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<meta name="description" content="Search results for: GNSS"> <meta name="keywords" content="GNSS"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="GNSS"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 49</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: GNSS</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Location Detection of Vehicular Accident Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems/Inertial Measurement Units Navigator </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neda%20Navidi">Neda Navidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rene%20Jr.%20Landry"> Rene Jr. Landry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vehicle tracking and accident recognizing are considered by many industries like insurance and vehicle rental companies. The main goal of this paper is to detect the location of a car accident by combining different methods. The methods, which are considered in this paper, are Global Navigation Satellite Systems/Inertial Measurement Units (GNSS/IMU)-based navigation and vehicle accident detection algorithms. They are expressed by a set of raw measurements, which are obtained from a designed integrator black box using GNSS and inertial sensors. Another concern of this paper is the definition of accident detection algorithm based on its jerk to identify the position of that accident. In fact, the results convinced us that, even in GNSS blockage areas, the position of the accident could be detected by GNSS/INS integration with 50% improvement compared to GNSS stand alone. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=driver%20behavior%20monitoring" title="driver behavior monitoring">driver behavior monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMU" title=" IMU"> IMU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracking" title=" tracking"> tracking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72798/location-detection-of-vehicular-accident-using-global-navigation-satellite-systemsinertial-measurement-units-navigator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72798.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Determination of Surface Deformations with Global Navigation Satellite System Time Series</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Tiryakioglu">Ibrahim Tiryakioglu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Ali%20Ugur"> Mehmet Ali Ugur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Caglar%20Ozkaymak"> Caglar Ozkaymak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of GNSS technology has led to increasingly widespread and successful applications of GNSS surveys for monitoring crustal movements. However, multi-period GPS survey solutions have not been applied in monitoring vertical surface deformation. This study uses long-term GNSS time series that are required to determine vertical deformations. In recent years, the surface deformations that are parallel and semi-parallel to Bolvadin fault have occurred in Western Anatolia. These surface deformations have continued to occur in Bolvadin settlement area that is located mostly on alluvium ground. Due to these surface deformations, a number of cracks in the buildings located in the residential areas and breaks in underground water and sewage systems have been observed. In order to determine the amount of vertical surface deformations, two continuous GNSS stations have been established in the region. The stations have been operating since 2015 and 2017, respectively. In this study, GNSS observations from the mentioned two GNSS stations were processed with GAMIT/GLOBK (GNSS Analysis Massachusetts Institute of Technology/GLOBal Kalman) program package to create a coordinate time series. With the time series analyses, the GNSS stations’ behavior models (linear, periodical, etc.), the causes of these behaviors, and mathematical models were determined. The study results from the time series analysis of these two 2 GNSS stations shows approximately 50-80 mm/yr vertical movement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bolvadin%20fault" title="Bolvadin fault">Bolvadin fault</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GAMIT" title=" GAMIT"> GAMIT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS%20time%20series" title=" GNSS time series"> GNSS time series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20deformations" title=" surface deformations"> surface deformations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97295/determination-of-surface-deformations-with-global-navigation-satellite-system-time-series" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Global Navigation Satellite System and Precise Point Positioning as Remote Sensing Tools for Monitoring Tropospheric Water Vapor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Panupong%20Makvichian">Panupong Makvichian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is nowadays a common technology that improves navigation functions in our life. Additionally, GNSS is also being employed on behalf of an accurate atmospheric sensor these times. Meteorology is a practical application of GNSS, which is unnoticeable in the background of people’s life. GNSS Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a positioning method that requires data from a single dual-frequency receiver and precise information about satellite positions and satellite clocks. In addition, careful attention to mitigate various error sources is required. All the above data are combined in a sophisticated mathematical algorithm. At this point, the research is going to demonstrate how GNSS and PPP method is capable to provide high-precision estimates, such as 3D positions or Zenith tropospheric delays (ZTDs). ZTDs combined with pressure and temperature information allows us to estimate the water vapor in the atmosphere as precipitable water vapor (PWV). If the process is replicated for a network of GNSS sensors, we can create thematic maps that allow extract water content information in any location within the network area. All of the above are possible thanks to the advances in GNSS data processing. Therefore, we are able to use GNSS data for climatic trend analysis and acquisition of the further knowledge about the atmospheric water content. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title="GNSS">GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precise%20point%20positioning" title=" precise point positioning"> precise point positioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zenith%20tropospheric%20delays" title=" Zenith tropospheric delays"> Zenith tropospheric delays</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitable%20water%20vapor" title=" precipitable water vapor"> precipitable water vapor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80479/global-navigation-satellite-system-and-precise-point-positioning-as-remote-sensing-tools-for-monitoring-tropospheric-water-vapor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> A Study of Adaptive Fault Detection Method for GNSS Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Je%20Young%20Lee">Je Young Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee%20Sung%20Kim"> Hee Sung Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwang%20Ho%20Choi"> Kwang Ho Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joonhoo%20Lim"> Joonhoo Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebum%20Chun"> Sebum Chun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyung%20Keun%20Lee"> Hyung Keun Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A purpose of this study is to develop efficient detection method for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications based on adaptive estimation. Due to dependence of radio frequency signals, GNSS measurements are dominated by systematic errors in receiver’s operating environment. Thus, to utilize GNSS for aerospace or ground vehicles requiring high level of safety, unhealthy measurements should be considered seriously. For the reason, this paper proposes adaptive fault detection method to deal with unhealthy measurements in various harsh environments. By the proposed method, the test statistics for fault detection is generated by estimated measurement noise. Pseudorange and carrier-phase measurement noise are obtained at time propagations and measurement updates in process of Carrier-Smoothed Code (CSC) filtering, respectively. Performance of the proposed method was evaluated by field-collected GNSS measurements. To evaluate the fault detection capability, intentional faults were added to measurements. The experimental result shows that the proposed detection method is efficient in detecting unhealthy measurements and improves the accuracy of GNSS positioning under fault occurrence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20estimation" title="adaptive estimation">adaptive estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20detection" title=" fault detection"> fault detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual" title=" residual"> residual</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19306/a-study-of-adaptive-fault-detection-method-for-gnss-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">576</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Comparison of Loosely Coupled and Tightly Coupled INS/GNSS Architecture for Guided Rocket Navigation System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahmat%20Purwoko">Rahmat Purwoko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bambang%20Riyanto%20Trilaksono"> Bambang Riyanto Trilaksono</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper gives comparison of INS/GNSS architecture namely Loosely Coupled and Tightly Coupled using Hardware in the Loop Simulation in Guided Missile RKX-200 rocket model. INS/GNSS Tightly Coupled architecture requires pseudo-range, pseudo-range rate, and position and velocity of each satellite in constellation from GPS (Global Positioning System) measurement. The Loosely Coupled architecture use estimated position and velocity from GNSS receiver. INS/GNSS architecture also requires angular rate and specific force measurement from IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit). Loosely Coupled arhitecture designed using 15 states Kalman Filter and Tightly Coupled designed using 17 states Kalman Filter. Integration algorithm calculation using ECEF frame. Navigation System implemented Zedboard All Programmable SoC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kalman%20filter" title="kalman filter">kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loosely%20coupled" title=" loosely coupled"> loosely coupled</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation%20system" title=" navigation system"> navigation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tightly%20coupled" title=" tightly coupled"> tightly