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Temple, Lakkundi">Jain Temple, Lakkundi</a> marked an important step in the development of Western Chalukya outer wall ornamentation, and in the Muktesvara Temple at Chavudayyadanapura the artisans introduced a double curved projecting <a href="/wiki/Eave" class="mw-redirect" title="Eave">eave</a> (<i>chhajja</i>), used centuries later in <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a> temples.<sup id="cite_ref-pilaster_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilaster-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi embodies a more mature development of the Chalukyan architecture in which the tower has a fully expressed ascending line of niches. The artisans used northern style spires and expressed it in a modified <i>dravida</i> outline. Miniature towers of both <i>dravida</i> and <i>nagara</i> types are used as ornamentation on the walls. With further development, the divisions between storeys on the superstructure became less marked, until they almost lost their individuality. This development is exemplified in the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal, where the original <i>dravida</i> structure can only be identified after reading out the ornamental encrustation that covers the surface of each storey.<sup id="cite_ref-pancha_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pancha-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The walls of the <i>vimana</i> below the <i>dravida</i> superstructure are decorated with simple pilasters in low relief with boldly modeled sculptures between them. There are fully decorated surfaces with frequent recesses and projections with deeper niches and conventional sculptures.<sup id="cite_ref-bas_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decoration of the walls is subdued compared to that of the later Hoysala architecture. The walls, which are broken up into hundreds of projections and recesses, produce a remarkable effect of light and shade,<sup id="cite_ref-bas_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bas-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an artistic vocabulary inherited by the Hoysala builders in the decades that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-hoy_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoy-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg/220px-View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg/330px-View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg/440px-View_of_ornate_pillared_hall_in_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Open <i>mantapa</i> (hall) at the <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi, the <a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal district</a>, 1112 CE</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantapa">Mantapa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mantapa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important feature of Western Chalukya roof art is the use of domical ceilings (not to be confused with the European types that are built of <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoirs</a> with radiating joints) and square ceilings. Both types of ceilings originate from the square formed in the ceiling by the four beams that rest on four pillars. The dome above the four central pillars is normally the most attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dome is constructed of ring upon ring of stones, each horizontally bedded ring smaller than the one below. The top is closed by a single stone slab. The rings are not cemented but held in place by the immense weight of the roofing material above them pressing down on the <a href="/wiki/Haunch_(arch)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haunch (arch)">haunches</a> of the dome.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triangular spaces created when the dome springs from the centre of the square are filled with <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesques</a>. In the case of square ceilings, the ceiling is divided into compartments with images of lotus rosettes or other images from <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG/150px-Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG/225px-Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG/300px-Sculpture_at_Siddhesvara_temple_at_Haveri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>A figure sculpture at Siddhesvara Temple in <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a>, 11th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Pillars are a major part of Western Chalukya architecture and were produced in two main types: pillars with alternate square blocks and a sculptured cylindrical section with a plain square-block base, and bell-shaped lathe-turned pillars. The former type is more vigorous and stronger than the bell-shaped type, which is made of soapstone and has a quality of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-pillarette_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventive workmanship was used on soapstone shafts, roughly carved into the required shapes using a lathe. Instead of laboriously rotating a shaft to obtain the final finish, workers added the final touches to an upright shaft by using sharp tools. Some pillars were left unpolished, as evidenced by the presence of fine grooves made by the pointed end of the tool. In other cases, polishing resulted in pillars with fine reflective properties such as the pillars in the temples at Bankapura, Itagi and Hangal.<sup id="cite_ref-pillarette_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pillar art reached its zenith in the temples at Gadag, specifically the Sarasvati Temple in Gadag city.<sup id="cite_ref-gadpillar_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadpillar-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable in Western Chalukya architecture are the decorative door panels that run along the length of the door and over on top to form a lintel. These decorations appear as bands of delicately chiseled <a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">fretwork</a>, moulded colonettes and scrolls scribed with tiny figures. The bands are separated by deep narrow channels and grooves and run over the top of the door.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple plan often included a heavy slanting cornice of double curvature, which projected outward from the roof of the open <i>mantapa</i>. This was intended to reduce heat from the sun, blocking the harsh sunlight and preventing rainwater from pouring in between the pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-body_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-body-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underside of the cornice looks like woodwork because of the rib-work. Occasionally, a straight slabbed cornice is seen.<sup id="cite_ref-body_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-body-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi,_Shimoga_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi%2C_Shimoga_district.jpg/220px-Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi%2C_Shimoga_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi%2C_Shimoga_district.jpg/330px-Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi%2C_Shimoga_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi%2C_Shimoga_district.jpg/440px-Ornate_baluster_in_Thripuranthakeshwara_temple_at_Balligavi%2C_Shimoga_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yali_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yali (Hindu mythology)">Yali</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Balustrade</a> at Tripurantakesvara Temple, <a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shivamogga_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivamogga district">Shivamogga district</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Figure_sculpture">Figure sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Figure sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figural sculpture on <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a> and panels changed during the period. The heroes from the Hindu epics <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, depicted often in early temples, become fewer, limited to only a few narrow friezes; there is a corresponding increase in the depiction of Hindu gods and goddesses in later temples.