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Whaling in Japan - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organized_whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Organized whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organized_whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reactions_to_modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions_to_modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Reactions to modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions_to_modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICRW_and_IWC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICRW_and_IWC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>ICRW and IWC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICRW_and_IWC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moratorium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moratorium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Moratorium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moratorium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Research whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Normalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_IWC_meeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_IWC_meeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>2010 IWC meeting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_IWC_meeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-ICJ_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-ICJ_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Post-ICJ ruling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-ICJ_ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_Florianopolis_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>2018 Florianopolis Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelagic_whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagic_whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pelagic whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagic_whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small-type_coastal_whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-type_coastal_whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Small-type coastal whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-type_coastal_whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bycatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bycatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bycatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bycatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whaling_in_coastal_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whaling_in_coastal_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Whaling in coastal Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whaling_in_coastal_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Imports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputes_among_the_public_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputes_among_the_public_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Disputes among the public in Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputes_among_the_public_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Catches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JARPA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JARPA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>JARPA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JARPA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JARPA_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JARPA_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>JARPA II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JARPA_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JARPN" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JARPN"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>JARPN</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JARPN-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JARPN_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JARPN_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>JARPN II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JARPN_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resumption_of_commercial_whaling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resumption_of_commercial_whaling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Resumption of commercial whaling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resumption_of_commercial_whaling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultural aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_in_the_IWC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_in_the_IWC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Debate in the IWC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_in_the_IWC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Australian opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ICJ_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICJ_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>ICJ case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICJ_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_by_environmental_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_by_environmental_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Opposition by environmental groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_by_environmental_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>International opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_viability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_viability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Commercial viability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_viability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_attention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_attention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media attention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_attention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Official bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Whaling in Japan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_de_balenes_al_Jap%C3%B3" title="Caça de balenes al Japó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caça de balenes al Japó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86" title="شکار نهنگ در ژاپن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکار نهنگ در ژاپن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programme_de_recherche_japonais_sur_les_baleines" title="Programme de recherche japonais sur les baleines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Programme de recherche japonais sur les baleines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%ED%8F%AC%EA%B2%BD" title="일본의 포경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 포경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perburuan_paus_di_Jepang" title="Perburuan paus di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perburuan paus di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1lnavad%C3%A1szat_Jap%C3%A1nban" title="Bálnavadászat Japánban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bálnavadászat Japánban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%8D%95%E9%AF%A8" title="日本の捕鯨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の捕鯨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a_%C3%A0_baleia_no_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Caça à baleia no Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caça à baleia no Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Китобойный промысел в Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китобойный 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href="/wiki/File:Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/300px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/450px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg/600px-Japan_Factory_Ship_Nisshin_Maru_Whaling_Mother_and_Calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A whale and a sub-adult being loaded aboard a <a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">factory ship</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Maru" title="Nisshin Maru">Nisshin Maru</a></i>. The sign above the <a href="/wiki/Slipway" title="Slipway">slipway</a> reads, "Legal research under the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">ICRW</a>." Australia released this photo to <a href="#Australian_opposition">challenge that claim</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Japanese whaling</b>, in terms of active hunting of whales, is estimated by the Japan Whaling Association to have begun around the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> on an industrial scale began around the 1890s when Japan started to participate in the modern whaling industry, at that time an industry in which many countries participated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century, Japan was heavily involved in commercial whaling. This continued until the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC) moratorium on commercial whaling went into effect in 1986. Japan continued to hunt whales using the scientific research provision in the agreement and Japanese whaling was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cetacean_Research" title="Institute of Cetacean Research">Institute of Cetacean Research</a>. This was allowed under IWC rules, although most IWC members opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.782697_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.782697-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled that the Japanese whaling program called "JARPA II," in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> including inside the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Australian Whale Sanctuary">Australian Whale Sanctuary</a>, was not in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a>, and was not for scientific purposes, as it had claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ordered Japan to cease operations.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the ruling, Japan formulated a new Antarctic research whaling program, "NEWREP-A", to replace JARPAII. Under this program, 333 <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_minke_whale" title="Antarctic minke whale">Antarctic minke whales</a> were hunted each year from 2015 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 July 2019 Japan withdrew from the IWC and resumed commercial whaling, claiming that the IWC's original goal of sustainable whaling had been lost. As a result, Japanese whaling will now only take place in Japan's territorial waters and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive economic zones">exclusive economic zones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mofa19072_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofa19072-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moving away from the <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">high seas</a> in order to avoid trade violations under <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>. Within this geographic perimeter, Japan still manages to expand its whale hunt, setting its goals for the year 2024 at 142 minke whales, 187 Bryde's whales, 25 sei whales, with the recent addition of 59 fin whales.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antarctic hunts were a source of conflict between pro- and <a href="/wiki/Anti-whaling" title="Anti-whaling">anti-whaling</a> countries and organizations. Antarctic minke whales have experienced an apparent decline in population, though the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> (IUCN) indicates that it lacks sufficient data to confer a <i>threatened</i> designation on the species of minke whale.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN's International Court of Justice, in addition to other countries, scientists, and environmental organizations, consider the Japanese research program to be unnecessary and lacking scientific merit, and describe it as a thinly disguised commercial whaling operation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimesletter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesletter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vox_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antarctic minke whale populations have declined since the beginning of the JARPA program<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and those species harvested have shown increasing signs of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan, echoing Norway's arguments on <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">its own whaling</a> activities, also argues it is entitled to continue whaling because of whaling's place in its cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-POSIT_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POSIT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a> from these hunts is sold in shops and restaurants, and is showcased at an annual food festival that, in some cases, features the butchering of a whale for onlookers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A poll in 2014 found that few Japanese people have been eating whale meat regularly since whale-based dishes disappeared from school lunches in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></div> <p>Archeological evidence in the form of whale remains discovered in burial mounds suggests that whales have been consumed in Japan since the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a> (between c. 14,000 and 300 BCE). Without the means to engage in active whaling, consumption at that time primarily stemmed from stranded whales.<sup id="cite_ref-isana-34-1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isana-34-1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a> folklore reveals a long history of whaling<sup id="cite_ref-isana-34-1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isana-34-1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a spiritual association with whales.<sup id="cite_ref-etter-1949_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etter-1949-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest records of hand-thrown harpoons date from the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-jwa-history_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwa-history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Whaling_in_Taiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Traditional_Whaling_in_Taiji.jpg/800px-Traditional_Whaling_in_Taiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Traditional_Whaling_in_Taiji.jpg/1200px-Traditional_Whaling_in_Taiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Traditional_Whaling_in_Taiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Inshore whaling in <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji</a>, Japan</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organized_whaling">Organized whaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organized whaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png/220px-Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png/330px-Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png/440px-Kujirakata-Shosha-Zue-Genuine-illustrations-of-Taiji-Whaling-Techniques-1857.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="5678" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations of the whaling techniques of Taiji, Japan in 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>Organized open-boat shore whaling began in the 1570s; and continued into the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-kasuya-2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasuya-2002-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techniques were developed in the 17th century in <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji, Wakayama</a>. Wada Chubei Yorimoto established a <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> by organizing the group hunting system in 1606. Whalers would spot whales from stations along the shore and launch boats to catch them with harpoons and lances. His grandson, Wada Kakuemon Yoriharu, later known as Taiji Kakuemon Yoriharu, invented the whaling net technique called <i>amitori-shiki</i> (網取り式).<sup id="cite_ref-nbwm-jtw_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbwm-jtw-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-icr-history_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icr-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thara-1959_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thara-1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Instead of trying to harpoon whales in open water, now twenty or more boats would encircle a whale and make a racket, driving it towards the shallows into nets wielded by a second group of six boats. There harpooners would approach in four boats of their own. The nets made escape more difficult and, in its struggle to escape, the whale got tired sooner.</p></blockquote> <p>Primarily <a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">fin whales</a> were hunted.<sup id="cite_ref-icr-history_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icr-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">Blue whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">sei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a> were however also taken when possible. </p><p>Once ashore, the whale was quickly <a href="/wiki/Flensing" title="Flensing">flensed</a> and divided into its separate parts for various warehouses and further processing. Although the primary use for whales was meat, the entire whale was used in a variety of products including lamp oil, soaps, fertilizer, folding fans (<a href="/wiki/Baleen" title="Baleen">baleen</a>), and more. This method of whaling required a significant financial investment from rich individuals to compensate for the sizable labor force. However, whaling remained entwined with ritual and unlike their contemporary European counterparts the early Japanese coastal whalers considered whales a valuable resource and did not over-exploit local stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically, Japanese writers have tried to call attention to historical whale declines due to whaling practices by other nations over hundreds of years, some of which continue today, and assert that motives and objectives of Japanese whaling customs differ from other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-nature-42-43_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-42-43-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the Japanese whaling tradition claim that the experience is both humble and emotional, and all parts of a whale are used, unlike westerners of the past who hunted only for <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>. In addition, Japan has strictly controlled catch quotas, and whalers have never hunted juveniles or cow/calf pairs due to their respect for whales. When they kill whales, hunters invoke the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and pray for the repose of whales' souls;<sup id="cite_ref-nature-42-43_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-42-43-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they held <a href="/wiki/Japanese_funeral" title="Japanese funeral">funerals</a> for whales, built <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaphs</a> for them, gave <a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">posthumous Buddhist names</a> to them, and when a dead fetus is removed from a butchered cow, an effort is made to release it into the sea. These practices are intended to encourage emotionally healthy or spiritual relationships with whales, and are connected with Japanese religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-kyu-kujira133-134_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyu-kujira133-134-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kyu-kujira06_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyu-kujira06-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though Buddhists were opposed to hunting whales, due to the whales' great care for their calves,<sup id="cite_ref-Miura_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miura-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enforcement of the <i>Shorui-Awaremi-no-rei</i> (ordinances of animal protection) excluded whales due to being perceived locally as fish, despite the fulfillment of terms of protection for having "mammalian natures", and that a paper regarding whales as mammals was published in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> in 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a precept, Buddhists and other concerned people created folklore tales about whaling communities and those who practiced whaling on an industrial scales met tragic downfalls by supernatural phenomenon such as phantoms and the curses of whales.<sup id="cite_ref-BungoStrait_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BungoStrait-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale" title="North Pacific right whale">North Pacific right whales</a> followed by grays and humpbacks were considered to be the primary targets, and the industries were devastating to the stocks<sup id="cite_ref-Claphametal_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claphametal-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as catch quantities had been reduced dramatically in relatively short periods.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of the industries were more notable on the whale populations than the later <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_States" title="Whaling in the United States">American whaling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline of coastal stocks resulted not only in financial solvency of many industrial groups but also in disputes between feudal domains in western Japan that required the intervention of the shogunate.