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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake</b> occurred at 14:22 local time (12:22 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_universal_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinated universal time">UTC</a>) on 24 November. The <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> was located near <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran_(District),_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Çaldıran (District), Van">Çaldıran</a>, 20 km northeast of <a href="/wiki/Muradiye" title="Muradiye">Muradiye</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a> of eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave magnitude">magnitude</a> of 7.3 with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Seismic_scales#Seismic_intensity_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic scales">intensity</a> of X (<i>Extreme</i>) on the <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity scale</a>. The area of severe damage, where over 80% of the buildings were destroyed, covered an area of 2,000 square kilometres.<sup id="cite_ref-Toksöz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toks%C3%B6z-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were between 4,000 and 5,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake is located in Turkey"><img alt="1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677"></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.286%;left:95.051%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-20px;top:-20px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake"><img alt="1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/40px-Bullseye1.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/60px-Bullseye1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bullseye1.png/80px-Bullseye1.png 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1610"></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> time</th><td class="infobox-data">1976-11-24 12:22:17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Seismological_Centre" title="International Seismological Centre">ISC</a> event</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=706299">706299</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">USGS-<a href="/wiki/Advanced_National_Seismic_System" title="Advanced National Seismic System">ANSS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem706299">ComCat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local date</th><td class="infobox-data">24 November 1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976-11-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Local time</th><td class="infobox-data">14:22:17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Magnitude</th><td class="infobox-data">7.3 <a href="/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Ms" title="Seismic magnitude scales"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000004-QINU`"'</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Surface-wave mag.">M<sub>s</sub></span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depth</th><td class="infobox-data">36 km (22 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Epicenter</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&params=39.12_N_44.03_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°07′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°02′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.12°N 44.03°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.12; 44.03</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Strike-slip_faults" title="Fault (geology)">Strike-slip</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas affected</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Maximum">Max.</abbr> intensity</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color:rgba(200, 0, 0); padding:4px; color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale#mmi-10" title="Modified Mercalli intensity scale"><span style="color:white;">MMI X (<i>Extreme</i>)</span></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data">4,000–5,000 dead</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png/260px-1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png/390px-1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png/520px-1976_Caldiran_earthquake_surface_rupture.png 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1400"></a><figcaption>Extent of surface faulting in the earthquake, epicentre shown by red star</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Tectonic_setting"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Tectonic setting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Earthquake"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Earthquake</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Damage"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Damage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tectonic_setting">Tectonic setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tectonic setting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The easternmost part of Turkey lies within the complex zone of continuing <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>. The overall shortening that affects this area is accommodated partly by thrusting along the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Zagros fold and thrust belt">Bitlis-Zagros fold and thrust belt</a> and partly by a mixture of sinistral strike-slip on SW-NE trending faults and dextral strike-slip on NW-SE trending faults.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayrak_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayrak-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake was caused by movement on the Çaldıran Fault, one of the dextral faults, which had not been recognized before the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No earthquakes with magnitudes of 6 or greater were recorded within 100 km of Çaldıran in the preceding 74 years, possibly explaining why it was considered an area of only intermediate seismic risk (zone 3 out of the five-zone system of seismic risking used in Turkey at the time, with zone 1 being the highest).<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Earthquake">Earthquake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earthquake" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The earthquake was associated with a 50–55 km zone of surface faulting, extending from three kilometres west of Sarikök in the west to just west of Baydoğan in the east. A maximum dextral offset of 3.5 m was recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barka_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rupture width was estimated at 24 km and the fault zone was found to <a href="/wiki/Strike_and_dip" title="Strike and dip">dip</a> at 78° to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohta_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohta-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of strong ground shaking is estimated at six seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Damage">Damage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Damage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>In Çaldıran, 95% of the houses were destroyed with all the others damaged to some extent, and 615 of the 3,304 inhabitants were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the villages around Çaldıran, over 80% of the houses were destroyed and most of the rest were damaged; 2,313 of the 27,587 inhabitants were killed. In Muradiye, almost all the houses were either completely collapsed or damaged, and 159 of the 6,753 inhabitants were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the buildings in the epicentral area were constructed of thick walls made from rubble masonry cemented with mud mortar. The structures were typically finished with a heavy earth roof with wooden supports. The very low resistance to lateral loads of these structures explains why almost all the buildings in Çaldıran collapsed in the earthquake, causing most of the deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reinforced concrete structures generally performed well, with none suffering complete collapse. The performance of brick or stone masonry structures was mixed, with some collapsing and others being apparently unaffected.