<sup id="cite_ref-sculpt_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sculpt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depiction of deities above miniature towers in the recesses, with a decorative lintel above, is common in 12th-century temples, but not in later ones.<sup id="cite_ref-chisele_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisele-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures of holy men and dancing girls were normally sculpted for deep niches and recesses. The use of <a href="/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)" title="Bracket (architecture)">bracket</a> figures depicting dancing girls became common on pillars under beams and cornices. Among animal sculptures, the elephant appears more often than the horse: its broad volumes offered fields for ornamentation.<sup id="cite_ref-sculpt_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sculpt-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erotic sculptures are rarely seen in Chalukyan temples; the Tripurantakesvara Temple at <a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a> is an exception. Here, erotic sculpture is limited to a narrow band of friezes that run around the exterior of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-eros_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eros-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG/220px-Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG/330px-Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG/440px-Figure_Sculpture_at_Mahadeva_Temple_at_Itagi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Figure sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi, the <a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal district</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deity_sculpture">Deity sculpture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deity sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In what was a departure from convention, the Western Chalukyan figure sculptures of gods and goddesses bore stiff forms and were repeated over and over in the many temples.<sup id="cite_ref-body_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-body-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in contrast to the naturalistic and informal poses employed in the earlier temples in the region. Barring occasional exaggerations in pose, each principal deity had its own pose depending on the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> or form depicted. Consistent with figure sculpture in other parts of India, these figures were fluent rather than defined in their musculature, and the drapery was reduced to a few visible lines on the body of the image.<sup id="cite_ref-body_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-body-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western Chalukyan deity sculptures were well-rendered; exemplified best by that of Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a> at the Sarasvati temple in Gadag city.<sup id="cite_ref-render_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-render-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the drapery on the bust of the image is ornamentation comprising jewellery made of pearls around her throat. An elaborate pile of curls forms her hair, some of which trails to her shoulders. Above these curly tresses and behind the head is a tiered <a href="/wiki/Coronet" title="Coronet">coronet</a> of jewels, the curved edge of which rises to form a halo.<sup id="cite_ref-halo_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halo-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the waist down, the image is dressed in what seems to be the most delicate of material; except for the pattern of embroidery traced over it, it is difficult to tell where the drapery begins and where it ends.<sup id="cite_ref-drape_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drape-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG/170px-Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG/255px-Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG/340px-Miniature_Tower_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Miniature decorative <i>dravida</i>-style tower (aedicule) at Siddhesvara Temple in <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miniature_towers">Miniature towers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Miniature towers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 11th century, architectural articulation included icons between pilasters, miniature towers supported by pilasters in the recesses of walls, and, on occasion, the use of wall pillars to support these towers.<sup id="cite_ref-pilaster_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilaster-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These miniature towers were of the southern <i>dravida</i> and northern <i>bhumija</i> and <i>sekhari</i> types and were mostly used to elaborate <i>dravida</i> types of articulation. The miniatures on single pilasters were decorated with a protective floral lintel on top, a form of decoration normally provided for depiction of gods.<sup id="cite_ref-rorana_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rorana-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These elaborations are observed in the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri. These miniatures became common in the 12th century, and the influence of this northern articulation is seen in the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi and in the nearby Nannesvara Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-pilaster_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilaster-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The miniature towers bear finer and more elegant details, indicating that architectural ideas traveled fast from the north to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-date_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decoration and ornamentation had evolved from a moulded form to a chiseled form, the sharpness sometimes giving it a three-dimensional effect. The foliage decorations changed from bulky to thin, and a change in the miniature towers on dual pilasters is seen. The 11th century miniatures consisted of a cornice (<i>kapota</i>), a floor (<i>vyalamala</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">balustrade</a> (<i>vedika</i>) and a roof (<i>kuta</i>) with a voluptuous moulding, while in the 12th century, detailed <i>dravida</i> miniature towers with many tiny tiers (<i>tala</i>) came into vogue.<sup id="cite_ref-chisele_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chisele-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 12th-century temples such as the Kallesvara Temple at Hirehadagalli have miniature towers that do not stand on pilasters but instead are supported by balconies, which have niches underneath that normally contain an image of a deity.<sup id="cite_ref-under_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-under-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temple_deities">Temple deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Temple deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_temples" title="Western Chalukya temples">Western Chalukya temples</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration,_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration%2C_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/220px-Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration%2C_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration%2C_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/330px-Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration%2C_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration%2C_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/440px-Door_jamb_and_lintel_decoration%2C_and_Tirthankara_image_in_the_sanctum_at_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">Jaina</a> image in sanctum, doorpost and lintel decoration at the <a href="/wiki/Jain_Temple,_Lakkundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Temple, Lakkundi">Jain Temple, Lakkundi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Chalukyan kings <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaivas</a> (worshippers of the Hindu god Shiva) dedicated most of their temples to that God. They were however tolerant of the Vaishnava or Jain faiths and dedicated some temples to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and the Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankaras">tirthankaras</a> respectively. There are some cases where temples originally dedicated to one deity were converted to suit another faith. In such cases, the original presiding deity can sometimes still be identified by salient clues. While these temples shared the same <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Basic_layout">basic plan</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Architectural_elements">architectural sensibilities</a>, they differed in some details, such as the visibility and pride of place they afforded the different deities.