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the Edo period, Japanese writers may have tried to call attention to overkill by <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_States" title="Whaling in the United States">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Norwegian whalers</a>, whose hunting practices led to depletion of whale populations, and the tragedy called <i>Semi-nagare</i>, an incident in which over 100 <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji</a> whalers were lost in the ill-timed pursuit of the only two whales they had seen in December 1878. The incident effectively marked the end of traditional Japanese whaling practice.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some areas of Japan did not whale and opposed whaling, in particular in Northeast Japan where Japanese fishermen believed that whales were an incarnation of the god <a href="/wiki/Ebisu_(mythology)" title="Ebisu (mythology)">Ebisu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernization">Modernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modernization of Japanese whaling began with the adaptation of Western whaling methods around 1860. In 1861, the Tokugawa shogunate dispatched <a href="/wiki/Nakahama_Manjir%C5%8D" title="Nakahama Manjirō">Nakahama Manjirō</a> to the Bonin Islands on a Western-style schooner to practice whaling in the manner of the Western or "Yankee" whalers that were active in the West Pacific at that time. From whalers that had settled in the Bonin Islands, Manjirō purchased new tools such as the <a href="/wiki/Bomb_lance" title="Bomb lance">bomb lance</a>, an explosive projectile that was used in whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-Rüegg_2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüegg_2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norwegian-style modern whaling, based on the use of power-driven vessels, <a href="/wiki/Harpoon_cannon" title="Harpoon cannon">cannons</a> and exploding harpoons, was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> largely through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABr%C5%8D_Oka" title="Jūrō Oka">Jūrō Oka</a> who is considered the "father of modern Japanese whaling".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oka traveled the world gathering information about whaling practices including to Norway for harpoons, cannons and expertise. He also established the first modern whaling company in Japan in 1899, Nihon Enyo Gyogyo K.K. which took its first whale on February 4, 1900, with a Norwegian gunner, Morten Pedersen.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2002_157_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2002_157-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, Jūrō Oka dominated the whale meat market in Japan with assistance and instruction from Norwegian whalers and their leased or purchased ships. Another boost was provided by the capture of a Russian whaling fleet and subsequent transfer to Toyo GyoGyo Co. Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">imperial Japan</a>'s whaling industry expanded into the new territory opened up by their colonization of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Oka's company (renamed Toyo Hogei K.K.) returned significant profits to its investors which led to increased Japanese competition. Oka later became the first president of the Japan Whaling and Fishing Association, established in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bh-whaling_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-whaling-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>I am firmly convinced that we shall become one of the greatest whaling nations in the world. The whaling grounds round Korea and Japan offer unlimited possibilities, and should stocks of whales, contrary to expectations, fail in those areas, we have the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea to the north and we are aware of the great treasure houses to the south. The day will come when we shall hear one morning that whales have been caught in the Arctic and in the evening that whales are being hunted in the Antarctic.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Scully_2002_157_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scully_2002_157-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p> Jūrō Oka, 1910 </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png/220px-JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png/330px-JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png/440px-JapaneseWhaleCatcher.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption>Japanese whale catcher in the waters off Alaska (c. 1970)</figcaption></figure> <p>Modernization efforts continued through the mid 20th century. Japanese whalers began to operate in specialized whaling fleets consisting of 6 to 10 <a href="/wiki/Whale_catcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale catcher">whale catchers</a> serving a <a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">factory ship</a>. Catchers could range as far as 200 miles from their factory ship, communicating by <a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">marine VHF radio</a>. Catchers could either deliver the whales directly to the factory ship, or float the whale carcass by inflating it with air and <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">buoying</a> it. The catcher would then mark the whale with <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> buoys or <a href="/wiki/Radar_reflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar reflector">radar reflectors</a> to help the factory ship find and retrieve it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions_to_modernization">Reactions to modernization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reactions to modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the start of the 20th century local traditions conflicted with modern whaling practices. In 1911 the conflict turned violent in Same Village, Aomori Prefecture. <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Ocean pollution</a> from the whaling stations, including large quantities of oil and blood runoff, angered the local fishermen and threatened their own fishing grounds. In protest the fishermen burned a Toyo Hogei facility down. The people of the Same region also did not consume whales and considered them sacred.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="The League of Nations">The League of Nations</a> raised concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Over-exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploitation">over-exploitation</a> of whale stocks and called for conservation measures in 1925. This eventually led to the Geneva Convention for the Regulation of Whaling which was presented in 1931 but did not enter into force until 1934 and was completely ignored by Japan and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Antarctica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ships</a> were not used by Japan until the 1930s. As whale catches diminished in coastal waters, Japan looked to Antarctica. Toyo Hogei K.K. purchased the Norwegian factory ship, <i>Antarctic,</i> renaming it the <i>Tonan Maru</i> in 1934. Refrigerator ships were sent along to freeze and transport the meat back to Japan. By capitalizing on both the meat and oil of whales, the Japanese industry continued to out-compete other whaling nations. Improvements in technology such as the world's first diesel-powered whale catcher, the <i>Seki Maru</i>, also increased the capacity to take whales. In the years building up to World War II, the Germans purchased <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a> from Japan and both nations used it in preparation for war.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937 London, the International Conference on Whaling, which Japan did not attend, led to additional limits on pelagic whaling in order to prevent excessive exploitation (and specifically the extinction of the blue whale) creating the International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling. Regarding voluntary acceptance of restrictions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>This is the more important in that Japan, who has not yet acceded to the 1931 Convention is largely increasing her whaling fleet in the Antarctic...</i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Regardless of efforts to establish limits, in part due to Japan ignoring an 89-day season limit and continuing for 125 days, a record 45,010 whales were taken in a single season. The Protocol to the International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling, signed in 1938, established additional restrictions on whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the attendance of Japanese representatives, Japan did not sign the agreement and started hunting for humpback and undersized whales five weeks prior to the defined start of the season.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939 Germany and Japan accounted for 30% of the world's whale take.<sup id="cite_ref-bh-whaling_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh-whaling-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, according to the country's Institute for Cetacean Research, Japan's whaling fleet has killed 333 minke whales in the part of this year's Antarctic whale hunt. Some 230 were female; about 90% of these were pregnant, according to the report.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonan_Maru_no._2_(1937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tonan_Maru_no._2_%281937%29.jpg/220px-Tonan_Maru_no._2_%281937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tonan_Maru_no._2_%281937%29.jpg/330px-Tonan_Maru_no._2_%281937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tonan_Maru_no._2_%281937%29.jpg/440px-Tonan_Maru_no._2_%281937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Tonan Maru No. 2</i> whaling factory ship, drafted into military use, was damaged by a Dutch submarine while taking part in the landing at <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a>, Borneo.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Second World War, Japan's whaling was significantly limited to more familiar hunting grounds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a>, to provide meat and oil for domestic and military use. Whaling there was halted in March 1945 when the islands were taken by US forces. By November 1945 the whaling stations received permission to reopen; however, most whaling ships had been commandeered by the Imperial Japanese Navy, and by the end of the war the factory ships and most of the whale catchers had been sunk.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> encouraged the surrendered Japan to continue whaling in order to provide a cheap source of meat to starving people (and millions of dollars in oil for the US and Europe).<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_1999_405_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_1999_405-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese whaling industry quickly recovered as MacArthur authorized two tankers to be converted into factory ships, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hashidate_Maru" title="Hashidate Maru">Hashidate Maru</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Maru#History" title="Nisshin Maru">Nisshin Maru</a></i>. Whale catchers once again took blue whales, fins, humpbacks and sperm whales in the Antarctic and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_1999_405_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_1999_405-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first post-war expedition was overseen by a US naval officer, Lieutenant David McCracken, and observed by Australian Kenneth Coonan. Coonan expressed disapproval of McCracken in his reports of violated regulations and waste dumped over the side when the fleet began killing whales faster than they could be processed. McCracken even briefly joined in whaling with the Japanese crew of a whale catcher and detailed the trip in his 1948 book, <i>Four Months on a Jap Whaler</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The post-war recovery established whale meat as a nationwide food source for the first time. In 1947 whale meat made up over 50 percent of the meat consumed in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="50% is huge (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The market significantly increased through commercial sale and public distribution. In 1954, the School Lunch Act also included whale meat in compulsory education (elementary and middle school) to improve the nutrition of Japanese children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICRW_and_IWC">ICRW and IWC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ICRW and IWC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg/220px-ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg/330px-ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg/440px-ICRW-signing-1946-US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Signing the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a>, Washington, D.C., Dec 2, 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a> was created in 1946 in Washington to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry".<sup id="cite_ref-IWCConvention_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWCConvention-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the previous 1937 International Agreement and subsequent Protocols to that agreement in 1938 and 1945, the ICRW led to the 1949 creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> and consists of guidelines for the international regulation of coastal and pelagic whaling. Japan joined the IWC in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-jwa-history_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jwa-history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan would later make heavy use of one particular article of the ICRW despite the condemnation of environmental organizations and anti-whaling nations. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Article VIII<br /> </p><p><br /> 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in this Convention any Contracting Government may grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take and treat whales for purposes of scientific research subject to such restrictions as to number and subject to such other conditions as the Contracting Government thinks fit, and the killing, taking, and treating of whales in accordance with the provisions of this Article shall be exempt from the operation of this Convention. Each Contracting Government shall report at once to the Commission all such authorizations which it has granted. Each Contracting Government may at any time revoke any such special permit which it has granted.<br /> <br /> </p><p> 2. Any whales taken under these special permits shall so far as practicable be processed and the proceeds shall be dealt with in accordance with directions issued by the Government by which the permit was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-IWCConvention_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWCConvention-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As the IWC enacted regulation regarding whaling a number of unregulated operations acting outside of the laws of member nations became notorious in the mid-late 20th century. For example, a large private whaling fleet was owned (through a variety of holding companies and flags of convenience) by shipping magnate <a href="/wiki/Aristotle_Onassis" title="Aristotle Onassis">Aristotle Onassis</a> and gained notoriety for ignoring all limits of size and species. When the Peruvian navy finally stopped and seized the Onassis fleet in 1954,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and just as sanctions were to be applied, the entire fleet was sold to Japan for $8.5 million. Onassis' factory ship, the <i>Olympic Challenger</i>, was renamed the <i>Kyokuyo Maru II</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese trawler, <i>Shunyo-maru</i>, later became a combined catcher/factory whaling ship, MV <i>Tonna</i>, and was owned by Andrew M. Behr who also owned the whaling ship, <i>Sierra</i>. The <i>Tonna</i> is famous for its demise. In 1978 with full holds the <i>Tonna</i> landed another 50 ton fin whale. As the whale was being winched aboard for processing the ship listed over, took on water and quickly sank.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_1999_450–454_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_1999_450–454-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darby_2007_120–123_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darby_2007_120–123-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behr and the <i>Sierra</i> were also linked to Japan's Taiyo Fisheries Co. through a Canadian subsidiary (Taiyo Canada Ltd.) and with whale product for Japanese markets. In July 1979, the <i>Sierra</i> was severely damaged after being rammed by activist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Watson" title="Paul Watson">Paul Watson</a> aboard his ship, the <i>Sea Shepherd.</i><sup id="cite_ref-time.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Sierra</i> was later (February 1980) sunk in port by unknown saboteurs with <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-news.google.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.google.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiyo and other Japanese fisheries have also been linked to whaling through subsidiary companies in Taiwan, the Philippines, Spain, South Korea, Chile and Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_1999_450–454_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_1999_450–454-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darby_2007_120–123_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darby_2007_120–123-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As quotas and resources were reduced and restrictions increased, the commercial viability of large competing whaling fleets was also diminished. In order to preserve the industry, six Japanese whaling companies negotiated an agreement through the Japan Fisheries Agency in July 1975. The six companies (Nihon Suisan, Taiyo Gyogyo, Kyokuyo, Nitto Hogei, Nihon Hogei and Hokuyo Hogei) merged to create a new company, Nihon Kyodo Hogei Co., Ltd. on February 15, 1976. Former president of the Japan Fisheries Association and former Director-General of the Japan Fisheries Agency, Iwao Fujita, became the first managing director by appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1976, Shintaro Abe, the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, declared government support for the newly formed company. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>We ask that the flame of the whaling industry will not be put out and that you do your best to secure Japan's food supplies. The government will be doing all it can to actively support your efforts.</i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p> Minister Shintaro Abe, 1976 </p></blockquote> <p>Nihon Kyodo Hogei Co. Ltd. was later renamed Kyodo Senpaku Co. Ltd. and merged with the Japan Whaling Association and Institute of Cetacean Research to create the modern Institute of Cetacean Research in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moratorium">Moratorium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Moratorium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, the United Nations Environmental Conference produced a 52–0 vote in favor of a 10-year global moratorium on commercial whaling. However, the UN resolution was not adopted by the IWC by a vote of 6-no, 4-yes and 4-abstain. Japan, the Soviet Union, Iceland, Norway, South Africa and Panama voted no.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_1987_29–32_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_1987_29–32-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, a moratorium was once again proposed and voted down in the IWC lacking the required 3/4 majority (8-yes, 5-no, 1-abstain). Japan, the Soviet Union, Iceland, Norway and South Africa voted no.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_1987_29–32_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_1987_29–32-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1973 and 1982 the IWC would see its membership increase from 14 nations to 37, perhaps stacking the vote in favor of anti-whaling nations. In 1980 and 1981 two more votes failed to establish a moratorium by a 3/4 majority (13–9–2 and 16–8–3).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the IWC finally voted in favor of a moratorium on commercial whaling to go into force in 1986 (25–7–5). Japan objected to the moratorium and continued whaling (<i>Under the ICRW an objecting nation is exempted from the disputed regulations. Japan also continued to hunt sperm whales despite a 1981 IWC zero catch quota.</i>). The United States would play a significant role in Japan's acceptance of a global moratorium on commercial whaling due to its domestic laws. In particular the 1971 Pelly Amendment to the US Fishermen's Protection Act gives the US president legal authority to prohibit importation of fish products from any nation that is diminishing the effectiveness of fisheries conservation programs.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later strengthened by the 1979 Packwood-Magnuson Amendment to the Fishery Conservation and Management Act giving the same sanctioning power with regard to the ICRW.