CINXE.COM
<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><title data-rh="true">Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps | by Elissa M. Redmiles | Berkman Klein Center Collection | Medium</title><meta data-rh="true" charset="utf-8"/><meta data-rh="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,minimum-scale=1,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#000000"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:name:iphone" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:id:iphone" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="828256236"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:package" content="com.medium.reader"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="542599432471018"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:site_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:published_time" content="2024-03-14T16:43:25.538Z"/><meta data-rh="true" name="title" content="Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps | by Elissa M. Redmiles | Berkman Klein Center Collection | Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:url" content="medium://p/aa944664c844"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:ios:url" content="medium://p/aa944664c844"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:android:app_name" content="Medium"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="Four years after COVID-19 was first declared a pandemic, policy makers, companies and citizens alike have moved on. The CDC no longer offers separate guidance for COVID-19. Apple and Google have shut…"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="The next pandemic response must respect user preferences or risk low adoption"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/accuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844"/><meta data-rh="true" property="al:web:url" content="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/accuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="https://medium.com/@eredmil1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="author" content="Elissa M. Redmiles"/><meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="index,noarchive,follow,max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="referrer" content="unsafe-url"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@BKCHarvard"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:app:url:iphone" content="medium://p/aa944664c844"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="The next pandemic response must respect user preferences or risk low adoption"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image:src" content="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1200/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:creator" content="@eredmil1"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:label1" content="Reading time"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:data1" content="6 min read"/><link data-rh="true" rel="icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19"/><link data-rh="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Medium" href="/osd.xml"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:304:304/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:240:240/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:152:152/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:120:120/10fd5c419ac61637245384e7099e131627900034828f4f386bdaa47a74eae156"/><link data-rh="true" rel="mask-icon" href="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:1000:1000/7*GAOKVe--MXbEJmV9230oOQ.png" color="#171717"/><link data-rh="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://glyph.medium.com" crossOrigin=""/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_preload_link" rel="preload" as="style" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" id="glyph_link" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://glyph.medium.com/css/unbound.css"/><link data-rh="true" rel="author" href="https://medium.com/@eredmil1"/><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center/accuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844"/><link data-rh="true" rel="alternate" href="android-app://com.medium.reader/https/medium.com/p/aa944664c844"/><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http:\u002F\u002Fschema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","image":["https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fv2\u002Fresize:fit:1200\u002F1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg"],"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fberkman-klein-center\u002Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844","dateCreated":"2024-03-14T16:43:25.538Z","datePublished":"2024-03-14T16:43:25.538Z","dateModified":"2024-04-22T21:02:54.697Z","headline":"Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps","name":"Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps","description":"Four years after COVID-19 was first declared a pandemic, policy makers, companies and citizens alike have moved on. The CDC no longer offers separate guidance for COVID-19. Apple and Google have shut…","identifier":"aa944664c844","author":{"@type":"Person","name":"Elissa M. Redmiles","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002F@eredmil1"},"creator":["Elissa M. Redmiles"],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Berkman Klein Center Collection","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fberkman-klein-center","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":313,"height":60,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fv2\u002Fresize:fit:626\u002F1*Asm9ZQx6QgRDpw602rGEsA.jpeg"}},"mainEntityOfPage":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fberkman-klein-center\u002Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844"}</script><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="STATIC">html{box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%}*, *:before, *:after{box-sizing:inherit}body{margin:0;padding:0;text-rendering:optimizeLegibility;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);position:relative;min-height:100vh}h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dl, dd, ol, ul, menu, figure, blockquote, p, pre, form{margin:0}menu, ol, ul{padding:0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none}main{display:block}a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}a, button, input{-webkit-tap-highlight-color:transparent}img, svg{vertical-align:middle}button{background:transparent;overflow:visible}button, input, optgroup, select, textarea{margin:0}:root{--reach-tabs:1;--reach-menu-button:1}#speechify-root{font-family:Sohne, sans-serif}div[data-popper-reference-hidden="true"]{visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility:hidden} /*XCode style (c) Angel Garcia <angelgarcia.mail@gmail.com>*/.hljs {background: #fff;color: black; }/* Gray DOCTYPE selectors like WebKit */ .xml .hljs-meta {color: #c0c0c0; }.hljs-comment, .hljs-quote {color: #007400; }.hljs-tag, .hljs-attribute, .hljs-keyword, .hljs-selector-tag, .hljs-literal, .hljs-name {color: #aa0d91; }.hljs-variable, .hljs-template-variable {color: #3F6E74; }.hljs-code, .hljs-string, .hljs-meta .hljs-string {color: #c41a16; }.hljs-regexp, .hljs-link {color: #0E0EFF; }.hljs-title, .hljs-symbol, .hljs-bullet, .hljs-number {color: #1c00cf; }.hljs-section, .hljs-meta {color: #643820; }.hljs-title.class_, .hljs-class .hljs-title, .hljs-type, .hljs-built_in, .hljs-params {color: #5c2699; }.hljs-attr {color: #836C28; }.hljs-subst {color: #000; }.hljs-formula {background-color: #eee;font-style: italic; }.hljs-addition {background-color: #baeeba; }.hljs-deletion {background-color: #ffc8bd; }.hljs-selector-id, .hljs-selector-class {color: #9b703f; }.hljs-doctag, .hljs-strong {font-weight: bold; }.hljs-emphasis {font-style: italic; } </style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="KEYFRAME">@-webkit-keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}@-moz-keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}@keyframes k1{0%{opacity:0.8}50%{opacity:0.5}100%{opacity:0.8}}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE">.a{font-family:medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif}.b{font-weight:400}.c{background-color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.l{display:block}.m{position:sticky}.n{top:0}.o{z-index:500}.p{padding:0 24px}.q{align-items:center}.r{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.y{height:41px}.z{line-height:20px}.ab{display:flex}.ac{height:57px}.ae{flex:1 0 auto}.af{color:inherit}.ag{fill:inherit}.ah{font-size:inherit}.ai{border:inherit}.aj{font-family:inherit}.ak{letter-spacing:inherit}.al{font-weight:inherit}.am{padding:0}.an{margin:0}.ao{cursor:pointer}.ap:disabled{cursor:not-allowed}.aq:disabled{color:#6B6B6B}.ar:disabled{fill:#6B6B6B}.au{width:auto}.av path{fill:#242424}.aw{height:25px}.ax{margin-left:16px}.ay{border:none}.az{border-radius:20px}.ba{width:240px}.bb{background:#F9F9F9}.bc path{fill:#6B6B6B}.be{outline:none}.bf{font-family:sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif}.bg{font-size:14px}.bh{width:100%}.bi{padding:10px 20px 10px 0}.bj{background-color:transparent}.bk{color:#242424}.bl::placeholder{color:#6B6B6B}.bm{display:inline-block}.bn{margin-left:12px}.bo{margin-right:12px}.bp{border-radius:4px}.bq{margin-left:24px}.br{height:24px}.bx{background-color:#F9F9F9}.by{border-radius:50%}.bz{height:32px}.ca{width:32px}.cb{justify-content:center}.ch{max-width:680px}.ci{min-width:0}.cj{animation:k1 1.2s ease-in-out infinite}.ck{height:100vh}.cl{margin-bottom:16px}.cm{margin-top:48px}.cn{align-items:flex-start}.co{flex-direction:column}.cp{justify-content:space-between}.cq{margin-bottom:24px}.cw{width:80%}.cx{background-color:#F2F2F2}.dd{height:44px}.de{width:44px}.df{margin:auto 0}.dg{margin-bottom:4px}.dh{height:16px}.di{width:120px}.dj{width:80px}.dp{margin-bottom:8px}.dq{width:96%}.dr{width:98%}.ds{width:81%}.dt{margin-left:8px}.du{color:#6B6B6B}.dv{font-size:13px}.dw{height:100%}.ep{color:#FFFFFF}.eq{fill:#FFFFFF}.er{background:rgba(26, 137, 23, 1)}.es{border-color:rgba(26, 137, 23, 1)}.ew:disabled{cursor:inherit !important}.ex:disabled{opacity:0.3}.ey:disabled:hover{background:rgba(26, 137, 23, 1)}.ez:disabled:hover{border-color:rgba(26, 137, 23, 1)}.fa{border-radius:99em}.fb{border-width:1px}.fc{border-style:solid}.fd{box-sizing:border-box}.fe{text-decoration:none}.ff{text-align:center}.fi{margin-right:32px}.fj{position:relative}.fk{fill:#6B6B6B}.fn{background:transparent}.fo svg{margin-left:4px}.fp svg{fill:#6B6B6B}.fr{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.fs{position:absolute}.fz{margin:0 24px}.gd{background:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.ge{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.gf{box-shadow:0 1px 4px #F2F2F2}.gg{max-height:100vh}.gh{overflow-y:auto}.gi{left:0}.gj{top:calc(100vh + 100px)}.gk{bottom:calc(100vh + 100px)}.gl{width:10px}.gm{pointer-events:none}.gn{word-break:break-word}.go{word-wrap:break-word}.gp:after{display:block}.gq:after{content:""}.gr:after{clear:both}.gs{line-height:1.23}.gt{letter-spacing:0}.gu{font-style:normal}.gv{font-weight:700}.ia{align-items:baseline}.ib{width:48px}.ic{height:48px}.id{border:2px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.ie{z-index:0}.if{box-shadow:none}.ig{border:1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05)}.ih{margin-left:-12px}.ii{width:28px}.ij{height:28px}.ik{z-index:1}.il{width:24px}.im{margin-bottom:2px}.in{flex-wrap:nowrap}.io{font-size:16px}.ip{line-height:24px}.ir{margin:0 8px}.is{display:inline}.it{color:rgba(26, 137, 23, 1)}.iu{fill:rgba(26, 137, 23, 1)}.ix{flex:0 0 auto}.ja{flex-wrap:wrap}.jd{white-space:pre-wrap}.je{margin-right:4px}.jf{overflow:hidden}.jg{max-height:20px}.jh{text-overflow:ellipsis}.ji{display:-webkit-box}.jj{-webkit-line-clamp:1}.jk{-webkit-box-orient:vertical}.jl{word-break:break-all}.jn{padding-left:8px}.jo{padding-right:8px}.kp> *{flex-shrink:0}.kq{overflow-x:scroll}.kr::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.ks{scrollbar-width:none}.kt{-ms-overflow-style:none}.ku{width:74px}.kv{flex-direction:row}.kw{z-index:2}.kz{-webkit-user-select:none}.la{border:0}.lb{fill:rgba(117, 117, 117, 1)}.le{outline:0}.lf{user-select:none}.lg> svg{pointer-events:none}.lp{cursor:progress}.lq{margin-left:4px}.lr{margin-top:0px}.ls{opacity:1}.lt{padding:4px 0}.lw{width:16px}.ly{display:inline-flex}.me{max-width:100%}.mf{padding:8px 2px}.mg svg{color:#6B6B6B}.mx{line-height:1.58}.my{letter-spacing:-0.004em}.mz{font-family:source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif}.nu{margin-bottom:-0.46em}.nv{font-style:italic}.nw{margin-left:auto}.nx{margin-right:auto}.ny{max-width:4240px}.oe{clear:both}.og{cursor:zoom-in}.oh{z-index:auto}.oj{height:auto}.ok{margin-top:10px}.ol{max-width:728px}.oo{text-decoration:underline}.op{padding-left:30px}.oq{line-height:40px}.or{letter-spacing:-0.009em}.os{font-weight:300}.ot{font-size:28px}.pe{margin-top:32px}.pf{margin-bottom:14px}.pg{padding-top:24px}.ph{padding-bottom:10px}.pi{background-color:#000000}.pj{height:3px}.pk{width:3px}.pl{margin-right:20px}.pm{margin-bottom:26px}.pn{margin-top:6px}.po{margin-top:8px}.pp{margin-right:8px}.pq{padding:8px 16px}.pr{border-radius:100px}.ps{transition:background 300ms ease}.pu{white-space:nowrap}.pv{border-top:none}.pw{height:52px}.px{max-height:52px}.py{box-sizing:content-box}.pz{position:static}.qb{max-width:155px}.qm{height:0px}.qn{margin-bottom:40px}.qo{margin-bottom:48px}.rc{border-radius:2px}.re{height:64px}.rf{width:64px}.rg{align-self:flex-end}.rh{flex:1 1 auto}.rn{padding-right:4px}.ro{font-weight:500}.sb{margin-top:16px}.sc{color:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.sd{fill:rgba(255, 255, 255, 1)}.se{background:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.sf{border-color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.si:disabled{opacity:0.1}.sj:disabled:hover{background:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.sk:disabled:hover{border-color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.ti{gap:18px}.tj{fill:rgba(61, 61, 61, 1)}.tl{fill:#242424}.tm{background:0}.tn{border-color:#242424}.to:disabled:hover{color:#242424}.tp:disabled:hover{fill:#242424}.tq:disabled:hover{border-color:#242424}.ub{border-bottom:solid 1px #E5E5E5}.uc{margin-top:72px}.ud{padding:24px 0}.ue{margin-bottom:0px}.uf{margin-right:16px}.as:hover:not(:disabled){color:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.at:hover:not(:disabled){fill:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.et:hover{background:rgba(15, 115, 12, 1)}.eu:hover{border-color:rgba(15, 115, 12, 1)}.ev:hover{cursor:pointer}.fl:hover{color:#242424}.fm:hover{fill:#242424}.fq:hover svg{fill:#242424}.ft:hover{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)}.iq:hover{text-decoration:underline}.iv:hover:not(:disabled){color:rgba(15, 115, 12, 1)}.iw:hover:not(:disabled){fill:rgba(15, 115, 12, 