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaturmukha_(four_faced)_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chaturmukha_%28four_faced%29_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/170px-Chaturmukha_%28four_faced%29_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chaturmukha_%28four_faced%29_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/255px-Chaturmukha_%28four_faced%29_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chaturmukha_%28four_faced%29_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg/340px-Chaturmukha_%28four_faced%29_Brahma_image_in_the_mantapa_in_the_Jain_temple_at_Lakkundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><i>Chaturmukha</i>, a four-faced <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> image at <a href="/wiki/Jain_Temple,_Lakkundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Temple, Lakkundi">Jain Temple, Lakkundi</a>, 11th century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>As with all Indian temples, the deity in the sanctum was the most conspicuous indicator of the temple's dedication. The sanctum (<a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">Garbhagriha</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a>) of a Shaiva temple would contain a Shiva <i><a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">linga</a></i>, the universal symbol of the deity.<sup id="cite_ref-linga100_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linga100-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An image of Gaja <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> (consort of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) or an image of Vishnu riding on <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, or even just the Garuda, signifies a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> temple. Gaja Lakshmi, however, on account of her importance to the <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>-speaking regions,<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is found on the lintel of the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Mantapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantapa">mantapa</a> (pillared hall) in all temples irrespective of faith. The carving on the projecting <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> on the doorway to the sanctum has the image of a <i>linga</i> or sometimes of <a href="/wiki/Ganapati" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati">Ganapati</a> (Ganesha), the son of Shiva in the case of Shaiva temples or of a seated or upright Jain saint (<a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">Tirthankar</a>) in the case of Jain temples.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sukanasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukanasi">sukanasi</a> or great arched niche at the base of the superstructure (<a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a> or tower) also contains an image indicative of the dedicators' sect or faith.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above the lintel, in a deep and richly wrought <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architrave</a> can be found images of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">trimurti</a> (the Hindu triad of deities) <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, Shiva and Vishnu beneath arched rolls of <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a>. Shiva or Vishnu occupies the centre depending on the sect the temple was dedicated to.<sup id="cite_ref-porch_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, Ganapati and his brother <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> (Kumara, Subramanya) or the <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">saktis</a></i>, the female counterparts, can be found at either end of this carving. Carvings of the river Goddesses <a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> are found at either end of the foot of the doorway to the shrine in early temples.<sup id="cite_ref-pillarette_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appreciation">Appreciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Appreciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG/170px-Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG/255px-Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG/340px-Miniature_Tower1_at_Siddhesvara_Temple_at_Haveri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Miniature decorative <i>nagara</i>-style tower (aedicule) at Siddhesvara Temple in <a href="/wiki/Haveri" title="Haveri">Haveri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Chalukya dynastic rule ended in the late 12th century, but its architectural legacy was inherited by the temple builders in southern Karnataka, a region then under the control of the Hoysala empire.<sup id="cite_ref-grow_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grow-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broadly speaking, <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a> is derived from a variant of Western Chalukya architecture that emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmeshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshmeshwar">Lakshmeshwar</a> workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-laks_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laks-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Chennakeshava_Temple,_Belur" title="Chennakeshava Temple, Belur">Chennakesava Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a> was the first major project commissioned by Hoysala King <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a> in 1117 CE. This temple best exemplifies the Chalukyan taste the Hoysala artisans inherited. Avoiding overdecoration, these artists left uncarved spaces where required, although their elaborate doorjambs are exhibitionistic. Here, on the outer walls, the sculptures are not overdone, yet they are articulate and discreetly aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-secular_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secular-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoysala builders used soapstone almost universally as building material, a trend that started in the middle of the 11th century with Chalukyan temples.<sup id="cite_ref-juxta_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juxta-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common artistic features between the two <a href="/wiki/Kanarese" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanarese">Kanarese</a> dynasties are the ornate <i><a href="/wiki/Salabhanjika" title="Salabhanjika">Salabhanjika</a></i> (pillar bracket figures), the lathe-turned pillars and the <a href="/wiki/Yalli_(motif)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalli (motif)">makara</a> <a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">torana</a> (lintel with mythical beastly figure).<sup id="cite_ref-org_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tower over the shrine in a Hoysala temple is a closely moulded form of the Chalukya style tower.