coupled</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57097/comparison-of-loosely-coupled-and-tightly-coupled-insgnss-architecture-for-guided-rocket-navigation-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">309</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> An Improved Robust Algorithm Based on Cubature Kalman Filter for Single-Frequency Global Navigation Satellite System/Inertial Navigation Tightly Coupled System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hao%20Wang">Hao Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuguo%20Pan"> Shuguo Pan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal received by the dynamic vehicle in the harsh environment will be frequently interfered with and blocked, which generates gross error affecting the positioning accuracy of the GNSS/Inertial Navigation System (INS) integrated navigation. Therefore, this paper put forward an improved robust Cubature Kalman filter (CKF) algorithm for single-frequency GNSS/INS tightly coupled system ambiguity resolution. Firstly, the dynamic model and measurement model of a single-frequency GNSS/INS tightly coupled system was established, and the method for GNSS integer ambiguity resolution with INS aided is studied. Then, we analyzed the influence of pseudo-range observation with gross error on GNSS/INS integrated positioning accuracy. To reduce the influence of outliers, this paper improved the CKF algorithm and realized an intelligent selection of robust strategies by judging the ill-conditioned matrix. Finally, a field navigation test was performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm based on the double-differenced solution mode. The experiment has proved the improved robust algorithm can greatly weaken the influence of separate, continuous, and hybrid observation anomalies for enhancing the reliability and accuracy of GNSS/INS tightly coupled navigation solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS%2FINS%20integrated%20navigation" title="GNSS/INS integrated navigation">GNSS/INS integrated navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambiguity%20resolution" title=" ambiguity resolution"> ambiguity resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cubature%20Kalman%20filter" title=" Cubature Kalman filter"> Cubature Kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robust%20algorithm" title=" Robust algorithm"> Robust algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151088/an-improved-robust-algorithm-based-on-cubature-kalman-filter-for-single-frequency-global-navigation-satellite-systeminertial-navigation-tightly-coupled-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151088.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> An Adaptive Back-Propagation Network and Kalman Filter Based Multi-Sensor Fusion Method for Train Location System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-ding%20Du">Yu-ding Du</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi-lian%20Bao"> Qi-lian Bao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassim%20Bessaad"> Nassim Bessaad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Liu"> Lin Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is regarded as an effective approach for the purpose of replacing the large amount used track-side balises in modern train localization systems. This paper describes a method based on the data fusion of a GNSS receiver sensor and an odometer sensor that can significantly improve the positioning accuracy. A digital track map is needed as another sensor to project two-dimensional GNSS position to one-dimensional along-track distance due to the fact that the train’s position can only be constrained on the track. A model trained by BP neural network is used to estimate the trend positioning error which is related to the specific location and proximate processing of the digital track map. Considering that in some conditions the satellite signal failure will lead to the increase of GNSS positioning error, a detection step for GNSS signal is applied. An adaptive weighted fusion algorithm is presented to reduce the standard deviation of train speed measurement. Finally an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used for the fusion of the projected 1-D GNSS positioning data and the 1-D train speed data to get the estimate position. Experimental results suggest that the proposed method performs well, which can reduce positioning error notably. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-sensor%20data%20fusion" title="multi-sensor data fusion">multi-sensor data fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=train%20positioning" title=" train positioning"> train positioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=odometer" title=" odometer"> odometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20track%20map" title=" digital track map"> digital track map</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=map%20matching" title=" map matching"> map matching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BP%20neural%20network" title=" BP neural network"> BP neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20weighted%20fusion" title=" adaptive weighted fusion"> adaptive weighted fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filter" title=" Kalman filter"> Kalman filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98264/an-adaptive-back-propagation-network-and-kalman-filter-based-multi-sensor-fusion-method-for-train-location-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> Determination of Tide Height Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Alsaaq">Faisal Alsaaq</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrographic surveys have traditionally relied on the availability of tide information for the reduction of sounding observations to a common datum. In most cases, tide information is obtained from tide gauge observations and/or tide predictions over space and time using local, regional or global tide models. While the latter often provides a rather crude approximation, the former relies on tide gauge stations that are spatially restricted, and often have sparse and limited distribution. A more recent method that is increasingly being used is Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning which can be utilised to monitor height variations of a vessel or buoy, thus providing information on sea level variations during the time of a hydrographic survey. However, GNSS heights obtained under the dynamic environment of a survey vessel are affected by “non-tidal” processes such as wave activity and the attitude of the vessel (roll, pitch, heave and dynamic draft). This research seeks to examine techniques that separate the tide signal from other non-tidal signals that may be contained in GNSS heights. This requires an investigation of the processes involved and their temporal, spectral and stochastic properties in order to apply suitable recovery techniques of tide information. In addition, different post-mission and near real-time GNSS positioning techniques will be investigated with focus on estimation of height at ocean. Furthermore, the study will investigate the possibility to transfer the chart datums at the location of tide gauges. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrography" title="hydrography">hydrography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=datum" title=" datum"> datum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tide%20gauge" title=" tide gauge"> tide gauge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47634/determination-of-tide-height-using-global-navigation-satellite-systems-gnss" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47634.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Ultra-Tightly Coupled GNSS/INS Based on High Degree Cubature Kalman Filtering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamza%20Benzerrouk">Hamza Benzerrouk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Nebylov"> Alexander Nebylov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In classical GNSS/INS integration designs, the loosely coupled approach uses the GNSS derived position and the velocity as the measurements vector. This design is suboptimal from the standpoint of preventing GNSSoutliers/outages. The tightly coupled GPS/INS navigation filter mixes the GNSS pseudo range and inertial measurements and obtains the vehicle navigation state as the final navigation solution. The ultra‐tightly coupled GNSS/INS design combines the I (inphase) and Q(quadrature) accumulator outputs in the GNSS receiver signal tracking loops and the INS navigation filter function intoa single Kalman filter variant (EKF, UKF, SPKF, CKF and HCKF). As mentioned, EKF and UKF are the most used nonlinear filters in the literature and are well adapted to inertial navigation state estimation when integrated with GNSS signal outputs. In this paper, it is proposed to move a step forward with more accurate filters and modern approaches called Cubature and High Degree cubature Kalman Filtering methods, on the basis of previous results solving the state estimation based on INS/GNSS integration, Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) and High Degree Cubature Kalman Filter with (HCKF) are the references for the recent developed generalized Cubature rule based Kalman Filter (GCKF). High degree cubature rules are the kernel of the new solution for more accurate estimation with less computational complexity compared with the Gauss-Hermite Quadrature (GHQKF). Gauss-Hermite Kalman Filter GHKF which is not selected in this work because of its limited real-time implementation in high-dimensional state-spaces. In ultra tightly or a deeply coupled GNSS/INS system is dynamics EKF is used with transition matrix factorization together with GNSS block processing which is well described in the paper and assumes available the intermediary frequency IF by using a correlator samples with a rate of 500 Hz in the presented approach. GNSS (GPS+GLONASS) measurements are assumed available and modern SPKF with Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) are compared with new versions of CKF called high order CKF based on Spherical-radial cubature rules developed at the fifth order in this work. Estimation accuracy of the high degree CKF is supposed to be comparative to GHKF, results of state estimation are then observed and discussed for different initialization parameters. Results show more accurate navigation state estimation and more robust GNSS receiver when Ultra Tightly Coupled approach applied based on High Degree Cubature Kalman Filter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title="GNSS">GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=INS" title=" INS"> INS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filtering" title=" Kalman filtering"> Kalman filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultra%20tight%20integration" title=" ultra tight integration"> ultra tight integration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52009/ultra-tightly-coupled-gnssins-based-on-high-degree-cubature-kalman-filtering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Experimental