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subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intersectionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intersectionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Intersectionality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intersectionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Origins of the concept </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crenshaw's_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crenshaw's_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Crenshaw's arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crenshaw's_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-My_Brother's_Keeper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#My_Brother's_Keeper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 My Brother's Keeper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-My_Brother's_Keeper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item 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</li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88" title="كيمبريلي وليامز كرينشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمبريلي وليامز كرينشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="کیمبرلی ویلیامز کرنشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیمبرلی ویلیامز کرنشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%94%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Քիմբերլի Քրենշոու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմբերլի Քրենշոու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%95" title="קימברלי קרנשו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קימברלי קרנשו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Кимберли Креншоу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кимберли Креншоу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88" title="كيمبريلى وليامز كرينشو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيمبريلى وليامز كرينشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC" title="キンバリー・クレンショー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キンバリー・クレンショー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83,_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Креншоу, Кимберли Уильямс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Креншоу, Кимберли Уильямс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Williams_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kimberlé Crenshaw" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Кимберле Уильямс Креншоу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кимберле Уильямс Креншоу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Кімберлі Креншоу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кімберлі Креншоу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9F%8F%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E7%A7%80" title="金柏莉·威廉斯·坎秀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金柏莉·威廉斯·坎秀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6409990#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="View the content 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American academic and lawyer (born 1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kim Crenshaw</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_(40901215153).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_%2840901215153%29.jpg/220px-Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_%2840901215153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_%2840901215153%29.jpg/330px-Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_%2840901215153%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_%2840901215153%29.jpg/440px-Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw_%2840901215153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Crenshaw in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw</div> (1959-05-05) May 5, 1959 (age 65) <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin,_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin, Madison">University of Wisconsin, Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Law professor</li><li>activist</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw (born May 5, 1959) is an American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">civil rights advocate</a> and a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a>. She is a professor at the <a href="/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, where she specializes in race and gender issues.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Crenshaw is known for introducing and developing intersectionality, also known as <a href="/wiki/Intersectional_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional theory">intersectional theory</a>, the study of how overlapping or intersecting social identities, particularly minority identities, relate to systems and structures of <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>, domination, or discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruparelia_2019-3">[3]</a> Her work further expands to include <a href="/wiki/Intersectional_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersectional feminism">intersectional feminism</a>, which is a sub-category related to intersectional theory. Intersectional feminism examines the overlapping systems of oppression and discrimination that women face due to their ethnicity, sexuality, and economic background.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Crenshaw was born in <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>, on May 5, 1959,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-blacklives-5">[5]</a> to parents Marian and Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> From a young age, Crenshaw's parents encouraged her to discuss "interesting things" that she "observed in the world that day". This early training would later become the basis of her career choices later in life.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Crenshaw attended <a href="/wiki/Canton_McKinley_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton McKinley High School">Canton McKinley High School</a>. In 1981, she received a bachelor's degree in government and Africana studies from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> where she was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Quill_and_Dagger" title="Quill and Dagger">Quill and Dagger</a> senior Honors' Society.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[10]</a> She received a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Law">Harvard Law School</a> in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1985, she received an <a href="/wiki/LL.M." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.M.">LL.M.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Law_School" title="University of Wisconsin Law School">University of Wisconsin Law School</a>, where she was a <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a> Fellow<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and law clerk to Wisconsin Supreme Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Abrahamson" title="Shirley Abrahamson">Shirley Abrahamson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> After completing her LL.M., Crenshaw joined the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California, Los Angeles School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a> in 1986. She is a founder of the field of <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a> and a lecturer on <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a>, critical race studies, and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> At UCLA School of Law, as of 2017, she teaches four classes, Advanced Critical Race Theory, Civil Rights, Intersectional Perspectives on Race, Gender and the Criminalization of Women & Girls, and Race, Law and Representation.