1)}.ld:hover{fill:rgba(8, 8, 8, 1)}.lu:hover{fill:#000000}.lv:hover p{color:#000000}.lx:hover{color:#000000}.mh:hover svg{color:#000000}.pt:hover{background-color:#F2F2F2}.rd:hover{background-color:none}.sg:hover{background:#000000}.sh:hover{border-color:#242424}.tk:hover{fill:rgba(25, 25, 25, 1)}.bd:focus-within path{fill:#242424}.lc:focus{fill:rgba(8, 8, 8, 1)}.mi:focus svg{color:#000000}.oi:focus{transform:scale(1.01)}.lh:active{border-style:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 1080px)">.d{display:none}.bw{width:64px}.cg{margin:0 64px}.cv{height:48px}.dc{margin-bottom:52px}.do{margin-bottom:48px}.ef{font-size:14px}.eg{line-height:20px}.em{font-size:13px}.eo{padding:5px 12px}.fh{display:flex}.fy{margin-bottom:68px}.gc{max-width:680px}.hq{font-size:42px}.hr{margin-top:1.19em}.hs{margin-bottom:32px}.ht{line-height:52px}.hu{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hz{align-items:center}.kb{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kc{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.kd{margin:32px 0 0}.ke{padding:3px 8px}.kn> *{margin-right:24px}.ko> :last-child{margin-right:0}.lo{margin-top:0px}.md{margin:0}.nq{font-size:20px}.nr{margin-top:2.14em}.ns{line-height:32px}.nt{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.od{margin-top:56px}.oy{margin-top:1.75em}.pd{margin-top:2.64em}.qg{display:inline-block}.ql{margin-bottom:104px}.qp{flex-direction:row}.qs{margin-bottom:0}.qt{margin-right:20px}.ri{max-width:500px}.rz{line-height:24px}.sa{letter-spacing:0}.sp{margin-bottom:88px}.ss{margin-bottom:72px}.tf{font-size:24px}.tg{line-height:30px}.th{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.tv{width:min-width}.ua{padding-top:72px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.e{display:none}.ln{margin-top:0px}.om{margin-left:auto}.on{text-align:center}.qf{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 903.98px)">.f{display:none}.lm{margin-top:0px}.qe{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 727.98px)">.g{display:none}.lk{margin-top:0px}.ll{margin-right:0px}.qd{display:inline-block}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (max-width: 551.98px)">.h{display:none}.s{display:flex}.t{justify-content:space-between}.bs{width:24px}.cc{margin:0 24px}.cr{height:40px}.cy{margin-bottom:44px}.dk{margin-bottom:32px}.dx{font-size:13px}.dy{line-height:20px}.eh{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fu{margin-bottom:4px}.gw{font-size:32px}.gx{margin-top:1.01em}.gy{margin-bottom:24px}.gz{line-height:38px}.ha{letter-spacing:-0.014em}.hv{align-items:flex-start}.iy{flex-direction:column}.jb{margin-bottom:2px}.jp{margin:24px -24px 0}.jq{padding:0}.kf> *{margin-right:8px}.kg> :last-child{margin-right:24px}.kx{margin-left:0px}.li{margin-top:0px}.lj{margin-right:0px}.lz{margin:0}.mj{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.mk{border-radius:99em}.ml{padding:0px 16px 0px 12px}.mm{height:38px}.mn{align-items:center}.mp svg{margin-right:8px}.na{font-size:18px}.nb{margin-top:1.56em}.nc{line-height:28px}.nd{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.nz{margin-top:40px}.ou{margin-top:1.08em}.oz{margin-top:2em}.qc{display:inline-block}.qh{margin-bottom:96px}.ra{margin-bottom:20px}.rb{margin-right:0}.rm{max-width:100%}.rp{font-size:24px}.rq{line-height:30px}.rr{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.sl{margin-bottom:64px}.st{font-size:20px}.su{line-height:24px}.sv{letter-spacing:0}.tr{width:100%}.tw{padding-top:48px}.mo:hover{border-color:#E5E5E5}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 904px) and (max-width: 1079.98px)">.i{display:none}.bv{width:64px}.cf{margin:0 64px}.cu{height:48px}.db{margin-bottom:52px}.dn{margin-bottom:48px}.ed{font-size:14px}.ee{line-height:20px}.ek{font-size:13px}.el{padding:5px 12px}.fg{display:flex}.fx{margin-bottom:68px}.gb{max-width:680px}.hl{font-size:42px}.hm{margin-top:1.19em}.hn{margin-bottom:32px}.ho{line-height:52px}.hp{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hy{align-items:center}.jx{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jy{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jz{margin:32px 0 0}.ka{padding:3px 8px}.kl> *{margin-right:24px}.km> :last-child{margin-right:0}.mc{margin:0}.nm{font-size:20px}.nn{margin-top:2.14em}.no{line-height:32px}.np{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.oc{margin-top:56px}.ox{margin-top:1.75em}.pc{margin-top:2.64em}.qk{margin-bottom:104px}.qq{flex-direction:row}.qu{margin-bottom:0}.qv{margin-right:20px}.rj{max-width:500px}.rx{line-height:24px}.ry{letter-spacing:0}.so{margin-bottom:88px}.sr{margin-bottom:72px}.tc{font-size:24px}.td{line-height:30px}.te{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.tu{width:min-width}.tz{padding-top:72px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 728px) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.j{display:none}.w{display:flex}.x{justify-content:space-between}.bu{width:64px}.ce{margin:0 48px}.ct{height:48px}.da{margin-bottom:52px}.dm{margin-bottom:48px}.eb{font-size:13px}.ec{line-height:20px}.ej{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fw{margin-bottom:68px}.ga{max-width:680px}.hg{font-size:42px}.hh{margin-top:1.19em}.hi{margin-bottom:32px}.hj{line-height:52px}.hk{letter-spacing:-0.011em}.hx{align-items:center}.jt{border-top:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.ju{border-bottom:solid 1px #F2F2F2}.jv{margin:32px 0 0}.jw{padding:3px 8px}.kj> *{margin-right:24px}.kk> :last-child{margin-right:0}.mb{margin:0}.ni{font-size:20px}.nj{margin-top:2.14em}.nk{line-height:32px}.nl{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.ob{margin-top:56px}.ow{margin-top:1.75em}.pb{margin-top:2.64em}.qj{margin-bottom:104px}.qr{flex-direction:row}.qw{margin-bottom:0}.qx{margin-right:20px}.rk{max-width:500px}.rv{line-height:24px}.rw{letter-spacing:0}.sn{margin-bottom:88px}.sq{margin-bottom:72px}.sz{font-size:24px}.ta{line-height:30px}.tb{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.tt{width:min-width}.ty{padding-top:72px}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="all and (min-width: 552px) and (max-width: 727.98px)">.k{display:none}.u{display:flex}.v{justify-content:space-between}.bt{width:24px}.cd{margin:0 24px}.cs{height:40px}.cz{margin-bottom:44px}.dl{margin-bottom:32px}.dz{font-size:13px}.ea{line-height:20px}.ei{padding:0px 8px 1px}.fv{margin-bottom:4px}.hb{font-size:32px}.hc{margin-top:1.01em}.hd{margin-bottom:24px}.he{line-height:38px}.hf{letter-spacing:-0.014em}.hw{align-items:flex-start}.iz{flex-direction:column}.jc{margin-bottom:2px}.jr{margin:24px 0 0}.js{padding:0}.kh> *{margin-right:8px}.ki> :last-child{margin-right:8px}.ky{margin-left:0px}.ma{margin:0}.mq{border:1px solid #F2F2F2}.mr{border-radius:99em}.ms{padding:0px 16px 0px 12px}.mt{height:38px}.mu{align-items:center}.mw svg{margin-right:8px}.ne{font-size:18px}.nf{margin-top:1.56em}.ng{line-height:28px}.nh{letter-spacing:-0.003em}.oa{margin-top:40px}.ov{margin-top:1.08em}.pa{margin-top:2em}.qi{margin-bottom:96px}.qy{margin-bottom:20px}.qz{margin-right:0}.rl{max-width:100%}.rs{font-size:24px}.rt{line-height:30px}.ru{letter-spacing:-0.016em}.sm{margin-bottom:64px}.sw{font-size:20px}.sx{line-height:24px}.sy{letter-spacing:0}.ts{width:100%}.tx{padding-top:48px}.mv:hover{border-color:#E5E5E5}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="print">.qa{display:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="(orientation: landscape) and (max-width: 903.98px)">.jm{max-height:none}</style><style type="text/css" data-fela-rehydration="551" data-fela-type="RULE" media="(prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference)">.of{transition:transform 300ms cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0.2, 1)}</style></head><body><div id="root"><div class="a b c"><div class="d e f g h i j k"></div><script>document.domain = document.domain;</script><div class="l c"><div class="l m n o c"><div class="p q r s t u v w x i d y z"><a class="du ag dv bf ak b am an ao ap aq ar as at s u w i d q dw z" href="https://rsci.app.link/?%24canonical_url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fp%2Faa944664c844&%7Efeature=LoOpenInAppButton&%7Echannel=ShowPostUnderCollection&source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------" rel="noopener follow">Open in app<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="10" height="10" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 10 10" class="dt"><path fill="currentColor" d="M.985 8.485a.375.375 0 1 0 .53.53zM8.75 1.25h.375A.375.375 0 0 0 8.75.875zM8.375 6.5a.375.375 0 1 0 .75 0zM3.5.875a.375.375 0 1 0 0 .75zm-1.985 8.14 7.5-7.5-.53-.53-7.5 7.5zm6.86-7.765V6.5h.75V1.25zM3.5 1.625h5.25v-.75H3.5z"></path></svg></a><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><button class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav-----------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="p q r ab ac"><div class="ab q ae"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab" aria-label="Homepage" data-testid="headerMediumLogo" rel="noopener follow" href="/?source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="719" height="160" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 719 160" class="au av aw"><path fill="#242424" d="m174.104 9.734.215-.047V8.02H130.39L89.6 103.89 48.81 8.021H1.472v1.666l.212.047c8.018 1.81 12.09 4.509 12.09 14.242V137.93c0 9.734-4.087 12.433-12.106 14.243l-.212.047v1.671h32.118v-1.665l-.213-.048c-8.018-1.809-12.089-4.509-12.089-14.242V30.586l52.399 123.305h2.972l53.925-126.743V140.75c-.687 7.688-4.721 10.062-11.982 11.701l-.215.05v1.652h55.948v-1.652l-.215-.05c-7.269-1.639-11.4-4.013-12.087-11.701l-.037-116.774h.037c0-9.733 4.071-12.432 12.087-14.242m25.555 75.488c.915-20.474 8.268-35.252 20.606-35.507 3.806.063 6.998 1.312 9.479 3.714 5.272 5.118 7.751 15.812 7.368 31.793zm-.553 5.77h65.573v-.275c-.186-15.656-4.721-27.834-13.466-36.196-7.559-7.227-18.751-11.203-30.507-11.203h-.263c-6.101 0-13.584 1.48-18.909 4.16-6.061 2.807-11.407 7.003-15.855 12.511-7.161 8.874-11.499 20.866-12.554 34.343q-.05.606-.092 1.212a50 50 0 0 0-.065 1.151 85.807 85.807 0 0 0-.094 5.689c.71 30.524 17.198 54.917 46.483 54.917 25.705 0 40.675-18.791 44.407-44.013l-1.886-.664c-6.557 13.556-18.334 21.771-31.738 20.769-18.297-1.369-32.314-19.922-31.042-42.395m139.722 41.359c-2.151 5.101-6.639 7.908-12.653 7.908s-11.513-4.129-15.418-11.63c-4.197-8.053-6.405-19.436-6.405-32.92 0-28.067 8.729-46.22 22.24-46.22 5.657 0 10.111 2.807 12.236 7.704zm43.499 20.008c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V1.309l-48.716 14.353v1.757l.299-.024c6.72-.543 11.278.386 13.925 2.83 2.072 1.915 3.082 4.853 3.082 8.987v18.66c-4.803-3.067-10.516-4.56-17.448-4.56-14.059 0-26.909 5.92-36.176 16.672-9.66 11.205-14.767 26.518-14.767 44.278-.003 31.72 15.612 53.039 38.851 53.039 13.595 0 24.533-7.449 29.54-20.013v16.865h43.711v-1.746zM424.1 19.819c0-9.904-7.468-17.374-17.375-17.374-9.859 0-17.573 7.632-17.573 17.374s7.721 17.374 17.573 17.374c9.907 0 17.375-7.47 17.375-17.374m11.499 132.546c-8.019-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951h-.035V43.635l-43.714 12.551v1.705l.263.024c9.458.842 12.047 4.1 12.047 15.152v81.086h43.751v-1.746zm112.013 0c-8.018-1.897-12.089-4.722-12.089-14.951V43.635l-41.621 12.137v1.71l.246.026c7.733.813 9.967 4.257 9.967 15.36v59.279c-2.578 5.102-7.415 8.131-13.274 8.336-9.503 0-14.736-6.419-14.736-18.073V43.638l-43.714 12.55v1.703l.262.024c9.459.84 12.05 4.097 12.05 15.152v50.17a56.3 56.3 0 0 0 .91 10.444l.787 3.423c3.701 13.262 13.398 20.197 28.59 20.197 12.868 0 24.147-7.966 29.115-20.43v17.311h43.714v-1.747zm169.818 1.788v-1.749l-.213-.05c-8.7-2.006-12.089-5.789-12.089-13.49v-63.79c0-19.89-11.171-31.761-29.883-31.761-13.64 0-25.141 7.882-29.569 20.16-3.517-13.01-13.639-20.16-28.606-20.16-13.146 0-23.449 6.938-27.869 18.657V43.643L545.487 55.68v1.715l.263.024c9.345.829 12.047 4.181 12.047 14.95v81.784h40.787v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.941-1.631-9.181-4.606-9.181-12.239V66.998c1.836-4.289 5.537-9.37 12.853-9.37 9.086 0 13.692 6.296 13.692 18.697v77.828h40.797v-1.746l-.215-.053c-6.94-1.631-9.18-4.606-9.18-12.239V75.066a42 42 0 0 0-.578-7.26c1.947-4.661 5.86-10.177 13.475-10.177 9.214 0 13.691 6.114 13.691 18.696v77.828z"></path></svg></a><div class="ax h"><div class="ab ay az ba bb q bc bd"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="searchResults" aria-labelledby="searchResults"></div><div class="bn bo ab"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div><input role="combobox" aria-controls="searchResults" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="search" data-testid="headerSearchInput" tabindex="0" class="ay be bf bg z bh bi bj bk bl" placeholder="Search" value=""/></div></div></div><div class="h k w fg fh"><div class="fi ab"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerWriteButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fnew-story&source=---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------new_post_topnav-----------"><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Write"><path fill="currentColor" d="M14 4a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1zm7 6a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0zm-7-7H4v1h10zM3 4v16h1V4zm1 17h16v-1H4zm17-1V10h-1v10zm-1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1-1h-1zM3 20a1 1 0 0 0 1 1v-1zM4 3a1 1 0 0 0-1 1h1z"></path><path stroke="currentColor" d="m17.5 4.5-8.458 8.458a.25.25 0 0 0-.06.098l-.824 2.47a.25.25 0 0 0 .316.316l2.47-.823a.25.25 0 0 0 .098-.06L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2.323-2.323a.25.25 0 0 1 .354 0l1.646 1.646a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .354L19.5 6.5m-2-2 2 2"></path></svg><div class="dt l">Write</div></div></a></span></div></div><div class="k j i d"><div class="fi ab"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSearchButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/search?source=---top_nav_layout_nav----------------------------------"><div class="bf b bg z du fj fk ab q fl fm"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="Search"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.092 11.06a6.95 6.95 0 1 1 13.9 0 6.95 6.95 0 0 1-13.9 0m6.95-8.05a8.05 8.05 0 1 0 5.13 14.26l3.75 3.75a.56.56 0 1 0 .79-.79l-3.73-3.73A8.05 8.05 0 0 0 11.042 3z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></a></div></div><div class="fi h k j"><div class="ab q"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><button class="bf b dx dy eh dz ea ei eb ec ej ek ee el em eg eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd bm fe ff" data-testid="headerSignUpButton">Sign up</button></span></p><div class="ax l"><p class="bf b dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg du"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerSignInButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?operation=login&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&source=post_page---top_nav_layout_nav-----------------------global_nav-----------">Sign in</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ay