Monitoring of the Parameters of the Ionosphere in the Local Area Using the Results of Multifrequency GNSS-Measurements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrey%20Kupriyanov">Andrey Kupriyanov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, much attention has been paid to the problems of ionospheric disturbances and their influence on the signals of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) around the world. This is due to the increase in solar activity, the expansion of the scope of GNSS, the emergence of new satellite systems, the introduction of new frequencies and many others. The influence of the Earth's ionosphere on the propagation of radio signals is an important factor in many applied fields of science and technology. The paper considers the application of the method of transionospheric sounding using measurements from signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems to determine the TEC distribution and scintillations of the ionospheric layers. To calculate these parameters, the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model of the ionosphere, refined in the local area, is used. The organization of operational monitoring of ionospheric parameters is analyzed using several NovAtel GPStation6 base stations. It allows performing primary processing of GNSS measurement data, calculating TEC and fixing scintillation moments, modeling the ionosphere using the obtained data, storing data and performing ionospheric correction in measurements. As a result of the study, it was proved that the use of the transionospheric sounding method for reconstructing the altitude distribution of electron concentration in different altitude range and would provide operational information about the ionosphere, which is necessary for solving a number of practical problems in the field of many applications. Also, the use of multi-frequency multisystem GNSS equipment and special software will allow achieving the specified accuracy and volume of measurements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20navigation%20satellite%20systems%20%28GNSS%29" title="global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)">global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPstation6" title=" GPstation6"> GPstation6</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=international%20reference%20ionosphere%20%28IRI%29" title=" international reference ionosphere (IRI)"> international reference ionosphere (IRI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionosphere" title=" ionosphere"> ionosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scintillations" title=" scintillations"> scintillations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20electron%20content%20%28TEC%29" title=" total electron content (TEC)"> total electron content (TEC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137663/experimental-monitoring-of-the-parameters-of-the-ionosphere-in-the-local-area-using-the-results-of-multifrequency-gnss-measurements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137663.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">181</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Accuracy of Autonomy Navigation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems through Imagery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sidney%20A.%20Lima">Sidney A. Lima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hermann%20J.%20H.%20Kux"> Hermann J. H. Kux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elcio%20H.%20Shiguemori"> Elcio H. Shiguemori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) usually navigate through the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) associated with an Inertial Navigation System (INS). However, GNSS can have its accuracy degraded at any time or even turn off the signal of GNSS. In addition, there is the possibility of malicious interferences, known as jamming. Therefore, the image navigation system can solve the autonomy problem, because if the GNSS is disabled or degraded, the image navigation system would continue to provide coordinate information for the INS, allowing the autonomy of the system. This work aims to evaluate the accuracy of the positioning though photogrammetry concepts. The methodology uses orthophotos and Digital Surface Models (DSM) as a reference to represent the object space and photograph obtained during the flight to represent the image space. For the calculation of the coordinates of the perspective center and camera attitudes, it is necessary to know the coordinates of homologous points in the object space (orthophoto coordinates and DSM altitude) and image space (column and line of the photograph). So if it is possible to automatically identify in real time the homologous points the coordinates and attitudes can be calculated whit their respective accuracies. With the methodology applied in this work, it is possible to verify maximum errors in the order of 0.5 m in the positioning and 0.6º in the attitude of the camera, so the navigation through the image can reach values equal to or higher than the GNSS receivers without differential correction. Therefore, navigating through the image is a good alternative to enable autonomous navigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title="autonomy">autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation" title=" navigation"> navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photogrammetry" title=" photogrammetry"> photogrammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20resection" title=" spatial resection"> spatial resection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UAS" title=" UAS"> UAS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91629/accuracy-of-autonomy-navigation-of-unmanned-aircraft-systems-through-imagery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> A Cooperative Signaling Scheme for Global Navigation Satellite Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keunhong%20Chae">Keunhong Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seokho%20Yoon"> Seokho Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as Galileo and GPS is employing more satellites to provide a higher degree of accuracy for the location service, thus calling for a more efficient signaling scheme among the satellites used in the overall GNSS network. In that the network throughput is improved, the spatial diversity can be one of the efficient signaling schemes; however, it requires multiple antenna that could cause a significant increase in the complexity of the GNSS. Thus, a diversity scheme called the cooperative signaling was proposed, where the virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) signaling is realized with using only a single antenna in the transmit satellite of interest and with modeling the neighboring satellites as relay nodes. The main drawback of the cooperative signaling is that the relay nodes receive the transmitted signal at different time instants, i.e., they operate in an asynchronous way, and thus, the overall performance of the GNSS network could degrade severely. To tackle the problem, several modified cooperative signaling schemes were proposed; however, all of them are difficult to implement due to a signal decoding at the relay nodes. Although the implementation at the relay nodes could be simpler to some degree by employing the time-reversal and conjugation operations instead of the signal decoding, it would be more efficient if we could implement the operations of the relay nodes at the source node having more resources than the relay nodes. So, in this paper, we propose a novel cooperative signaling scheme, where the data signals are combined in a unique way at the source node, thus obviating the need of the complex operations such as signal decoding, time-reversal and conjugation at the relay nodes. The numerical results confirm that the proposed scheme provides the same performance in the cooperative diversity and the bit error rate (BER) as the conventional scheme, while reducing the complexity at the relay nodes significantly. Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the National GNSS Research Center program of Defense Acquisition Program Administration and Agency for Defense Development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20navigation%20satellite%20network" title="global navigation satellite network">global navigation satellite network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooperative%20signaling" title=" cooperative signaling"> cooperative signaling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20combining" title=" data combining"> data combining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nodes" title=" nodes"> nodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54855/a-cooperative-signaling-scheme-for-global-navigation-satellite-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54855.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">280</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Low Cost Webcam Camera and GNSS Integration for Updating Home Data Using AI Principles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohkammad%20Nur%20Cahyadi">Mohkammad Nur Cahyadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hepi%20Hapsari%20Handayani"> Hepi Hapsari Handayani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agus%20Budi%20Raharjo"> Agus Budi Raharjo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronny%20Mardianto"> Ronny Mardianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daud%20Wahyu%20Imani"> Daud Wahyu Imani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arizal%20Bawazir"> Arizal Bawazir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luki%20Adi%20Triawan"> Luki Adi Triawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> PDAM (local water company) determines customer charges by considering the customer's building or house. Charges determination significantly affects PDAM income and customer costs because the PDAM applies a subsidy policy for customers classified as small households. Periodic updates are needed so that pricing is in line with the target. A thorough customer survey in Surabaya is needed to update customer building data. However, the survey that has been carried out so far has been by deploying officers to conduct one-by-one surveys for each PDAM customer. Surveys with this method require a lot of effort and cost. For this reason, this research offers a technology called moblie mapping, a mapping method that is more efficient in terms of time and cost. The use of this tool is also quite simple, where the device will be installed in the car so that it can record the surrounding buildings while the car is running. Mobile mapping technology generally uses lidar sensors equipped with GNSS, but this technology requires high costs. In overcoming this problem, this research develops low-cost mobile mapping technology using a webcam camera sensor added to the GNSS and IMU sensors. The camera used has specifications of 3MP with a resolution of 720 and a diagonal field of view of 78⁰. The principle of this invention is to integrate four camera sensors, a GNSS webcam, and GPS to acquire photo data, which is equipped with location data (latitude, longitude) and IMU (roll, pitch, yaw). This device is also equipped with a tripod and a vacuum cleaner to attach to the car's roof so it doesn't fall off while running. The output data from this technology will be analyzed with artificial intelligence to reduce similar data (Cosine Similarity) and then classify building types. Data reduction is used to eliminate similar data and maintain the image that displays the complete house so that it can be processed for later classification of buildings. The AI method used is transfer learning by utilizing a trained model named VGG-16. From the analysis of similarity data, it was found that the data reduction reached 50%. Then georeferencing is done using the Google Maps API to get address information according to the coordinates in the data. After that, geographic join is done to link survey data with customer data already owned by PDAM Surya Sembada Surabaya. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20mapping" title="mobile mapping">mobile mapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMU" title=" IMU"> IMU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=similarity" title=" similarity"> similarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159889/low-cost-webcam-camera-and-gnss-integration-for-updating-home-data-using-ai-principles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Depth Camera Aided Dead-Reckoning Localization of Autonomous Mobile Robots in Unstructured GNSS-Denied Environments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20L.%20Olson">David L. Olson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20B.%20H.%20Bruder"> Stephen B. H. Bruder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20S.%20Watkins"> Adam S. Watkins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cleon%20E.%20Davis"> Cleon E. Davis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), denied settings such as indoor environments, autonomous mobile robots are often limited to dead-reckoning navigation techniques to determine their position, velocity, and attitude (PVA). Localization is typically accomplished by employing an inertial measurement unit (IMU), which, while precise in nature, accumulates errors rapidly and severely degrades the localization solution. Standard sensor fusion methods, such as Kalman filtering, aim to fuse precise IMU measurements with accurate aiding sensors to establish a precise and accurate solution. In indoor environments, where GNSS and no other a priori information is known about the environment, effective sensor fusion is difficult to achieve, as accurate aiding sensor choices are sparse. However, an opportunity arises by employing a depth camera in the indoor environment. A depth camera can capture point clouds of the surrounding floors and walls. Extracting attitude from these surfaces can serve as an accurate aiding source, which directly combats errors that arise due to gyroscope imperfections. This configuration for sensor fusion leads to a dramatic reduction of PVA error compared to traditional aiding sensor configurations. This paper provides the theoretical basis for the depth camera aiding sensor method, initial expectations of performance benefit via simulation, and hardware implementation, thus verifying its veracity. Hardware implementation is performed on the Quanser Qbot 2™ mobile robot, with a Vector-Nav VN-200™ IMU and Kinect™ camera from Microsoft. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20mobile%20robotics" title="autonomous mobile robotics">autonomous mobile robotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dead%20reckoning" title=" dead reckoning"> dead reckoning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depth%20camera" title=" depth camera"> depth camera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inertial%20navigation" title=" inertial navigation"> inertial navigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalman%20filtering" title=" Kalman filtering"> Kalman filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=localization" title=" localization"> localization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensor%20fusion" title=" sensor fusion"> sensor fusion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134870/depth-camera-aided-dead-reckoning-localization-of-autonomous-mobile-robots-in-unstructured-gnss-denied-environments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Introducing Global Navigation Satellite System Capabilities into IoT Field-Sensing Infrastructures for Advanced Precision Agriculture Services </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Savvas%20Rogotis">Savvas Rogotis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolaos%20Kalatzis"> Nikolaos Kalatzis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stergios%20Dimou-Sakellariou"> Stergios Dimou-Sakellariou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikolaos%20Marianos"> Nikolaos Marianos</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As precision holds the key for the introduction of distinct benefits in agriculture (e.g., energy savings, reduced labor costs, optimal application of inputs, improved products, and yields), it steadily becomes evident that new initiatives should focus on rendering Precision Agriculture (PA) more accessible to the average farmer. PA leverages on technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), earth observation, robotics and positioning systems (e.g., the Global Navigation Satellite System – GNSS - as well as individual positioning systems like GPS, Glonass, Galileo) that allow: from simple data georeferencing to optimal navigation of agricultural machinery to even more complex tasks like Variable Rate Applications. An identified customer pain point is that, from one hand, typical triangulation-based positioning systems are not accurate enough (with errors up to several meters), while on the other hand, high precision positioning systems reaching centimeter-level accuracy, are very costly (up to thousands of euros). Within this paper, a Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) is introduced, that can be adapted to any existing IoT field-sensing station infrastructure. The latter should cover a minimum set of requirements, and in particular, each station should operate as a fixed, obstruction-free towards the sky, energy supplying unit. Station augmentation will allow them to function in pairs with GNSS rovers following the differential GNSS base-rover paradigm. This constitutes a key innovation element for the proposed solution that encompasses differential GNSS capabilities into an IoT field-sensing infrastructure. Integrating this kind of information supports the provision of several additional PA beneficial services such as spatial mapping, route planning, and automatic field navigation of unmanned vehicles (UVs). Right at the heart of the designed system, there is a high-end GNSS toolkit with base-rover variants and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) capabilities. The GNSS toolkit had to tackle all availability, performance, interfacing, and energy-related challenges that are faced for a real-time, low-power, and reliable in the field operation. Specifically, in terms of performance, preliminary findings exhibit a high rover positioning precision that can even reach less than 10-centimeters. As this precision is propagated to the full dataset collection, it enables tractors, UVs, Android-powered devices, and measuring units to deal with challenging real-world scenarios. The system is validated with the help of Gaiatrons, a mature network of agro-climatic telemetry stations with presence all over Greece and beyond ( > 60.000ha of agricultural land covered) that constitutes part of “gaiasense” (www.gaiasense.gr) smart farming (SF) solution. Gaiatrons constantly monitor atmospheric and soil parameters, thus, providing exact fit to operational requirements asked from modern SF infrastructures. Gaiatrons are ultra-low-cost, compact, and energy-autonomous stations with a modular design that enables the integration of advanced GNSS base station capabilities on top of them. A set of demanding pilot demonstrations has been initiated in Stimagka, Greece, an area with a diverse geomorphological landscape where grape cultivation is particularly popular. Pilot demonstrations are in the course of validating the preliminary system findings in its intended environment, tackle all technical challenges, and effectively highlight the added-value offered by the system in action. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title="GNSS">GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GBAS" title=" GBAS"> GBAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20agriculture" title=" precision agriculture"> precision agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RTK" title=" RTK"> RTK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20farming" title=" smart farming"> smart farming</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113775/introducing-global-navigation-satellite-system-capabilities-into-iot-field-sensing-infrastructures-for-advanced-precision-agriculture-services" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/113775.