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1991, Crenshaw assisted the legal team representing <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> at the U.S. Senate <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">confirmation hearings</a> for Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In both 1991 and 1994, she was elected professor of the year by matriculating students.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> In 1995, Crenshaw was appointed full professor at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, where she is the founder and director of the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, established in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-foundation1-18">[18]</a> At Columbia Law School, Kimberlé W. Crenshaw's courses include an intersectionalities workshop and an intersectionalities workshop centered on civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-:7-19">[19]</a> In 1996, Crenshaw became the co-founder and executive director of the <a href="/wiki/African_American_Policy_Forum" title="African American Policy Forum">African American Policy Forum</a> (AAPF), a think tank focused on "dismantling structural inequality" and "advancing and expanding racial justice, gender equality, and the indivisibility of all human rights, both in the U.S. and internationally."<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> Its mission is to build bridges between scholarly research and public discourse in addressing inequality and discrimination. Crenshaw has been awarded the Fulbright Chair for Latin America in Brazil, and in 2008, she was awarded an in-residence fellowship at the Center of Advanced Behavioral Studies at Stanford.<a href="#cite_note-:7-19">[19]</a> In 2001, Crenshaw wrote the background paper on Race and Gender Discrimination for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_World_Conference_on_Racism" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations World Conference on Racism">United Nations World Conference on Racism</a>, helped to facilitate the addition of gender in the WCAR Conference Declaration, served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>'s Committee to Research Violence Against Women and the National Research Council panel on Research on Violence Against Women. Crenshaw was a member of the Domestic Strategy Group at the <a href="/wiki/Aspen_Institute" title="Aspen Institute">Aspen Institute</a> from 1992 to 1995,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the Women's Media Initiative,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and is a regular commentator on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tavis_Smiley_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tavis Smiley Show">The Tavis Smiley Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 2020, Crenshaw received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> She has authored several books and articles and continues to publish.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Crenshaw's book with Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz, The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, is scheduled for publication December 2025. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intersectionality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DW4HLgYPlA">Kimberlé Crenshaw - On Intersectionality - keynote - WOW 2016: Southbank Centre</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_of_the_concept">Origins of the concept</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins of the concept">edit</a>]</div> In 1989, Crenshaw coined the term <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a> in her essay "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics" as a way to help explain the oppression of <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">African-American women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw_139-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-30">[30]</a> The idea of intersectionality existed long before Crenshaw coined the term but was not widely recognized until Crenshaw's work. Black feminist trailblazers like <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a> in her 1851 speech "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F" title="Ain't I a Woman?">Ain't I a Woman?</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Cooper" title="Anna J. Cooper">Anna Julia Cooper</a> in her 1892 essay "The Colored Woman's Office" exemplified the ideas of intersectionality before intersectionality came to be.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Crenshaw's inspiration for the theory started while she was still in college at Cornell University when she realized that the gender aspect of race was extremely underdeveloped.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crenshaw's_arguments">Crenshaw's arguments</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crenshaw's arguments">edit</a>]</div> Crenshaw's focus on intersectionality is how the law responds to issues that include gender and race discrimination. The particular challenge in law is that anti-discrimination laws look at gender and race separately. Consequently, African-American women and other women of color who experience overlapping forms of discrimination are left with no justice.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antidiscrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiscrimination">Anti-discrimination</a> laws and the justice system's attempt to remedy <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> are limited and operate on a singular axis, only accounting for one identity at a time. A complete and understandable definition has not been written in the law; therefore, when the issues of intersectionality are presented in a court of law, if one form of discrimination cannot be proved without the other, then there is no law broken.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The law defines discrimination as unfair treatment based on a certain identity.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> When enforcing the law, justice goes by the definition, and if discrimination cannot be proven based on a single identity, such as sex, then no crime has been committed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Crenshaw has referred to <a href="/wiki/DeGraffenreid_v._General_Motors" title="DeGraffenreid v. General Motors">DeGraffenreid v. General Motors</a> in writing, interviews, and lectures. In DeGraffenreid v. General Motors,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> a group of <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> women argued they received compound discrimination, excluding them from employment opportunities. They contended that although women were eligible for office and secretarial jobs, such positions were only offered to white women, barring African-American women from seeking employment in the company. The courts weighed the allegations of race and gender discrimination separately, finding that the employment of African-American male factory workers disproved racial discrimination, and the employment of white female office workers disproved <a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">gender discrimination</a>. Accordingly, the court declined to consider compound discrimination and dismissed the case.<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> Crenshaw has also discusses intersectionality in connection to her experience as part of the 1991 legal team for <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>, the woman who accused then-Supreme Court nominee <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> of sexual harassment.