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Disponible en 11 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Kirkpatrick" title="Doctrina Kirkpatrick – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Doctrina Kirkpatrick" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Kirkpatrick" title="Doctrina Kirkpatrick – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Doctrina Kirkpatrick" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doutrina_Kirkpatrick" title="Doutrina Kirkpatrick – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Doutrina Kirkpatrick" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick-doktr%C3%ADna" title="Kirkpatrick-doktrína – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kirkpatrick-doktrína" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dottrina_Kirkpatrick" title="Dottrina Kirkpatrick – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dottrina Kirkpatrick" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktryna_Kirkpatrick" title="Doktryna Kirkpatrick – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Doktryna Kirkpatrick" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrina_Kirkpatrick" title="Doctrina Kirkpatrick – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Doctrina Kirkpatrick" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Доктрина Киркпатрик – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доктрина Киркпатрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doktrini" title="Kirkpatrick Doktrini – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kirkpatrick Doktrini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Доктрина Кіркпатрік – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Доктрина Кіркпатрік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2835713#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus.</figcaption></figure><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-06" data-sort-value="2024-06">juin 2024</time>).</small> </p> <div class="nomobile"> <p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». </p> <b>En pratique :</b> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources#Qualité_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a></div> </div></div> <p>La <b>doctrine Kirkpatrick</b> est une <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> énoncée par <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambassadeur_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_aux_Nations_unies" title="Ambassadeur des États-Unis aux Nations unies">ambassadrice des États-Unis aux Nations unies</a>, au début des années 1980, basée sur son essai de 1979 intitulé « Dictatorships and Double Standards »<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette doctrine a servi à justifier la <a href="/wiki/Politique_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Politique étrangère des États-Unis">politique étrangère des États-Unis</a> de soutien aux <a href="/wiki/Dictature" title="Dictature">dictatures</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticommunisme" title="Anticommunisme">anticommunistes</a> du <a href="/wiki/Tiers_monde" title="Tiers monde">tiers monde</a> pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_froide" title="Guerre froide">guerre froide</a><sup id="cite_ref-jpost_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Doctrine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Doctrine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kirkpatrick affirmait que les États du <a href="/wiki/Bloc_de_l%27Est" title="Bloc de l'Est">bloc de l'Est</a> et les autres <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_communiste" title="État communiste">États communistes</a> étaient des <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-disambig" title="Régime">régimes</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme">totalitaires</a>, tandis que les dictatures pro-<a href="/wiki/Occident" title="Occident">occidentales</a> n'étaient que des régimes « <a href="/wiki/Autoritarisme" title="Autoritarisme">autoritaires</a> ». Selon Kirkpatrick, les régimes totalitaires étaient plus stables et plus aptes à s'auto-perpétuer que les régimes autoritaires, et avaient donc une plus grande propension à influencer les États voisins. </p><p>La doctrine Kirkpatrick a été particulièrement influente durant l'administration du <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Président des États-Unis">président</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. L'administration Reagan a apporté divers degrés de soutien à plusieurs dictatures militaristes <a href="/wiki/Anticommunisme" title="Anticommunisme">anticommunistes</a>, notamment au <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (jusqu'en 1985), aux <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (jusqu'en 1986) et en <a href="/wiki/Argentine" title="Argentine">Argentine</a> (jusqu'en 1983). Elle a également armé les <a href="/wiki/Moudjahidines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moudjahidines">moudjahidines</a> pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27Afghanistan_(1979-1989)" title="Guerre d'Afghanistan (1979-1989)">guerre soviéto-afghane</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/UNITA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNITA">UNITA</a> pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_angolaise" title="Guerre civile angolaise">guerre civile angolaise</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> pendant la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nicaraguayenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Révolution nicaraguayenne">révolution nicaraguayenne</a> comme moyen de renverser les gouvernements ou d'écraser les mouvements révolutionnaires dans les pays qui ne soutenaient pas les objectifs des États-Unis<sup id="cite_ref-Chomsky_1985_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chomsky_1985-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Selon Kirkpatrick, les régimes autoritaires se contentent de contrôler et/ou de punir les comportements de leurs sujets, tandis que les régimes totalitaires vont au-delà en tentant de contrôler les pensées de leurs sujets, utilisant non seulement la <a href="/wiki/Propagande" title="Propagande">propagande</a>, mais aussi le <a href="/wiki/Lavage_de_cerveau" title="Lavage de cerveau">lavage de cerveau</a>, la rééducation, l'<a href="/wiki/Espionnage" class="mw-disambig" title="Espionnage">espionnage</a> intérieur généralisé et la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pression_politique" title="Répression politique">répression politique</a> de masse basée sur l'<a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9ologie" title="Idéologie">idéologie</a> d'État. Les régimes totalitaires tentent également souvent de saper ou de détruire les institutions communautaires jugées idéologiquement corrompues (par exemple, les institutions <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religieuses</a>, ou même la <a href="/wiki/Famille_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Famille nucléaire">famille nucléaire</a>), tandis que les régimes autoritaires les laissent globalement tranquilles. Pour cette raison, elle soutient que le processus de restauration de la démocratie est plus facile dans les États anciennement autoritaires que dans les États anciennement totalitaires, et que les États autoritaires sont plus susceptibles de se réformer progressivement vers la démocratie que les États totalitaires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politique_de_la_canonni%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Politique de la canonnière">Politique de la canonnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Foundation" title="Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_Reagan" title="Doctrine Reagan">Doctrine Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrine_Kirkpatrick&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine?oldid=1252072194">Kirkpatrick Doctrine</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204172141/http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/dictatorships--double-standards-6189">Dictatorships and Double Standards</a> »</span>, sur <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary" title="Commentary">Commentary</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-11" data-sort-value="1979-11">Novembre 1979</time> <small>(version du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-02-04" data-sort-value="2011-02-04">4 février 2011</time> sur <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-jpost_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2006">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Middle Israel: The new world order</cite> », <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-12-14" data-sort-value="2006-12-14">14 décembre 2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Middle-Israel-The-new-world-order">lire en ligne</a> <small class="cachelinks">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161123150526/http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Columnists/Middle-Israel-The-new-world-order">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-11-23" data-sort-value="2016-11-23">23 novembre 2016</time></a>]</small></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-08-16" data-sort-value="2007-08-16">16 août 2007</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Middle+Israel%3A+The+new+world+order&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FOpinion%2FColumnists%2FMiddle-Israel-The-new-world-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADoctrine+Kirkpatrick"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chomsky_1985-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chomsky_1985_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chomsky1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Noam_Chomsky1985">Noam <span class="nom_auteur">Chomsky</span>, <cite class="italique">Turning the Tide</cite>, Boston, Massachusetts, South End Press, <time>1985</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-89608-266-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-89608-266-0"><span class="nowrap">0-89608-266-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningtideusint00chom">lire en ligne</a> <span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Inscription nécessaire pour accéder au document"><img alt="Inscription nécessaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turning+the+Tide&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-89608-266-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturningtideusint00chom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADoctrine+Kirkpatrick"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Politique" title="Portail de la politique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/48px-Society.svg.png" 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