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> Measurement of Ionospheric Plasma Distribution over Myanmar Using Single Frequency Global Positioning System Receiver </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Win%20Zaw%20Hein">Win Zaw Hein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khin%20Sandar%20Linn"> Khin Sandar Linn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su%20Su%20Yi%20Mon"> Su Su Yi Mon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshitaka%20Goto"> Yoshitaka Goto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Earth ionosphere is located at the altitude of about 70 km to several 100 km from the ground, and it is composed of ions and electrons called plasma. In the ionosphere, these plasma makes delay in GPS (Global Positioning System) signals and reflect in radio waves. The delay along the signal path from the satellite to the receiver is directly proportional to the total electron content (TEC) of plasma, and this delay is the largest error factor in satellite positioning and navigation. Sounding observation from the top and bottom of the ionosphere was popular to investigate such ionospheric plasma for a long time. Recently, continuous monitoring of the TEC using networks of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observation stations, which are basically built for land survey, has been conducted in several countries. However, in these stations, multi-frequency support receivers are installed to estimate the effect of plasma delay using their frequency dependence and the cost of multi-frequency support receivers are much higher than single frequency support GPS receiver. In this research, single frequency GPS receiver was used instead of expensive multi-frequency GNSS receivers to measure the ionospheric plasma variation such as vertical TEC distribution. In this measurement, single-frequency support ublox GPS receiver was used to probe ionospheric TEC. The location of observation was assigned at Mandalay Technological University in Myanmar. In the method, the ionospheric TEC distribution is represented by polynomial functions for latitude and longitude, and parameters of the functions are determined by least-squares fitting on pseudorange data obtained at a known location under an assumption of thin layer ionosphere. The validity of the method was evaluated by measurements obtained by the Japanese GNSS observation network called GEONET. The performance of measurement results using single-frequency of GPS receiver was compared with the results by dual-frequency measurement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionosphere" title="ionosphere">ionosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20positioning%20system" title=" global positioning system"> global positioning system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPS" title=" GPS"> GPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionospheric%20delay" title=" ionospheric delay"> ionospheric delay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20electron%20content" title=" total electron content"> total electron content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TEC" title=" TEC"> TEC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111009/measurement-of-ionospheric-plasma-distribution-over-myanmar-using-single-frequency-global-positioning-system-receiver" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> Low Cost LiDAR-GNSS-UAV Technology Development for PT Garam’s Three Dimensional Stockpile Modeling Needs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohkammad%20Nur%20Cahyadi">Mohkammad Nur Cahyadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imam%20Wahyu%20Farid"> Imam Wahyu Farid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ronny%20Mardianto"> Ronny Mardianto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agung%20Budi%20Cahyono"> Agung Budi Cahyono</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eko%20Yuli%20Handoko"> Eko Yuli Handoko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daud%20Wahyu%20Imani"> Daud Wahyu Imani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arizal%20Bawazir"> Arizal Bawazir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luki%20Adi%20Triawan"> Luki Adi Triawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology has cost efficiency and data retrieval time advantages. Using technologies such as UAV, GNSS, and LiDAR will later be combined into one of the newest technologies to cover each other's deficiencies. This integration system aims to increase the accuracy of calculating the volume of the land stockpile of PT. Garam (Salt Company). The use of UAV applications to obtain geometric data and capture textures that characterize the structure of objects. This study uses the Taror 650 Iron Man drone with four propellers, which can fly for 15 minutes. LiDAR can classify based on the number of image acquisitions processed in the software, utilizing photogrammetry and structural science principles from Motion point cloud technology. LiDAR can perform data acquisition that enables the creation of point clouds, three-dimensional models, Digital Surface Models, Contours, and orthomosaics with high accuracy. LiDAR has a drawback in the form of coordinate data positions that have local references. Therefore, researchers use GNSS, LiDAR, and drone multi-sensor technology to map the stockpile of salt on open land and warehouses every year, carried out by PT. Garam twice, where the previous process used terrestrial methods and manual calculations with sacks. Research with LiDAR needs to be combined with UAV to overcome data acquisition limitations because it only passes through the right and left sides of the object, mainly when applied to a salt stockpile. The UAV is flown to assist data acquisition with a wide coverage with the help of integration of the 200-gram LiDAR system so that the flying angle taken can be optimal during the flight process. Using LiDAR for low-cost mapping surveys will make it easier for surveyors and academics to obtain pretty accurate data at a more economical price. As a survey tool, LiDAR is included in a tool with a low price, around 999 USD; this device can produce detailed data. Therefore, to minimize the operational costs of using LiDAR, surveyors can use Low-Cost LiDAR, GNSS, and UAV at a price of around 638 USD. The data generated by this sensor is in the form of a visualization of an object shape made in three dimensions. This study aims to combine Low-Cost GPS measurements with Low-Cost LiDAR, which are processed using free user software. GPS Low Cost generates data in the form of position-determining latitude and longitude coordinates. The data generates X, Y, and Z values to help georeferencing process the detected object. This research will also produce LiDAR, which can detect objects, including the height of the entire environment in that location. The results of the data obtained are calibrated with pitch, roll, and yaw to get the vertical height of the existing contours. This study conducted an experimental process on the roof of a building with a radius of approximately 30 meters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LiDAR" title="LiDAR">LiDAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aerial%20vehicle" title=" unmanned aerial vehicle"> unmanned aerial vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-cost%20GNSS" title=" low-cost GNSS"> low-cost GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contour" title=" contour"> contour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159891/low-cost-lidar-gnss-uav-technology-development-for-pt-garams-three-dimensional-stockpile-modeling-needs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159891.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Automated End of Sprint Detection for Force-Velocity-Power Analysis with GPS/GNSS Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Cormier">Patrick Cormier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cesar%20Meylan"> Cesar Meylan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matt%20Jensen"> Matt Jensen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dana%20Agar-Newman"> Dana Agar-Newman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chloe%20Werle"> Chloe Werle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ming-Chang%20Tsai"> Ming-Chang Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marc%20Klimstra"> Marc Klimstra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sprint-derived horizontal force-velocity-power (FVP) profiles can be developed with adequate validity and reliability with satellite (GPS/GNSS) systems. However, FVP metrics are sensitive to small nuances in data processing procedures such that minor differences in defining the onset and end of the sprint could result in different FVP metric outcomes. Furthermore, in team-sports, there is a requirement for rapid analysis and feedback of results from multiple athletes, therefore developing standardized and automated methods to improve the speed, efficiency and reliability of this process are warranted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare different methods of sprint end detection on the development of FVP profiles from 10Hz GPS/GNSS data through goodness-of-fit and intertrial reliability statistics. Seventeen national team female soccer players participated in the FVP protocol which consisted of 2x40m maximal sprints performed towards the end of a soccer specific warm-up in a training session (1020 hPa, wind = 0, temperature = 30°C) on an open grass field. Each player wore a 10Hz Catapult system unit (Vector S7, Catapult Innovations) inserted in a vest in a pouch between the scapulae. All data were analyzed following common procedures. Variables computed and assessed were the model parameters, estimated maximal sprint speed (MSS) and the acceleration constant τ, in addition to horizontal relative force (F₀), velocity at zero (V₀), and relative mechanical power (Pmax). The onset of the sprints was standardized with an acceleration threshold of 0.1 m/s². The sprint end detection methods were: 1. Time when peak velocity (MSS) was achieved (zero acceleration), 2. Time after peak velocity drops by -0.4 m/s, 3. Time after peak velocity drops by -0.6 m/s, and 4. When the integrated distance from the GPS/GNSS signal achieves 40-m. Goodness-of-fit of each sprint end detection method was determined using the residual sum of squares (RSS) to demonstrate the error of the FVP modeling with the sprint data from the GPS/GNSS system. Inter-trial reliability (from 2 trials) was assessed utilizing intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). For goodness-of-fit results, the end detection technique that used the time when peak velocity was achieved (zero acceleration) had the lowest RSS values, followed by -0.4 and -0.6 velocity decay, and 40-m end had the highest RSS values. For intertrial reliability, the end of sprint detection techniques that were defined as the time at (method 1) or shortly after (method 2 and 3) when MSS was achieved had very large to near perfect ICC and the time at the 40 m integrated distance (method 4) had large to very large ICCs. Peak velocity was reached at 29.52 ± 4.02-m. Therefore, sport scientists should implement end of sprint detection either when peak velocity is determined or shortly after to improve goodness of fit to achieve reliable between trial FVP profile metrics. Although, more robust processing and modeling procedures should be developed in future research to improve sprint model fitting. This protocol was seamlessly integrated into the usual training which shows promise for sprint monitoring in the field with this technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated" title="automated">automated</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomechanics" title=" biomechanics"> biomechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=team-sports" title=" team-sports"> team-sports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sprint" title=" sprint"> sprint</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155864/automated-end-of-sprint-detection-for-force-velocity-power-analysis-with-gpsgnss-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155864.