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關稅戰已經開打——請繫好安全帶
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href="mailto:?body=%E9%97%9C%E7%A8%85%E6%88%B0%E5%B7%B2%E7%B6%93%E9%96%8B%E6%89%93%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AB%8B%E7%B9%AB%E5%A5%BD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B8%B6%0D%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo-news.com.hk%2FBBCChineseNews%2F36619%2F"><img src="https://www.yahoo-news.com.hk/BBCChineseNews/wp-content/themes/custom/images/email.png" alt=""></a> <a href="whatsapp://send?text=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo-news.com.hk%2FBBCChineseNews%2F36619%2F"><img src="https://www.yahoo-news.com.hk/BBCChineseNews/wp-content/themes/custom/images/whatsapp.png" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="article-inner"> <h1 class="article-header"> 關稅戰已經開打——請繫好安全帶 </h1> <div class="native-ad-b91e5c85-a73c-4271-9227-9a67ecdbc1f2"></div> <div class="follow-box d-flex justify-content-start align-items-center"> <a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.yahoo-news.com.hk/BBCChineseNews/wp-content/themes/custom/images/bbc-logo.png" alt=""></a> <div class="follow-desc "> <p> <a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad" target="_blank"><span class="follow-name" style="color:#303235;">BBC中文</span></a> </p> <p class="follow-time">2025年02月11日上午04:46</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="article-detail"> <figure> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" alt="美國國旗在港口飄揚" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/aea9/live/35794ab0-e476-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.jpg" width="4862" height="2735" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer> </figure> <p>別惹加拿大——這是渥太華(Ottawa)政治體系最高層向美國發出的私下警告。正如近一個世紀前應對臭名昭著的《斯姆特-霍利關稅法案》(Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act)時那樣,加拿大對唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump,川普)的進口關稅迅速實施了報復措施。</p> <p>儘管白宮聲稱加拿大承諾投入13億美元(10億英鎊)實施邊境保護計畫,標誌著美國在芬太尼(Fentanyl)走私問題上取得外交勝利,但實際上加拿大做出的讓步幾乎未超出其原有規劃。</p> <p>關鍵在於,墨西哥和加拿大均未因特朗普行政令中「任何報復行為將導致美國進口關稅提高」的明確威脅而退縮。經過協商,加墨兩國反而與特朗普談判達成為期一個月的暫緩期。</p> <p>這位再度執政的美國總統在多數日子裡熱衷於向多個方向發出關稅威脅。</p> <figure> <img decoding="async" alt="特朗普" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/5b2c/live/1e9412c0-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1536" height="864" /></p> <footer>Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images</footer><figcaption>在加拿大同意實施邊境保護計劃以應對芬太尼(Fentanyl)跨境走私問題後,美國聲稱取得外交勝利。</figcaption></figure> <p>自特朗普就任以來,其關稅威脅的對象已擴及丹麥、哥倫比亞、中國、台灣、歐盟等地,以及包含巴西、俄羅斯和印度的金磚國家。</p> <p>這些關稅措施的理論依據持續變動,諸多情況難以用常理解釋。因此,墨西哥、加拿大及其他面臨關稅或相關威脅的國家都必須解讀特朗普的真實意圖。