fn am ab q ao fo fp fq" aria-label="user options menu" data-testid="headerUserIcon"><div class="l fj"><img alt="" class="l fd by bz ca cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:64:64/1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png" width="32" height="32" loading="lazy" role="presentation"/><div class="fr by l bz ca fs n ay ft"></div></div></button></div></div></div><div class="l"><div class="fu fv fw fx fy l"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"></div></div><article><div class="l"><div class="l"><span class="l"></span><section><div><div class="fs gi gj gk gl gm"></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div><h1 id="bd83" class="pw-post-title gs gt gu bf gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu bk" data-testid="storyTitle"><strong class="al">Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps</strong></h1><div><div class="speechify-ignore ab cp"><div class="speechify-ignore bh l"><div class="hv hw hx hy hz ab"><div><div class="ab ia"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1?source=post_page---byline--aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="l ib ic by id ie"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Elissa M. Redmiles" class="l fd by dd de cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:88:88/0*fzFqNSxgC7iT2FB3.jpg" width="44" height="44" loading="lazy" data-testid="authorPhoto"/><div class="if by l dd de fs n ig ft"></div></div></div></a></div></div><div class="ih ab fj"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center?source=post_page---byline--aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="l ii ij by id ik"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Berkman Klein Center Collection" class="l fd by br il cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:48:48/1*v6eObc9xoCxNKMIlnoKM7w.jpeg" width="24" height="24" loading="lazy" data-testid="publicationPhoto"/><div class="if by l br il fs n ig ft"></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bn bh l"><div class="ab"><div style="flex:1"><span class="bf b bg z bk"><div class="im ab q"><div class="ab q in"><div class="ab q"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><p class="bf b io ip bk"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar iq" data-testid="authorName" rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1?source=post_page---byline--aa944664c844--------------------------------">Elissa M. Redmiles</a></p></div></div></div><span class="ir is" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><p class="bf b io ip du"><span><a class="it iu ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar ex iv iw" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fsubscribe%2Fuser%2Febd43fbacb66&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&user=Elissa+M.+Redmiles&userId=ebd43fbacb66&source=post_page-ebd43fbacb66--byline--aa944664c844---------------------post_header-----------">Follow</a></span></p></div></div></span></div></div><div class="l ix"><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab cn iy iz ja"><div class="jb jc ab"><div class="bf b bg z du ab jd"><span class="je l ix">Published in</span><div><div class="l" aria-hidden="false"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar iq ab q" data-testid="publicationName" href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center?source=post_page---byline--aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b bg z jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm bk">Berkman Klein Center Collection</p></a></div></div></div><div class="h k"><span class="ir is" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div></div><span class="bf b bg z du"><div class="ab ae"><span data-testid="storyReadTime">6 min read</span><div class="jn jo l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span></div><span data-testid="storyPublishDate">Mar 14, 2024</span></div></span></div></span></div></div></div><div class="ab cp jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke"><div class="h k w fg fh q"><div class="ku l"><div class="ab q kv kw"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj je kx ky kz"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faa944664c844&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&user=Elissa+M.+Redmiles&userId=ebd43fbacb66&source=---header_actions--aa944664c844---------------------clap_footer-----------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="la ao lb lc ld le am lf lg lh kz"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l li lj lk ll lm ln lo"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="lp">--</span></p></div></div></div><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ao la ls lt ab q fk lu lv" aria-label="responses"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="lr"><path d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"></path></svg><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="pw-responses-count lq lr">1</span></p></button></div></div></div><div class="ab q kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt"><div class="lw k j i d"></div><div class="h k"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="headerBookmarkButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Faa944664c844&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&source=---header_actions--aa944664c844---------------------bookmark_footer-----------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="du lx" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div><div class="fd ly cn"><div class="l ae"><div class="ab cb"><div class="lz ma mb mc md me ci bh"><div class="ab"><div class="bm bh" aria-hidden="false"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-label="Listen" data-testid="audioPlayButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mf an ao ap ex mg mh lv mi mj mk ml mm s mn mo mp mq mr ms mt u mu mv mw"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M3 12a9 9 0 1 1 18 0 9 9 0 0 1-18 0m9-10C6.477 2 2 6.477 2 12s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S17.523 2 12 2m3.376 10.416-4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1-.777-.416V8.934a.5.5 0 0 1 .777-.416l4.599 3.066a.5.5 0 0 1 0 .832" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Listen</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="headerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mf an ao ap ex mg mh lv mi mj mk ml mm s mn mo mp mq mr ms mt u mu mv mw"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg><div class="j i d"><p class="bf b bg z du">Share</p></div></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p id="96c3" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><em class="nv">The next pandemic response must respect user preferences or risk low adoption</em></p><p id="fa02" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">By <strong class="mz gv">Elissa M. Redmiles</strong> and <strong class="mz gv">Oshrat Ayalon</strong></p><figure class="nz oa ob oc od oe nw nx paragraph-image"><div role="button" tabindex="0" class="of og fj oh bh oi"><div class="nw nx ny"><picture><source srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/format:webp/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px" type="image/webp"/><source data-testid="og" srcSet="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:640/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 640w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:720/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 720w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:750/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 750w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:786/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 786w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:828/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 828w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 1100w, https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1400/1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg 1400w" sizes="(min-resolution: 4dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 4) and (max-width: 700px) 50vw, (min-resolution: 3dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 67vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3) and (max-width: 700px) 65vw, (min-resolution: 2.5dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2.5) and (max-width: 700px) 80vw, (min-resolution: 2dppx) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px"/><img alt="" class="bh me oj c" width="700" height="468" loading="eager" role="presentation"/></picture></div></div><figcaption class="ok ff ol nw nx om on bf b bg z du">Photo by <a class="af oo" href="https://unsplash.com/@kommumikation?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Mika Baumeister</a> on <a class="af oo" href="https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-black-android-smartphone-PfMXXv8XXgs?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure><p id="2fad" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Four years after <a class="af oo" href="https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">COVID-19 was first declared a pandemic</a>, policy makers, companies and citizens alike have moved on. The CDC no longer <a class="af oo" href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/p0301-respiratory-virus.html" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">offers separate guidance for COVID-19</a>. Apple and Google have <a class="af oo" href="https://developers.google.com/android/exposure-notifications" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">shut down their exposure notification infrastructure</a>, which was used heavily in the US and Europe. As COVID-19 spread, technologists were called to serve by building and deploying exposure notification apps to scale parts of the <a class="af oo" href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306949" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">contact tracing</a> process. These apps allowed users to report when they tested positive for COVID-19 and to notify other users when they had been in the vicinity of an infected user. But getting people to use exposure notification apps during the pandemic proved challenging.</p><p id="d261" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><a class="af oo" href="https://www.who.int/data/stories/the-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">More than three million</a> lives have been lost to COVID-19 over the past four years. Any hope of losing fewer lives during the next pandemic rests on reflection: what did we do, what can we learn from it, and what can we do better next time? Here, we offer <strong class="mz gv">five key lessons-learned</strong> from research on COVID-19 apps in the US and Europe that can help us prepare for the next pandemic.</p><p id="ae13" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><strong class="mz gv">Privacy is important, but accuracy also matters</strong></p><p id="e7ca" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Privacy was the primary focus in early exposure notification apps, and rightfully so. The apps all trace their users’ medical information and movements in various ways, and may store some or all of that information in a central database in order to inform other users of potential infection. The misuse of this information could easily result in unintentional, or even intentional, harm.</p><p id="9dd4" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">However, research into whether (and how) people used exposure notification apps during the pandemic showed that <a class="af oo" href="https://www.statnews.com/2020/07/28/quality-issues-stumbling-block-contact-tracing-apps/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">privacy might not be</a> the most important factor. <strong class="mz gv">People care about </strong><a class="af oo" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3488307" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><strong class="mz gv"><em class="nv">accuracy</em></strong></a><strong class="mz gv">, or an app’s rate of incorrect reports of COVID-19 exposure (both false positives and false negatives),</strong> which may have also<strong class="mz gv"> influenced rates of public app adoption.</strong> Yet, <a class="af oo" href="https://europeanaifund.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/European-AI-Fund-Tech-and-Covid-grants-synthesis-1.pdf" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">we still know little</a> about how effective the deployed exposure notification apps were. Future apps will need to have measurement tools and methods designed into them before they are released to accurately track their usefulness.</p><p id="d2ff" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><strong class="mz gv">We need to better understand the role of incentives</strong></p><p id="b262" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Researchers discovered that using <em class="nv">direct incentives</em>, <a class="af oo" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0258945" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">such as monetary compensation</a>, to get people to install exposure notification apps worked at first, but had little effect in the long term. In fact, <a class="af oo" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3786245" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">one field study</a> found that people who received money were <em class="nv">less</em> likely to still be using the app eight months later than those who didn’t. Paying people to download a contact tracing app is <a class="af oo" href="https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity23/presentation/ayalon" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">even less effective</a> when the app is perceived to be bad quality or inaccurate. However, monetary incentives may be able to “compensate” when the app is perceived to be costly in other ways, such as eating up mobile data.</p><p id="52fa" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Given the ethical problems and lack of success with direct incentives, focusing on <em class="nv">indirect incentives</em>, such as <em class="nv">functionality</em>, may be key to increasing adoption. Exposure notification apps have the potential to serve a greater purpose during pandemics than merely exposure notification. <strong class="mz gv">Our research found that people using exposure notification apps wanted them to </strong><a class="af oo" rel="noopener" href="/ubicomp-iswc-2023/how-people-used-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-and-why-insights-from-belgiums-coronalert-48e57c1a0fe1"><strong class="mz gv">serve as a “one-stop-shop”</strong></a> for quick receipt of test results, information on the state of public health in their region, and assistance finding testing centers.