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_1987_29–32_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day_1987_29–32-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potential US sanctions jeopardized access for Japanese fisheries to Alaskan waters, with an annual catch of a million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> of fish (1,100,000 <a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short tons</a>; 980,000 <a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long tons</a>), worth an estimated $425 million per year. A negotiated settlement was reached, allowing Japan to continue commercial whaling without the threat of US sanctions until 1988, with an agreement to drop Japan's objection to the moratorium in 1985. However, conservation groups sued the United States Secretary of Commerce, claiming that the law did not allow any deals. That claim was defeated by a US Supreme Court decision in 1986, and, as agreed, Japan withdrew its objection to the moratorium and ceased commercial whaling by 1988. Japan's access to Alaskan waters was later phased out anyway, due in part to pressure from US fishermen and conservationists, and also in response to Japan's subsequent use of research whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_whaling">Research whaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Research whaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, the quota for Southern Hemisphere <a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whales</a> was set to zero by the IWC. However, Japan proceeded to take 225 of them during the 76–77 season by issuing itself a permit to take whales for scientific research under Article VIII of the ICRW. Following this event, the IWC recommended all future applications of Article VIII be reviewed by the IWC scientific committee.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Japan introduced a similar proposal and later issued itself a scientific permit to take 825 <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whales</a> and 50 <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a> every year for ten years. Despite the fact that the IWC scientific committee rejected its research proposals, Japan continued whaling. </p><p>The IWC adopted a resolution in 1987 recommending Japan not proceed until disagreements over its research proposals were resolved. A second resolution was also adopted on February 14, 1988, recommending Japan not proceed. On February 9, 1988, Japanese whalers killed the first minke whale in Antarctic waters under the new self issued research whaling permit. US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> responded by cutting off Japanese fishing privileges in US waters on April 6, 1988, under the Packwood-Magnuson Amendment.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reagan.utexas.edu_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reagan.utexas.edu-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Given the lack of any evidence that Japan is bringing its whaling activities into conformance with the recommendations of the IWC, I am directing the Secretary of State under the Packwood-Magnuson Amendment to withhold 100 percent of the fishing privileges that would otherwise be available to Japan in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. Japan has requested the opportunity to fish for 3,000 metric tons of sea snails and 5,000 metric tons of Pacific whiting. These requests will be denied. In addition, Japan will be barred from any future allocations of fishing privileges for any other species, including Pacific cod, until the Secretary of Commerce determines that the situation has been corrected.</i><sup id="cite_ref-reagan.utexas.edu_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reagan.utexas.edu-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p> U.S. President Ronald Reagan, 1988 </p></blockquote> <p>Japan has conducted research whaling programs in the North Pacific (JARPN 1994–1999, JARPN II 2000 – present) and in Antarctica (JARPA 1988–2005, JARPA II 2005 – present). The IWC has asked its members that conduct research whaling programs to demonstrate that the research provides critical information, that the research is needed for whale management purposes, and that non-lethal research techniques are not able to provide the same information. The IWC has issued at least 19 resolutions criticizing Japan for failing to meet these conditions and asking it to stop issuing permits.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current JARPA II permit has been "for 850±10% Antarctic minke whales, 50 fin whales and 50 humpback whales annually. To date, Japan has refrained from taking humpback whales."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normalization">Normalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Normalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, at its 46th annual meeting, the IWC established the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a> in a 23–1–8 vote. Commercial whaling is prohibited within the sanctuary boundaries. Only Japan voted in opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the size of the IWC continued to grow, so did the influence of Japan within the commission. For example, many new Caribbean member nations voted in favor of whaling interests in 2000 including the defeat of a proposed <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Whale_Sanctuary" title="South Pacific Whale Sanctuary">South Pacific Whale Sanctuary</a>. Additional support for whaling was gained in the Pacific, Africa and South-East Asia. As many of these nations received economic aid from Japan, accusations of vote buying were made by anti-whaling groups. In 2001, Japanese fisheries official Masayuki Komatsu stated Japan used overseas development aid as a tool to gain influence.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the pro-whaling bloc won a symbolic victory in a non-binding resolution implying the moratorium on commercial whaling was both temporary and unnecessary (33–32–1).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan followed with a proposal to 'normalize' the IWC. In the proposal, Japan's representatives claimed the IWC had become dysfunctional in favor of the total elimination of whaling. It also suggested reforms such as the use of secret ballots and increased recognition of cultural differences in the IWC. A Conference for the Normalization of the International Whaling Commission was hosted by Japan in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After over 50 years of control, Japan's center-right conservative party, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), lost in 2009 elections to the opposing left, Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ). Environmental organizations had hoped the change in government would bring about an end to Japanese whaling. However, in 2009 the Foreign Minister of Japan, Katsuya Okada, explained that whaling would continue to receive support as a matter of policy.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_AU_2586866_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC_AU_2586866-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-News.com.au_1225809220883_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News.com.au_1225809220883-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 undercover investigation by reporters from the UK's <i>Sunday Times</i> revealed the officials of many developing countries accepted financial compensation from Japan for support in the IWC. Separate from millions in overseas development aid, membership fees, paid flights, hotel stays and spending money was all provided, by Japan, to gain the support of IWC delegates. In some cases cash was presented in envelopes by Japanese officials.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite recordings from the investigation, officials implicated in the report have denied accepting bribes in exchange for votes.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan ended its 2010–2011 Antarctic hunt early, citing harassment by conservationists.<sup id="cite_ref-search.japantimes_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.japantimes-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was later announced in October 2011 that the 2011–2012 whale hunt would go on as planned. An <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> poll of the Japanese public conducted in July and August 2011 found that 52% of Japanese supported whale hunting, 35% were neutral, and 13% were opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, at the 63rd meeting of the IWC, Japan demonstrated the progress of its 'normalization' policy. When South American countries proposed a vote to establish a new whale sanctuary in the South Atlantic Ocean, Japanese delegates led Iceland, several Caribbean countries, and additional representatives in a walkout. As a result, the vote was postponed for one year along with other matters pending consideration by the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_IWC_meeting">2010 IWC meeting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2010 IWC meeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the 2010 meeting of the International Whaling Commission in Morocco, representatives of the 88 member nations discussed whether or not to lift the 24-year ban on commercial whaling. Japan, Norway and Iceland urged the organization to lift the ban. A coalition of anti-whaling nations offered a compromise plan that would allow these countries to continue whaling, but with smaller catches and under close supervision. Their plan would also completely ban whaling in the Southern Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 200 scientists and experts opposed the compromise proposal for lifting the ban, and also opposed allowing whaling in the Southern Ocean, which was declared a whale sanctuary in 1994 (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-ICJ_ruling">Post-ICJ ruling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post-ICJ ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the temporary cessation of its activities in the Southern Ocean during 2014, Japan announced a research plan for the "New Scientific Whale Research Program in the Antarctic Ocean" in late November 2014, as a replacement of previous programs. In March 2014, the ICJ ruled that the new program's predecessor was "not for the purposes of scientific research". The replacement "NEWREP-A" plan, scheduled to commence in December 2015, covered a larger area of the Southern Ocean around the Antarctic, and 3,996 whales were to be targeted over 12 years, which is fewer than in previous seasons. </p><p>The plan was submitted to the IWC and its scientific commission, but approval was not required from either for Japan to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mil_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mil-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICJ ruling did not prevent Japan from undertaking further whale research activities in the Antarctic region, but, in accordance with the ICJ's decision, NEWREP-A needed to sufficiently meet two objectives: </p> <ol><li>Improvement of both biological and ecological data on Antarctic minke whales.</li> <li>Investigation of the structure and dynamics of the Antarctic marine ecosystem through the development of ecosystem models.<sup id="cite_ref-Ind_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Japan stipulated that it will only kill whales if non-lethal methods of data collection and biopsy sampling fail to meet the plan's objectives. Furthermore, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has declared that information on the number of Antarctic minke whale "data deficient".<sup id="cite_ref-Ind_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ind-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early October 2015, Japan's ambassador to the UN, Motohide Yoshikawa, announced that Japan does not accept the court's jurisdiction over research, conservation, or exploitation of marine life and would proceed with NEWREP-A, without waiting for the court's approval. On December 1, 2015, Japan sent a fleet to the Antarctic Ocean with the aim of hunting 330 minke whales.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet included the ship the <i>Nisshin Maru</i> and three smaller boats. The move was met with objections from the Australian and New Zealand governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_Florianopolis_Declaration">2018 Florianopolis Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2018 Florianopolis Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 13, 2018, IWC members gathered in <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, Brazil, where they discussed and rejected a proposal by Japan to renew commercial whaling. Through the "Florianopolis Declaration", it was concluded that the purpose of the IWC is the conservation of whales and that they would now safeguard the marine mammals in perpetuity and would allow the recovery of all whale populations to pre-industrial whaling levels.<sup id="cite_ref-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-binding agreement was backed by 40 countries, with 27 pro-whaling states voting against.<sup id="cite_ref-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this resolution, limited hunts by some indigenous communities are still permitted.<sup id="cite_ref-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 26, 2018, Japan announced that since the IWC failed its duty to promote <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">sustainable hunting</a>, which is one of its stated goals, Japan is withdrawing its membership and will resume commercial hunting in its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone from July 1, 2019, but will cease whaling activities in the Antarctic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Dec_2018_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Dec_2018-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dec_2018_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dec_2018-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> was cautious against leaving the IWC, the move was spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Toshihiro_Nikai" title="Toshihiro Nikai">Toshihiro Nikai</a>, a member of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> and then-current secretary general of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sankei20190122_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sankei20190122-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nikai's electorate includes the town of <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji, Wakayama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhkworld20190211_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhkworld20190211-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 1, 2019, two minke whales, the first catch after the resumption of commercial whaling were unloaded at <a href="/wiki/Kushiro,_Hokkaido" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushiro, Hokkaido">Kushiro port</a> in Hokkaido.<sup id="cite_ref-asahi20190701_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asahi20190701-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whaling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Whaling.png/300px-Whaling.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Whaling.png/450px-Whaling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Whaling.png/600px-Whaling.png 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Whales caught, by country and year, 1955-2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 2018, Japanese whaling was conducted in both <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> (open-ocean) areas in the North Pacific Ocean and the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. Coastal waters are also utilized for small-type coastal whaling of dolphins and other small cetaceans. Large and small whales are sometimes taken as <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a> in the nets of Japanese fishing vessels as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelagic_whaling">Pelagic whaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pelagic whaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg/220px-Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg/330px-Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg/440px-Whale_meat_on_sale_at_a_Tokyo_fish_market_in_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale meat</a> on sale at <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> in Tokyo, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujira(WhaleMeat)-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg/220px-Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg/330px-Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg/440px-Kujira%28WhaleMeat%29-Takashimaya-20101013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Various cuts of whale meat for sale</figcaption></figure> <p>Japan's pelagic whaling fleet, which annually hunts large whales in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, consists of a number of ships for hunting and processing whale catch as well as securing the hunt against protests. During the 2009–10 season, the Japanese fleet included a <a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">factory ship</a>, four whale catchers and two security patrol vessels. The Japanese self-imposed quota includes 935 minke, 50 fin and 50 humpback whales per season.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardline_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardline-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When whales are spotted the whale catchers will engage in pursuit. A harpoon cannon with a grenade tipped harpoon is fired at the target whale. A rope is trailed from the harpoon in order to prevent the whale from being lost. If the whale is struck and not killed instantly by the explosive tipped harpoon, a second harpoon may be used or the whale may be shot with a rifle until dead. A past method of using a second harpoon to electrocute whales is now forbidden by the IWC. Environmental groups have reported whales being dragged backward and drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each caught whale is secured to the side of a whale catcher with rope. Lines are later used to transfer the whales from the whale catcher to the factory ship. Whales are next winched onto the factory ship through a slipway at the stern of the vessel. On the flensing deck several workers use specialized tools to butcher the whale. Usable product is delivered to the lower decks of the ship for further processing and refrigerated storage. Non usable product is dumped back into the ocean. </p><p>Additional regulations from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_Maritime_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations International Maritime Organization">United Nations International Maritime Organization</a> took effect on August 1, 2011, prohibiting ships using heavy oil from navigation in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a> area to prevent pollution. The IMO <i>Guidelines For Ships Operating In Ice-Covered Waters</i> also establishes requirements for a double-hull strengthened against ice-related damage. The Japanese factory ship <i><a href="/wiki/Nisshin_Maru" title="Nisshin Maru">Nisshin Maru</a></i> does not currently meet these IMO standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Darby.SMH.1_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darby.SMH.1-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMO.2011_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMO.2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarEx.1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarEx.1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small-type_coastal_whaling">Small-type coastal whaling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Small-type coastal whaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></div> <p>Coastal fishing fleets that hunt <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> use many small boats in a coordinated effort. The fishermen bang metal poles in the water in order to frighten and therefore guide noise-sensitive dolphins toward the shore. A series of nets are then used to corral the dolphins in. Divers and fishermen in boats next lance or cut the throats of the dolphins and haul them away to a nearby shore station for processing. A few dolphins are selected for sale to aquariums and spared for the <a href="/wiki/Marine_aquarium" title="Marine aquarium">marine aquarium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium" title="Dolphinarium">dolphinarium</a>) entertainment industry. </p><p>The practice of dolphin drive hunting in <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji</a>, Japan was the subject of a 2009 documentary film entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese whalers have hunted <a href="/wiki/Giant_beaked_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant beaked whale">Baird's beaked whales</a> on the <a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Peninsula" title="Bōsō Peninsula">Bōsō Peninsula</a>, Wada, since the 17th century. Once landed just off the coast of Japan, the beaked whales are pulled onto a landing station with ropes and then butchered for sale. The meat is sold as food and the rest is sold to be used as <a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">organic fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2007 the IWC rejected a proposal to expand coastal catches. The quota was limited to a total of 66 whales between four whaling towns. The whalers of Wada encourage local children to attend the first butchering of each season followed by a community event where whale meat is served.