<a href="#cite_note-:9-39">[39]</a> The case drew two crowds expressing contrasting views: white feminists in support of Hill and the opposing members of the African-American community that supported Clarence Thomas. The two lines of the argument focused on the rights of women and Hill's experience of being violated as a woman, on the one hand, and on the other, the appeal to forgive Thomas or turn a blind eye to his conduct due to his opportunity to become only the second African American to serve on the United States Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-:9-39">[39]</a> Crenshaw argued that with these two groups rising against one another during this case, Anita Hill lost her voice as a black woman. She had been unintentionally chosen to support the women's side of things, silencing her racial contribution to the issue. "It was like one of these moments where you literally feel that you have been kicked out of your community, all because you are trying to introduce and talk about the way that African American women have experienced sexual harassment and violence. It was a defining moment." "Many women who talk about the Anita Hill thing," Crenshaw adds, "they celebrate what's happened with women in general.... So sexual harassment is now recognized; what's not doing as well is the recognition of black women's unique experiences with discrimination."<a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> Crenshaw also discussed the theory of intersectionality in a <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED Talk</a> in October 2016.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Additionally, Crenshaw delivered a keynote speech at the Women of the World festival at the <a href="/wiki/Southbank_Centre" title="Southbank Centre">Southbank Centre</a> in London, England, in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:10-41">[41]</a> She spoke on women of color's unique challenges in the struggle for gender equality, racial justice and well-being.<a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[10]</a> In her 2016 TED Talk and keynote speech, she discussed a key challenge women of color face: police brutality. She highlighted the #<a href="/wiki/SayHerName" title="SayHerName">SayHerName</a> campaign aimed at uplifting the stories of black women killed by police.<a href="#cite_note-:12-42">[42]</a> The focus on the victimization of Black women in the say her name movement is dependent on the theory of intersectionality which, Crenshaw describes, "It's like a lazy Susan - you can subject race, sexuality, transgender identity or class to a feminist critique through intersectionality."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Since the 2010s, Crenshaw has spoken out against misinterpretations of intersectionality, saying that some have wrongfully characterized it as a blanket term for "complicated" problems, "identity politics on steroids," or "a mechanism to turn white men into new pariahs."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Instead, Crenshaw characterizes intersectionality as,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"a lens, a prism, for seeing the way in which various forms of inequality often operate together and exacerbate each other. We tend to talk about race inequality as separate from inequality based on gender, class, sexuality or immigration status. What's often missing is how some people are subject to all of these, and the experience is not just a sum of its parts."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="My_Brother's_Keeper">My Brother's Keeper</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: My Brother's Keeper">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-BLP_sources_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-BLP_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section of a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biography of a living person</a> needs additional <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Remove_contentious_material_that_is_unsourced_or_poorly_sourced" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Contentious material</a> about living persons that is unsourced or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Questionable_and_self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">poorly sourced</a> must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">libelous</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw%22">"Kimberlé Crenshaw"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A nationwide initiative to open up a ladder of opportunities to youth males and males of color.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Crenshaw and the other participants of the African American Forum have demonstrated through multiple means of the media to express that the initiative has good intentions but perpetrates for the uplifting of youth but excludes girls and youth girls of color. She wrote an op-ed article in the New York Times emphasizing the problems with the initiative.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The AAPF has started a campaign #WHYWECANTWAIT to address the realignment of the "My Brothers Keeper" initiative to include all youth boys, girls, and those girls and boys of color. The movement has received much support from all over, letters signed by men of color, letters signed by women of color, and letters signed by allies that believe in the cause. In an interview on the Laura Flanders Show, Crenshaw expressed that the program was introduced as response to the widespread grief from the African-American community after the acquittal of <a href="/wiki/George_Zimmerman" title="George Zimmerman">George Zimmerman</a> in the case of his shooting and <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin" title="Killing of Trayvon Martin">killing of Trayvon Martin</a>, an unarmed African-American teenage boy. She describes the program as a "feel-good" and fatherly initiative but does not believe that it is a significant or structural program that will help fight the rollback of civil rights; the initiative will not provide the kinds of things that will really make a difference. She believes that because women and girls of color are a part of the same communities and disadvantages as the underprivileged males that are focused on the initiative, in order to make it an effective program for the communities, it needs to include all members of the community, girls and boys alike.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <ul><li>#Why we can't wait: Women of Color Urging Inclusion in "My Brother's Keeper"</li> <li>June 17, 2014 – a letter from more than 1000 girls and women of color<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul> The letter is signed by women of all ages and a variety of backgrounds, including high-school teens, professional actors, civil rights activists, and university professors commending President Obama and the efforts of the White House, private philanthropy, and social justice organizations, while also urging the inclusion of young women and girls. The realignment would be essential "to reflect the values of inclusion, equal opportunity and shared fate that has propelled our historic struggle for racial justice moving forward".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <ul><li>May 30, 2014 – a letter of 200 Concerned Black Men and Other Men of Color calling for the Inclusion of Women and Girls in "My Brothers Keeper"<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> The letter is signed by a multitude of diverse men with different lifestyles, including scholars, recently incarcerated, taxi drivers, pastors, college students, fathers of sons, fathers of daughters and more. All the men believe that the girls within the communities where these men share homes, schools, and recreational areas share a fate with one another and that the initiative is lacking in focus if that focus does not include both genders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> Crenshaw is known for establishing the concept of intersectionality, which examines how race, class, gender, and other characteristics overlap and compound to explain systemic discrimination and inequality in society.<a href="#cite_note-:14-52">[52]</a> Crenshaw has served as a leader and activist on civil rights, race, intersectionality, and the law throughout United States and globally. Crenshaw's work on intersectionality was influential in drafting the equality clause in the Constitution of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-:18-53">[53]</a> In 2001, Crenshaw wrote a paper on Race and Gender discrimination for the United Nation's World Conference on Racism which was leading in creating policy that benefiting minority groups globally. Additionally, Crenshaw advocated for the inclusion of gender in the WCAR conference.