</p> <p>當各國釐清這一點後,全球面臨的根本問題在於:我們所見是否意味著美國總統正試圖重塑全球貨幣體系——而此舉將使美國承受何種風險?</p> <h2>矛盾之處</h2> <p>特朗普(Donald Trump)聲稱芬太尼(Fentanyl)走私是其徵收關稅的法律依據,此舉使他得以繞過國會,通過宣布「異常特殊威脅」動用緊急權力對加拿大、墨西哥和中國實施邊境稅。</p> <figure> <img decoding="async" alt="加拿大安大略省溫莎市大使橋附近懸掛的加美國旗" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/ec98/live/27fa3b50-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1536" height="864" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer><figcaption>加拿大未因特朗普行政令中「任何報復行為將導致美國進口關稅提高」的明確威脅而退縮</figcaption></figure> <p>儘管特朗普談及芬太尼貿易問題時,他同時援引加拿大對美國的商品貿易順差(即加拿大對美出口額大於進口額),並提出加拿大應成為美國「第51個州」的設想。</p> <p>雖然任何國家都可能要求就合法與非法貿易流動展開對話,但當這種對話伴隨著對北約(NATO)成員國、七國集團(G7)成員及自由貿易盟友實施大陸吞併式威脅時,如何處理這些對話便顯得尤為困難。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/articles/c2eg4v21xgeo/trad?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Byahoo.hong.kong%5D-%5Blink%5D-%5Bchinese%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D">特朗普播撒不確定性之際,習近平看到了機會</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/articles/cde95d2j9dxo/trad?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Byahoo.hong.kong%5D-%5Blink%5D-%5Bchinese%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D">芬太尼是如何進入美國的?</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/articles/cqx9yd2jgp7o/trad?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Byahoo.hong.kong%5D-%5Blink%5D-%5Bchinese%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D">特朗普的關稅手段曾經重創中國——但這一次,北京做好了準備</a></li> </ul> <h2>充滿爭議的順差</h2> <p>與此同時,歐洲似乎不願激化矛盾,正試圖釐清這位總統(特朗普)的真實動機,以及此舉如何影響其跨大西洋關稅決策。</p> <p>特朗普對歐盟(EU)的長期敵意源於該集團對美國的商品貿易順差,這種順差主要來自德國高端汽車出口等領域。</p> <p>所有問題的根源在於一種被感知的「不公平」——其他市場對美國施加更多限制,例如在美國藥品定價或對美國科技公司罰款等領域。</p> <p>但若此舉真正關乎貿易逆差,令人費解的是特朗普為何尚未對越南、日本和韓國等對美順差更大的國家宣布關稅措施。</p> <p>無論如何,特朗普僅聚焦商品貿易的做法,意味著他主動忽視了美國最具優勢的服務業出口。</p> <p>上個月,筆者向歐盟貿易專員馬羅什·謝夫喬維奇(Maros Sefcovic)提出這一觀點。</p> <p>他回應稱:「的確,我們在商品貿易存在順差,但美國在服務貿易享有順差。」</p> <p>「此外,每年有3000億歐元(2490億英鎊)資金通過歐洲公民的養老基金和儲蓄賬戶跨大西洋流入美國企業。因此我認為這是一種相當平衡的雙邊關係。」</p> <p>值得關注的是,英國對美貿易地位更趨均衡——這一觀點由英國貿易大臣喬納森·雷諾茲(Jonathan Reynolds)向筆者闡述。事實上,按某些指標衡量,美國對英貿易甚至呈現順差。</p> <p>在特朗普真實意圖尚不明朗之際,歐洲談判代表選擇強調與美國的合作夥伴關係及經貿協議,甚至謹慎避免直接批評美方針對北約(NATO)盟友丹麥就格陵蘭島問題提出的關稅威脅這種異常舉措。</p> <h2>談判工具</h2> <p>在2024年11月就任特朗普(Donald Trump)白宮首席經濟顧問前,斯蒂芬·米蘭(Stephen Miran)曾撰文提出一系列關鍵評估標準,這些標準將決定美國應對特定國家加徵多少關稅。</p> <p>評估內容包括:目標國是否對美實施對等關稅、操縱本國貨幣匯率、尊重美國知識產權、履行北約(NATO)經費義務、在聯合國投票反對美國提案,以及其「領導人是否在國際場合作秀反美」。</p> <p>該文件同時提出迫使他國「在對美出口商品被徵稅與對中國進口商品加徵關稅之間作出抉擇」,並質詢:「這些國家將作何選擇?」</p> <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="習近平正在講話" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/bf6f/live/45306960-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1427" height="802" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer><figcaption>中國國家主席習近平曾在特朗普(Donald Trump)首個總統任期內見證其對華加徵關稅。