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Japan Fisheries Agency up to 20,000 dolphins of several species will be taken, in many locations along the coast of Japan, over the course of a six-month season.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal whaling communities suffered significant damage as a result of the earthquake and tsunami disaster in March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bycatch">Bycatch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bycatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, published DNA analysis of whale meat from Japanese markets suggested as many as 150 large whales from vulnerable coastal stocks were taken annually as bycatch. Japan legally allows the commercial sale of whales caught incidentally, entangled in fishing nets designed to catch coastal fish. Market surveys also detected migratory whales such as the endangered Humpback<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and endangered Gray whales,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the threatened Finback whale,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the non-endangered Bryde's whales.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact on J-stock whales, which have protected status under the IWC, seemingly increased with changes in Japanese regulations that legalized the sale of bycatch in 2001. Between 1997 and 2000 only 19–29 whales were annually reported caught as bycatch. The number increased to 89 – 137 annually between 2001 and 2004. However, the study concluded from genetic information that the actual amount of bycatch was similarly high prior to the 2001 regulations but was under-reported. Up to 46% of the samples tested proved to be J-stock.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 2001 change in regulations, fishermen could not legally sell minke whales to commercial firms and were supposed to sell them locally or destroy them and report the incident. The high percentage of J-stock bycatch presents a significant threat including the possibility of extinction within a few decades according to IWC population estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whaling_in_coastal_Japan">Whaling in coastal Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Whaling in coastal Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, several whale species have been targets of illegal captures, including humpback, <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">western gray</a>, the endangered <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_right_whale" title="North Pacific right whale">North Pacific right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_fin_whale" title="Northern fin whale">northern fin whale</a> while utilizing harpoons for dolphin hunts or intentionally drive whales into nets. Reports are later filed with administrative organs or research institutions as cases of entanglements where fishermen tried their best to save whales. Products from internationally protected species' meat can also be found on markets even today mostly originating as "by-products" of entanglements, and there has been a case in which it was revealed that at least some humpbacks with other species were illegally hunted in <a href="/wiki/EEZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EEZ">EEZs</a> of anti-whaling nations such as off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the whalers tried to transport the catch to Japan by hiring vessels from other countries and even trying to go on overland routes within other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogino05_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogino05-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan kept official hunts of endangered species such as North Pacific right whales until 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but intentional by-catches of endangered still continue to present in unknown scales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imports">Imports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Imports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, Japan accepted imports of <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a> from Norway and Iceland for the first time in over a decade. The Norwegian shipment arrived in mid-2008 but was held by Japanese customs until January 2009 when the Japan Fisheries Agency finally approved the import. </p><p>The international trade of whale meat is prohibited by <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). However, Japan, Norway and Iceland registered reservations with the treaty in order to remain exempt. The Norwegian company, Myklebust Trading, exports common minke whale and Iceland's Hvalur hf exports <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">Fin whale</a>, which is a vulnerable<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> species. Environmental organizations criticized the trade and expressed doubts that Japanese markets could absorb the increase in supply as thousands of tonnes of whale meat remained in cold storage in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Iceland's proposed quota in killing fin whales was much larger than the amount of whale meat the Japanese market could absorb. In negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Wall">Marc Wall</a>, Economic Minister-Counselor at the US embassy in Tokyo, <a href="/wiki/Jun_Yamashita" title="Jun Yamashita">Jun Yamashita</a> of the Japanese Fisheries Agencies, however, rejected a 2010 proposal to suggest to Iceland to reduce the number of killed fin whales to a more reasonable number.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disputes_among_the_public_in_Japan">Disputes among the public in Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Disputes among the public in Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a> in Japan was conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> in 1998 by a group called Geisharen (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鯨者連</span></span>), which was formed by groups of domestic and international people including both domestic and international celebrities and notable cetacean researchers and conservationists such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Payne" title="Roger Payne">Roger Payne</a>, Erich Hoyt, Richard Oliver, Jim Darling, John Ford, Kyusoku Iwamoto (cartoonist), Hutoushiki Ueki (science writer), Nobuyuki Miyazaki (head chief of the Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute of The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>), Nobuaki Mochizuki (one of the world's first whale photographers to record a living North Pacific right whale underwater in 1990 in Bonin Islands), Junko Sakuma (freelancer), and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the time leading up until the group reaching the destination, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Forestry_and_Fisheries_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)">Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)</a> as well as anonymous groups and individuals watched the group's movements and threatened them not to conduct the tour.<sup id="cite_ref-Obara1996_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obara1996-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this movement, those who claimed conserving marine mammals including <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>, or individuals who tried to correct illegal and over-extensive hunts (including <a href="/wiki/C._W._Nicol" title="C. W. Nicol">C. W. Nicol</a> who was a sympathizer to Japan's whaling industries) or domestic medias that have done reporting assignments<sup id="cite_ref-AERA08_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AERA08-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Japan had been discriminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Obara1996_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obara1996-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these including former fishermen who were ostracized in their communities later became whale-watching operators.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other tours have been operated by former whalers or dolphin hunters such as at <a href="/wiki/Abashiri" title="Abashiri">Abashiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muroto,_K%C5%8Dchi" title="Muroto, Kōchi">Muroto</a>, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cetacean_Research" title="Institute of Cetacean Research">Institute of Cetacean Research</a></div> <p>Scientific whaling is accepted under the Article VIII of the convention of IWC. The Article VIII claims that each member nation can grant its nationals a permit to take or kill whales for scientific purposes. Dissimilar from the international regulations on commercial and aboriginal whaling, the scientific researches and the number of whales killed for scientific purposes are unilateral. Although the Scientific Committee (SC) of the IWC attempted to provide expert assessment of national research plans, the nations carrying out scientific whaling, especially Japan, still use scientific whaling as an alibi for their excess in whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After halting its commercial whaling in 1986, Japan began scientific research hunts to provide a basis for the resumption of sustainable whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to environmental groups and the Australian Environment Minister, the ostensible research serves to disguise commercial whaling in circumvention of the IWC moratorium.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IWC Scientific Committee collects up-to-date data on catch limits and catches taken since 1985. Numbers have ranged from less than 200 in 1985 to close to 1,000 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tableobjection_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tableobjection-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tablepermit_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tablepermit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research is conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cetacean_Research" title="Institute of Cetacean Research">Institute of Cetacean Research</a> (ICR), a privately owned, non-profit institution. The institute receives its funding from government subsidies and <a href="/wiki/Kyodo_Senpaku" title="Kyodo Senpaku">Kyodo Senpaku</a>, which handles processing and marketing of the whale meat. Japan carried out its "scientific" whaling in two areas: the North-West Pacific Ocean (JARPN II) and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Ocean">Antarctic Ocean</a> (JARPA) Southern Hemisphere catch. The 2007/08 JARPA mission had a self-imposed quota of 900 minke whales and 50 fin whales.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 31, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) stated its decision (by 12–4 votes) that Japan's whaling program was not for scientific purposes. The Court ordered that "Japan revoke any extant authorization, permit or licence to kill, take or treat whales" and refrain from granting any further permits.<sup id="cite_ref-outcome_2014_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outcome_2014-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catches">Catches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Catches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg/300px-Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg/450px-Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg/600px-Japan_whaling_since_1985.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Japanese whale catches 1985–2017, by species and region<sup id="cite_ref-tableobjection_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tableobjection-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tablepermit_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tablepermit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>IWC – Japan: Catches Under Objection (1985–1988)</b><sup id="cite_ref-tableobjection_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tableobjection-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th style="width:5em">Fin </th> <th style="width:5em">Sperm </th> <th style="width:5em">Sei </th> <th style="width:5em">Brydes </th> <th style="width:5em">Minke </th> <th style="width:5em">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>N. Pacific </th> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">388 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">634 </td> <td style="text-align:right">615 </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,637</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>S. Hemisphere </th> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,882 </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>3,882</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align:right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>388</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>634</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>4,497</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; text-decoration: underline;">5,519</span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>IWC – Japan: Special Permit Catches (1988–2017)</b><sup id="cite_ref-tablepermit_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tablepermit-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th style="width:5em">Fin </th> <th style="width:5em">Sperm </th> <th style="width:5em">Sei </th> <th style="width:5em">Brydes </th> <th style="width:5em">Minke </th> <th style="width:5em">Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>N. Pacific </th> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">56 </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,359 </td> <td style="text-align:right">734 </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,776 </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>4,925</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>S. Hemisphere </th> <td style="text-align:right">18 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">0 </td> <td style="text-align:right">11,380 </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>11,398</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align:right"><b>18</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>56</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>1,359</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>734</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b>14,156</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right"><b><span style="border-bottom: 1px double; text-decoration: underline;">16,323</span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is current through the end of 2016–2017 season; last updated November 13, 2018.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JARPA">JARPA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: JARPA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The JARPA research program took place near Antarctica from 1988 to 2005. Its stated objectives were to determine mortality rates, whale stock numbers and structure, the role of whales in the Antarctic ecosystem and how environmental changes affect whales. The whaling operation alternated between several pre-established areas intending to take 400 or more minke whales per season. </p><p>In 1997 the IWC scientific committee officially reviewed the JARPA program. The committee expected reasonable precision and usefulness of the data collected but disagreed on whether lethal methods were necessary. It was also noted that the results could potentially allow for an increase in the number of minke whales annually taken.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final 2007 review, the committee agreed with the initial 1997 mid assessment. It recognized that progress had been made in identifying stock structure and at least two stocks were found in the research area. Agreed estimates of abundance could not be developed and preliminary estimates may only reflect major changes in abundance over a long time line. Problems were identified with age and mortality rate data. Krill-related work was welcomed but relatively little progress was made toward understanding the role of whales in the Antarctic ecosystem. Data on pollution was also welcomed but disagreement continued over the interpretation of the results. Levels of toxic pollutants were lower in Antarctic whales than those sampled in the Northern hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commission made note of the fact that the catches took place in the IWC established Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary and that improving management of whaling in a sanctuary is unnecessary. The 2007-1 resolution on JARPA was one of several calling on Japan by majority vote to suspend its lethal research.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-res2007-1_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res2007-1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JARPA_II">JARPA II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: JARPA II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like its predecessor, the JARPA II research whaling program took place near Antarctica. Starting in 2005 until 2018, the stated objectives included monitoring the Antarctic ecosystem, modeling competition between whale species, recording changes in stock structure and improving future management of Antarctic whales.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program calls for 950 minke whales, 50 fin whales and 50 humpback whales annually.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disagreement over the value of the research, the use of lethal methods and the sample sizes continued in both the scientific committee and the commission. In 2005 and 2007 the commission passed resolutions by majority urging Japan to stop all lethal research in JARPA II.<sup id="cite_ref-res2007-1_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res2007-1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-res2005-1_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-res2005-1-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 31, 2014, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) ruled that JARPA II was not for scientific purposes and forbade the granting of further permits.<sup id="cite_ref-outcome_2014_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outcome_2014-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the ruling, Japan cancelled its Antarctic whaling hunt for the first time in more than 25 years, though it announced plans to propose a new research program designed to meet the standards set by the ICJ the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JARPN">JARPN</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: JARPN"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1994 to 1999 Japan carried out its research program JARPN in the western North Pacific. Its stated goals were to improve knowledge of stock identity, improve implementation simulation trials for North Pacific common minke whales and act as a feasibility study for a program on feeding ecology. The program called for 100 minke whales annually. The results were reviewed by the committee in February 2000. The committee agreed that the information was useful for management but no consensus was reached on whether lethal methods of research were necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcjarpn_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcjarpn-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with JARPA, the IWC issued resolutions calling for Japan to cease issuing permits for the take of minke whales citing concerns over the need for lethal methods such as the 1999-3 Resolution on whaling under Special Permit.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JARPN_II">JARPN II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: JARPN II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JARPN II began with a feasibility study from 2000 to 2001 to continue taking whales in the western North Pacific Ocean including 100 common minke whales, 50 Bryde's whales and 10 sperm whales. The objectives of the program included study of feeding ecology (such as prey consumption), stock structure and the environmental impacts of cetaceans. In 2002 after the completion of the initial study, Japan proposed and began a long-term program to study how feeding ecology relates to sustainable use in the Pacific and within Japan's exclusive economic zone. In 2008 the program included a proposal for an annual take of 340 minke whales, 50 Bryde's whales, 100 sei and 10 sperm whales.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcjarpn_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcjarpn-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disagreement over the objectives, methodology, effect on stocks and overall success of the program continued in the scientific committee review of the feasibility study and full program. The full program introduced a change from previous use of the ICRW Article VIII research provision by not specifying an end date. The objectives were deemed unnecessary for stock management by some members, and that it would not contribute significantly to previously identified research needs. The sample size and methods proposed were unlikely to satisfy the program objectives, and the ecosystem modeling was considered to be poorly developed.