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> Estimation Atmospheric parameters for Weather Study and Forecast over Equatorial Regions Using Ground-Based Global Position System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmamaw%20Yehun">Asmamaw Yehun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsegaye%20Kassa"> Tsegaye Kassa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Addisu%20Hunegnaw"> Addisu Hunegnaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Vermeer"> Martin Vermeer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There are various models to estimate the neutral atmospheric parameter values, such as in-suite and reanalysis datasets from numerical models. Accurate estimated values of the atmospheric parameters are useful for weather forecasting and, climate modeling and monitoring of climate change. Recently, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements have been applied for atmospheric sounding due to its robust data quality and wide horizontal and vertical coverage. The Global Positioning System (GPS) solutions that includes tropospheric parameters constitute a reliable set of data to be assimilated into climate models. The objective of this paper is, to estimate the neutral atmospheric parameters such as Wet Zenith Delay (WZD), Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV) and Total Zenith Delay (TZD) using six selected GPS stations in the equatorial regions, more precisely, the Ethiopian GPS stations from 2012 to 2015 observational data. Based on historic estimated GPS-derived values of PWV, we forecasted the PWV from 2015 to 2030. During data processing and analysis, we applied GAMIT-GLOBK software packages to estimate the atmospheric parameters. In the result, we found that the annual averaged minimum values of PWV are 9.72 mm for IISC and maximum 50.37 mm for BJCO stations. The annual averaged minimum values of WZD are 6 cm for IISC and maximum 31 cm for BDMT stations. In the long series of observations (from 2012 to 2015), we also found that there is a trend and cyclic patterns of WZD, PWV and TZD for all stations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmosphere" title="atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20atmosphere" title=" neutral atmosphere"> neutral atmosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitable%20water%20vapour" title=" precipitable water vapour"> precipitable water vapour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176074/estimation-atmospheric-parameters-for-weather-study-and-forecast-over-equatorial-regions-using-ground-based-global-position-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176074.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Gnss Aided Photogrammetry for Digital Mapping</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman%20Akram">Muhammad Usman Akram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research work based on GNSS-Aided Photogrammetry for Digital Mapping. It focuses on topographic survey of an area or site which is to be used in future Planning & development (P&D) or can be used for further, examination, exploration, research and inspection. Survey and Mapping in hard-to-access and hazardous areas are very difficult by using traditional techniques and methodologies; as well it is time consuming, labor intensive and has less precision with limited data. In comparison with the advance techniques it is saving with less manpower and provides more precise output with a wide variety of multiple data sets. In this experimentation, Aerial Photogrammetry technique is used where an UAV flies over an area and captures geocoded images and makes a Three-Dimensional Model (3-D Model), UAV operates on a user specified path or area with various parameters; Flight altitude, Ground sampling distance (GSD), Image overlapping, Camera angle etc. For ground controlling, a network of points on the ground would be observed as a Ground Control point (GCP) using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) in PPK or RTK mode. Furthermore, that raw data collected by UAV and DGPS will be processed in various Digital image processing programs and Computer Aided Design software. From which as an output we obtain Points Dense Cloud, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Ortho-photo. The imagery is converted into geospatial data by digitizing over Ortho-photo, DEM is further converted into Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for contour generation or digital surface. As a result, we get Digital Map of area to be surveyed. In conclusion, we compared processed data with exact measurements taken on site. The error will be accepted if the amount of error is not breached from survey accuracy limits set by concerned institutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photogrammetry" title="photogrammetry">photogrammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post%20processing%20kinematics" title=" post processing kinematics"> post processing kinematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20time%20kinematics" title=" real time kinematics"> real time kinematics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=manual%20data%20inquiry" title=" manual data inquiry"> manual data inquiry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189835/gnss-aided-photogrammetry-for-digital-mapping" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/189835.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">32</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Improving Fingerprinting-Based Localization System Using Generative AI</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getaneh%20Berie%20Tarekegn">Getaneh Berie Tarekegn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A precise localization system is crucial for many artificial intelligence Internet of Things (AI-IoT) applications in the era of smart cities. Their applications include traffic monitoring, emergency alarming, environmental monitoring, location-based advertising, intelligent transportation, and smart health care. The most common method for providing continuous positioning services in outdoor environments is by using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Due to nonline-of-sight, multipath, and weather conditions, GNSS systems do not perform well in dense urban, urban, and suburban areas.This paper proposes a generative AI-based positioning scheme for large-scale wireless settings using fingerprinting techniques. In this article, we presented a semi-supervised deep convolutional generative adversarial network (S-DCGAN)-based radio map construction method for real-time device localization. It also employed a reliable signal fingerprint feature extraction method with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), which extracts dominant features while eliminating noise from hybrid WLAN and long-term evolution (LTE) fingerprints. The proposed scheme reduced the workload of site surveying required to build the fingerprint database by up to 78.5% and significantly improved positioning accuracy. The results show that the average positioning error of GAILoc is less than 0.39 m, and more than 90% of the errors are less than 0.82 m. According to numerical results, SRCLoc improves positioning performance and reduces radio map construction costs significantly compared to traditional methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location-aware%20services" title="location-aware services">location-aware services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20extraction%20technique" title=" feature extraction technique"> feature extraction technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generative%20adversarial%20network" title=" generative adversarial network"> generative adversarial network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long%20short-term%20memory" title=" long short-term memory"> long short-term memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20vector%20machine" title=" support vector machine"> support vector machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184493/improving-fingerprinting-based-localization-system-using-generative-ai" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184493.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Improving Fingerprinting-Based Localization System Using Generative Artificial Intelligence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getaneh%20Berie%20Tarekegn">Getaneh Berie Tarekegn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A precise localization system is crucial for many artificial intelligence Internet of Things (AI-IoT) applications in the era of smart cities. Their applications include traffic monitoring, emergency alarming, environmental monitoring, location-based advertising, intelligent transportation, and smart health care. The most common method for providing continuous positioning services in outdoor environments is by using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Due to nonline-of-sight, multipath, and weather conditions, GNSS systems do not perform well in dense urban, urban, and suburban areas.This paper proposes a generative AI-based positioning scheme for large-scale wireless settings using fingerprinting techniques. In this article, we presented a novel semi-supervised deep convolutional generative adversarial network (S-DCGAN)-based radio map construction method for real-time device localization. We also employed a reliable signal fingerprint feature extraction method with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), which extracts dominant features while eliminating noise from hybrid WLAN and long-term evolution (LTE) fingerprints. The proposed scheme reduced the workload of site surveying required to build the fingerprint database by up to 78.5% and significantly improved positioning accuracy. The results show that the average positioning error of GAILoc is less than 39 cm, and more than 90% of the errors are less than 82 cm. That is, numerical results proved that, in comparison to traditional methods, the proposed SRCLoc method can significantly improve positioning performance and reduce radio map construction costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location-aware%20services" title="location-aware services">location-aware services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20extraction%20technique" title=" feature extraction technique"> feature extraction technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generative%20adversarial%20network" title=" generative adversarial network"> generative adversarial network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long%20short-term%20memory" title=" long short-term memory"> long short-term memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20vector%20machine" title=" support vector machine"> support vector machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174097/improving-fingerprinting-based-localization-system-using-generative-artificial-intelligence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Investigation of User Position Accuracy for Stand-Alone and Hybrid Modes of the Indian Navigation with Indian Constellation Satellite System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveen%20Kumar%20Perumalla">Naveen Kumar