當前局勢顯示,美方可能進一步升級此類貿易限制措施。</figcaption></figure> <p>這位美國總統在1月於瑞士達沃斯(Davos)舉行的世界經濟論壇(World Economic Forum)上,通過視頻致辭向震驚的與會者明確表態。</p> <p>他對現場的國際企業高管們表示:「你們可以選擇」——要麼利用稅收優惠政策在美國本土建廠生產商品,要麼繼續從海外工廠進口商品至美國並繳納關稅,而這些關稅將為美國財政部帶來「數千億乃至數萬億美元」收入。</p> <p>近期曾與特朗普會面的前白宮經濟顧問斯蒂芬·摩爾(Stephen Moore)向筆者透露:「國際社會多數成員已逐漸意識到,特朗普確實將關稅作為談判工具來使用。」</p> <h2>全面關稅政策</h2> <p>特朗普(Donald Trump)的部分政策邏輯或許非常簡單:重塑美國稅制體系,使所有進入美國的商品均需繳納關稅,但作為交換,公眾將享受所得稅率的大幅削減。</p> <p>斯蒂芬·摩爾(Stephen Moore)表示:「我確實認為,特朗普最終將實施全面關稅政策。」</p> <p>他談及這一構想時指出,無論商品來自英國、墨西哥、加拿大、中國還是歐洲,只要進入美國市場都需支付更高關稅;而若商品在美國本土生產,則可享受稅率優惠。對多數美國民眾而言,這無疑是極具吸引力的方案。」</p> <p>摩爾具體提議對所有進口商品徵收15%的統一關稅,以此資金支持將所得稅率下調至15%。</p> <h2>根本性改變</h2> <p>米蘭(Stephen Miran)的論文還提出一項令全球中央銀行和財政部瞠目結舌的建議:通過壓低美元匯率來提振美國工業與出口。</p> <p>實現這一目標將意味著全球貨幣體系運作方式的根本性改變。但米蘭指出,可運用懲罰性關稅作為籌碼,迫使歐洲和中國等不情願的貿易夥伴「更積極接受」該構想。</p> <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="中國的汽車工廠。" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/d7ce/live/4f6839d0-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1536" height="864" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer> </figure> <p>他提議適時召開全球經濟強國峰會,在美國總統的佛羅里達州官邸(Florida residence)達成美元匯率重估協議。此協議或可定名為《海湖莊園協定》(Mar-a-Lago Accord)。</p> <p>國際論壇對此構想的初期討論普遍持高度懷疑態度,學界普遍回溯歷史上類似匯率調控嘗試的經驗教訓。</p> <p>然而該方案已成為白宮首席經濟顧問最新發表的核心理論——當前階段需全面實施關稅措施,藉此為未來國際社會協同壓低美元幣值創造條件。</p> <h2>秀肌肉</h2> <p>此激進構想伴隨風險,僅當前實施的關稅措施已使白宮面臨美國過度施壓導致局勢失控的潛在危機。。</p> <p>有望接替賈斯汀·特魯多(Justin Trudeau)出任加拿大自由黨(Liberal Party)領袖及總理職務(至少在大選前)的馬克·卡尼(Mark Carney)採取了獨特應對策略。這位曾任英國央行和加拿大央行行長的政界人士選擇強硬回擊,不僅駁斥美方提出的芬太尼(Fentanyl)走私理由,更向BBC明確表示加拿大將實施「等額報復」,並強調加國民眾「絕不向霸凌者屈服」。</p> <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="卡尼" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/afb4/live/5b4e0860-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1536" height="864" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer><figcaption>馬克·卡尼(Mark Carney)有望接替特魯多出任加拿大總理</figcaption></figure> <p>卡尼指出,此類關稅措施將通過推高通脹反噬美國經濟本身——迫使美聯儲(Federal Reserve)加息,同時削弱美國簽署貿易協定的能力,畢竟該國在總統親自主導重新談判後僅數年就實質性撕毀了其最大貿易協定《美墨加協定》(USMCA)。</p> <p>這位加拿大政要公開建議取消對美石油出口補貼,並強調加拿大需保護綠色投資項目免受美國碳排放政策影響。對於英國等試圖規避關稅的國家,他給出簡潔建議:「祝你好運」。</p> <p>基於其二十國集團(G20)峰會期間與特朗普(Donald Trump)交手的親身經歷,卡尼明確傳遞出應對策略的核心:展現實力才是與之周旋的有效方式。</p> <h2>報復的風險</h2> <p>此戰略考量部分基於以下判斷:美國國內對這些政策的有限反對聲浪難以持久。國際社會愈是採取強硬、更具戰略性且協調一致的報復措施,就愈能促使美國大型企業及總統周邊決策圈重新審視現行政策。</p> <p>值得注意的是,電動汽車製造商特斯拉(Tesla)行政總裁埃隆·馬斯克(Elon Musk)在其社交平臺X上慣常活躍發聲,卻對總統此項重大決策異常緘默。最終他僅轉發了墨西哥總統關於關稅措施暫緩實施的聲明。</p> <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="墨西哥城的水果小販" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/c8b7/live/64d1a400-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1536" height="864" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer><figcaption>經相互磋商後,加拿大與墨西哥分別與特朗普談判達成一個月的暫緩期。