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcNPdisc_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcNPdisc-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contended the program placed undue emphasis on assumed negative effects of cetacean predation on fishery resources while failing to address the effects of fisheries on cetaceans. However, others believed determining the effects of cetaceans on fish stocks and more information on minke stock structure to be critically important. Some stated the feasibility study would provide valuable information on methodology and other aspects of the program would improve over time and contribute to fundamental questions. The committee identified that the pollution objective did not contribute to the goals of the IWC Pollution 2000+ project but remained relevant to the IWC for long-term study.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcNPdisc_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcNPdisc-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disagreement over the value of data obtained through lethal methods continued as well. Some argued that a wide range of questions could be answered through non-lethal means such as "for pollutant monitoring (biopsy sampling for fatty acid and stable isotope analysis), for stock structure (photo identification, biopsy sampling and faecal sampling), and for feeding ecology (faecal sampling)."<sup id="cite_ref-iwcNPdisc_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcNPdisc-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argued that prey data was required for modeling purposes that could not be acquired through non-lethal means. However, feeding ecology was not necessarily relevant to stock management according to some who argued biopsy sampling would allow for a greater amount of statistical data.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcNPdisc_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcNPdisc-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Argument continued over the potential negative effects of catches, such as depletion of O-stock and J-stock whales, when the only data on many of the populations came from selective extrapolations of JSV (survey) data. Proponents contended that the JSV data was reliable and the research area extended from coastal areas to offshore areas thus limiting pressure on coastal stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcNPdisc_171-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcNPdisc-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, 2001 and 2003 more resolutions were passed by the IWC urging Japan to cease issuing special permits for whaling and limit research to non-lethal methods.<sup id="cite_ref-iwcjarpn_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwcjarpn-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Scientific Committee review was conducted in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 120 publications have resulted from the lethal and non-lethal research conducted during the JARPA programs.<sup id="cite_ref-ICR-papers_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICR-papers-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these articles are published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, and some have both Japanese and non-Japanese scientists as co-authors. However, after killing 3,600 minke whales, the program produced just two peer-reviewed scientific papers since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-limited_output_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-limited_output-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presiding judge of the International Court of Justice ruled on March 31, 2014, that "In light of the fact the Jarpa II has been going on since 2005, and has involved the killing of about 3,600 minke whales, the scientific output to date appears limited, Japan shall revoke any existent authorisation, permit or licence granted in relation to Jarpa II and refrain from granting any further permits in pursuance to the program."<sup id="cite_ref-ICJ_rules_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICJ_rules-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a study based on data gathered by JARPA research was published in a peer-reviewed Western academic journal, <i>Polar Biology</i>. The study, for which 4704 whales were killed, implied that Antarctic minke whales lost 9% of their blubber over 18 years due to a lack of ocean resources such as krill.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lars_Wall%C3%B8e" title="Lars Walløe">Lars Walløe</a>, a Norwegian of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, assisted with analyzing the data and claimed the study was first rejected by two other journals for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nick Gales, of the Australian Antarctic Division, stated the study failed to address criticisms of its methodology when initially presented.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study contradicted previous JARPA studies indicating Antarctic minke whale populations were healthy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resumption_of_commercial_whaling">Resumption of commercial whaling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resumption of commercial whaling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the September 2018 Florianopolis Declaration where the IWC rejected Japan's latest commercial hunt proposal, and concluded that the purpose of the IWC is the conservation of whales,<sup id="cite_ref-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration_117-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2018_Florianopolis_Declaration-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan withdrew its IWC membership on December 26, 2018. It then resumed commercial hunting in its territorial waters and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> on July 1, 2019, but ceased whaling activities in the Antarctic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Dec_2018_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Dec_2018-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Dec_2018_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Dec_2018-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan expects to hunt 227 minke whales by the end of 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-dangerous_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangerous-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but without government subsidies, their whaling industry is not expected to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_July2019_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_July2019-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dangerous_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dangerous-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subsidy of 5.1 billion yen (US$47.31 million) was budgeted for commercial whaling in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_July2019_181-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_July2019-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Whale_conservation#Whaling_debate" title="Whale conservation">Whale conservation § Whaling debate</a></div> <p>Anti-whaling governments and groups have strongly opposed Japan's whaling program. <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> argues that whales are endangered and must be protected.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese government claims that it strongly supports the protection of endangered species, and the scientific whaling is essential to gather information about the status of the various populations. It further claims that the scale of the research is such that it does not affect the stock of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1985 IWC estimate put the Southern Hemisphere <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a> population at 761,000 (510,000–1,140,000 in the 95% confidence estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A paper submitted to the IWC on population estimates in Antarctic waters using CNB gives a population of 665,074 based on Southern Ocean Whale and Ecosystem Research Programme (SOWER) data.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research methodology has come under scrutiny as it has been argued that non-lethal methods of research are available<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Japan's research whaling is commercial whaling in disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese claim that the accuracy of tissue and feces samples is insufficient and lethal sampling is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> published an open letter to the Japanese (in both Japanese and English text) in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">the New York Times</a></i> signed by a group of international scientists, stating their assertion that "Japan's whale 'research' program fails to meet minimum standards for credible science".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimesletter_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesletter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They accused Japan of "using the pretense of scientific research to evade its commitments to the world community." Signatories to the letter included <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a> (former Chief Scientist of the <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>), Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara (former President of the European Cetacean Society) and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Payne" title="Roger Payne">Roger Payne</a> (founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Alliance" title="Ocean Alliance">Ocean Alliance</a>). </p><p>In Volume 53, No. 3 of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/BioScience" title="BioScience">BioScience</a></i>, twenty members of the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission confirmed "that the signers of the open letter correctly summarized criticisms made by researchers very familiar with Japanese scientific whaling", and that "so little of any significance to IWC management can be obtained only from whaling catches that it is impossible to justify killing animals on this basis."<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 episode of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>'s popular science show <i><a href="/wiki/Catalyst_(TV_program)" title="Catalyst (TV program)">Catalyst</a></i>, which strongly argued against whaling, reported that of the 18 year JARPA I program, which lethally obtained samples from 6800 whales, less than 55 peer-reviewed papers were produced, of which only 14 were claimed on the program to be relevant to the goals of the JARPA program, and that only four would require lethal sampling. Some of the research includes a paper named <i>Fertilizability of ovine, bovine, and minke whales spermatozoa intracytoplasmically injected into bovine oocytes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-catalyst_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalyst-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joji Morishita of JARPA has said the number of samples was required in order to obtain statistically significant data. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> contends that Japan, as well as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, is in violation of the IWC moratorium on all commercial whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-whaling campaigners claim that the Japanese public does not support the government for its whaling policy.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all the major political parties from the right wing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">LDP</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Communist_Party" title="Japanese Communist Party">Japanese Communist Party</a> do support whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meat ends up at Tokyo's famed <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> and other high-end restaurants.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People previously involved in the industry have reported rampant meat <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese fisheries companies have expanded abroad and experienced pressure from partners and environmental groups. Five large fishing companies transferred their whaling fleet shares to public interest corporations in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Kyokuyo and Maruha, two of Japan's four largest fishing companies, decided to end their sales of <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">whale meat</a> due to pressure from partners and environmental groups in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International Court of Justice ruled in March 2014 that Japan can no longer conduct its JARPA II program, rejecting the country's argument that it was for scientific purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-outcome_2014_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outcome_2014-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All findings in the judgement refer specifically to the JARPA II program in the Antarctic, so the JARPN program in the NW Pacific is not affected. </p><p>In November 2014, Japan announced that it would resume hunting whales in the Southern Ocean, but that it would reduced its catch target by two-thirds. Japan's Fisheries Agency said that Japan intends to catch 333 minke whales each year between 2015 and 2027, down from 935 minke and 50 fin whales. It said the hunts were needed for collecting scientific data and were exempt from a 1986 international ban on commercial whaling, despite the ICJ ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_aspects">Cultural aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cultural aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese have a long history of whaling. Some towns can show their whaling history for hundreds of years. This history plays an important role to answer the question why the Japanese have kept hunting whales in recent years. Attempts to stop the nation's whaling are perceived as a threat to Japanese culture because eating whale meat is an aspect of Japanese tradition. "No one has the right to criticize the food culture of another people," said Matayuki Komatsu of Japan's Fisheries Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of Japanese whaling (including the government of Japan) often argue that it is a cultural practice which foreigners should not oppose on the basis of cultural differences.<sup id="cite_ref-POSIT_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-POSIT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joji Morishita of Japanese Fisheries Agency in 2001 noted that the Japanese public also feels that anti-whaling groups are covertly racist. With Norway and Iceland hunting whales on a commercial basis, according to Morishita, "Singling out [Japan's] whaling is <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a> – some people would say it's racism. Norway and Iceland are also whalers, but the criticism of Japan is stronger."<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, critics have forcibly attacked the "cultural defense", with for example <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> representatives comparing it to forced <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_cutting" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital cutting">female genital cutting</a> in Sudan, saying that although it is a practice that may have cultural roots, it still should be opposed out of necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-ARREST_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARREST-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A professor of environmental studies in Japan wrote in his book that Japan's modern commercial whaling bears little resemblance to the small-scale subsistence whaling that, until the dawn of the 20th century, was limited to certain coastal regions, and Japan's whale-eating culture was also very limited in scope and an invented tradition, only lasting 20 years from the end of World War II to the early 1960s to augment Japanese school lunch programs during the U.S. occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_in_the_IWC">Debate in the IWC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Debate in the IWC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the debate: <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission#Politics" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission § Politics</a></div> <p>The most vocal opponents of the Japanese push for a resumption of commercial whaling are Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The Australian government's stated purpose for opposing whaling is the need for conservation of endangered species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardline_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardline-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Zealand government is opposed to hunting whales for food or research<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the UK government believes "that whaling does not serve any genuine need and involves unacceptable cruelty."<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2004, it was reported that a working group of the Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic had drawn up plans to leave the IWC in order to join a new pro-whaling organization, <a href="/wiki/NAMMCO" class="mw-redirect" title="NAMMCO">NAMMCO</a>, because of the IWC's refusal to back the principle of sustainable commercial whaling.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan is particularly opposed to the IWC Conservation Committee, introduced in 2003, which it says exists solely to prevent any whaling. Any directives from the IWC are undertaken on a purely voluntary basis as state sovereignty means that there are few avenues by which international law can be enforced. </p><p>At an <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> (IWC) meeting in 2006, a resolution calling for the eventual return of commercial whaling was passed by a majority of just one vote. There has been a failure to lift the ban on commercial whale hunting and Japan has since threatened to leave the IWC until the whaling moratorium has ended.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 the IWC passed a resolution asking Japan to refrain from issuing a permit for lethal research in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary – the main Japanese whaling area.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a visit to Tokyo by the chairman of the IWC, asking the Japanese for their co-operation in sorting out the differences between pro- and anti-whaling nations on the commission, the Japanese whaling fleet agreed that no <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whales</a> would be caught for the two years it would take for the IWC to reach a formal agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 31, 2014, the ICJ ruled that "Japan must revoke any extant authorization, permit or licence to kill, take or treat whales" in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary and refrain from granting any further permits.<sup id="cite_ref-outcome_2014_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outcome_2014-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following that ruling, Japan proposed to launch a "reviewed" research hunt. In response, the IWC voted and concluded on September 18, 2014, that "Japan should abide by an International Court of Justice ruling", but Japanese officials vowed to continue whale hunting in the Antarctic in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-IWC_2014_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWC_2014-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_opposition">Australian opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Australian opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg/220px-AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg/330px-AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg/440px-AustralianCustoms-WhalingInTheSouthernOcean_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>One of the photos released by Australia in 2008, this one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABshin_Maru" title="Yūshin Maru">Yūshin Maru</a></i> with a harpooned <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the proximity to Antarctica, the government of Australia has been particularly vocal in its opposition to Japan's whaling activity in the Southern Pacific. In 1994, Australia claimed a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> (EEZ) around the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a>, which also includes a southerly portion of the IWC Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary. In December 2007, the Rudd government announced plans to monitor Japanese whalers about to enter Australian waters in order to gather evidence for a possible international legal challenge<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABC20071219_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC20071219-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on January 8, 2008, the Australian government sent the Australian customs vessel <a href="/wiki/MV_Oceanic_Viking" title="MV Oceanic Viking"><i>Oceanic Viking</i></a> on a 20-day surveillance mission to track and monitor the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 7, 2008, the Australian government released photographs of the ICR harpoon ship <i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABshin_Maru" title="Yūshin Maru">Yūshin Maru</a></i> killing several different whales, and a mother whale and her 1-year-old calf being taken on board the <i>Nisshin Maru</i> for processing (see photos at right and top of page).<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian government also used that opportunity to reject ICR's scientific research claims by calling them "without foundation", and declaring that "You do not have to kill a whale in the Southern Ocean to gain a deeper understanding of it."