Perumalla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devadas%20Kuna"> Devadas Kuna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Akhter%20Ali"> Mohammed Akhter Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Satellite Navigation System such as the United States Global Positioning System (GPS) plays a significant role in determining the user position. Similar to that of GPS, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is a Satellite Navigation System indigenously developed by Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), India, to meet the country’s navigation applications. This system is also known as Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC). The NavIC system’s main objective, is to offer Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) services to users in its two service areas i.e., covering the Indian landmass and the Indian Ocean. Six NavIC satellites are already deployed in the space and their receivers are in the performance evaluation stage. Four NavIC dual frequency receivers are installed in the ‘Advanced GNSS Research Laboratory’ (AGRL) in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, India. The NavIC receivers can be operated in two positioning modes: Stand-alone IRNSS and Hybrid (IRNSS+GPS) modes. In this paper, analysis of various parameters such as Dilution of Precision (DoP), three Dimension (3D) Root Mean Square (RMS) Position Error and Horizontal Position Error with respect to Visibility of Satellites is being carried out using the real-time IRNSS data, obtained by operating the receiver in both positioning modes. Two typical days (6th July 2017 and 7th July 2017) are considered for Hyderabad (Latitude-17°24'28.07’N, Longitude-78°31'4.26’E) station are analyzed. It is found that with respect to the considered parameters, the Hybrid mode operation of NavIC receiver is giving better results than that of the standalone positioning mode. This work finds application in development of NavIC receivers for civilian navigation applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DoP" title="DoP">DoP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPS" title=" GPS"> GPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IRNSS" title=" IRNSS"> IRNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=position%20error" title=" position error"> position error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20visibility" title=" satellite visibility"> satellite visibility</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93204/investigation-of-user-position-accuracy-for-stand-alone-and-hybrid-modes-of-the-indian-navigation-with-indian-constellation-satellite-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> GAILoc: Improving Fingerprinting-Based Localization System Using Generative Artificial Intelligence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Getaneh%20Berie%20Tarekegn">Getaneh Berie Tarekegn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A precise localization system is crucial for many artificial intelligence Internet of Things (AI-IoT) applications in the era of smart cities. Their applications include traffic monitoring, emergency alarming, environmental monitoring, location-based advertising, intelligent transportation, and smart health care. The most common method for providing continuous positioning services in outdoor environments is by using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Due to nonline-of-sight, multipath, and weather conditions, GNSS systems do not perform well in dense urban, urban, and suburban areas.This paper proposes a generative AI-based positioning scheme for large-scale wireless settings using fingerprinting techniques. In this article, we presented a novel semi-supervised deep convolutional generative adversarial network (S-DCGAN)-based radio map construction method for real-time device localization. We also employed a reliable signal fingerprint feature extraction method with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), which extracts dominant features while eliminating noise from hybrid WLAN and long-term evolution (LTE) fingerprints. The proposed scheme reduced the workload of site surveying required to build the fingerprint database by up to 78.5% and significantly improved positioning accuracy. The results show that the average positioning error of GAILoc is less than 39 cm, and more than 90% of the errors are less than 82 cm. That is, numerical results proved that, in comparison to traditional methods, the proposed SRCLoc method can significantly improve positioning performance and reduce radio map construction costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location-aware%20services" title="location-aware services">location-aware services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20extraction%20technique" title=" feature extraction technique"> feature extraction technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generative%20adversarial%20network" title=" generative adversarial network"> generative adversarial network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long%20short-term%20memory" title=" long short-term memory"> long short-term memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20vector%20machine" title=" support vector machine"> support vector machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174095/gailoc-improving-fingerprinting-based-localization-system-using-generative-artificial-intelligence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Analysis of Autonomous Orbit Determination for Lagrangian Navigation Constellation with Different Dynamical Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gao%20Youtao">Gao Youtao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhao%20Tanran"> Zhao Tanran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jin%20Bingyu"> Jin Bingyu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Bo"> Xu Bo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Global navigation satellite system(GNSS) can deliver navigation information for spacecraft orbiting on low-Earth orbits and medium Earth orbits. However, the GNSS cannot navigate the spacecraft on high-Earth orbit or deep space probes effectively. With the deep space exploration becoming a hot spot of aerospace, the demand for a deep space satellite navigation system is becoming increasingly prominent. Many researchers discussed the feasibility and performance of a satellite navigation system on periodic orbits around the Earth-Moon libration points which can be called Lagrangian point satellite navigation system. Autonomous orbit determination (AOD) is an important performance for the Lagrangian point satellite navigation system. With this ability, the Lagrangian point satellite navigation system can reduce the dependency on ground stations. AOD also can greatly reduce total system cost and assure mission continuity. As the elliptical restricted three-body problem can describe the Earth-Moon system more accurately than the circular restricted three-body problem, we study the autonomous orbit determination of Lagrangian navigation constellation using only crosslink range based on elliptical restricted three body problem. Extended Kalman filter is used in the autonomous orbit determination. In order to compare the autonomous orbit determination results based on elliptical restricted three-body problem to the results of autonomous orbit determination based on circular restricted three-body problem, we give the autonomous orbit determination position errors of a navigation constellation include four satellites based on the circular restricted three-body problem. The simulation result shows that the Lagrangian navigation constellation can achieve long-term precise autonomous orbit determination using only crosslink range. In addition, the type of the libration point orbit will influence the autonomous orbit determination accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extended%20Kalman%20filter" title="extended Kalman filter">extended Kalman filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomous%20orbit%20determination" title=" autonomous orbit determination"> autonomous orbit determination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quasi-periodic%20orbit" title=" quasi-periodic orbit"> quasi-periodic orbit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=navigation%20constellation" title=" navigation constellation"> navigation constellation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72040/analysis-of-autonomous-orbit-determination-for-lagrangian-navigation-constellation-with-different-dynamical-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Long-Term Subcentimeter-Accuracy Landslide Monitoring Using a Cost-Effective Global Navigation Satellite System Rover Network: Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vincent%20Schlageter">Vincent Schlageter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maroua%20Mestiri"> Maroua Mestiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Florian%20Denzinger"> Florian Denzinger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hugo%20Raetzo"> Hugo Raetzo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michel%20Demierre"> Michel Demierre</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Precise landslide monitoring with differential global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is well known, but technical or economic reasons limit its application by geotechnical companies. This study demonstrates the reliability and the usefulness of Geomon (Infrasurvey Sàrl, Switzerland), a stand-alone and cost-effective rover network. The system permits deploying up to 15 rovers, plus one reference station for differential GNSS. A dedicated radio communication links all the modules to a base station, where an embedded computer automatically provides all the relative positions (L1 phase, open-source RTKLib software) and populates an Internet server. Each measure also contains information from an internal inclinometer, battery level, and position quality indices. Contrary to standard GNSS survey systems, which suffer from a limited number of beacons that must be placed in areas with good GSM signal, Geomon offers greater flexibility and permits a real overview of the whole landslide with good spatial resolution. Each module is powered with solar panels, ensuring autonomous long-term recordings. In this study, we have tested the system on several sites in the Swiss mountains, setting up to 7 rovers per site, for an 18 month-long survey. The aim was to assess the robustness and the accuracy of the system in different environmental conditions. In one case, we ran forced blind tests (vertical movements of a given amplitude) and compared various session parameters (duration from 10 to 90 minutes). Then the other cases were a survey of real landslides sites using fixed optimized parameters. Sub centimetric-accuracy with few outliers was obtained using the best parameters (session duration of 60 minutes, baseline 1 km or less), with the noise level on the horizontal