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-53">[53]</a> Since the 2010s, Crenshaw has advocated for the #<a href="/wiki/SayHerName" title="SayHerName">SayHerName</a> movement. She co-authored (with Andrea Ritchie) Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women, documenting and drawing attention to Black women victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:15-54">[54]</a> Additionally, Crenshaw attended the Women of the World festival, which took place from 8–13 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Southbank_Centre" title="Southbank Centre">Southbank Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-41">[41]</a> where she delivered a keynote speech on the unique challenges facing women of color, a key challenge being police brutality against Black women. She promoted the #<a href="/wiki/SayHerName" title="SayHerName">SayHerName</a> campaign, aimed at uplifting the stories of Black women killed by the police.<a href="#cite_note-:12-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-10">[10]</a> In 2017, Crenshaw gave an hour-long lecture to a maximum-capacity crowd of attendees at Rapaporte Treasure Hall at Brandeis University.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> She explained the role intersectionality plays in modern-day society.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> After a three-day celebration of her work, University President Ron Liebowitz presented Crenshaw with the Toby Gittler award at a ceremony following the lecture.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> That same year, Crenshaw was invited to moderate a Sexual Harassment Panel hosted by Women in Animation and The Animation Guild, Local 839. Crenshaw discussed the history of harassment in the workplace and transitioned the discussion to how it plays a role in today's work environments. The other panelists with Crenshaw agreed that there had been many protective measures placed to combat sexual harassment in the workplace. However, many issues remain to be resolved for a complete settlement of the problem at hand.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 2021, Crenshaw was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> for her innovative work and accomplishments in pioneering intersectionality, civil rights, critical race theory, and the law.<a href="#cite_note-:19-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement, May 1, 1996. A compilation of some of the most important writings that formed and sustained the critical race theory (CRT) movement. The book includes articles from Derrick Bell, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda, Anthony Cook, Duncan Kennedy, Gary Peller, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and others. All of the articles add something to CRT, and read independently, add significant portions to the CRT movement.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment, 1993.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li>The Race Track: Understanding and Challenging Structural Racism, July 30, 2013</li> <li>Reaffirming Racism: The faulty logic of Colorblindness, Remedy and Diversity, 2013</li> <li>Black Girls Matter: Pushed Out, Over Policed and Under Protected. 2016. A report based on new reviews of national data and personal interviews with young women in Boston and New York.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color, January 25, 2010. Crenshaw is responding to the tendency within identity politics to overlook or silence intra-group differences, a dynamic repeated throughout anti-racist and feminist movements to the detriment of Black women. She explores the simultaneously raced and gendered dimensions of violence against women of color (looking specifically at responses to domestic violence and rape) to draw attention to how the specificity of Black women's experiences of violence is ignored, overlooked, misrepresented, and/or silenced. Crenshaw focuses on both the structural and political aspects of intersectionality with regard to rape and domestic abuse. She uses this analysis of violence against women of color to highlight the importance of intersectionality and of engaging with issues like violence against women through an intersectional lens.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>On Intersectionality: Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw, September 24, 2015. Forthcoming. Essays and articles that help define the concept of intersectionality. Crenshaw provides insight from the Central Park jogger, Anita Hill's testimony against now Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas and other significant matters of public interest.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines, (edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019)<a href="#cite_note-:16-65">[65]</a></li> <li>The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, (with Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz), December 2025. The Race Track dispenses with the myth of post-racial America, explaining not only why race matters more than ever but also twenty-first-century solutions to racial injustice. The book will provide a framework for understanding how and why structural racism survives in the present.</li> <li>#SayHerName: Black Women’s Stories of State Violence and Public Silence, (by Kimberlé Crenshaw and African American Policy Forum, Foreword by Janelle Monáe), Haymarket Books, July 2023. Centering Black women’s experiences in police violence and gender violence discourses sends the powerful message that, in fact, all Black lives matter and that the police cannot kill without consequence. This is a powerful story of Black feminist practice, community-building, enablement, and Black feminist reckoning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>"Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions" in the 2003 anthology <a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Forever" title="Sisterhood Is Forever">Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-illinois1-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (with Andrea J. Ritchie, Rachel Anspach, Rachel Gilmer, Luker Harris, Columbia Law School, 2015)<a href="#cite_note-:15-54">[54]</a></li> <li>How Colorblindness Flourished in the Age of Obama, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines, (edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019)<a href="#cite_note-:16-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines, (edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, University of California Press, 2019).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection (with Devon W. Carbado), 129 The Yale Law Journal Forum 108 (2019).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>We Still Have not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony, 26 UCLA Women's Law Journal 17 (2019).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform, 130 Harvard Law Review 2298 (2017).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis (with Sumi Cho and Leslie McCall), 38 (4) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 785 (2013).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Keeping Up With Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer, 2013 Wisconsin Law Review 703 (2013).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally About Women, Race, and Social Control, 59 UCLA Law Review 1418 (2012).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law, 12 German Law Review 247 (2011).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward, 43 Connecticut Law Review 1253-1352 (2011).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Close Encounters of Three Kinds: On Teaching Dominance, Feminism, and Intersectionality, 46 Tulsa Law Review 151-89 (2010). Symposium: Catharine MacKennon.