<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett20080207a_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett20080207a-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2009, the Prime Minister of Australia restated official objections to Japan's whaling programs and threatened to take legal action through international courts.<sup id="cite_ref-tvnz.co.nz_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvnz.co.nz-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>We, if we cannot resolve this matter diplomatically, will take international legal action. I'm serious about it, I would prefer to deal with it diplomatically, but if we cannot get there, that's the alternative course of action.</i><sup id="cite_ref-tvnz.co.nz_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tvnz.co.nz-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p> Australian PM Kevin Rudd, 2009 </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ICJ_case">ICJ case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: ICJ case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 31, 2010, the Australian Government lodged formal proceedings against Japan in the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICJ-Complaint_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICJ-Complaint-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a joint ministerial statement, the government stated that it "has not taken this decision lightly." </p><p>On January 5, 2011, leaked US diplomatic cables revealed that the Australian legal challenge to Japanese whaling was heavily influenced by domestic political pressures and Australian government advisers were left deeply pessimistic about the prospects of success in the International Court. In its reports to Washington, the US Embassy reported that Australian government contacts were stating that the legal proceedings "would be unlikely to stop the whale hunt entirely, but could well force modifications that would make it more difficult for the Japanese".<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian public overwhelmingly supports governmental efforts to stop Japanese whaling, even at risk of losing valuable trade relations.<sup id="cite_ref-lowy.895_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowy.895-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Zealand government lodged a "Declaration of Intervention" with the ICJ on February 6, 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which it deemed Japan as ineligible for a Special Permit that would allow whaling on the basis of scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the Australian government's 2010 application, a court case was heard at the ICJ. The hearing ran from June 26, 2013, until July 6, 2013. In its deposition to the ICJ, the Australian government has claimed that Japan "has breached and is continuing to breach" its obligations under the international convention, and further asserted that Japan has refused to accept IWC recommendations. <a href="/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Australia" title="Solicitor-General of Australia">Solicitor-General of Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_Gleeson" title="Justin Gleeson">Justin Gleeson</a> appeared for Australia before the ICJ.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICJ's 16-judge bench received and then decided upon the case. Rothwell stated that the case "is a complex one which raises novel legal issues not previously considered by any international court".<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tony Press, CEO of the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tasmania" title="University of Tasmania">University of Tasmania</a>, Australia, provided weekly reports of the ICJ hearings for <i>The Conversation Australia</i> media publication. Following the second week, Press relayed that Japan articulated in certain terms its intentions in the Southern Ocean: "the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry", further explaining that a whale must be killed to obtain certain types of information, such as the collection of ear plugs to estimate the age of a whale. During the second week, Professor Lars Walløe, of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> and a former Norwegian Commissioner to the Whaling Commission was presented by Japan as its sole expert witness.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the week beginning July 8, 2013, New Zealand delivered its intervention, in which it provided a history of the origin of the 1946 Whaling Convention and <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General for Australia">Australian Attorney-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dreyfus" title="Mark Dreyfus">Mark Dreyfus</a> affirmed that his nation had not "colluded" with New Zealand to launch the ICJ proceedings. Dreyfus concluded Australia's contribution by emphasizing the friendship shared by Australia and Japan, and stated: "Australia respectfully requests the Court to bring Japan’s whaling program to an end."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICJ hearing concluded on July 16, 2013. In Japan's final presentation Professor Payam Akhavan of McGill University stated: ""it would not be an exaggeration to say that Australia’s case now hangs by a thread".<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 31, 2014, the ICJ ruled that Japan's whaling program was not for scientific purposes. The Court ordered that "Japan revoke any extant authorization, permit or licence to kill, take or treat whales" and refrain from granting any further permits.<sup id="cite_ref-outcome_2014_161-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outcome_2014-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court's judges agreed with Australia that the number of Japanese scientific research publications were not proportionate to the number of animals killed.<sup id="cite_ref-ICJ_rules_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICJ_rules-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two former Australian Environment ministers applauded the decision and stated their hopes that Japan would respect it.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision of the ICJ is final and the right of appeal does not apply in this context.<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_226-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese officials confirmed their nation's recognition of the ICJ decision in March 2014, whereby the ruling would be upheld.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A media report, published in September 2014, reported on the intention of Japanese officials to submit a revised programme to the IWC's scientific committee in November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_by_environmental_groups">Opposition by environmental groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Opposition by environmental groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-whaling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anti-whaling.jpg/220px-Anti-whaling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anti-whaling.jpg/330px-Anti-whaling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Anti-whaling.jpg/440px-Anti-whaling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Anti-whaling protester in Melbourne, Australia, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese whaling fleet had several clashes with anti-whaling protesters and activists from various groups,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2014)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a>, endeavoring to follow, document and disrupt the whaling fleet since the 2005–2006 season. On January 15, 2008, two crew members traveling on the <a href="/wiki/MV_Steve_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="MV Steve Irwin">MV <i>Steve Irwin</i></a> boarded the whaling ship <i>Yushin Maru 2</i> without permission and were subsequently detained on board the ship for a number of days. Japan claimed that four crew members on board a Japanese whaling ship in Antarctic waters were injured March 3, 2008, when the anti-whaling group threw <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric acid</a> on board.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan confirmed the later throwing of "flashbang" grenades onto the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ship, MV <i>Steve Irwin</i> by their whaling factory ship, <i>Nisshin Maru</i>. Japan also confirmed firing a "warning shot" into the air. The captain of the <i>Steve Irwin</i>, Paul Watson, claimed to have been hit in the chest by a bullet from a Japanese whaling ship crewmember, and a piece of metal was found lodged into his bullet-proof vest he was wearing at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Japanese government has denied the incident, but admitted that the whalers launched "noise balls", described as "loud explosive deterrent devices".<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 7, 2009, the MV <i>Steve Irwin</i> and the <i>Yushin Maru No. 2</i> collided as the Japanese vessel was attempting to transfer a whale. Both sides claimed the other had been at fault.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, two Greenpeace anti-whaling activists, Junichi Sato and Toru Suzuki, also called the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Two" title="Tokyo Two">Tokyo Two</a> were arrested and put on trial after trying to expose what they considered a theft ring within the whaling industry. An investigation was conducted into these practices, but was shortly ended concluding that the meat was taken as a souvenir and thus legal to possess.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his trial, Sato, Greenpeace Japan's Director of Oceans Campaign said that Greenpeace is moving away from a confrontational strategy and is using words to persuade Japan to end the hunts.<sup id="cite_ref-richardblack_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardblack-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He feels that outside groups do not have a good understanding of Japanese culture which can result in some actions having counter-productive results. </p><p>In January 2010, it was revealed that the Japanese whaling fleet was chartering flights in Australian planes from Hobart and Albany to track the Sea Shepherd ships' movements and provide information on their location to the whaling fleet so the fleet could evade them. The flights were heavily criticised by the Australian Greens.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 2010, the anti-whaling ship <i><a href="/wiki/MY_Ady_Gil" title="MY Ady Gil">MY Ady Gil</a></i> suffered severe damage to its bow after a collision with the Japanese whaling ship <i><a href="/wiki/MV_Sh%C5%8Dnan_Maru_2" title="MV Shōnan Maru 2">Shōnan Maru No. 2</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ady Gil was abandoned and left to sink after it had taken on too much water to be towed. While the first officer of the Bob Barker has said that all the fuel, oil, batteries and other environmental contaminates were removed from the Ady Gil before towing began,<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> photographic evidence released by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Cetacean_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Cetacean Research">Institute for Cetacean Research</a> showed the wreckage continued to leak fuel into the Southern Ocean after it had been abandoned by Sea Shepherd.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan's Fisheries Agency announced on April 12, 2010, that the whaling fleet had caught about half of the 935 whales it has hoped to catch during the 2009–2010 whaling research season as a result of obstruction by <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> protest operations. The whalers harvested 506 southern minke whales and one fin whale.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2011, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society caused Japan to call off annual whaling in Antarctic waters.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atsushi Ishii, Japanese political scientist and professor at <a href="/wiki/Tohoku_University" title="Tohoku University">Tohoku University</a>'s Center for Northeast Asian Studies stated in his 2011 book <i>Kaitai Shinso: Hogei Ronso</i> ("Anatomy of the Whaling Debate"), that Japan used the activities by conservationists like Sea Shepherd as a face-saving excuse to stop the unprofitable Antarctic hunt. Ishii asserts that the activities of environmental and animal rights activists were actually counterproductive because they fueled nationalism and increased the demand for whale meat in Japan. Ishii predicted that Japan would shift its whale hunting efforts to coastal waters and the Northwest Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-search.japantimes_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search.japantimes-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2011, The Japanese government confirmed that US$29 million out of their supplementary post-earthquake and tsunami reconstruction budget was spent to provide extra security to ensure the "stable operation" of the Japanese whaling fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a lengthy legal case in the United States, the Sea Shepherd agreed not to harass Japan's whaling ships in August 2016, specifically not to physically attack Japan's whaling vessels or crew, nor to approach within 500 yards of the vessels on the high seas.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea Shepherd's Australian branch however said they were not affected by the court ruling since the US court had no jurisdiction over Australian law.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_opposition">International opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 6, 2008, members of the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> met in London to discuss reaching an agreement on whale conservation rules.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese whalers and anti-whaling activists clashed in the waters near <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> on March 7, 2008, with each side offering conflicting accounts of the confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IWC called upon the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> to refrain from dangerous actions and reiterated its condemnation of any actions that are a risk to human life and property in relation to the activities of vessels at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan has continued to face accusations of <a href="/wiki/Vote-rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote-rigging">vote-buying</a> within the IWC, as an increasing number of developing countries with little or no tradition of whaling join. On March 8, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>' Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Derek_Sikua" title="Derek Sikua">Derek Sikua</a> said that Japan had offered to pay for his country's delegates to attend the March 6, 2008, IWC meeting in London, and that he had refused the offer. The whaling chief at Japan's Fisheries Agency denied the allegation. A week before that IWC meeting, Japan hosted delegates from <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> in Tokyo. The delegates also visited the traditional whaling town of <a href="/wiki/Taiji,_Wakayama" title="Taiji, Wakayama">Taiji</a> in western Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_viability">Commercial viability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Commercial viability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its low food self-sufficiency rate, around 40%, Japan relies on stockpiling to secure a stable food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009, Japan's 1.2 million ton seafood stockpile included nearly 5000 tons of whale meat.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the Japanese government began encouraging public schools to serve whale meat in school lunches as part of an initiative to reduce the country's stockpiles.<sup id="cite_ref-News.com.au_1111115171833_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News.com.au_1111115171833-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reported 18 percent of public elementary and junior high schools offering lunches served whale meat at least once during the 2009/2010 fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there has been criticism of serving whale meat to school children due to allegations of toxic <a href="/wiki/Methylmercury" title="Methylmercury">methylmercury</a> levels.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> has also estimated that the Japanese government has had to invest $12 million into the 2008–09 Antarctic whale hunt alone just to break even, and that subsidies in total have amounted to about $150 million since 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-STREET_FIGHT_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STREET_FIGHT-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study found levels of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> in whale red meat at six times the limit set by the US FDA for food. Whale meat can also be contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>. Critics claim that, because of contamination, it constitutes a health risk. Thus children and pregnant women are advised to refrain from eating whale meat.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 2014, online retailer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauten (page does not exist)">Tauten</a> asked its sellers to stop selling whale and dolphin meat by the end of the month. The notice was a result of Japan calling off the whale hunt following a ruling by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK based activist group <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Investigation_Agency" title="Environmental Investigation Agency">Environmental Investigation Agency</a> has accused <a href="/wiki/Rakuten" title="Rakuten">Rakuten</a> of being "the largest online seller of whale products".<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_attention">Media attention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media attention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western media attention regarding Japan's whaling industry has increased. <a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet" title="Animal Planet">Animal Planet</a>'s television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Whale_Wars" title="Whale Wars">Whale Wars</a></i>, places a camera crew on board the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> anti-whaling activist ships to document the annual interference with Japan's Antarctic whaling program. Japan has denounced the program as deceptive and supportive of eco-terrorists to increase ratings.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal Planet has made requests to also film from the perspective of Japan's whaling fleet but the requests were denied.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The animated series <i><a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a></i> lampooned both Japan's whaling traditions and the anti-whaling activists featured on <i>Whale Wars</i> in the episode "<a href="/wiki/Whale_Whores" title="Whale Whores">Whale Whores</a>". </p><p>A 2009 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Oscar</a>-winning documentary, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i>, focused entirely on Japan's dolphin drive fisheries, mercury content of dolphin meat and the whaling town, Taiji. The film also concentrated on the difficulty in observing Taiji fishermen at work due to obstruction from the local police.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Zealander <a href="/wiki/Peter_James_Bethune" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter James Bethune">Peter James Bethune</a> received a two-year suspended sentence after boarding the ship which collided with his boat the <i><a href="/wiki/MY_Ady_Gil" title="MY Ady Gil">Ady Gil</a></i>, which subsequently sank. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported the whaling town of Ayukawa, in <a href="/wiki/Ishinomaki" title="Ishinomaki">Ishinomaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi Prefecture</a>, was badly damaged by the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Nuclear_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Nuclear Disaster">Fukushima Nuclear Disaster</a> in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium">cesium</a> was found in two minke whales caught off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC20110615_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC20110615-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Convention of Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Bluebird" title="Oriental Bluebird">Oriental Bluebird</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society_operations#Japanese_whaling_(2003–2017)" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society operations">Sea Shepherd's operations against Japanese whaling</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg/21px-Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg/32px-Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg/42px-Sperm_whale_fluke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="239" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cetaceans" title="Portal:Cetaceans">Cetaceans</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/21px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/42px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Japan Whaling Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press: 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Family+Storehouse%3B+Or+the+Millionaires+Gospel+Modernised&rft.pages=175&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Ihara&rft.aufirst=Saikaku&rft.au=Sargent%2C+G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dux89AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. 