<sup id="cite_ref-Gülkan_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G%C3%BClkan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_1976" title="List of earthquakes in 1976">List of earthquakes in 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">List of earthquakes in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey" title="List of earthquakes in Turkey">List of earthquakes in Turkey</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NGDC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NGDC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NGDC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNGDC" class="citation web cs1">NGDC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813012819/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=4752&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display">"Comments for the Significant Earthquake"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=4752&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display">the original</a> on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comments+for+the+Significant+Earthquake&rft.au=NGDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fnndc%2Fstruts%2Fresults%3Feq_0%3D4752%26t%3D101650%26s%3D13%26d%3D22%2C26%2C13%2C12%26nd%3Ddisplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1976+%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye+earthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toksöz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toks%C3%B6z_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToksözArpat_E.Şaroğlu_F.1977" class="citation journal cs1">Toksöz, M.N.; Arpat E. & Şaroğlu F. (1977). "East Anatolian earthquake of 24 November 1976". <i>Nature</i>. <b>270</b> (5636): 423–425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Natur.270..423T">1977Natur.270..423T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F270423b0">10.1038/270423b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4187426">4187426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=East+Anatolian+earthquake+of+24+November+1976&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=5636&rft.pages=423-425&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4187426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F270423b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977Natur.270..423T&rft.aulast=Toks%C3%B6z&rft.aufirst=M.N.&rft.au=Arpat+E.&rft.au=%C5%9Earo%C4%9Flu+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1976+%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye+earthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayrak-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayrak_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayrakÖztürk_S.Çınar_H.Kalafat_D.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bayrak, Y.; Öztürk S.; Çınar H.; Kalafat D.; Tsapanos T.M.; Koravos Ch. & Leventakis G.-A. (2009). "Estimating earthquake hazard parameters from instrumental data for different regions in and around Turkey". <i>Engineering Geology</i>. <b>105</b> (3–4): 200–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EngGe.105..200B">2009EngGe.105..200B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enggeo.2009.02.004">10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.02.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+Geology&rft.atitle=Estimating+earthquake+hazard+parameters+from+instrumental+data+for+different+regions+in+and+around+Turkey&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=200-210&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enggeo.2009.02.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EngGe.105..200B&rft.aulast=Bayrak&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk+S.&rft.au=%C3%87%C4%B1nar+H.&rft.au=Kalafat+D.&rft.au=Tsapanos+T.M.&rft.au=Koravos+Ch.&rft.au=Leventakis+G.-A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1976+%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye+earthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gülkan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G%C3%BClkan_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGülkanGürpinarCelebiArpat_E.1978" class="citation book cs1">Gülkan, P.; Gürpinar, A.; Celebi, M.; Arpat E. & Gencoğlu (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUIrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Engineering report on the Muradiye-Çaldiran, Turkey, earthquake of 24 November 1976</i></a>. National Academies. pp. 5–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+report+on+the+Muradiye-%C3%87aldiran%2C+Turkey%2C+earthquake+of+24+November+1976&rft.pages=5-25&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=G%C3%BClkan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=G%C3%BCrpinar%2C+A.&rft.au=Celebi%2C+M.&rft.au=Arpat+E.&rft.au=Genco%C4%9Flu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmUIrAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1976+%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye+earthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barka-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barka_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barka_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkaReilinger1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aykut_Barka" title="Aykut Barka">Barka, A.</a>; Reilinger (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/1520/1/02%20barka.pdf">"Active tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean region: deduced from GPS, neotectonic and seismicity data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annali di Geofisica</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 588–592<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+di+Geofisica&rft.atitle=Active+tectonics+of+the+Eastern+Mediterranean+region%3A+deduced+from+GPS%2C+neotectonic+and+seismicity+data&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=588-592&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Barka&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Reilinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-prints.org%2Fbitstream%2F2122%2F1520%2F1%2F02%2520barka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1976+%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye+earthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohta-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ohta_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhtaGoto_N.Satoh_K.Ergünnay_O.1980" class="citation web cs1">Ohta, Y.; Goto N.; Satoh K.; Ergünnay O. & Tabban A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/7_vol9_399.pdf">"An engineering seismological study on the 1976 Çaldiran earthquake in Turkey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the seventh world conference on Earthquake Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey</i>. pp. 399–406<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+seventh+world+conference+on+Earthquake+Engineering%2C+Istanbul%2C+Turkey&rft.atitle=An+engineering+seismological+study+on+the+1976+%C3%87aldiran+earthquake+in+Turkey&rft.pages=399-406&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ohta&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Goto+N.&rft.au=Satoh+K.&rft.au=Erg%C3%BCnnay+O.&rft.au=Tabban+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iitk.ac.in%2Fnicee%2Fwcee%2Farticle%2F7_vol9_399.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1976+%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye+earthquake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" 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