</p><p id="5a7c" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Future app design needs to examine user wants and expectations to ensure widespread adoption. This is hardly a new concept — every successful “fun” app begins with this user-centered model. Apps that provide these extra benefits to users will not only be better adopted, they will also see more frequent and prolonged use.</p><blockquote class="op"><p id="4def" class="oq or gu bf os ot ou ov ow ox oy nu du">…Over a third of the Coronalert app users we interviewed believed that it tracked their location, despite repeated communications over the course of a year that it used proximity rather than location to detect possible exposures.</p></blockquote><p id="fee1" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na oz nc nd ne pa ng nh ni pb nk nl nm pc no np nq pd ns nt nu gn bk"><strong class="mz gv">Honesty is the most effective communication strategy</strong></p><p id="0d1f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Exposure notification apps are often framed to the public as having inherent <em class="nv">individual</em> benefits: if you use this app, you’ll be able to tell when you’ve been exposed to a disease. In reality, exposure notification apps have a stronger <em class="nv">collective</em> benefit of preventing the overall spread of disease in communities. Being honest with potential users about the true benefits is more effective than playing up the less significant individual benefit. When examining <a class="af oo" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3491102.3501869" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">how to best advertise</a> Louisiana’s exposure notification app, <strong class="mz gv">we found that people were most receptive to the app when its collectivistic benefits were centered.</strong></p><p id="5d27" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Honesty and openness in privacy is also essential, especially when it comes to data collection and storage. Despite this transparency, however, people may still make assumptions based on false preconceptions or logic. For example, over a third of the Coronalert app users we interviewed believed that it tracked their location, despite repeated communications over the course of a year that it used proximity rather than location to detect possible exposures.</p><p id="4f4f" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><strong class="mz gv">Integration with existing health systems is essential</strong></p><p id="0dfd" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">There was a disconnect between COVID-19 exposure notification apps and public healthcare systems, even in countries with universal healthcare and government-supported apps. <a class="af oo" rel="noopener" href="/ubicomp-iswc-2023/how-people-used-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-and-why-insights-from-belgiums-coronalert-48e57c1a0fe1">Belgium’s Coronalert app</a>, for example, allowed users to receive their test results faster by linking their test to their app using a unique code. But, testing center staff were not trained on the app and failed to prompt users for that code. Not only was receiving test results a primary motivator in getting people to use the app; failing to link positive results to specific app users reduced the app’s efficacy.</p><p id="e349" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">This disconnect may be far greater in countries without universal healthcare or where exposure notification apps are privately created. In order for these apps to be effective, <strong class="mz gv">developers must collaborate with public health workers to develop a shared understanding of how testing centers operate</strong>, determine the information needed to provide accurate tracking, and decide on the <a class="af oo" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-to-fix-covid-contact-tracing/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">best way to follow up</a> on potential infections.</p><p id="57c0" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><strong class="mz gv">Resourcing technical capacity is critical</strong></p><p id="e2aa" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">A wide range of exposure notification apps were developed to combat COVID-19, and by many different organizations. In the absence of immediate government action, many of the earliest efforts were led by universities or volunteer efforts. Academics developed the <a class="af oo" href="https://fortune.com/40-under-40/2020/carmela-troncoso/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">DP3T proximity tracing protocol, which guided </a>Google and Apple’s development of exposure notification infrastructure for Android and iOS phones.</p><p id="5c3a" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">However, privatization of exposure notification infrastructure created an enormous potential for private medical and other information to fall into the hands of corporations who are in the business of big data. It also subjected exposure notification technology to private company’s rules (and whims).</p><p id="a642" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Google and Apple released exposure notification infrastructure in April 2020 but did not release direct-to-user exposure notification functionality <a class="af oo" href="https://www.pathcheck.org/en/blog/pathcheck-launches-solutions-for-en-express-unveiled-by-google-apple" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">until later in the pandemic</a>. This decision <strong class="mz gv">left the development of exposure notification apps to public health agencies that lacked the resources and technical capacity to do so</strong>. Volunteers stepped in to fill this void. For example, the PathCheck foundation developed exposure notification apps for <a class="af oo" href="https://www.pathcheck.org/en/impact" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">7 states and countries</a> on top of the Google-Apple Exposure Notification infrastructure.</p><blockquote class="op"><p id="a26f" class="oq or gu bf os ot ou ov ow ox oy nu du">“…We need to eliminate these scattered responses, align incentives, and integrate the strengths and perspectives of public, private, and academic bodies to develop protocols, models, and best practices.”</p></blockquote><p id="984d" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na oz nc nd ne pa ng nh ni pb nk nl nm pc no np nq pd ns nt nu gn bk">While it is natural for universities to support the public good, and encouraging that private citizens volunteered so much of their time and resources to do so, they should not have to in the next pandemic. To respond to future pandemics, we need to eliminate these scattered responses, align incentives, and integrate the strengths and perspectives of public, private, and academic bodies to develop protocols, models, and best practices.</p><p id="ba46" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><strong class="mz gv">Applying the lessons learned</strong></p><p id="ab01" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">Building tech responsibly means not just considering privacy, but providing <a class="af oo" href="https://dighum.ec.tuwien.ac.at/perspectives-on-digital-humanism/the-need-for-respectful-technologies-going-beyond-privacy/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">technology that respects user preferences</a>. <strong class="mz gv">When people give up their data, they expect a benefit</strong> — be that a collective benefit, such as fighting a pandemic or helping cancer research, or an individual one. They likewise expect <strong class="mz gv">utility</strong>: apps that are accurate, achieve their goals, and provide an holistic set of features.</p><p id="f4dd" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk">If we continue to build tech based on our <em class="nv">assumptions</em> of what users want, we risk low adoption of these technologies. And during times of crisis, such as this still-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the consequences of low adoption are dire.</p></div></div></div><div class="ab cb pe pf pg ph" role="separator"><span class="pi by bm pj pk pl"></span><span class="pi by bm pj pk pl"></span><span class="pi by bm pj pk"></span></div><div class="gn go gp gq gr"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><p id="d922" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><a class="af oo" href="https://elissaredmiles.com/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="nv">Elissa M. Redmiles</em></a><em class="nv"> is a computer scientist specializing in security and privacy for marginalized & vulnerable groups at Georgetown University and Harvard’s </em><a class="af oo" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="nv">Berkman Klein Center</em></a><em class="nv">.</em></p><p id="f3aa" class="pw-post-body-paragraph mx my gu mz b na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu gn bk"><a class="af oo" href="https://www.oshratayalon.com/" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank"><em class="nv">Oshrat Ayalon</em></a><em class="nv"> is a human-computer interaction researcher focusing on privacy and security at the University of Haifa.</em></p></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></article></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="pm pn ab ja"><div class="po ab"><a class="pp ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/privacy?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="pq fj cx pr ge ps pt bf b bg z bk pu">Privacy</div></a></div><div class="po ab"><a class="pp ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/pandemic-reflections?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="pq fj cx pr ge ps pt bf b bg z bk pu">Pandemic Reflections</div></a></div><div class="po ab"><a class="pp ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/technology?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="pq fj cx pr ge ps pt bf b bg z bk pu">Technology</div></a></div><div class="po ab"><a class="pp ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/contact-tracing?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="pq fj cx pr ge ps pt bf b bg z bk pu">Contact Tracing</div></a></div><div class="po ab"><a class="pp ay am ao" rel="noopener follow" href="/tag/healthcare?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="pq fj cx pr ge ps pt bf b bg z bk pu">Healthcare</div></a></div></div></div></div><div class="l"></div><footer class="pv pf pw px py ab q pz ik c"><div class="l ae"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ab cp qa"><div class="ab q kv"><div class="qb l"><span class="l qc qd qe e d"><div class="ab q kv kw"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj je kx ky kz"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faa944664c844&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&user=Elissa+M.+Redmiles&userId=ebd43fbacb66&source=---footer_actions--aa944664c844---------------------clap_footer-----------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="la ao lb lc ld le am lf lg lh kz"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l li lj lk ll lm ln lo"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="lp">--</span></p></div></div></span><span class="l h g f qf qg"><div class="ab q kv kw"><div class="pw-multi-vote-icon fj je kx ky kz"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerClapButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fvote%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faa944664c844&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&user=Elissa+M.+Redmiles&userId=ebd43fbacb66&source=---footer_actions--aa944664c844---------------------clap_footer-----------"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><div class="la ao lb lc ld le am lf lg lh kz"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-label="clap"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.37.828 12 3.282l.63-2.454zM13.916 3.953l1.523-2.112-1.184-.39zM8.589 1.84l1.522 2.112-.337-2.501zM18.523 18.92c-.86.86-1.75 1.246-2.62 1.33a6 6 0 0 0 .407-.372c2.388-2.389 2.86-4.951 1.399-7.623l-.912-1.603-.79-1.672c-.26-.56-.194-.98.203-1.288a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.546.231.728.5l2.363 4.157c.976 1.624 1.141 4.237-1.324 6.702m-10.999-.438L3.37 14.328a.828.828 0 0 1 .585-1.408.83.83 0 0 1 .585.242l2.158 2.157a.365.365 0 0 0 .516-.516l-2.157-2.158-1.449-1.449a.826.826 0 0 1 1.167-1.17l3.438 3.44a.363.363 0 0 0 .516 0 .364.364 0 0 0 0-.516L5.293 9.513l-.97-.97a.826.826 0 0 1 0-1.166.84.84 0 0 1 1.167 0l.97.968 3.437 3.436a.36.36 0 0 0 .517 0 .366.366 0 0 0 0-.516L6.977 7.83a.82.82 0 0 1-.241-.584.82.82 0 0 1 .824-.826c.219 0 .43.087.584.242l5.787 5.787a.366.366 0 0 0 .587-.415l-1.117-2.363c-.26-.56-.194-.98.204-1.289a.7.7 0 0 1 .546-.132c.283.046.545.232.727.501l2.193 3.86c1.302 2.38.883 4.59-1.277 6.75-1.156 1.156-2.602 1.627-4.19 1.367-1.418-.236-2.866-1.033-4.079-2.246M10.75 5.971l2.12 2.12c-.41.502-.465 1.17-.128 1.89l.22.465-3.523-3.523a.8.8 0 0 1-.097-.368c0-.22.086-.428.241-.584a.847.847 0 0 1 1.167 0m7.355 1.705c-.31-.461-.746-.758-1.23-.837a1.44 1.44 0 0 0-1.11.275c-.312.24-.505.543-.59.881a1.74 1.74 0 0 0-.906-.465 1.47 1.47 0 0 0-.82.106l-2.182-2.182a1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.2 0 1.54 1.54 0 0 0-.396.701 1.56 1.56 0 0 0-2.21-.01 1.55 1.55 0 0 0-.416.753c-.624-.624-1.649-.624-2.237-.037a1.557 1.557 0 0 0 0 2.2c-.239.1-.501.238-.715.453a1.56 1.56 0 0 0 0 2.2l.516.515a1.556 1.556 0 0 0-.753 2.615L7.01 19c1.32 1.319 2.909 2.189 4.475 2.449q.482.08.971.08c.85 0 1.653-.198 2.393-.579.231.033.46.054.686.054 1.266 0 2.457-.52 3.505-1.567 2.763-2.763 2.552-5.734 1.439-7.586z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></div></div></div></a></span></div><div class="pw-multi-vote-count l li lj lk ll lm ln lo"><p class="bf b dv z du"><span class="lp">--</span></p></div></div></span></div><div class="bq ab"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button class="ao la ls lt ab q fk lu lv" aria-label="responses"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="lr"><path d="M18.006 16.803c1.533-1.456 2.234-3.325 2.234-5.321C20.24 7.357 16.709 4 12.191 4S4 7.357 4 11.482c0 4.126 3.674 7.482 8.191 7.482.817 0 1.622-.111 2.393-.327.231.2.48.391.744.559 1.06.693 2.203 1.044 3.399 1.044.224-.008.4-.112.486-.287a.49.49 0 0 0-.042-.518c-.495-.67-.845-1.364-1.04-2.057a4 4 0 0 1-.125-.598zm-3.122 1.055-.067-.223-.315.096a8 8 0 0 1-2.311.338c-4.023 0-7.292-2.955-7.292-6.587 0-3.633 3.269-6.588 7.292-6.588 4.014 0 7.112 2.958 7.112 6.593 0 1.794-.608 3.469-2.027 4.72l-.195.168v.255c0 .056 0 .151.016.295.025.231.081.478.154.733.154.558.398 1.117.722 1.659a5.3 5.3 0 0 1-2.165-.845c-.276-.176-.714-.383-.941-.59z"></path></svg><p class="bf b bg z du"><span class="pw-responses-count lq lr">1</span></p></button></div></div></div></div><div class="ab q"><div class="pl l ix"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" data-testid="footerBookmarkButton" rel="noopener follow" href="/m/signin?actionUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F_%2Fbookmark%2Fp%2Faa944664c844&operation=register&redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fberkman-klein-center%2Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844&source=---footer_actions--aa944664c844---------------------bookmark_footer-----------"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 25 25" class="du lx" aria-label="Add to list bookmark button"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18 2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V5h2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0 1H19v2.5a.5.5 0 1 1-1 0V6h-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1H18zM7 7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.5a.5.5 0 0 0 0-1H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a.5.5 0 0 0 .805.396L12.5 17l5.695 4.396A.5.5 0 0 0 19 21v-8.