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March 31, 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4901581015" title="Special:BookSources/4901581015"><bdi>4901581015</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natureinterface.com/j/ni02/P042-043/">the original</a> on January 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%92%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E3%81%AE%E9%AF%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%5D+%E7%A7%8B%E9%81%93%E6%99%BA%E5%BD%8C%EF%BC%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E3%83%BB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%83%A8%EF%BC%89%E8%91%97+%E5%AD%A3%E5%88%8A+%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E8%AA%8C+%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9+%E7%AC%AC2%E5%8F%B7&rft.date=2001-03-31&rft.isbn=4901581015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureinterface.com%2Fj%2Fni02%2FP042-043%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyu-kujira133-134-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kyu-kujira133-134_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219024113/http://record.museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp/kujira/06.pdf">"紀州地方の捕鯨絵巻との比較から 133–134頁"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://record.museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp/kujira/06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%B4%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%8D%95%E9%AF%A8%E7%B5%B5%E5%B7%BB%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89+133%E2%80%93134%E9%A0%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecord.museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp%2Fkujira%2F06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span>西南学院大学国際文化論集第26巻第2号 117–155頁 2012年3月 西海捕鯨絵巻の特徴</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyu-kujira06-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kyu-kujira06_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219024113/http://record.museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp/kujira/06.pdf">"森弘子・宮崎克則 西海捕鯨絵巻の特徴 ―紀州地方の捕鯨絵巻との比較から― 西南学院大学 国際文化論集 26-2号 平成24年(2012)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://record.museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp/kujira/06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%A3%AE%E5%BC%98%E5%AD%90%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%89%87+%E8%A5%BF%E6%B5%B7%E6%8D%95%E9%AF%A8%E7%B5%B5%E5%B7%BB%E3%81%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B4+%E2%80%95%E7%B4%80%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%8D%95%E9%AF%A8%E7%B5%B5%E5%B7%BB%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E2%80%95+%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6+%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E9%9B%86+26-2%E5%8F%B7+%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%9024%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%882012%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecord.museum.kyushu-u.ac.jp%2Fkujira%2F06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span>※絵巻の例</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miura-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miura_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miura Joushin 『慶長見聞集』</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousteau Y.J., Paccalet Y., Yves Paccale Y., 1988, 'Jacques Cousteau, Whales', <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810910462" title="Special:BookSources/0810910462">0810910462</a>, Irwin Professional Publishing, Retrieved on May 2, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BungoStrait-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BungoStrait_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(著)Miyawaki K., 「鯨塚からみえてくる日本人の心―豊後水道海域の鯨の記憶をたどって」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claphametal-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claphametal_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaphamGoodQuinnReeves2023" class="citation journal cs1">Clapham PJ, Good C, Quinn SE, Reeves RR, Scarff JE, Brownell RL Jr (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47536%2Fjcrm.v6i1.783">"Distribution of North Pacific right whales (<i>Eubalaena japonica</i>) as shown by 19th and 20th century whaling catch and sighting records"</a>. <i>J. Cetacean Res. Manage</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47536%2Fjcrm.v6i1.783">10.47536/jcrm.v6i1.783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20154991">20154991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Cetacean+Res.+Manage&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+North+Pacific+right+whales+%28Eubalaena+japonica%29+as+shown+by+19th+and+20th+century+whaling+catch+and+sighting+records&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47536%2Fjcrm.v6i1.783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20154991%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Clapham&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Good%2C+C&rft.au=Quinn%2C+SE&rft.au=Reeves%2C+RR&rft.au=Scarff%2C+JE&rft.au=Brownell%2C+RL+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.47536%252Fjcrm.v6i1.783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshikawa_H.Watanabe_T.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ishikawa H.; Watanabe T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whalelab.org/ishikawa2014.pdf">"A catalogue of whales and dolphins recorded in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>下関鯨類研究室報告 No.2 (2014)</i>. Whale Laboratory of Shimonoseki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109080006/http://whalelab.org/ishikawa2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%8B%E9%96%A2%E9%AF%A8%E9%A1%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AE%A4%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A+No.2+%282014%29&rft.atitle=A+catalogue+of+whales+and+dolphins+recorded+in+Yamaguchi+Prefecture%2C+Japan&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Ishikawa+H.&rft.au=Watanabe+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhalelab.org%2Fishikawa2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">末田智樹,2009, 近世日本における捕鯨漁場の地域的集中の形成過程-西海捕鯨業地域の特殊性の分析-, 岡山大学経済学会雑誌40(4). Retrieved on November 30, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126070732/http://www.trakomnavi.com/gidayuu.htm">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trakomnavi.com/gidayuu.htm">the original</a> on November 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trakomnavi.com%2Fgidayuu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">熊野太地浦捕鯨史編纂委員会 ,1990,「鯨に挑む町―熊野の太地」. Retrieved on November 30, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReavis2012" class="citation web cs1">Reavis, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223139/https://glendalecommunitycollege.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/taiji-town-whale-town/">"Taiji Town, Whale Town"</a>. <i>Glendale Community College Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glendalecommunitycollege.wordpress.com/2012/07/17/taiji-town-whale-town/">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glendale+Community+College+Blog&rft.atitle=Taiji+Town%2C+Whale+Town&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Reavis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglendalecommunitycollege.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F07%2F17%2Ftaiji-town-whale-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2023" class="citation book cs1">Holm, Fynn (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/gods-of-the-sea/36CDB7A772C329254E3FC15D19DC934B"><i>The Gods of the Sea: Whales and Coastal Communities in Northeast Japan, c.1600-2019</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-30551-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-30551-8"><bdi>978-1-009-30551-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+the+Sea%3A+Whales+and+Coastal+Communities+in+Northeast+Japan%2C+c.1600-2019&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-30551-8&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Fynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fgods-of-the-sea%2F36CDB7A772C329254E3FC15D19DC934B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rüegg_2017-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rüegg_2017_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonas_Rüegg" class="citation book cs1">Jonas Rüegg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124215956/https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-23/ruegg"><i>Mapping the Forgotten Colony: The Ogasawara Islands and the Tokugawa Pivot to the Pacific</i></a>. Cross-Currents. pp. 131–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-23/ruegg">the original</a> on November 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Forgotten+Colony%3A+The+Ogasawara+Islands+and+the+Tokugawa+Pivot+to+the+Pacific&rft.pages=131-3&rft.pub=Cross-Currents&rft.au=Jonas+R%C3%BCegg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcross-currents.berkeley.edu%2Fe-journal%2Fissue-23%2Fruegg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanwhaling.weebly.com/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>JAPANESE WHALING</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JAPANESE+WHALING&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanwhaling.weebly.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CxTgZJ-CZEC&pg=PA240"><i>A Savage History: A history of whaling in the Southern and Pacific Oceans p240</i></a>. December 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+History%3A+A+history+of+whaling+in+the+Southern+and+Pacific+Oceans+p240&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CxTgZJ-CZEC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCkRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. November 13, 2007. p. 266<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=266&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgCkRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ&pg=PA266"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scully_2002_157-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scully_2002_157_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scully_2002_157_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully2002" class="citation book cs1">Scully, Mathew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_htG-Pi2GboC&pg=PA157"><i>Dominion: the power of man, the suffering of animals, and the call to mercy</i></a>. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31973-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-31973-1"><bdi>978-0-312-31973-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominion%3A+the+power+of+man%2C+the+suffering+of+animals%2C+and+the+call+to+mercy&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-31973-1&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_htG-Pi2GboC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa2009" class="citation book cs1">Morikawa, Jun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rid73dnTmgC"><i>Whaling in Japan: Power, Politics, and Diplomacy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1"><bdi>978-0-231-70118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling+in+Japan%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70118-1&rft.aulast=Morikawa&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Rid73dnTmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. pp. 266–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=266-267&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh-whaling-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bh-whaling_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bh-whaling_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesshistory.com/ind._whaling.php">"INDUSTRIES: Business History of Whaling"</a>. Business History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INDUSTRIES%3A+Business+History+of+Whaling&rft.pub=Business+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesshistory.com%2Find._whaling.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1973" class="citation journal cs1">Dickinson, William R. (May 31, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/pdf-content/MFR/mfr351-2/mfr351-22.pdf">"Japanese fishing vessels off Alaska"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marine Fisheries Review</i> (35): 6–18 – via NOAA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Fisheries+Review&rft.atitle=Japanese+fishing+vessels+off+Alaska&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=6-18&rft.date=1973-05-31&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspo.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf-content%2FMFR%2Fmfr351-2%2Fmfr351-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa2009" class="citation book cs1">Morikawa, Jun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rid73dnTmgC"><i>Whaling in Japan: Power, Politics, and Diplomacy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1"><bdi>978-0-231-70118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling+in+Japan%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70118-1&rft.aulast=Morikawa&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Rid73dnTmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulvaney2003" class="citation book cs1">Mulvaney, Kieran (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqKqWaEUYuMC"><i>The whaling season: an inside account of the struggle to stop commercial whaling</i></a>. Island Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-978-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-978-1"><bdi>978-1-55963-978-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+whaling+season%3A+an+inside+account+of+the+struggle+to+stop+commercial+whaling&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-978-1&rft.aulast=Mulvaney&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqKqWaEUYuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080816190224/http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/publications/pubs/iwc-factsheet-history.pdf">"History and Future"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>60th annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission</i>. Australia: Department of the Environment. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/publications/pubs/iwc-factsheet-history.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=60th+annual+meeting+of+the+International+Whaling+Commission&rft.atitle=History+and+Future&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fcoasts%2Fpublications%2Fpubs%2Fiwc-factsheet-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrinWürsigThewissen2002" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, W. F.; Würsig, Bernd G.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rkHQpToi9sC&pg=PA625"><i>Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals</i></a>. Academic Press. p. 625. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-373553-9"><bdi>978-0-12-373553-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marine+Mammals&rft.pages=625&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-12-373553-9&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=W.+F.&rft.au=W%C3%BCrsig%2C+Bernd+G.&rft.au=Thewissen%2C+J.+G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rkHQpToi9sC%26pg%3DPA625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. pp. 369–370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=369-370&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.wisc.edu/FRUS/EFacs/1937v01/reference/frus.frus1937v01.i0022.pdf">"International Conference for the Regulation of Whaling, London, May 24 – June 8, 1937"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Conference+for+the+Regulation+of+Whaling%2C+London%2C+May+24+%E2%80%93+June+8%2C+1937&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.wisc.edu%2FFRUS%2FEFacs%2F1937v01%2Freference%2Ffrus.frus1937v01.i0022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720095348/http://iea.uoregon.edu/texts/1938-Protocol-1937-Whaling.EN.htm">"Protocol To The International Agreement For The Regulation Of Whaling"</a>. June 8, 1937. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iea.uoregon.edu/texts/1938-Protocol-1937-Whaling.EN.htm">the original</a> on July 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+To+The+International+Agreement+For+The+Regulation+Of+Whaling&rft.date=1937-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiea.uoregon.edu%2Ftexts%2F1938-Protocol-1937-Whaling.EN.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ&pg=PA387"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachael2016" class="citation web cs1">Rachael, Bale (March 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326175720/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160325-Japan-whaling-minke-whales-Antarctica/">"Japan Kills 200 Pregnant Minke Whales"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160325-Japan-whaling-minke-whales-Antarctica/">the original</a> on March 26, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Japan+Kills+200+Pregnant+Minke+Whales&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.aulast=Rachael&rft.aufirst=Bale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F03%2F160325-Japan-whaling-minke-whales-Antarctica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsurumi" class="citation web cs1">Tsurumi, Hiroki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227003432/http://econweb.rutgers.edu/tsurumi/whaling.pdf">"Economics of Japan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econweb.rutgers.edu/tsurumi/whaling.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economics+of+Japan&rft.aulast=Tsurumi&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconweb.rutgers.edu%2Ftsurumi%2Fwhaling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis_1999_405-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_1999_405_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_1999_405_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2007" class="citation news cs1">Nicholson, Brendan (December 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/climate-watch/blame-general-macarthur-for-whaling-row/2007/12/18/1197740272644.html">"Blame General MacArthur for whaling row"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Blame+General+MacArthur+for+whaling+row&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fclimate-watch%2Fblame-general-macarthur-for-whaling-row%2F2007%2F12%2F18%2F1197740272644.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2007" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPRiQFhCFIC"><i>Harpoon: into the heart of whaling</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. pp. 52–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0"><bdi>978-1-74114-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpoon%3A+into+the+heart+of+whaling&rft.pages=52-57&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-611-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPRiQFhCFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWCConvention-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IWCConvention_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IWCConvention_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901182926/http://iwc.int/cache/downloads/1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw/convention.pdf">"The Convention"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IWC. December 2, 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwc.int/cache/downloads/1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw/convention.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Convention&rft.pub=IWC&rft.date=1946-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwc.int%2Fcache%2Fdownloads%2F1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw%2Fconvention.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsey2013" class="citation book cs1">Dorsey, Kurkpatrick (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNkYAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>Whales and Nations: Environmental Diplomacy on the High Seas</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-29580-494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-29580-494-1"><bdi>978-0-29580-494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whales+and+Nations%3A+Environmental+Diplomacy+on+the+High+Seas&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-29580-494-1&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=Kurkpatrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNkYAgAAQBAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. pp. 431–433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=431-433&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2007" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPRiQFhCFIC"><i>Harpoon: into the heart of whaling</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0"><bdi>978-1-74114-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpoon%3A+into+the+heart+of+whaling&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-611-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPRiQFhCFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis_1999_450–454-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_1999_450–454_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_1999_450–454_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. pp. 450–454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=450-454&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darby_2007_120–123-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darby_2007_120–123_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darby_2007_120–123_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2007" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPRiQFhCFIC"><i>Harpoon: into the heart of whaling</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. pp. 120–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0"><bdi>978-1-74114-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpoon%3A+into+the+heart+of+whaling&rft.pages=120-123&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-611-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPRiQFhCFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time.com-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time.com_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825040104/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948497,00.html">"Environment: Victory at Sea"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. July 30, 1979. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948497,00.html">the original</a> on August 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=Environment%3A+Victory+at+Sea&rft.date=1979-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C948497%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.google.com-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-news.google.com_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6YsSAAAAIBAJ&pg=3368,5541633&dq=sea-shepherd">"Sinking of whaling ship in Tegus blamed on militant Americans"</a>. <i>The Bulletin</i>. February 7, 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Sinking+of+whaling+ship+in+Tegus+blamed+on+militant+Americans&rft.date=1980-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D6YsSAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3368%2C5541633%26dq%3Dsea-shepherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa2009" class="citation book cs1">Morikawa, Jun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rid73dnTmgC"><i>Whaling in Japan: Power, Politics, and Diplomacy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1"><bdi>978-0-231-70118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling+in+Japan%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70118-1&rft.aulast=Morikawa&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Rid73dnTmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa2009" class="citation book cs1">Morikawa, Jun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rid73dnTmgC"><i>Whaling in Japan: Power, Politics, and Diplomacy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1"><bdi>978-0-231-70118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling+in+Japan%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70118-1&rft.aulast=Morikawa&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Rid73dnTmgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawa2009" class="citation book cs1">Morikawa, Jun (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Rid73dnTmgC&pg=PA38"><i>Whaling in Japan: Power, Politics, and Diplomacy</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70118-1"><bdi>978-0-231-70118-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whaling+in+Japan%3A+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70118-1&rft.aulast=Morikawa&rft.aufirst=Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Rid73dnTmgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Day_1987_29–32-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1987_29–32_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1987_29–32_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Day_1987_29–32_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1987" class="citation book cs1">Day, David (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TqwOAAAAQAAJ"><i>The Whale War</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 29–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-1186-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7102-1186-6"><bdi>978-0-7102-1186-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whale+War&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7102-1186-6&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTqwOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2007" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPRiQFhCFIC"><i>Harpoon: Into the Heart of Whaling</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. pp. 125–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0"><bdi>978-1-74114-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpoon%3A+Into+the+Heart+of+Whaling&rft.pages=125-126&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-611-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPRiQFhCFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/law/pelly-amendment-fishermens-protective-act#:~:text=The%20Pelly%20Amendment%20to%20the,undermines%20the%20effectiveness%20of%20any">"Pelly Amendment to the Fishermen's Protective Act | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelly+Amendment+to+the+Fishermen%27s+Protective+Act+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Fish+%26+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Flaw%2Fpelly-amendment-fishermens-protective-act%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Pelly%2520Amendment%2520to%2520the%2Cundermines%2520the%2520effectiveness%2520of%2520any&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030220001911/http://www.oceancommission.gov/documents/gov_oceans/Protective.PDF">"Fishermen's Protective Act of 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceancommission.gov/documents/gov_oceans/Protective.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 20, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishermen%27s+Protective+Act+of+1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceancommission.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fgov_oceans%2FProtective.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChayes1998" class="citation book cs1">Chayes, Antonia (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2rcabdXIvQC"><i>The new sovereignty: compliance with international regulatory agreements</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 94–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61783-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61783-4"><bdi>978-0-674-61783-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+sovereignty%3A+compliance+with+international+regulatory+agreements&rft.pages=94-96&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61783-4&rft.aulast=Chayes&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2rcabdXIvQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2007" class="citation news cs1">Black, Richard (May 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6659401.stm">"Did Greens help kill the whale?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Did+Greens+help+kill+the+whale%3F&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F6659401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2007" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPRiQFhCFIC"><i>Harpoon: Into the Heart of Whaling</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. pp. 145–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0"><bdi>978-1-74114-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpoon%3A+Into+the+Heart+of+Whaling&rft.pages=145-166&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-611-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPRiQFhCFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/whale-wars/about-whaling/whaling-japan-withdraw-moratorium.htm">"Why Did Japan Withdraw Its Opposition to the Moratorium?"</a>. <i>Whale Wars</i>. Discovery. December 30, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106183848/http://animal.discovery.com/tv/whale-wars/whaling/japan-withdraw-moratorium.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whale+Wars&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Japan+Withdraw+Its+Opposition+to+the+Moratorium%3F&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.animalplanet.com%2Ftv-shows%2Fwhale-wars%2Fabout-whaling%2Fwhaling-japan-withdraw-moratorium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. pp. 408–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=408-409&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1999" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kygGAAAACAAJ"><i>Men and Whales</i></a>. The Lyons Press. pp. 490–491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55821-696-9"><bdi>978-1-55821-696-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+Whales&rft.pages=490-491&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55821-696-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkygGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reagan.utexas.edu-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reagan.utexas.edu_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reagan.utexas.edu_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924111816/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1988/040688e.htm">"Letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate Reporting on Japanese whaling Activities"</a>. Reagan.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1988/040688e.htm">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Speaker+of+the+House+of+Representatives+and+the+President+of+the+Senate+Reporting+on+Japanese+whaling+Activities&rft.pub=Reagan.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reagan.utexas.edu%2Farchives%2Fspeeches%2F1988%2F040688e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lclark.edu/law/clinics/international_environmental_law_project/our_work/whaling/">"International Environmental Law Project (IELP): Whaling and the International Whaling Commission"</a>. Lewis & Clark Law School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Environmental+Law+Project+%28IELP%29%3A+Whaling+and+the+International+Whaling+Commission&rft.pub=Lewis+%26+Clark+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lclark.edu%2Flaw%2Fclinics%2Finternational_environmental_law_project%2Four_work%2Fwhaling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwc.int/permits">"Scientific Permit Whaling"</a>. International Whaling Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+Permit+Whaling&rft.pub=International+Whaling+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwc.int%2Fpermits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwc.int/sanctuaries">"Whale Sanctuaries: Establishment of the International Whaling Commission's sanctuaries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a>. 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Allen & Unwin. pp. 173, 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-611-0"><bdi>978-1-74114-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harpoon%3A+Into+the+Heart+of+Whaling&rft.pages=173%2C+213&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-611-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJPRiQFhCFIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Paul (November 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/1999/nov/11/whaling.internationalnews">"Japan admits using aid to build pro-whaling vote"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan+admits+using+aid+to+build+pro-whaling+vote&rft.date=1999-11-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F1999%2Fnov%2F11%2Fwhaling.internationalnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2001" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Johnathan (July 19, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jul/19/japan.whaling">"Japan admits buying allies on whaling"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan+admits+buying+allies+on+whaling&rft.date=2001-07-19&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fjul%2F19%2Fjapan.whaling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1444818.stm">"Japan admits trading whale votes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. July 18, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+admits+trading+whale+votes&rft.date=2001-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F1444818.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarby2007" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPRiQFhCFIC"><i>Harpoon: into the heart of whaling</i></a>. 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(2018). <i><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Whales_Ashore:_Oceans_and_the_Environment_of_Early_Modern_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bringing Whales Ashore: Oceans and the Environment of Early Modern Japan">Bringing Whales Ashore: Oceans and the Environment of Early Modern Japan</a></i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-74329-5"><bdi>978-0-295-74329-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+Whales+Ashore%3A+Oceans+and+the+Environment+of+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-295-74329-5&rft.aulast=Arch&rft.aufirst=Jakobina+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhaling+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whaling_in_Japan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Whaling in Japan">Whaling in Japan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_bodies">Official bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Official bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/e/whale/index.html">Whaling Affairs Office, The Fisheries Agency of Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icrwhale.org/eng-index.html">Institute of Cetacean Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwc.int/">The International Whaling Commission</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whaling.jp/english/">Japan Whaling Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210002034/http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/cetaceans/">Whales, dolphins, and porpoises at WWF International</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whaling_in_Japan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/08/whalings-gruesome-catch-p_n_523757.html#s78255title=Whale_Hunting_In">Whaling's Gruesome Catch</a> – image slideshow by <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208174358/http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/34355886/Whales_as_natural_resources.pdf">Whales as natural resources</a> – Master's thesis by Simona Vasileva Boncheva, on economic aspects</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABshin_Maru" title="Yūshin Maru">Yūshin Maru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABshin_Maru_No._2" title="Yūshin Maru No. 2">Yūshin Maru No. 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yushin_Maru_No._3" title="Yushin Maru No. 3">Yushin Maru No. 3</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Laurel" title="Sun Laurel">Sun Laurel</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Sh%C5%8Dnan_Maru_2" title="MV Shōnan Maru 2"><i>Shonan Maru 2</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiko_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiko Maru">Kaiko Maru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_minke_whale" title="Antarctic minke whale">Antarctic minke whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryde%27s_whale" title="Bryde's whale">Bryde's whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_minke_whale" title="Common minke whale">Common minke whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">Fin whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei_whale" title="Sei whale">Sei whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">Sperm whale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Whaling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whaling" title="Template:Whaling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whaling" title="Template talk:Whaling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whaling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whaling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Whaling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">History of whaling</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Argentina" title="Whaling in Argentina">Argentina</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Australia" title="Whaling in Australia">Australia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Western_Australia" title="Whaling in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling" title="History of Basque whaling">Basque Country</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imbituba#Whaling" title="Imbituba">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Canada" title="Whaling in Canada">Canada</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_on_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Whaling on the Pacific Northwest Coast">Pacific Northwest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Chile" title="Whaling in Chile">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Whaling in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling in Germany">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling in Greenland">Greenland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Iceland" title="Whaling in Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Madagascar" title="Whaling in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Whaling in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_New_Zealand" title="Whaling in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_Philippines" title="Whaling in the Philippines">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Whaling in Russia">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Scotland" title="Whaling in Scotland">Scotland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Seychelles" title="Whaling in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_South_Africa" title="Whaling in South Africa">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Whaling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_the_United_States" title="Whaling in the United States">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harpoons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Explosive_harpoon" title="Explosive harpoon">Explosive harpoon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarmann_harpoon_rifle" title="Jarmann harpoon rifle">Jarmann harpoon rifle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/One-flue_harpoon" title="One-flue harpoon">One-flue harpoon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toggling_harpoon" title="Toggling harpoon">Toggling harpoon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-flue_harpoon" title="Two-flue harpoon">Two-flue harpoon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hunting type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal whaling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Drift_whale" title="Drift whale">Drift whale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sperm_whaling" title="Sperm whaling">Sperm whaling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">Whaling ship</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whaleboat" title="Whaleboat">Whaleboat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grindakn%C3%ADvur" title="Grindaknívur">Grindaknívur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harpoon_cannon" title="Harpoon cannon">Harpoon cannon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Head_spade" title="Head spade">Head spade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paledang" title="Paledang">Paledang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Try_pot" title="Try pot">Try pot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trywork" title="Trywork">Trywork</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">Ambergris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambrein" title="Ambrein">Ambrein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baleen" title="Baleen">Baleen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">Blubber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cetyl_alcohol" title="Cetyl alcohol">Cetyl alcohol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spermaceti" title="Spermaceti">Spermaceti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sperm_oil" title="Sperm oil">Sperm oil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">Tabua</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whale_feces" title="Whale feces">Whale feces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">oil</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_Whale_Unit" title="Blue Whale Unit">Blue Whale Unit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cetacean_Research" title="Institute of Cetacean Research">Institute of Cetacean Research</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whale_conservation" title="Whale conservation">Whale conservation</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Australian Whale Sanctuary">Australian Whale Sanctuary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Whale_Sanctuary" title="South Pacific Whale Sanctuary">South Pacific Whale Sanctuary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c59558b9d‐lz4fl Cached time: 20241129150928 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.419 seconds Real time usage: 2.645 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 15701/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 484953/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 13670/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 18/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 940134/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.516/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 22514379/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 320 ms 20.8% ? 180 ms 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