<sup id="cite_ref-towwr_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-towwr-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> was in power in the 15th and 16th centuries, its workshops preferred granite over soapstone as the building material for temples. However, an archaeological discovery within the royal center at <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> has revealed the use of soapstone for stepped wells. These stepped wells are fashioned entirely of finely finished soapstone arranged symmetrically, with steps and landings descending to the water on four sides. This design shows strong affinities to the temple tanks of the Western Chalukya–Hoysala period.<sup id="cite_ref-affinity_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affinity-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG/220px-Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG/330px-Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG/440px-Stepped_Well_at_ManikesvaraTemple_in_Lakkundi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Stepped well (<i>muskin bhavi</i>) at the Manikesvara Temple in <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the Badami Chalukyan temples featured in detailed studies by Henry Cousens (1927), Gary Tartakov (1969) and George Michell (1975), Western Chalukyan architecture suffered neglect despite its importance and wider use. Recently however, scholars have returned to the modern Karnataka region to focus on a longer chronology, investigating a larger geographical area, making detailed studies of <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphs</a> and giving more importance to individual monuments dating from the 11th through 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-local_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first detailed study of Western Chalukya architecture was by M.A. Dhaky (1977), who used as a starting point two medieval epigraphs that claimed the architects were masters of various temple forms. This study focused in particular on the riches of the Western Chalukya miniature wall shrines (aedicules). An important insight gained from this work was that the architects of the region learned about temple forms from other regions. These forms to them appeared "exotic", but they learned to reproduce them with more or less mastery, depending on the extent of their familiarity with the other regions' building traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-tradition_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradition-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conscious <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">eclectic</a> attempt to freely use elements from other regions in India was pointed out by Sinha (1993) as well.<sup id="cite_ref-eclectic_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eclectic-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A seminal work by Adam Hardy (1995) examined the Karnataka temple-building tradition over a period of 700 years, from the 7th century to the 13th century, and reviewed more than 200 temples built by four dynasties; Badami Chalukya, <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a>, Western Chalukya and Hoysala. The study covered <i>dravida</i> and <i>nagara</i> style monuments and the differences between the <i>dravida</i> tradition in modern Karnataka and that of neighbouring Tamil Nadu and made it possible to interpret the many architectural details as part of a larger scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-local_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eclectic_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eclectic-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The temples and epigraphs of the Western Chalukyas are protected by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> and the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums–Government of Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-protect_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protect-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-museum_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of historian S. Kamath (2001), "The Western Chalukyas left behind some of the finest monuments of artistic merit. Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-pre_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pre-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_temples">Notable temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG/170px-Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG/255px-Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG/340px-Pierced_Window_Screen_at_Manikesvara_Temple_at_Lakkundi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>A pierced window screen brings light into the <i>mantapa</i> at Manikesvara Temple in <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi dedicated to Shiva is among the larger temples built by the Western Chalukyas and perhaps the most famous. Inscriptions hail it as the 'Emperor among temples'.<sup id="cite_ref-emperor_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emperor-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the main temple, the sanctum of which has a <i>linga</i>, is surrounded by thirteen minor shrines, each with its own <i>linga</i>. The temple has two other shrines, dedicated to Murthinarayana and Chandraleshwari, parents of Mahadeva, the Chalukya commander who consecrated the temple in 1112 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-parent_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parent-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Siddheshwara temple in the Haveri district has sculptures of deities of multiple faiths. The temple may have been consecrated first as a Vaishnava temple, later taken over by Jains and eventually becoming a Shaiva temple.<sup id="cite_ref-multi_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hall in the temple contains sculptures of <i>Uma Mahesvara</i> (Shiva with his consort <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Uma</a>), Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (the sun god), Naga-Nagini (the snake goddess), and the sons of Shiva, Ganapati and Kartikeya. Shiva is depicted with four arms, holding his attributes: the <i>damaru</i> (drum), the <i>aksamala</i> (chain of beads) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishul</a></i> (trident) in three arms. His lower left arm rests on Uma, who is seated on Shiva's lap, embracing him with her right arm while gazing into his face. The sculpture of Uma is well decorated with garlands, large earrings and curly hair.<sup id="cite_ref-uma_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uma-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some temples, in a departure from the norm, were dedicated to deities other than Shiva or Vishnu. These include the Surya (portrayed as '<a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Suryanarayana</a>') shrine at the Kasi Vishveshwara temple complex and a Jain temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, both at Lakkundi; the Taradevi temple (built in a Buddhist architectural style) at Dambal in the Gadag district; the Mahamaya temple dedicated to a <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> goddess at Kuknur in the Koppal district, and the <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Hirekerur" title="Hirekerur">Hirekerur</a> in the Haveri district.<sup id="cite_ref-tantric_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tantric-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Architecture_of_the_Western_Chalukya_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Architecture of the Western Chalukya Empire">Architecture of the Western Chalukya Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukya Architecture">Badami Chalukya Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-workshop-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-workshop_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-workshop_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-workshop_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-local_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-local_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-local_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSinha,_Ajay_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, Ajay J. (1999). "<i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries</i> by Adam Hardy". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>58</b> (3/4): 358–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250027">10.2307/3250027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250027">3250027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation%2C+the+Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa+Dr%C4%81vi%E1%B8%8Da+Tradition%2C+7th+to+13th+Centuries+by+Adam+Hardy&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=358-362&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Ajay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kardra-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kardra_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), pp 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy_list1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy_list1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p323, p333, p335, p336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kal_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple_(Itagi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi has been called the finest in Kannada country after the <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysaleswara temple">Hoysaleswara temple</a> at Halebidu (Cousens in Kamath (2001), p 117)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy_list2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardy_list2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p321, p326, p327, p330, p335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mud-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mud_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heart-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heart_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heart_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926, p 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gad-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gad_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (1996), p 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trace-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trace_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original <i>dravida</i> temple plans had evolved during the 6th and 7th centuries in Karnataka and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallava</a> empires. (Foekema 1996, p 11)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trace1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trace1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The development of pure <i>dravida</i> art was a result of parallel, interrelated developments in the modern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> regions, within a broader context of South Indian art (Hardy 1995, p 12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-outlook-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-outlook_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-outlook_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mudhol-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mudhol_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jodi-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jodi_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huv-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huv_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mainstream-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mainstream_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pre-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pre_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pre_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-org_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-build-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-build_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettar_S" class="citation web cs1">Settar S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">"Hoysala Heritage"</a>. <i>Frontline, Volume 20, Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003</i>. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline%2C+Volume+20%2C+Issue+08%2C+April+12%E2%80%9325%2C+2003&rft.atitle=Hoysala+Heritage&rft.au=Settar+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl2008%2Fstories%2F20030425000206700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decor-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-decor_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wall2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wall2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), pp 35, 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bidar-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bidar_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidar_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidar_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bidar_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wall-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wall_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-figure-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-figure_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), pp 35, 37, 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myth-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myth_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-porch-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-porch_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pancha-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pancha_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pancha_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multi-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multi_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multi_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nandi-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nandi_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandi_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nandi_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pillarette-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pillarette_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pillarette_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pillarette_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pillarette_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pillarette_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pillarette_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cememt-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cememt_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-juxta-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juxta_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-juxta_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-juxta_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pilaster-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pilaster_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilaster_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilaster_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilaster_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lak-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lak_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 51, p 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hangal-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hangal_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hangal_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sand-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sand_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chub-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chub_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chub_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rorana-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rorana_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rorana_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-well-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-well_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamiya,_Takeo1996" class="citation web cs1">Kamiya, Takeo (20 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D230%2BM%3D1212">"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent"</a>. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Gerard+da+Cunha-Architecture+Autonomous%2C+Bardez%2C+Goa%2C+India&rft.date=1996-09-20&rft.au=Kamiya%2C+Takeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoarch.org%2Fplace.php%3Fplacelink%3DR%253D5%252BS%253D18%252BP%253D230%252BM%253D1212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sala-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sala_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sala_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chisele-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chisele_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chisele_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chisele_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bij-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bij_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), pp 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interrupt-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-interrupt_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), pp 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-degrees-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-degrees_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dent-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dent_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dent_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dent_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trad-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trad_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), pp 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elegent-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elegent_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elegent_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wall100-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wall100_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wall100_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bay-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bay_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A square or rectangular compartment in a hall (Foekema 1996, p 93)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirthi-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirthi_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The face of a monster used as decoration in Hindu temples (Foekema 1996, p 93)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kirti-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kirti_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamiya,_Takeo1996" class="citation web cs1">Kamiya, Takeo (20 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D230%2BM%3D1056">"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent"</a>. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Gerard+da+Cunha-Architecture+Autonomous%2C+Bardez%2C+Goa%2C+India&rft.date=1996-09-20&rft.au=Kamiya%2C+Takeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoarch.org%2Fplace.php%3Fplacelink%3DR%253D5%252BS%253D18%252BP%253D230%252BM%253D1056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bas-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bas_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bas_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bas_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhumi-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bhumi_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), p 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoy-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoy_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettar_S" class="citation web cs1">Settar S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">"Hoysala Heritage"</a>. <i>Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003</i>. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline%2C+Volume+20+%E2%80%93+Issue+08%2C+April+12%E2%80%9325%2C+2003&rft.atitle=Hoysala+Heritage&rft.au=Settar+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl2008%2Fstories%2F20030425000206700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gadpillar-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gadpillar_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannikeswaran" class="citation web cs1">Kannikeswaran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html">"Templenet Encyclopedia – Temples of Karnataka, Kalyani Chalukyan temples"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Templenet+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Temples+of+Karnataka%2C+Kalyani+Chalukyan+temples&rft.au=Kannikeswaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templenet.com%2FKarnataka%2Fkalyani_chalukya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-body-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-body_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-body_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-body_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-body_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sculpt-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sculpt_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sculpt_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eros-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eros_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-render-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-render_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halo-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halo_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), pp 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drape-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drape_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), pp 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-date-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-date_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-under-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-under_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (2003), p 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linga100-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linga100_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foekema (1996), p 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grow-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grow_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), pp 115, 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laks-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laks_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secular-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-secular_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettar_S" class="citation web cs1">Settar S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">"Hoysala Heritage"</a>. <i>Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003</i>. 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Archaeological Survey of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp">the original</a> on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Protected+Monuments&rft.atitle=Alphabetical+list+of+Monuments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/archaeology/eng/dirmon.htm">"Directory of Monuments in Karnataka"</a>. <i>Department of Archaeology and Museums–Archaeological Monuments</i>. National Informatics Centre, Karnataka<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Archaeology+and+Museums%E2%80%93Archaeological+Monuments&rft.atitle=Directory+of+Monuments+in+Karnataka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkannadasiri.kar.nic.in%2Farchaeology%2Feng%2Fdirmon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emperor-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emperor_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), pp 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parent-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parent_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao,_Kishan2002" class="citation web cs1">Rao, Kishan (10 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128010619/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/10/stories/2002061003760500.htm">"Emperor of Temples' crying for attention"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Emperor+of+Temples%27+crying+for+attention&rft.date=2002-06-10&rft.au=Rao%2C+Kishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2F2002%2F06%2F10%2Fstories%2F2002061003760500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uma-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uma_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagaraja_Rao1969" class="citation journal cs1">Nagaraja Rao, M. S. (1969). "Sculptures from the Later Cālukyan Temple at Hāveri". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>31</b> (2/3): 167–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249429">10.2307/3249429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249429">3249429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Sculptures+from+the+Later+C%C4%81lukyan+Temple+at+H%C4%81veri&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=167-178&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nagaraja+Rao&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tantric-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tantric_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Kannikeswaran" class="citation web cs1">K. Kannikeswaran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiantemples.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html">"Templenet Encyclopedia, The Ultimate Source of Information on Indian Temples"</a>. <i>Kalyani Chalukyan Temples</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kalyani+Chalukyan+Temples&rft.atitle=Templenet+Encyclopedia%2C+The+Ultimate+Source+of+Information+on+Indian+Temples&rft.au=K.+Kannikeswaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiantemples.com%2FKarnataka%2Fkalyani_chalukya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Book</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousens,_Henry1996" class="citation book cs1">Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. <i>The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts</i>. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37526233">37526233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chalukyan+Architecture+of+Kanarese+Districts&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37526233&rft.au=Cousens%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoekema2003" class="citation book cs1">Foekema, Gerard (2003) [2003]. <i>Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD</i>. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-1089-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-1089-9"><bdi>81-215-1089-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+decorated+with+architecture%3A+Later+medieval+temples+of+Karnataka%2C+1000%E2%80%931300+AD&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-215-1089-9&rft.aulast=Foekema&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoekema1996" class="citation book cs1">Foekema, Gerard (1996). <i>A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-345-0"><bdi>81-7017-345-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+To+Hoysala+Temples&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-7017-345-0&rft.aulast=Foekema&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1995" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Adam (1995) [1995]. <i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-312-4"><bdi>81-7017-312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation-The+Karnata+Dravida+Tradition+7th+to+13th+Centuries&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7017-312-4&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Davison (2001). "Hydraulic Works". In John M. Fritz; George Michell (eds.). <i>New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara</i>. Mumbai: MARG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85026-53-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-85026-53-X"><bdi>81-85026-53-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hydraulic+Works&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+Hampi%3A+Recent+Research+at+Vijayanagara&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pub=MARG&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-85026-53-X&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Davison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. <i>A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present</i>. Bangalore: Jupiter books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80905179">80905179</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7796041">7796041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Karnataka+%3A+from+pre-historic+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Jupiter+books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7796041&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80905179&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Suryanath+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2002" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. <i>A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar</i>. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8"><bdi>0-19-560686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-560686-8&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha,_Ajay_J.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, Ajay J. (1999). "Review of <i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries</i> by Adam Hardy". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>58</b> (3/4): 358–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250027">10.2307/3250027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250027">3250027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Review+of+Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation%2C+the+Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa+Dr%C4%81vi%E1%B8%8Da+Tradition%2C+7th+to+13th+Centuries+by+Adam+Hardy&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=358-362&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Ajay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Web</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808023916/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp">"Alphabetical List of Monuments – Karnataka"</a>. <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp">the original</a> on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=Alphabetical+List+of+Monuments+%E2%80%93+Karnataka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_monu_alphalist_karnataka.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamat_J" class="citation web cs1">Kamat J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/temples.htm">"Temples of Karnataka"</a>. <i>Timeless Theater – Karnataka</i>. Kamat's Potpourri<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timeless+Theater+%E2%80%93+Karnataka&rft.atitle=Temples+of+Karnataka&rft.au=Kamat+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kamat.com%2Fkalranga%2Fkar%2Ftemples.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamiya,_Takeyo" class="citation web cs1">Kamiya, Takeyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D0%2BM%3D0">"Architecture of Indian subcontinent"</a>. <i>Indian Architecture</i>. Gerard da Cunha<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Architecture&rft.atitle=Architecture+of+Indian+subcontinent&rft.au=Kamiya%2C+Takeyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indoarch.org%2Fplace.php%3Fplacelink%3DR%253D5%252BS%253D18%252BP%253D0%252BM%253D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannikeswaran_K" class="citation web cs1">Kannikeswaran K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html">"Templenet-Kalyani Chalukyan temples"</a>. <i>Temples of Karnataka</i>. www.templenet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Temples+of+Karnataka&rft.atitle=Templenet-Kalyani+Chalukyan+temples&rft.au=Kannikeswaran+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templenet.com%2FKarnataka%2Fkalyani_chalukya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao,_Kishan" class="citation web cs1">Rao, Kishan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128010619/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/06/10/stories/2002061003760500.htm">"Emperor of Temples' crying for attention"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from the original on 28 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Emperor+of+Temples%27+crying+for+attention&rft.au=Rao%2C+Kishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2F2002%2F06%2F10%2Fstories%2F2002061003760500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao,_M._S._Nagaraja1969" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, M. S. Nagaraja (1969). "Sculptures from the Later Cālukyan Temple at Hāveri". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>31</b> (2/3): 167–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249429">10.2307/3249429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249429">3249429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Sculptures+from+the+Later+C%C4%81lukyan+Temple+at+H%C4%81veri&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=167-178&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Rao%2C+M.+S.+Nagaraja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettar_S" class="citation web cs1">Settar S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701065442/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">"Hoysala heritage"</a>. <i>history and craftsmanship of Belur and Halebid temples</i>. Frontline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history+and+craftsmanship+of+Belur+and+Halebid+temples&rft.atitle=Hoysala+heritage&rft.au=Settar+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flonnet.com%2Ffl2008%2Fstories%2F20030425000206700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/archaeology/eng/dirmon.htm">"Directory of Monuments in Karnataka-Government of Karnataka"</a>. <i>Directorate of Archaeology and Museums</i>. National Informatics Centre, Karnataka<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directorate+of+Archaeology+and+Museums&rft.atitle=Directory+of+Monuments+in+Karnataka-Government+of+Karnataka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkannadasiri.kar.nic.in%2Farchaeology%2Feng%2Fdirmon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Chalukya_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/speaks-of-catholic-outlook/article4698597.ece">"Speaks of catholic outlook"</a>. <i>The hindu</i>. 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+hindu&rft.atitle=Speaks+of+catholic+outlook&rft.date=2013-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fspeaks-of-catholic-outlook%2Farticle4698597.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Chalukya+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Template:Architecture of Karnataka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Template talk:Architecture of Karnataka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of Karnataka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_Karnataka_(345_to_present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture of Karnataka</a> (345 to present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>345 to <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>525: <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba architecture</a> – synthesis of several schools</li> <li><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>350 to <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>550: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a>)</li> <li><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>543 to <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>753: <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Badami Chalukya architecture</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara</a> style</li> <li><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>753 to <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>973: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> & Rekhanagara architecture of <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a></li> <li>1000 to 1200: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Chalukya architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a> style of architecture)</li> <li>1100 to 1400: <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li>1336 to 1648: <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara architecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagar Empire">Vijayanagar Empire</a></li> <li>1490 to 1686: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> architecture of <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur</a> Sultanates</li> <li>1499 to 1763: <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka">Keladi Nayaka</a> architecture of the Nayaka kingdoms</li> <li>1399 to 1947: Architecture of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> (Blends of <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> styles of architecture)</li> <li>1780: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sarcenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sarcenic">Indo-Sarcenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> architecture of <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Sultan">Tippu Sultan</a></li> <li>1512 to present: <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> architecture of <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a></li> <li>1933 to 1956: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">church architecture</a></li> <li>1947 to present: Neo-<a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></li> <li>1953 to present: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Viharas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Culture">Tibetan Culture</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan architecture">Tibetan architecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GBerunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/125px-GBerunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/188px-GBerunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/250px-GBerunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_architecture" title="Harappan architecture">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu-northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_Style" title="Nagara Style">Nagara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Māru-Gurjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumija_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumija (architecture)">Bhumija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina_(architecture)" title="Latina (architecture)">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhari_(architecture)" title="Sekhari (architecture)">Sekhari</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemadpanti_architecture" title="Hemadpanti architecture">Hemadpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_architecture" title="Meitei architecture">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilachal_architecture" title="Nilachal architecture">Nilachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu-southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Badami Chalukya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala architecture">Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbari_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbari Architecture">Akbari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqi_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharqi architecture">Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Gujarat" title="Architecture of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Maharashtra" title="Architecture of Maharashtra"> Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Rajasthan" title="Architecture of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Architecture of Tamil Nadu"> Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Architecture of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chennai" title="Architecture of Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Delhi" title="Architecture of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hyderabad" title="Architecture of Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Jaipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lucknow" title="Architecture of Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mumbai" title="Architecture of Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_India" title="Category:Architecture in India">Category:Architecture in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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