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v7.485l-5.195-4.012a.5.5 0 0 0-.61 0L7 19.985z"></path></svg></a></span></div></div></div><div class="pl l ix"><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false" aria-describedby="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-labelledby="postFooterSocialMenu"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><button aria-controls="postFooterSocialMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Share Post" data-testid="footerSocialShareButton" class="af fk ah ai aj ak al mf an ao ap ex mg mh lv mi"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.218 4.931a.4.4 0 0 1-.118.132l.012.006a.45.45 0 0 1-.292.074.5.5 0 0 1-.3-.13l-2.02-2.02v7.07c0 .28-.23.5-.5.5s-.5-.22-.5-.5v-7.04l-2 2a.45.45 0 0 1-.57.04h-.02a.4.4 0 0 1-.16-.3.4.4 0 0 1 .1-.32l2.8-2.8a.5.5 0 0 1 .7 0l2.8 2.79a.42.42 0 0 1 .068.498m-.106.138.008.004v-.01zM16 7.063h1.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v10a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-11c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2v-10a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H8a.5.5 0 0 1 .35.15.5.5 0 0 1 .15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.15.35.5.5 0 0 1-.35.15H6.4c-.5 0-.9.4-.9.9v10.2a.9.9 0 0 0 .9.9h11.2c.5 0 .9-.4.9-.9v-10.2c0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9H16a.5.5 0 0 1 0-1" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></footer><div class="qh qi qj qk ql l"><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="qm bh r qn"></div><div class="qo l"><div class="ab qp qq qr iz iy"><div class="qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb ab cp"><div class="h k"><a href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center?source=post_page---post_publication_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="fj ab"><img alt="Berkman Klein Center Collection" class="rc ib ic cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:96:96/1*v6eObc9xoCxNKMIlnoKM7w.jpeg" width="48" height="48" loading="lazy"/><div class="rc l ic ib fs n fr rd"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d"><a href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center?source=post_page---post_publication_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><div class="fj ab"><img alt="Berkman Klein Center Collection" class="rc rf re cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:128:128/1*v6eObc9xoCxNKMIlnoKM7w.jpeg" width="64" height="64" loading="lazy"/><div class="rc l re rf fs n fr rd"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d rg ix"><div class="ab"></div></div></div><div class="ab co rh"><div class="ri rj rk rl rm l"><a class="af ag ah aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab q" href="https://medium.com/berkman-klein-center?source=post_page---post_publication_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><h2 class="pw-author-name bf ro rp rq rr rs rt ru ni rv rw nm rx ry nq rz sa bk"><span class="gn rn">Published in <!-- -->Berkman Klein Center Collection</span></h2></a><div class="po ab ia"><div class="l ix"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b bg z du"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar iq" rel="noopener follow" href="/berkman-klein-center/followers?source=post_page---post_publication_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------">2.1K Followers</a></span></div><div class="bf b bg z du ab jd"><span class="ir l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar iq" rel="noopener follow" href="/berkman-klein-center/johanna-wild-investigative-journalist-dcf63329feb9?source=post_page---post_publication_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------">Last published <span>Jul 11, 2024</span></a></div></div><div class="sb l"><p class="bf b bg z bk"><span class="gn">Insights from the Berkman Klein community about how technology affects our lives (Opinions expressed reflect the beliefs of individual authors and not the Berkman Klein Center as an institution.)</span></p></div></div></div><div class="h k"><div class="ab"></div></div></div></div><div class="ab qp qq qr iz iy"><div class="qs qt qu qv qw qx qy qz ra rb ab cp"><div class="h k"><a tabindex="0" rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1?source=post_page---post_author_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Elissa M. Redmiles" class="l fd by ic ib cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:96:96/0*fzFqNSxgC7iT2FB3.jpg" width="48" height="48" loading="lazy"/><div class="fr by l ic ib fs n ay rd"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d"><a tabindex="0" rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1?source=post_page---post_author_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------"><div class="l fj"><img alt="Elissa M. Redmiles" class="l fd by re rf cx" src="https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fill:128:128/0*fzFqNSxgC7iT2FB3.jpg" width="64" height="64" loading="lazy"/><div class="fr by l re rf fs n ay rd"></div></div></a></div><div class="j i d rg ix"><div class="ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z sc pq sd se sf sg sh ev ew si sj sk fa fb fc fd bm fe ff">Follow</button></span></div></div></div><div class="ab co rh"><div class="ri rj rk rl rm l"><a class="af ag ah aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at ab q" rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1?source=post_page---post_author_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------"><h2 class="pw-author-name bf ro rp rq rr rs rt ru ni rv rw nm rx ry nq rz sa bk"><span class="gn rn">Written by <!-- -->Elissa M. Redmiles</span></h2></a><div class="po ab ia"><div class="l ix"><span class="pw-follower-count bf b bg z du"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar iq" rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1/followers?source=post_page---post_author_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------">18 Followers</a></span></div><div class="bf b bg z du ab jd"><span class="ir l" aria-hidden="true"><span class="bf b bg z du">·</span></span><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar iq" rel="noopener follow" href="/@eredmil1/following?source=post_page---post_author_info--aa944664c844--------------------------------">3 Following</a></div></div><div class="sb l"><p class="bf b bg z bk"><span class="gn">computer scientist specializing in security and privacy for marginalized & vulnerable groups at Georgetown University and Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="h k"><div class="ab"><span><button class="bf b bg z sc pq sd se sf sg sh ev ew si sj sk fa fb fc fd bm fe ff">Follow</button></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sl sm sn so sp l"><div class="qm bh r sl sm sq sr ss"></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ab q cp"><h2 class="bf ro st su sv sw sx sy sz ta tb tc td te tf tg th bk">Responses (<!-- -->1<!-- -->)</h2><div class="ab ti"><div><div class="bm" aria-hidden="false"><a class="tj tk" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-rules-30e5502c4eb4?source=post_page---post_responses--aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25" height="25" viewBox="0 0 25 25"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.987 5.036a.754.754 0 0 1 .914-.01c.972.721 1.767 1.218 2.6 1.543.828.322 1.719.485 2.887.505a.755.755 0 0 1 .741.757c-.018 3.623-.43 6.256-1.449 8.21-1.034 1.984-2.662 3.209-4.966 4.083a.75.75 0 0 1-.537-.003c-2.243-.874-3.858-2.095-4.897-4.074-1.024-1.951-1.457-4.583-1.476-8.216a.755.755 0 0 1 .741-.757c1.195-.02 2.1-.182 2.923-.503.827-.322 1.6-.815 2.519-1.535m.468.903c-.897.69-1.717 1.21-2.623 1.564-.898.35-1.856.527-3.026.565.037 3.45.469 5.817 1.36 7.515.884 1.684 2.25 2.762 4.284 3.571 2.092-.81 3.465-1.89 4.344-3.575.886-1.698 1.299-4.065 1.334-7.512-1.149-.039-2.091-.217-2.99-.567-.906-.353-1.745-.873-2.683-1.561m-.009 9.155a2.672 2.672 0 1 0 0-5.344 2.672 2.672 0 0 0 0 5.344m0 1a3.672 3.672 0 1 0 0-7.344 3.672 3.672 0 0 0 0 7.344m-1.813-3.777.525-.526.916.917 1.623-1.625.526.526-2.149 2.152z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></a></div></div></div></div><div class="pe l"><button class="bf b bg z bk pq tl tm tn lx lu sh ev ew ex to tp tq fa tr ts tt tu tv fb fc fd bm fe ff">See all responses</button></div></div></div></div><div class="tw tx ty tz ua l bx"><div class="h k j"><div class="qm bh ub uc"></div><div class="ab cb"><div class="ci bh fz ga gb gc"><div class="ud ab kv ja"><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://help.medium.com/hc/en-us?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Help</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://medium.statuspage.io/?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Status</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/about?autoplay=1&source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">About</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/jobs-at-medium/work-at-medium-959d1a85284e?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">Careers</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="pressinquiries@medium.com?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Press</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://blog.medium.com/?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Blog</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-privacy-policy-f03bf92035c9?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Privacy</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://policy.medium.com/medium-terms-of-service-9db0094a1e0f?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Terms</p></a></div><div class="ue uf l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" href="https://speechify.com/medium?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------" rel="noopener follow"><p class="bf b dv z du">Text to speech</p></a></div><div class="ue l"><a class="af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at" rel="noopener follow" href="/business?source=post_page-----aa944664c844--------------------------------"><p class="bf b dv z du">Teams</p></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>window.__BUILD_ID__="main-20241122-185319-7bcdc08639"</script><script>window.__GRAPHQL_URI__ = "https://medium.com/_/graphql"</script><script>window.__PRELOADED_STATE__ = {"algolia":{"queries":{}},"cache":{"experimentGroupSet":true,"reason":"","group":"enabled","tags":["group-edgeCachePosts","post-aa944664c844","user-ebd43fbacb66","collection-cdd8dc4c5fc"],"serverVariantState":"44136fa355b3678a1146ad16f7e8649e94fb4fc21fe77e8310c060f61caaff8a","middlewareEnabled":true,"cacheStatus":"DYNAMIC","shouldUseCache":true,"vary":[],"lohpSummerUpsellEnabled":false,"publicationHierarchyEnabledWeb":false,"postBottomResponsesEnabled":false},"client":{"hydrated":false,"isUs":false,"isNativeMedium":false,"isSafariMobile":false,"isSafari":false,"isFirefox":false,"routingEntity":{"type":"DEFAULT","explicit":false},"viewerIsBot":false},"debug":{"requestId":"6004f203-b22c-4d96-accd-5fc9fa540415","hybridDevServices":[],"originalSpanCarrier":{"traceparent":"00-87e8cad8a3e5df2f4387b1c18efdff0b-61df6d90a5bc132a-01"}},"multiVote":{"clapsPerPost":{}},"navigation":{"branch":{"show":null,"hasRendered":null,"blockedByCTA":false},"hideGoogleOneTap":false,"hasRenderedAlternateUserBanner":null,"currentLocation":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fberkman-klein-center\u002Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844","host":"medium.com","hostname":"medium.com","referrer":"","hasSetReferrer":false,"susiModal":{"step":null,"operation":"register"},"postRead":false,"partnerProgram":{"selectedCountryCode":null},"queryString":"","currentHash":""},"config":{"nodeEnv":"production","version":"main-20241122-185319-7bcdc08639","target":"production","productName":"Medium","publicUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-client.medium.com\u002Flite","authDomain":"medium.com","authGoogleClientId":"216296035834-k1k6qe060s2tp2a2jam4ljdcms00sttg.apps.googleusercontent.com","favicon":"production","glyphUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fglyph.medium.com","branchKey":"key_live_ofxXr2qTrrU9NqURK8ZwEhknBxiI6KBm","algolia":{"appId":"MQ57UUUQZ2","apiKeySearch":"394474ced050e3911ae2249ecc774921","indexPrefix":"medium_","host":"-dsn.algolia.net"},"recaptchaKey":"6Lfc37IUAAAAAKGGtC6rLS13R1Hrw_BqADfS1LRk","recaptcha3Key":"6Lf8R9wUAAAAABMI_85Wb8melS7Zj6ziuf99Yot5","recaptchaEnterpriseKeyId":"6Le-uGgpAAAAAPprRaokM8AKthQ9KNGdoxaGUvVp","datadog":{"applicationId":"6702d87d-a7e0-42fe-bbcb-95b469547ea0","clientToken":"pub853ea8d17ad6821d9f8f11861d23dfed","rumToken":"pubf9cc52896502b9413b68ba36fc0c7162","context":{"deployment":{"target":"production","tag":"main-20241122-185319-7bcdc08639","commit":"7bcdc08639c179dc5172558201a3fd3abc1b5db6"}},"datacenter":"us"},"googleAnalyticsCode":"G-7JY7T788PK","googlePay":{"apiVersion":"2","apiVersionMinor":"0","merchantId":"BCR2DN6TV7EMTGBM","merchantName":"Medium","instanceMerchantId":"13685562959212738550"},"applePay":{"version":3},"signInWallCustomDomainCollectionIds":["3a8144eabfe3","336d898217ee","61061eb0c96b","138adf9c44c","819cc2aaeee0"],"mediumMastodonDomainName":"me.dm","mediumOwnedAndOperatedCollectionIds":["8a9336e5bb4","b7e45b22fec3","193b68bd4fba","8d6b8a439e32","54c98c43354d","3f6ecf56618","d944778ce714","92d2092dc598","ae2a65f35510","1285ba81cada","544c7006046e","fc8964313712","40187e704f1c","88d9857e584e","7b6769f2748b","bcc38c8f6edf","cef6983b292","cb8577c9149e","444d13b52878","713d7dbc99b0","ef8e90590e66","191186aaafa0","55760f21cdc5","9dc80918cc93","bdc4052bbdba","8ccfed20cbb2"],"tierOneDomains":["medium.com","thebolditalic.com","arcdigital.media","towardsdatascience.com","uxdesign.cc","codeburst.io","psiloveyou.xyz","writingcooperative.com","entrepreneurshandbook.co","prototypr.io","betterhumans.coach.me","theascent.pub"],"topicsToFollow":["d61cf867d93f","8a146bc21b28","1eca0103fff3","4d562ee63426","aef1078a3ef5","e15e46793f8d","6158eb913466","55f1c20aba7a","