component half that of the vertical one. The performance (percent of aborting solutions, outliers) was reduced with sessions shorter than 30 minutes. The environment also had a strong influence on the percent of aborting solutions (ambiguity search problem), due to multiple reflections or satellites obstructed by trees and mountains. The length of the baseline (distance reference-rover, single baseline processing) reduced the accuracy above 1 km but had no significant effect below this limit. In critical weather conditions, the system’s robustness was limited: snow, avalanche, and frost-covered some rovers, including the antenna and vertically oriented solar panels, leading to data interruption; and strong wind damaged a reference station. The possibility of changing the sessions’ parameters remotely was very useful. In conclusion, the rover network tested provided the foreseen sub-centimetric-accuracy while providing a dense spatial resolution landslide survey. The ease of implementation and the fully automatic long-term survey were timesaving. Performance strongly depends on surrounding conditions, but short pre-measures should allow moving a rover to a better final placement. The system offers a promising hazard mitigation technique. Improvements could include data post-processing for alerts and automatic modification of the duration and numbers of sessions based on battery level and rover displacement velocity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title="GNSS">GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GSM" title=" GSM"> GSM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landslide" title=" landslide"> landslide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-term" title=" long-term"> long-term</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network" title=" network"> network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar" title=" solar"> solar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20resolution" title=" spatial resolution"> spatial resolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-centimeter." title=" sub-centimeter. "> sub-centimeter. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122622/long-term-subcentimeter-accuracy-landslide-monitoring-using-a-cost-effective-global-navigation-satellite-system-rover-network-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122622.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Improving the Gain of a Multiband Antenna by Adding an Artificial Magnetic Conductor Metasurface</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amira%20Bousselmi">Amira Bousselmi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article presents a PIFA antenna designed for geolocation applications (GNSS) operating on 1.278 GHz, 2.8 GHz, 5.7 GHz and 10 GHz. To improve the performance of the antenna, an artificial magnetic conductor structure (AMC) was used. Adding the antenna with AMC resulted in a measured gain of 4.78 dBi. The results of simulations and measurements are presented. CST Microwave Studio is used to design and compare antenna performance. An antenna design methodology, design and characterization of the AMC surface are described as well as the simulated and measured performances of the AMC antenna are then discussed. Finally, in Section V, there is a conclusion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antenna%20multiband" title="antenna multiband">antenna multiband</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20navigation%20system" title=" global navigation system"> global navigation system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMC" title=" AMC"> AMC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Galeleo" title=" Galeleo"> Galeleo</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150107/improving-the-gain-of-a-multiband-antenna-by-adding-an-artificial-magnetic-conductor-metasurface" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Design of a Commercial Off-the-Shelf Patch Antenna with Wide Half Power Beam Width for Global Navigation Satellite Systems Application</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mannahel%20Iftikhar">Mannahel Iftikhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Saeed"> Sara Saeed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iqra%20Faryad"> Iqra Faryad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Subhan"> Muhammad Subhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes the design of a low-cost dual-band stacked rhombus-shaped slot patch antenna. The antenna is designed on L-band with a GPS (L2) bandwidth of 0.08 GHz centered at 1.207 GHz and a GPS (L1) bandwidth of 0.23 GHz centered at 1.575 GHz. The antenna’s dimensions are 8.02×8.02 cm². The antenna has a 3 dB beamwidth of 100° at 1.204 GHz and 117° at 1.575 GHz. The gain of this antenna is 6.5 dBi at 1.575 GHz and 6.43 dBi at 1.207 GHz. The antenna is designed using commercial off-the-shelf components and can be used in any global navigation satellite system receiver covering L1 and L2 communication bands. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=circular%20polarization" title="circular polarization">circular polarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enhanced%20beamwidth" title=" enhanced beamwidth"> enhanced beamwidth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stacked%20patches" title=" stacked patches"> stacked patches</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20communication" title=" satellite communication"> satellite communication</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160831/design-of-a-commercial-off-the-shelf-patch-antenna-with-wide-half-power-beam-width-for-global-navigation-satellite-systems-application" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Modeling Atmospheric Correction for Global Navigation Satellite System Signal to Improve Urban Cadastre 3D Positional Accuracy Case of: TANA and ADIS IGS Stations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmamaw%20Yehun">Asmamaw Yehun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The name “TANA” is one of International Geodetic Service (IGS) Global Positioning System (GPS) station which is found in Bahir Dar University in Institute of Land Administration. The station name taken from one of big Lakes in Africa ,Lake Tana. The Institute of Land Administration (ILA) is part of Bahir Dar University, located in the capital of the Amhara National Regional State, Bahir Dar. The institute is the first of its kind in East Africa. The station is installed by cooperation of ILA and Sweden International Development Agency (SIDA) fund support. The Continues Operating Reference Station (CORS) is a network of stations that provide global satellite system navigation data to help three dimensional positioning, meteorology, space, weather, and geophysical applications throughout the globe. TANA station was as CORS since 2013 and sites are independently owned and operated by governments, research and education facilities and others. The data collected by the reference station is downloadable through Internet for post processing purpose by interested parties who carry out GNSS measurements and want to achieve a higher accuracy. We made a first observation on TANA, monitor stations on May 29th 2013. We used Leica 1200 receivers and AX1202GG antennas and made observations from 11:30 until 15:20 for about 3h 50minutes. Processing of data was done in an automatic post processing service CSRS-PPP by Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) . Post processing was done June 27th 2013 so precise ephemeris was used 30 days after observation. We found Latitude (ITRF08): 11 34 08.6573 (dms) / 0.008 (m), Longitude (ITRF08): 37 19 44.7811 (dms) / 0.018 (m) and Ellipsoidal Height (ITRF08): 1850.958 (m) / 0.037 (m). We were compared this result with GAMIT/GLOBK processed data and it was very closed and accurate. TANA station is one of the second IGS station for Ethiopia since 2015 up to now. It provides data for any civilian users, researchers, governmental and nongovernmental users. TANA station is installed with very advanced choke ring antenna and GR25 Leica receiver and also the site is very good for satellite accessibility. In order to test hydrostatic and wet zenith delay for positional data quality, we used GAMIT/GLOBK and we found that TANA station is the most accurate IGS station in East Africa. Due to lower tropospheric zenith and ionospheric delay, TANA and ADIS IGS stations has 2 and 1.9 meters 3D positional accuracy respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmosphere" title="atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20atmosphere" title=" neutral atmosphere"> neutral atmosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitable%20water%20vapour" title=" precipitable water vapour"> precipitable water vapour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176080/modeling-atmospheric-correction-for-global-navigation-satellite-system-signal-to-improve-urban-cadastre-3d-positional-accuracy-case-of-tana-and-adis-igs-stations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176080.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Investigation of the Unbiased Characteristic of Doppler Frequency to Different Antenna Array Geometries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somayeh%20Komeylian">Somayeh Komeylian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Array signal processing techniques have been recently developing in a variety application of the performance enhancement of receivers by refraining the power of jamming and interference signals. In this scenario, biases induced to the antenna array receiver degrade significantly the accurate estimation of the carrier phase. Owing to the integration of frequency becomes the carrier phase, we have obtained the unbiased doppler frequency for the high precision estimation of carrier phase. The unbiased characteristic of Doppler frequency to the power jamming and the other interference signals allows achieving the highly accurate estimation of phase carrier. In this study, we have rigorously investigated the unbiased characteristic of Doppler frequency to the variation of the antenna array geometries. The simulation results have efficiently verified that the Doppler frequency remains also unbiased and accurate to the variation of antenna array geometries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=array%20signal%20processing" title="array signal processing">array signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unbiased%20doppler%20frequency" title=" unbiased doppler frequency"> unbiased doppler frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GNSS" title=" GNSS"> GNSS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrier%20phase" title=" carrier phase"> carrier phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20slowly%20fluctuating%20point%20target" title=" and slowly fluctuating point target"> and slowly fluctuating point target</a> </p> <a 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