<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Framing Affirmative Action, 105 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 123 (2007).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>A Black Feminist Critique of Antidicrimination Law, in Philosophical Problems in the Law, 339-343 4th ed. (edited by David M. Adams, Wadsworth, 2005).<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-30">[30]</a></li> <li>The First Decade: Critical Reflections, or "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA Law Review 1343-72 (2002).<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Opening Remarks: Reclaiming Yesterday's Future, 47 UCLA Law Review 1459-65 (2000).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Pro-active Defense of Affirmative Action, 16 National Black Law Journal 196-214 (1998).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Foreword, in Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader, (edited by Devon W. Carbado, New York University Press, 1999).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>The Contradictions of Mainstream Constitutional Theory (with Gary Peller), 45 UCLA Law Review 1683-1715 (1998). Symposium: Voices of the People:  Essays on Constitutional Democracy In Memory of Professor Julian N. Eule.<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Color-blind Dreams and Racial Nightmares: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, in Birth of A Nation'hood: Gaze, Script and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Trial, (edited by Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky LaCour, Pantheon Books, 1997).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Panel Presentation on Cultural Battery, 25 University of Toledo Law Review 891-901 (1994).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew, in Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assualtive Speech and the First Amendment, (Westview, 1998). Also published in Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (edited by Diana Tietjens Meyers, Routledge (1997).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Reel Time/Real Justice (with Gary Peller), 70 Denver University Law Review 283-96 (1993). Colloquy:  Racism in the Wake of the Los Angeles Riots.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment, 65 Southern California Law Review 1467-76 (1992).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li> <li>Running from Race (Commentary on the Democrats' Discourse on Race) (with Gary Peller), 7 Taken 13-17 (1992).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Whose Story Is It, Anyway? Feminist and Antiracist Appropriations of Anita Hill, in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 402-40 (edited by Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books, 1992).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 Stanford Law Review 1241-99 (1991). Women of Color at the Center:  Selections from the Third National Conference on Women of Color and the Law.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li>Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics, 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-67 (1989). Reprinted in The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 195-217 (2nd ed., edited by David Kairys, Pantheon, 1990).<a href="#cite_note-Crenshaw_139-29">[29]</a></li> <li>Toward a Race-Conscious Pedagogy in Legal Education (Foreword: Voting Rights: Strategies for Legal and Community Action), 11 National Black Law Journal 1-14 (1989).<a href="#cite_note-:13-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law, 101 Harvard Law Review 1331-87 (1988). Reprinted in Critical Legal Thought:  An American-German Debate (edited by Christian Joerges and David M. Trubek, Nomos, 1989).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>1985: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a> Fellow</li> <li>1991: Professor of the Year, UCLA School of Law</li> <li>1994: Professor of the Year, UCLA School of Law<a href="#cite_note-:8-14">[14]</a></li> <li>2007; <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright</a> Chair for Latin America in Brazil<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a></li> <li>2008: recipient of <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Foundation" title="Fletcher Foundation">Alphonse Fletcher Fellowship</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a></li> <li>2008: fellow, Center for Advanced Behavioral Studies in the Social Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a></li> <li>2015: No. 1 Most Inspiring Feminist, <a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms. Magazine</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a></li> <li>2015: "Power 100" <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony Magazine</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li>2016: Outstanding Scholar Award, Fellows of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Foundation" title="American Bar Foundation">American Bar Foundation</a> (ABF)<a href="#cite_note-foundation1-18">[18]</a></li> <li>2017: Gittler Prize<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>2021: Ruth Bader Ginsburg Lifetime Service Award, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools" title="Association of American Law Schools">Association of American Law Schools</a> (AALS)<a href="#cite_note-:14-52">[52]</a></li> <li>2021: Triennial Award, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools" title="Association of American Law Schools">Association of American Law Schools</a> (AALS)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li>2021: Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-59">[59]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817">"Reunion Renews Commitment to William H. Hastie Fellowship Legacy | University of Wisconsin Law School"</a>. law.wisc.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428160402/https://law.wisc.edu/newsletter/article.php?iArticleID=2817">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=Reunion+Renews+Commitment+to+William+H.+Hastie+Fellowship+Legacy+%7C+University+of+Wisconsin+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.wisc.edu%2Fnewsletter%2Farticle.php%3FiArticleID%3D2817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdewunmi2014" class="citation news cs1">Adewunmi, Bim (April 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could">"Kimberlé Crenshaw on intersectionality: 'I wanted to come up with an everyday metaphor that anyone could use'"</a>. New Statesman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405011042/http://www.newstatesman.com/lifestyle/2014/04/kimberl-crenshaw-intersectionality-i-wanted-come-everyday-metaphor-anyone-could">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2014. 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Shades of Whiteness. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 77–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9781848883833_008">10.1163/9781848883833_008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84888-383-3"><bdi>978-1-84888-383-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201575540">201575540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Invisibility+of+Whiteness+in+the+White+Feminist+Imagination&rft.btitle=Shades+of+Whiteness&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201575540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9781848883833_008&rft.isbn=978-1-84888-383-3&rft.aulast=Ruparelia&rft.aufirst=Rakhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Hayley (August 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kimberle-crenshaw-intersectional-feminism_us_598de38de4b090964296a34d">"Kimberlé Crenshaw Explains The Power Of Intersectional Feminism In 1 Minute"</a>. 