</figcaption></figure> <p>一位美國科技巨頭行政總裁向筆者透露,其公司現已制定應對計劃,預期將成為報復性關稅的實施對象。</p> <p>該高管寄望於特朗普(Donald Trump)對美股市值攀升的關注能形成天然制約,防止關稅措施過度升級。部分市場觀察人士將週一道瓊斯指數(Dow Jones Index)的小幅下跌視為本週關稅暫緩的促成因素。</p> <p>報復行動是貿易戰的標準程序。回顧史上最著名的案例——當美國共和黨(Republican Party)1930年代通過災難性的《斯姆特-霍利關稅法案》(Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act)時,加拿大成為首個反擊國家,其報復措施甚至早於美國完成立法程序。</p> <p>歷史記載顯示,亨利·福特(Henry Ford)曾於1930年懇請赫伯特·胡佛(Herbert Hoover)總統否決該法案。</p> <h2>產業一體化</h2> <p>2025年,汽車產業顯然可能成為關稅政策的主要受損領域。</p> <p>溫莎大學(University of Windsor)機械與汽車工程學教授彼得·弗里斯(Peter Frise)指出:「事實上並不存在所謂的加拿大汽車產業、美國汽車產業或墨西哥汽車產業。真正存在的是北美汽車產業中的加拿大、美國和墨西哥組成部分,三國間的產業整合正是該行業運作的根基所在。」</p> <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="墨西哥總統克勞迪婭·希恩鮑姆(Claudia Sheinbaum)在新聞發布會上發表講話" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/0c7d/live/7835ef60-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1390" height="782" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer><figcaption>墨西哥、加拿大及其他面臨關稅或相關威脅的國家都必須解讀特朗普(Donald Trump)的真實意圖。</figcaption></figure> <p>弗里斯(Peter Frise)指出:不僅在美熱銷的本田思域(Honda Civic)等車型產自加拿大,事實上「極少」在美國組裝的汽車不含跨境零配件。因此他強調,關稅措施「將導致各方成本上升」——包括美國消費者。</p> <h2>其他國家互相合作</h2> <p>特朗普面臨的另一風險在於:正如卡尼(Mark Carney)與謝夫喬維奇(Maros Sefcovic)所言,各國正通過加強相互合作來應對美國貿易政策導向。</p> <p>歐盟(EU)正積極推進與拉丁美洲的貿易協定談判。</p> <p>謝夫喬維奇強調:「國際社會對自由公平貿易關係存在巨大需求」。</p> <p>英國已重啟與印度及海灣國家的貿易磋商。</p> <p>雷諾茲(Jonathan Reynolds)表示,「複雜的國際形勢」要求英國發揮其作為全球「最具聯通性市場」的「真實競爭優勢」,保持與美國、歐盟和中國的經貿聯動。</p> <h2>大規模且出人意料的關稅戰</h2> <p>此處的關鍵問題在於:若如特朗普及其顧問團隊反覆暗示的「全面關稅」政策確將實施,各國是否還有足夠動力規避此措施?</p> <p>「特朗普經濟學」(Trumponomics)圈內流傳著某些令人震驚的理論構想。其中關於「徵收數萬億美元關稅收入」的議題,甚至令那些自認可能免受關稅影響的美國盟友感到不安。</p> <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="基爾·斯塔默" src="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/raw/cpsprodpb/74ab/live/8c4d8530-e472-11ef-8cf7-7d25ac677559.png" width="1536" height="864" /></p> <footer>Getty Images</footer><figcaption>在某種測算下,美國甚至對英國有貿易順差</figcaption></figure> <p>這聽似一場瘋狂的經濟賭注。但當美國總統對七國集團(G7)和北約(NATO)中最密切的經濟夥伴以芬太尼(Fentanyl)為由加徵關稅,同時宣稱該國應併入美國版圖之際,此類言論便具備了現實參照意義。</p> <p>一場大規模且出人意料的關稅戰或將上演。本週的貿易紛爭不過是初期交鋒。</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/articles/cz7ed9j7d92o/trad?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Byahoo.hong.kong%5D-%5Blink%5D-%5Bchinese%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D">中國反擊:對美報復性關稅正式生效</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/articles/cr46127gdxno/trad?xtor=AL-73-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Byahoo.hong.kong%5D-%5Blink%5D-%5Bchinese%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D">北京回擊美國關稅,中美兩國能否避免貿易戰升級?</a></li> <li><a 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