3d18b94f6858","4861fee224fd","63c6f1f93ee","1d98b3a9a871","decb52b64abf","ae5d4995e225","830cded25262"],"topicToTagMappings":{"accessibility":"accessibility","addiction":"addiction","android-development":"android-development","art":"art","artificial-intelligence":"artificial-intelligence","astrology":"astrology","basic-income":"basic-income","beauty":"beauty","biotech":"biotech","blockchain":"blockchain","books":"books","business":"business","cannabis":"cannabis","cities":"cities","climate-change":"climate-change","comics":"comics","coronavirus":"coronavirus","creativity":"creativity","cryptocurrency":"cryptocurrency","culture":"culture","cybersecurity":"cybersecurity","data-science":"data-science","design":"design","digital-life":"digital-life","disability":"disability","economy":"economy","education":"education","equality":"equality","family":"family","feminism":"feminism","fiction":"fiction","film":"film","fitness":"fitness","food":"food","freelancing":"freelancing","future":"future","gadgets":"gadgets","gaming":"gaming","gun-control":"gun-control","health":"health","history":"history","humor":"humor","immigration":"immigration","ios-development":"ios-development","javascript":"javascript","justice":"justice","language":"language","leadership":"leadership","lgbtqia":"lgbtqia","lifestyle":"lifestyle","machine-learning":"machine-learning","makers":"makers","marketing":"marketing","math":"math","media":"media","mental-health":"mental-health","mindfulness":"mindfulness","money":"money","music":"music","neuroscience":"neuroscience","nonfiction":"nonfiction","outdoors":"outdoors","parenting":"parenting","pets":"pets","philosophy":"philosophy","photography":"photography","podcasts":"podcast","poetry":"poetry","politics":"politics","privacy":"privacy","product-management":"product-management","productivity":"productivity","programming":"programming","psychedelics":"psychedelics","psychology":"psychology","race":"race","relationships":"relationships","religion":"religion","remote-work":"remote-work","san-francisco":"san-francisco","science":"science","self":"self","self-driving-cars":"self-driving-cars","sexuality":"sexuality","social-media":"social-media","society":"society","software-engineering":"software-engineering","space":"space","spirituality":"spirituality","sports":"sports","startups":"startup","style":"style","technology":"technology","transportation":"transportation","travel":"travel","true-crime":"true-crime","tv":"tv","ux":"ux","venture-capital":"venture-capital","visual-design":"visual-design","work":"work","world":"world","writing":"writing"},"defaultImages":{"avatar":{"imageId":"1*dmbNkD5D-u45r44go_cf0g.png","height":150,"width":150},"orgLogo":{"imageId":"7*V1_7XP4snlmqrc_0Njontw.png","height":110,"width":500},"postLogo":{"imageId":"bd978bb536350a710e8efb012513429cabdc4c28700604261aeda246d0f980b7","height":810,"width":1440},"postPreviewImage":{"imageId":"1*hn4v1tCaJy7cWMyb0bpNpQ.png","height":386,"width":579}},"collectionStructuredData":{"8d6b8a439e32":{"name":"Elemental","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F980\u002F1*9ygdqoKprhwuTVKUM0DLPA@2x.png","width":980,"height":159}}},"3f6ecf56618":{"name":"Forge","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F596\u002F1*uULpIlImcO5TDuBZ6lm7Lg@2x.png","width":596,"height":183}}},"ae2a65f35510":{"name":"GEN","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F264\u002F1*RdVZMdvfV3YiZTw6mX7yWA.png","width":264,"height":140}}},"88d9857e584e":{"name":"LEVEL","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*JqYMhNX6KNNb2UlqGqO2WQ.png","width":540,"height":108}}},"7b6769f2748b":{"name":"Marker","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fcdn-images-1.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F383\u002F1*haCUs0wF6TgOOvfoY-jEoQ@2x.png","width":383,"height":92}}},"444d13b52878":{"name":"OneZero","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*cw32fIqCbRWzwJaoQw6BUg.png","width":540,"height":123}}},"8ccfed20cbb2":{"name":"Zora","data":{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","ethicsPolicy":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Farticles\u002F360043290473","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fmiro.medium.com\u002Fmax\u002F540\u002F1*tZUQqRcCCZDXjjiZ4bDvgQ.png","width":540,"height":106}}}},"embeddedPostIds":{"coronavirus":"cd3010f9d81f"},"sharedCdcMessaging":{"COVID_APPLICABLE_TAG_SLUGS":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES":[],"COVID_APPLICABLE_TOPIC_NAMES_FOR_TOPIC_PAGE":[],"COVID_MESSAGES":{"tierA":{"text":"For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":66,"end":73,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"tierB":{"text":"Anyone can publish on Medium per our Policies, but we don’t fact-check every story. For more info about the coronavirus, see cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":37,"end":45,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fhelp.medium.com\u002Fhc\u002Fen-us\u002Fcategories\u002F201931128-Policies-Safety"},{"start":125,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"paywall":{"text":"This article has been made free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":56,"end":70,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":138,"end":145,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]},"unbound":{"text":"This article is free for everyone, thanks to Medium Members. For more information on the novel coronavirus and Covid-19, visit cdc.gov.","markups":[{"start":45,"end":59,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fmembership"},{"start":127,"end":134,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fcoronavirus\u002F2019-nCoV"}]}},"COVID_BANNER_POST_ID_OVERRIDE_WHITELIST":["3b31a67bff4a"]},"sharedVoteMessaging":{"TAGS":["politics","election-2020","government","us-politics","election","2020-presidential-race","trump","donald-trump","democrats","republicans","congress","republican-party","democratic-party","biden","joe-biden","maga"],"TOPICS":["politics","election"],"MESSAGE":{"text":"Find out more about the U.S. election results here.","markups":[{"start":46,"end":50,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcookpolitical.com\u002F2020-national-popular-vote-tracker"}]},"EXCLUDE_POSTS":["397ef29e3ca5"]},"embedPostRules":[],"recircOptions":{"v1":{"limit":3},"v2":{"limit":8}},"braintreeClientKey":"production_zjkj96jm_m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","braintree":{"enabled":true,"merchantId":"m56f8fqpf7ngnrd4","merchantAccountId":{"usd":"AMediumCorporation_instant","eur":"amediumcorporation_EUR","cad":"amediumcorporation_CAD"},"publicKey":"ds2nn34bg2z7j5gd","braintreeEnvironment":"production","dashboardUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.braintreegateway.com\u002Fmerchants","gracePeriodDurationInDays":14,"mediumMembershipPlanId":{"monthly":"ce105f8c57a3","monthlyV2":"e8a5e126-792b-4ee6-8fba-d574c1b02fc5","monthlyWithTrial":"d5ee3dbe3db8","monthlyPremium":"fa741a9b47a2","yearly":"a40ad4a43185","yearlyV2":"3815d7d6-b8ca-4224-9b8c-182f9047866e","yearlyStaff":"d74fb811198a","yearlyWithTrial":"b3bc7350e5c7","yearlyPremium":"e21bd2c12166","monthlyOneYearFree":"e6c0637a-2bad-4171-ab4f-3c268633d83c","monthly25PercentOffFirstYear":"235ecc62-0cdb-49ae-9378-726cd21c504b","monthly20PercentOffFirstYear":"ba518864-9c13-4a99-91ca-411bf0cac756","monthly15PercentOffFirstYear":"594c029b-9f89-43d5-88f8-8173af4e070e","monthly10PercentOffFirstYear":"c6c7bc9a-40f2-4b51-8126-e28511d5bdb0","monthlyForStudents":"629ebe51-da7d-41fd-8293-34cd2f2030a8","yearlyOneYearFree":"78ba7be9-0d9f-4ece-aa3e-b54b826f2bf1","yearly25PercentOffFirstYear":"2dbb010d-bb8f-4eeb-ad5c-a08509f42d34","yearly20PercentOffFirstYear":"47565488-435b-47f8-bf93-40d5fbe0ebc8","yearly15PercentOffFirstYear":"8259809b-0881-47d9-acf7-6c001c7f720f","yearly10PercentOffFirstYear":"9dd694fb-96e1-472c-8d9e-3c868d5c1506","yearlyForStudents":"e29345ef-ab1c-4234-95c5-70e50fe6bc23","monthlyCad":"p52orjkaceei","yearlyCad":"h4q9g2up9ktt"},"braintreeDiscountId":{"oneMonthFree":"MONTHS_FREE_01","threeMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_03","sixMonthsFree":"MONTHS_FREE_06","fiftyPercentOffOneYear":"FIFTY_PERCENT_OFF_ONE_YEAR"},"3DSecureVersion":"2","defaultCurrency":"usd","providerPlanIdCurrency":{"4ycw":"usd","rz3b":"usd","3kqm":"usd","jzw6":"usd","c2q2":"usd","nnsw":"usd","q8qw":"usd","d9y6":"usd","fx7w":"cad","nwf2":"cad"}},"paypalClientId":"AXj1G4fotC2GE8KzWX9mSxCH1wmPE3nJglf4Z2ig_amnhvlMVX87otaq58niAg9iuLktVNF_1WCMnN7v","paypal":{"host":"https:\u002F\u002Fapi.paypal.com:443","clientMode":"production","serverMode":"live","webhookId":"4G466076A0294510S","monthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-9WR0658853113943TMU5FDQA","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-7N8963881P8875835MU5JOPQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oneYearGift":{"name":"Medium Membership (1 Year, Digital Gift Code)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Gift codes can be redeemed at medium.com\u002Fredeem.","price":"50.00","currency":"USD","sku":"membership-gift-1-yr"},"oldMonthlyPlan":{"planId":"P-96U02458LM656772MJZUVH2Y","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlan":{"planId":"P-59P80963JF186412JJZU3SMI","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"monthlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-66C21969LR178604GJPVKUKY","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"yearlyPlanWithTrial":{"planId":"P-6XW32684EX226940VKCT2MFA","name":"Medium Membership (Annual) with setup fee","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"oldMonthlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-4N046520HR188054PCJC7LJI","name":"Medium Membership (Monthly)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed monthly."},"oldYearlyPlanNoSetupFee":{"planId":"P-7A4913502Y5181304CJEJMXQ","name":"Medium Membership (Annual)","description":"Unlimited access to the best and brightest stories on Medium. Membership billed annually."},"sdkUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.paypal.com\u002Fsdk\u002Fjs"},"stripePublishableKey":"pk_live_7FReX44VnNIInZwrIIx6ghjl","log":{"json":true,"level":"info"},"imageUploadMaxSizeMb":25,"staffPicks":{"title":"Staff Picks","catalogId":"c7bc6e1ee00f"}},"session":{"xsrf":""}}</script><script>window.__APOLLO_STATE__ = {"ROOT_QUERY":{"__typename":"Query","viewer":null,"collectionByDomainOrSlug({\"domainOrSlug\":\"berkman-klein-center\"})":{"__ref":"Collection:cdd8dc4c5fc"},"postResult({\"id\":\"aa944664c844\"})":{"__ref":"Post:aa944664c844"}},"Collection:cdd8dc4c5fc":{"__typename":"Collection","id":"cdd8dc4c5fc","customStyleSheet":null,"colorPalette":{"__typename":"ColorPalette","highlightSpectrum":{"__typename":"ColorSpectrum","backgroundColor":"#FFFFFFFF","colorPoints":[{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFFFFFFF","point":0},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFE8F3E8","point":0.1},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFE8F3E8","point":0.2},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFD1E7D1","point":0.6},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FFA3D0A2","point":1}]},"defaultBackgroundSpectrum":{"__typename":"ColorSpectrum","backgroundColor":"#FFFFFFFF","colorPoints":[{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF1A8917","point":0},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF11800E","point":0.1},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF0F730C","point":0.2},{"__typename":"ColorPoint","color":"#FF095407","point":1}]},"tintBackgroundSpectrum":null},"favicon":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:"},"domain":null,"slug":"berkman-klein-center","googleAnalyticsId":null,"editors":[{"__typename":"CollectionMastheadUserItem","user":{"__ref":"User:188295c21f1c"}},{"__typename":"CollectionMastheadUserItem","user":{"__ref":"User:5a26dd983ee0"}},{"__typename":"CollectionMastheadUserItem","user":{"__ref":"User:43a6e7d075d3"}}],"name":"Berkman Klein Center Collection","avatar":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*v6eObc9xoCxNKMIlnoKM7w.jpeg"},"description":"Insights from the Berkman Klein community about how technology affects our lives (Opinions expressed reflect the beliefs of individual authors and not the Berkman Klein Center as an institution.)","subscriberCount":2101,"latestPostsConnection({\"paging\":{\"limit\":1}})":{"__typename":"PostConnection","posts":[{"__ref":"Post:dcf63329feb9"}]},"viewerEdge":{"__ref":"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:cdd8dc4c5fc-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c"},"twitterUsername":"BKCHarvard","facebookPageId":null,"logo":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*Asm9ZQx6QgRDpw602rGEsA.jpeg"}},"ImageMetadata:":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":""},"User:188295c21f1c":{"__typename":"User","id":"188295c21f1c"},"User:5a26dd983ee0":{"__typename":"User","id":"5a26dd983ee0","customDomainState":{"__typename":"CustomDomainState","live":{"__typename":"CustomDomain","domain":"samanthahinds.medium.com"}},"hasSubdomain":true,"username":"samanthahinds"},"User:43a6e7d075d3":{"__typename":"User","id":"43a6e7d075d3"},"ImageMetadata:1*v6eObc9xoCxNKMIlnoKM7w.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*v6eObc9xoCxNKMIlnoKM7w.jpeg"},"Post:dcf63329feb9":{"__typename":"Post","id":"dcf63329feb9","firstPublishedAt":1720704861408,"creator":{"__ref":"User:5a26dd983ee0"},"collection":{"__ref":"Collection:cdd8dc4c5fc"},"isSeries":false,"mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fberkman-klein-center\u002Fjohanna-wild-investigative-journalist-dcf63329feb9","sequence":null,"uniqueSlug":"johanna-wild-investigative-journalist-dcf63329feb9"},"LinkedAccounts:ebd43fbacb66":{"__typename":"LinkedAccounts","mastodon":null,"id":"ebd43fbacb66"},"UserViewerEdge:userId:ebd43fbacb66-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c":{"__typename":"UserViewerEdge","id":"userId:ebd43fbacb66-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c","isFollowing":false,"isUser":false,"isMuting":false},"User:ebd43fbacb66":{"__typename":"User","id":"ebd43fbacb66","linkedAccounts":{"__ref":"LinkedAccounts:ebd43fbacb66"},"isSuspended":false,"imageId":"0*fzFqNSxgC7iT2FB3.jpg","mediumMemberAt":0,"verifications":{"__typename":"VerifiedInfo","isBookAuthor":false},"name":"Elissa M. Redmiles","socialStats":{"__typename":"SocialStats","followerCount":18,"followingCount":1,"collectionFollowingCount":2},"username":"eredmil1","customDomainState":null,"hasSubdomain":false,"bio":"computer scientist specializing in security and privacy for marginalized & vulnerable groups at Georgetown University and Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center.","isPartnerProgramEnrolled":false,"viewerEdge":{"__ref":"UserViewerEdge:userId:ebd43fbacb66-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c"},"viewerIsUser":false,"newsletterV3":null,"postSubscribeMembershipUpsellShownAt":0,"membership":null,"allowNotes":true,"twitterScreenName":"eredmil1"},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_0":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_0","name":"bd83","type":"H3","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":80,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_1":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_1","name":"96c3","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"The next pandemic response must respect user preferences or risk low adoption","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":77,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_2":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_2","name":"fa02","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"By Elissa M. Redmiles and Oshrat Ayalon","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":3,"end":21,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":26,"end":39,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"ImageMetadata:1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg","originalHeight":2832,"originalWidth":4240,"focusPercentX":null,"focusPercentY":null,"alt":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_3":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_3","name":"1a68","type":"IMG","href":null,"layout":"INSET_CENTER","metadata":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg"},"text":"Photo by Mika Baumeister on Unsplash","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":9,"end":24,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Funsplash.com\u002F@kommumikation?