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Retrieved December 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw+Explains+The+Power+Of+Intersectional+Feminism+In+1+Minute&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Hayley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fkimberle-crenshaw-intersectional-feminism_us_598de38de4b090964296a34d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-blacklives-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-blacklives_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohdin2020" class="citation web cs1">Mohdin, Aamna (November 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/nov/12/kimberle-crenshaw-the-woman-who-revolutionised-feminism-and-landed-at-the-heart-of-the-culture-wars">"Kimberlé Crenshaw: the woman who revolutionised feminism – and landed at the heart of the culture wars"</a>. 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Retrieved February 10, 2022 – via Legacy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Repository%2FThe+Independent&rft.atitle=Marian+Williams+Crenshaw&rft.date=2008-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Fcantonrep%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Dmarian-williams-crenshaw%26pid%3D120476451%26fhid%3D3194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diverseeducation.com/latest-news/article/15106507/meet-kimberl-crenshaw-a-dr-john-hope-franklin-award-recipient">"Meet Kimberlé Crenshaw, a Dr. John Hope Franklin Award Recipient"</a>. Diverse: Issues In Higher Education. April 7, 2020. 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Ithaca, N.Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514222410/http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2013/10/race-gender-scholar-crenshaw-campus-oct-16-21">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2019. 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October 31, 1980. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210084623/https://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/?a=d&d=CDS19801031.2.7.2&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2023. 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Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30099-6"><bdi>978-0-520-30099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeing+Race+Again%3A+Countering+Colorblindness+across+the+Disciplines&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019-02&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30099-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520300996%2Fseeing-race-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-illinois1-66"><a href="#cite_ref-illinois1_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC">"Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth"</a>. Vufind.carli.illinois.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927110628/https://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved October 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+Resource+Finder%3A+Table+of+Contents+for%3A+Sisterhood+is+forever+%3A+the+women%27s+anth&rft.pub=Vufind.carli.illinois.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvufind.carli.illinois.edu%2Fvf-dpu%2FRecord%2Fdpu_536804%2FTOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw">"Crenshaw, Kimberlé | UCLA Law"</a>. law.ucla.edu. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Crenshaw%2C+Kimberl%C3%A9+%7C+UCLA+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.ucla.edu%2Ffaculty%2Ffaculty-profiles%2Fkimberle-w-crenshaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbadoCrenshaw2019" class="citation journal cs1">Carbado, Devon; Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2816">"An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection"</a>. Yale L.J. F. 129: 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+L.J.+F.&rft.atitle=An+Intersectional+Critique+of+Tiers+of+Scrutiny%3A+Beyond+%22Either%2FOr%22+Approaches+to+Equal+Protection&rft.volume=129&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.aulast=Carbado&rft.aufirst=Devon&rft.au=Crenshaw%2C+Kimberl%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F2816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2019" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2973">"We Still Have Not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony"</a>. UCLA Women's L.J. 26: 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5070%2FL3261044346">10.5070/L3261044346</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198878236">198878236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Women%27s+L.J.&rft.atitle=We+Still+Have+Not+Learned+from+Anita+Hill%27s+Testimony&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5070%2FL3261044346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198878236%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F2973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2017" class="citation web cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams (October 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardlawreview.org/2017/10/race-liberalism-and-the-deradicalization-of-racial-reform/">"Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform"</a>. harvardlawreview.org. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harvardlawreview.org&rft.atitle=Race+Liberalism+and+the+Deradicalization+of+Racial+Reform&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardlawreview.org%2F2017%2F10%2Frace-liberalism-and-the-deradicalization-of-racial-reform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoCrenshawMcCall2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Sumi; Crenshaw, Kimberlé Williams; McCall, Leslie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669608">"Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis"</a>. Signs. 38 (4): 785–810. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F669608">10.1086/669608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/669608">10.1086/669608</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143982074">143982074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Field+of+Intersectionality+Studies%3A+Theory%2C+Applications%2C+and+Praxis&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E785-%3C%2Fspan%3E810&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0097-9740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143982074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F669608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F669608&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Sumi&rft.au=Crenshaw%2C+Kimberl%C3%A9+Williams&rft.au=McCall%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F669608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2013" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/3292">"Keeping Up with Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer"</a>. Wis. L. Rev. 2013: 703.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wis.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Keeping+Up+with+Jim+Jones%3A+Pioneer%2C+Taskmaster%2C+Architect%2C+Trailblazer&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=703&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F3292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2012" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2863">"From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally about Women, Race, and Social Control"</a>. UCLA L. 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Harvard Law Review. 101 (7): 1331–1387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341398">10.2307/1341398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-811X">0017-811X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341398">1341398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Reform%2C+and+Retrenchment%3A+Transformation+and+Legitimation+in+Antidiscrimination+Law&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1331-%3C%2Fspan%3E1387&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0017-811X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341398&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw2011" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberle (January 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencommons.uconn.edu/law_review/117">"Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking back to Move Forward Commentary: Critical Race Theory: A Commemoration: Lead Article"</a>. 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Denver Law Review. 70 (2): 283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-9409">0883-9409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Denver+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Reel+Time%2FReal+Justice&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.issn=0883-9409&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberle&rft.au=Peller%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.du.edu%2Fdlr%2Fvol70%2Fiss2%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1992" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2867">"Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment"</a>. S. Cal. L. Rev. 65: 1467.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.+Cal.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexual+Harassment&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=1467&rft.date=1992-01-01&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F2867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2004-20005-010">"APA PsycNet"</a>. psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psycnet.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+PsycNet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsycnet.apa.org%2Frecord%2F2004-20005-010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1988" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Kimberlé (January 1, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2866">"Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law"</a>. Harv. L. Rev. 101 (7): 1331–1387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341398">10.2307/1341398</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341398">1341398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harv.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Reform%2C+and+Retrenchment%3A+Transformation+and+Legitimation+in+Antidiscrimination+Law&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1331-%3C%2Fspan%3E1387&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Kimberl%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.columbia.edu%2Ffaculty_scholarship%2F2866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501">"Canton native Kimberlé Crenshaw receives legal scholar award"</a>. The Repository. Canton, Ohio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711071408/https://www.cantonrep.com/article/20160205/NEWS/160209501">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Repository&rft.atitle=Canton+native+Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw+receives+legal+scholar+award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cantonrep.com%2Farticle%2F20160205%2FNEWS%2F160209501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH">"Canton native wins fellowships to study race"</a>. The Repository. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212439/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20081217/NEWS/312179763/0/SEARCH">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Repository&rft.atitle=Canton+native+wins+fellowships+to+study+race&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cantonrep.com%2Farticle%2F20081217%2FNEWS%2F312179763%2F0%2FSEARCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFreport" class="citation web cs1">report, CantonRep.com staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765">"Kimberlé Crenshaw named to Ebony Magazine's 'Power 100'"</a>. The Repository. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310211926/http://www.cantonrep.com/article/20151203/NEWS/151209765">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Repository&rft.atitle=Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw+named+to+Ebony+Magazine%27s+%27Power+100%27&rft.aulast=report&rft.aufirst=CantonRep.com+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cantonrep.com%2Farticle%2F20151203%2FNEWS%2F151209765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html">"Kimberlé Crenshaw honored with Gittler Prize | BrandeisNOW"</a>. BrandeisNOW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201145904/http://www.brandeis.edu/now/2017/october/gittler-prize-ceremony.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BrandeisNOW&rft.atitle=Kimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw+honored+with+Gittler+Prize+%7C+BrandeisNOW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fnow%2F2017%2Foctober%2Fgittler-prize-ceremony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aals.org/awards/triennial/">"Triennial Award"</a>. Association of American Law Schools. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+American+Law+Schools&rft.atitle=Triennial+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aals.org%2Fawards%2Ftriennial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.ucla.edu/news/crenshaw-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences">"Crenshaw Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences | UCLA Law"</a>. law.ucla.edu. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Crenshaw+Elected+to+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences+%7C+UCLA+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.ucla.edu%2Fnews%2Fcrenshaw-elected-american-academy-arts-and-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/kimberle-w-crenshaw/">UCLA Law Professors: Kimberlé W. Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alkalimat" title="Abdul Alkalimat">Alkalimat, Abdul</a> (2004). The African American Experience in Cyberspace. Pluto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2222-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2222-0">0-7453-2222-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oj/interviews/crenshaw.html">"O.J. Verdict Interviews: Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw"</a>. Frontline. PBS. April 22, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=O.J.+Verdict+Interviews%3A+Kimberl%C3%A9+Williams+Crenshaw&rft.date=2005-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Foj%2Finterviews%2Fcrenshaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKimberl%C3%A9+Crenshaw" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/perspectives_magazine/women_perspectives_Spring2004CrenshawPSP.authcheckdam.pdf">"Intersectionality: The Double Bind of Race and Gender"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118111551/http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/perspectives_magazine/women_perspectives_Spring2004CrenshawPSP.authcheckdam.pdf">Archived</a> January 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, interview with Kimberlé Crenshaw, <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>, Spring 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/kimberle-crenshaw-on-teaching-truthfully-about-us-history/">Dr. Kimberlé Crenshaw on Teaching Truthfully About U.S. History</a>, from the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Hora_Adema" title="Wim Hora Adema">Wim Hora Adema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chude_Pam_Allen" title="Chude Pam Allen">Chude Pam Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-Grace_Atkinson" title="Ti-Grace Atkinson">Ti-Grace Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Barry" title="Kathleen Barry">Kathleen Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Baxandall" title="Rosalyn Baxandall">Rosalyn Baxandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Bellos" title="Linda Bellos">Linda Bellos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bindel" title="Julie Bindel">Julie Bindel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Brown_(feminist)" title="Jenny Brown (feminist)">Jenny Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_C._Brown" title="Judith C. Brown">Judith Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler" title="Phyllis Chesler">Phyllis Chesler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Clarke" title="D. A. Clarke">D. A. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Craft" title="Nikki Craft">Nikki Craft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Delphy" title="Christine Delphy">Christine Delphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Dines" title="Gail Dines">Gail Dines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Farley" title="Melissa Farley">Melissa Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_French" title="Marilyn French">Marilyn French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Hanisch" title="Carol Hanisch">Carol Hanisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merle_Hoffman" title="Merle Hoffman">Merle Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jensen" title="Robert Jensen">Robert Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lierre_Keith" title="Lierre Keith">Lierre Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Koedt" title="Anne Koedt">Anne Koedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kramer" title="Marjorie Kramer">Marjorie Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Lawford-Smith" title="Holly Lawford-Smith">Holly Lawford-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">Catharine A. MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Michaels" title="Sheila Michaels">Sheila Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghan_Murphy" title="Meghan Murphy">Meghan Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Peslikis" title="Irene Peslikis">Irene Peslikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Raymond" title="Janice Raymond">Janice Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Reitz" title="Rosetta Reitz">Rosetta Reitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Rich" title="Adrienne Rich">Adrienne Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Rush" title="Florence Rush">Florence Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathie_Sarachild" title="Kathie Sarachild">Kathie Sarachild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alix_Kates_Shulman" title="Alix Kates Shulman">Alix Kates Shulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Valerie Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stoltenberg" title="John Stoltenberg">John Stoltenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Wallace" title="Michele Wallace">Michele Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Salzman_Webb" title="Marilyn Salzman Webb">Marilyn Salzman Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Willis" title="Ellen Willis">Ellen Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Wistrich" title="Harriet Wistrich">Harriet Wistrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_X" title="Laura X">Laura X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_16" title="Cell 16">Cell 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Women%27s_Liberation_Union" title="Chicago Women's Liberation Union">Chicago Women's Liberation Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women" title="Coalition Against Trafficking in Women">Coalition Against Trafficking in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Organization_of_Toronto" title="Lesbian Organization of Toronto">Lesbian Organization of Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Womyn%27s_Music_Festival" title="Michigan Womyn's Music Festival">Michigan Womyn's Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Moving_Coffeehouse" title="Mountain Moving Coffeehouse">Mountain Moving Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Radical_Feminists" title="New York Radical Feminists">New York Radical Feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Radical_Women" title="New York Radical Women">New York Radical Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstockings" title="Redstockings">Redstockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Porn_Culture" title="Stop Porn Culture">Stop Porn Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feminists" title="The Feminists">The Feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Furies_Collective" title="The Furies Collective">The Furies Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WOMAD_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="WOMAD (website)">WOMAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Against_Pornography" title="Women Against Pornography">Women Against Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Women's Liberation Front">Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4 NOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Feminist separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Feminist views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Feminist views on pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_prostitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views on prostitution">Feminist views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful" title="Sisterhood Is Powerful">Sisterhood Is Powerful</a> (1970)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Vaginal_Orgasm" title="The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm">The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm</a>" (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Nation" title="Lesbian Nation">Lesbian Nation</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will" title="Against Our Will">Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography:_Men_Possessing_Women" title="Pornography: Men Possessing Women">Pornography: Men Possessing Women</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)" title="Ain't I a Woman? (book)">Ain't I a Woman?</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Sadomasochism" title="Against Sadomasochism">Against Sadomasochism</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Theory:_From_Margin_to_Center" title="Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center">Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Global" title="Sisterhood Is Global">Sisterhood Is Global</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercourse_(book)" title="Intercourse (book)">Intercourse</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_Unmodified" title="Feminism Unmodified">Feminism Unmodified</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State">Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Mind_and_Other_Essays" title="The Straight Mind and Other Essays">The Straight Mind and Other Essays</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_Words_(book)" title="Only Words (book)">Only Words</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoat:_The_Jews,_Israel,_and_Women%27s_Liberation" title="Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation">Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Forever" title="Sisterhood Is Forever">Sisterhood Is Forever</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Industrial_Vagina" title="The Industrial Vagina">The Industrial Vagina</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Off_Our_Backs" title="Off Our Backs">Off Our Backs</a> (1970–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/She%27s_Beautiful_When_She%27s_Angry" title="She's Beautiful When She's Angry">She's Beautiful When She's Angry</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">Consciousness raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstory" title="Herstory">Herstory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_America_protest" title="Miss America protest">Miss America protest</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn%27s_land" title="Womyn's land">Womyn's land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/16px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/24px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/32px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6409990#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09948991?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/052736040">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimberlé_Crenshaw&oldid=1274829493">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimberlé_Crenshaw&oldid=1274829493</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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