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":28,"end":36,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Funsplash.com\u002Fphotos\u002Fperson-holding-black-android-smartphone-PfMXXv8XXgs?utm_content=creditCopyText&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=unsplash","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_4":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_4","name":"2fad","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Four years after COVID-19 was first declared a pandemic, policy makers, companies and citizens alike have moved on. The CDC no longer offers separate guidance for COVID-19. Apple and Google have shut down their exposure notification infrastructure, which was used heavily in the US and Europe. As COVID-19 spread, technologists were called to serve by building and deploying exposure notification apps to scale parts of the contact tracing process. These apps allowed users to report when they tested positive for COVID-19 and to notify other users when they had been in the vicinity of an infected user. But getting people to use exposure notification apps during the pandemic proved challenging.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":17,"end":55,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmuseum\u002Ftimeline\u002Fcovid19.html","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":134,"end":171,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fmedia\u002Freleases\u002F2024\u002Fp0301-respiratory-virus.html","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":195,"end":247,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdevelopers.google.com\u002Fandroid\u002Fexposure-notifications","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":424,"end":439,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fajph.aphapublications.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.2105\u002FAJPH.2022.306949","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_5":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_5","name":"d261","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"More than three million lives have been lost to COVID-19 over the past four years. Any hope of losing fewer lives during the next pandemic rests on reflection: what did we do, what can we learn from it, and what can we do better next time? Here, we offer five key lessons-learned from research on COVID-19 apps in the US and Europe that can help us prepare for the next pandemic.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":23,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fdata\u002Fstories\u002Fthe-true-death-toll-of-covid-19-estimating-global-excess-mortality","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":255,"end":279,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_6":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_6","name":"ae13","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Privacy is important, but accuracy also matters","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":47,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_7":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_7","name":"e7ca","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Privacy was the primary focus in early exposure notification apps, and rightfully so. The apps all trace their users’ medical information and movements in various ways, and may store some or all of that information in a central database in order to inform other users of potential infection. The misuse of this information could easily result in unintentional, or even intentional, harm.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_8":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_8","name":"9dd4","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"However, research into whether (and how) people used exposure notification apps during the pandemic showed that privacy might not be the most important factor. People care about accuracy, or an app’s rate of incorrect reports of COVID-19 exposure (both false positives and false negatives), which may have also influenced rates of public app adoption. Yet, we still know little about how effective the deployed exposure notification apps were. Future apps will need to have measurement tools and methods designed into them before they are released to accurately track their usefulness.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":112,"end":132,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.statnews.com\u002F2020\u002F07\u002F28\u002Fquality-issues-stumbling-block-contact-tracing-apps\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":178,"end":186,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1145\u002F3488307","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":357,"end":377,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Feuropeanaifund.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2022\u002F10\u002FEuropean-AI-Fund-Tech-and-Covid-grants-synthesis-1.pdf","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":160,"end":290,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":310,"end":351,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":178,"end":186,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_9":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_9","name":"d2ff","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"We need to better understand the role of incentives","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":51,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_10":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_10","name":"b262","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Researchers discovered that using direct incentives, such as monetary compensation, to get people to install exposure notification apps worked at first, but had little effect in the long term. In fact, one field study found that people who received money were less likely to still be using the app eight months later than those who didn’t. Paying people to download a contact tracing app is even less effective when the app is perceived to be bad quality or inaccurate. However, monetary incentives may be able to “compensate” when the app is perceived to be costly in other ways, such as eating up mobile data.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":53,"end":82,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0258945","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":202,"end":217,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3786245","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":391,"end":410,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.usenix.org\u002Fconference\u002Fusenixsecurity23\u002Fpresentation\u002Fayalon","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":34,"end":51,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":260,"end":264,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_11":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_11","name":"52fa","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Given the ethical problems and lack of success with direct incentives, focusing on indirect incentives, such as functionality, may be key to increasing adoption. Exposure notification apps have the potential to serve a greater purpose during pandemics than merely exposure notification. Our research found that people using exposure notification apps wanted them to serve as a “one-stop-shop” for quick receipt of test results, information on the state of public health in their region, and assistance finding testing centers.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":366,"end":392,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fubicomp-iswc-2023\u002Fhow-people-used-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-and-why-insights-from-belgiums-coronalert-48e57c1a0fe1","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":287,"end":392,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":83,"end":102,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":112,"end":125,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_12":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_12","name":"5a7c","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Future app design needs to examine user wants and expectations to ensure widespread adoption. This is hardly a new concept — every successful “fun” app begins with this user-centered model. Apps that provide these extra benefits to users will not only be better adopted, they will also see more frequent and prolonged use.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_13":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_13","name":"4def","type":"PQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"…Over a third of the Coronalert app users we interviewed believed that it tracked their location, despite repeated communications over the course of a year that it used proximity rather than location to detect possible exposures.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_14":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_14","name":"fee1","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Honesty is the most effective communication strategy","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":52,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_15":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_15","name":"0d1f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Exposure notification apps are often framed to the public as having inherent individual benefits: if you use this app, you’ll be able to tell when you’ve been exposed to a disease. In reality, exposure notification apps have a stronger collective benefit of preventing the overall spread of disease in communities. Being honest with potential users about the true benefits is more effective than playing up the less significant individual benefit. When examining how to best advertise Louisiana’s exposure notification app, we found that people were most receptive to the app when its collectivistic benefits were centered.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":463,"end":484,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1145\u002F3491102.3501869","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":524,"end":623,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":77,"end":87,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":236,"end":246,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_16":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_16","name":"5d27","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Honesty and openness in privacy is also essential, especially when it comes to data collection and storage. Despite this transparency, however, people may still make assumptions based on false preconceptions or logic. For example, over a third of the Coronalert app users we interviewed believed that it tracked their location, despite repeated communications over the course of a year that it used proximity rather than location to detect possible exposures.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_17":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_17","name":"4f4f","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Integration with existing health systems is essential","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":53,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_18":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_18","name":"0dfd","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"There was a disconnect between COVID-19 exposure notification apps and public healthcare systems, even in countries with universal healthcare and government-supported apps. Belgium’s Coronalert app, for example, allowed users to receive their test results faster by linking their test to their app using a unique code. But, testing center staff were not trained on the app and failed to prompt users for that code. Not only was receiving test results a primary motivator in getting people to use the app; failing to link positive results to specific app users reduced the app’s efficacy.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":173,"end":197,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fubicomp-iswc-2023\u002Fhow-people-used-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-and-why-insights-from-belgiums-coronalert-48e57c1a0fe1","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_19":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_19","name":"e349","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"This disconnect may be far greater in countries without universal healthcare or where exposure notification apps are privately created. In order for these apps to be effective, developers must collaborate with public health workers to develop a shared understanding of how testing centers operate, determine the information needed to provide accurate tracking, and decide on the best way to follow up on potential infections.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":379,"end":400,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\u002Farticle\u002Fhow-to-fix-covid-contact-tracing\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":177,"end":296,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_20":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_20","name":"57c0","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Resourcing technical capacity is critical","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":41,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_21":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_21","name":"e2aa","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"A wide range of exposure notification apps were developed to combat COVID-19, and by many different organizations. In the absence of immediate government action, many of the earliest efforts were led by universities or volunteer efforts. Academics developed the DP3T proximity tracing protocol, which guided Google and Apple’s development of exposure notification infrastructure for Android and iOS phones.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":262,"end":308,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Ffortune.com\u002F40-under-40\u002F2020\u002Fcarmela-troncoso\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_22":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_22","name":"5c3a","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"However, privatization of exposure notification infrastructure created an enormous potential for private medical and other information to fall into the hands of corporations who are in the business of big data. It also subjected exposure notification technology to private company’s rules (and whims).","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_23":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_23","name":"a642","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Google and Apple released exposure notification infrastructure in April 2020 but did not release direct-to-user exposure notification functionality until later in the pandemic. This decision left the development of exposure notification apps to public health agencies that lacked the resources and technical capacity to do so. Volunteers stepped in to fill this void. For example, the PathCheck foundation developed exposure notification apps for 7 states and countries on top of the Google-Apple Exposure Notification infrastructure.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":148,"end":175,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pathcheck.org\u002Fen\u002Fblog\u002Fpathcheck-launches-solutions-for-en-express-unveiled-by-google-apple","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":447,"end":469,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pathcheck.org\u002Fen\u002Fimpact","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":191,"end":325,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_24":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_24","name":"a26f","type":"PQ","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"“…We need to eliminate these scattered responses, align incentives, and integrate the strengths and perspectives of public, private, and academic bodies to develop protocols, models, and best practices.”","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_25":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_25","name":"984d","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"While it is natural for universities to support the public good, and encouraging that private citizens volunteered so much of their time and resources to do so, they should not have to in the next pandemic. To respond to future pandemics, we need to eliminate these scattered responses, align incentives, and integrate the strengths and perspectives of public, private, and academic bodies to develop protocols, models, and best practices.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_26":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_26","name":"ba46","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Applying the lessons learned","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":0,"end":28,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_27":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_27","name":"ab01","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Building tech responsibly means not just considering privacy, but providing technology that respects user preferences. When people give up their data, they expect a benefit — be that a collective benefit, such as fighting a pandemic or helping cancer research, or an individual one. They likewise expect utility: apps that are accurate, achieve their goals, and provide an holistic set of features.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":76,"end":117,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fdighum.ec.tuwien.ac.at\u002Fperspectives-on-digital-humanism\u002Fthe-need-for-respectful-technologies-going-beyond-privacy\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":119,"end":172,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"STRONG","start":304,"end":311,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_28":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_28","name":"f4dd","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"If we continue to build tech based on our assumptions of what users want, we risk low adoption of these technologies. And during times of crisis, such as this still-ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the consequences of low adoption are dire.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":42,"end":53,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_29":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_29","name":"d922","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Elissa M. Redmiles is a computer scientist specializing in security and privacy for marginalized & vulnerable groups at Georgetown University and Harvard’s Berkman Klein Center.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":18,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Felissaredmiles.com\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":156,"end":176,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fcyber.harvard.edu\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":177,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"Paragraph:435849b30de2_30":{"__typename":"Paragraph","id":"435849b30de2_30","name":"f3aa","type":"P","href":null,"layout":null,"metadata":null,"text":"Oshrat Ayalon is a human-computer interaction researcher focusing on privacy and security at the University of Haifa.","hasDropCap":null,"dropCapImage":null,"markups":[{"__typename":"Markup","type":"A","start":0,"end":13,"href":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oshratayalon.com\u002F","anchorType":"LINK","userId":null,"linkMetadata":null},{"__typename":"Markup","type":"EM","start":0,"end":117,"href":null,"anchorType":null,"userId":null,"linkMetadata":null}],"codeBlockMetadata":null,"iframe":null,"mixtapeMetadata":null},"CollectionViewerEdge:collectionId:cdd8dc4c5fc-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c":{"__typename":"CollectionViewerEdge","id":"collectionId:cdd8dc4c5fc-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c","isEditor":false,"isMuting":false},"ImageMetadata:1*Asm9ZQx6QgRDpw602rGEsA.jpeg":{"__typename":"ImageMetadata","id":"1*Asm9ZQx6QgRDpw602rGEsA.jpeg","originalWidth":1200,"originalHeight":230},"PostViewerEdge:postId:aa944664c844-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c":{"__typename":"PostViewerEdge","shouldIndexPostForExternalSearch":true,"id":"postId:aa944664c844-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c"},"Tag:privacy":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"privacy","displayTitle":"Privacy","normalizedTagSlug":"privacy"},"Tag:pandemic-reflections":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"pandemic-reflections","displayTitle":"Pandemic Reflections","normalizedTagSlug":"pandemic-reflections"},"Tag:technology":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"technology","displayTitle":"Technology","normalizedTagSlug":"technology"},"Tag:contact-tracing":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"contact-tracing","displayTitle":"Contact Tracing","normalizedTagSlug":"contact-tracing"},"Tag:healthcare":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"healthcare","displayTitle":"Healthcare","normalizedTagSlug":"healthcare"},"Post:aa944664c844":{"__typename":"Post","id":"aa944664c844","collection":{"__ref":"Collection:cdd8dc4c5fc"},"content({\"postMeteringOptions\":{}})":{"__typename":"PostContent","isLockedPreviewOnly":false,"bodyModel":{"__typename":"RichText","sections":[{"__typename":"Section","name":"4397","startIndex":0,"textLayout":null,"imageLayout":null,"backgroundImage":null,"videoLayout":null,"backgroundVideo":null},{"__typename":"Section","name":"b63e","startIndex":29,"textLayout":null,"imageLayout":null,"backgroundImage":null,"videoLayout":null,"backgroundVideo":null}],"paragraphs":[{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_0"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_1"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_2"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_3"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_4"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_5"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_6"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_7"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_8"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_9"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_10"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_11"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_12"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_13"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_14"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_15"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_16"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_17"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_18"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_19"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_20"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_21"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_22"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_23"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_24"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_25"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_26"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_27"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_28"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_29"},{"__ref":"Paragraph:435849b30de2_30"}]},"validatedShareKey":"","shareKeyCreator":null},"creator":{"__ref":"User:ebd43fbacb66"},"inResponseToEntityType":null,"isLocked":false,"isMarkedPaywallOnly":false,"lockedSource":"LOCKED_POST_SOURCE_NONE","mediumUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fmedium.com\u002Fberkman-klein-center\u002Faccuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844","primaryTopic":null,"topics":[{"__typename":"Topic","slug":"design"}],"isPublished":true,"latestPublishedVersion":"435849b30de2","visibility":"PUBLIC","postResponses":{"__typename":"PostResponses","count":1},"clapCount":138,"allowResponses":true,"isLimitedState":false,"title":"Accuracy, Incentives, Honesty: Insights from COVID-19 Exposure Notification Apps","isSeries":false,"sequence":null,"uniqueSlug":"accuracy-incentives-honesty-insights-from-covid-19-exposure-notification-apps-aa944664c844","socialTitle":"","socialDek":"","canonicalUrl":"","metaDescription":"","latestPublishedAt":1710434605538,"readingTime":5.6000000000000005,"previewContent":{"__typename":"PreviewContent","subtitle":"The next pandemic response must respect user preferences or risk low adoption"},"previewImage":{"__ref":"ImageMetadata:1*B4phgPlOL3S68KlnsRgliw.jpeg"},"isShortform":false,"seoTitle":"","firstPublishedAt":1710434605538,"updatedAt":1713819774697,"shortformType":"SHORTFORM_TYPE_LINK","seoDescription":"","viewerEdge":{"__ref":"PostViewerEdge:postId:aa944664c844-viewerId:lo_80796b66ce7c"},"isSuspended":false,"license":"ALL_RIGHTS_RESERVED","tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:privacy"},{"__ref":"Tag:pandemic-reflections"},{"__ref":"Tag:technology"},{"__ref":"Tag:contact-tracing"},{"__ref":"Tag:healthcare"}],"isNewsletter":false,"statusForCollection":"APPROVED","pendingCollection":null,"detectedLanguage":"en","wordCount":1431,"layerCake":1,"responsesLocked":false}}</script><script>window.__MIDDLEWARE_STATE__={"session":{"xsrf":""},"cache":{"cacheStatus":"MISS"}}</script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/manifest.b2314f6d.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9865.1496d74a.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/main.24534aeb.js"></script><script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/instrumentation.d9108df7.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/reporting.ff22a7a5.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9120.5df29668.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5049.d1ead72d.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4810.6318add7.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6618.db187378.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2707.b0942613.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/9977.5b3eb23a.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8599.1ab63137.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5250.9f9e01d2.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6349.b071a958.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2648.26563adf.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8393.826a25fb.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7079.67349d50.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3735.afb7e926.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/5642.a2d9f6a1.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6546.cd03f950.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/6834.08de95de.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7346.72622eb9.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2420.2a5e2d95.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/839.ca7937c2.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7975.d195c6f1.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2106.21ff89d3.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/7394.3d049572.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2961.00a48598.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8204.c4082863.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/4391.59acaed3.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/PostPage.MainContent.c8a11795.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/8414.6565ad5f.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/3974.8d3e0217.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/2527.a0afad8a.chunk.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn-client.medium.com/lite/static/js/PostResponsesContent.36c2ecf4.chunk.js"></script><script>window.main();</script><script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e76c0d159b23f98',t:'MTczMjQyMzU2NS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body></html>