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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Belgian plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inga_I_and_Inga_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inga_I_and_Inga_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inga I and Inga II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inga_I_and_Inga_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inga-Shaba_power_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inga-Shaba_power_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Inga-Shaba power line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inga-Shaba_power_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_dams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_dams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current dams</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_dams-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current dams subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_dams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Expansion plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expansion_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expansion plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expansion_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grand_Inga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Inga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Grand Inga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Inga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa's_electric_energy_disparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa's_electric_energy_disparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Africa's electric energy disparity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa's_electric_energy_disparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inga dams</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Инга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_d%C3%ADlo_Inga" title="Vodní dílo Inga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní dílo Inga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga-Staudamm" title="Inga-Staudamm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inga-Staudamm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presas_de_Inga" title="Presas de Inga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presas de Inga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_hidroelektra_centralo" title="Inga hidroelektra centralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inga hidroelektra centralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="سدهای اینگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سدهای اینگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrages_d%27Inga" title="Barrages d'Inga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barrages d'Inga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A7" title="इंगा बाँध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंगा बाँध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dighe_Inga" title="Dighe Inga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dighe Inga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dnga_(nd%C3%BAka)" title="Ínga (ndúka) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ínga (ndúka)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_v%C3%ADzer%C5%91m%C5%B1vek" title="Inga vízerőművek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Inga vízerőművek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingadam" title="Ingadam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ingadam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0" title="インガ・ダム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インガ・ダム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingademningen" title="Ingademningen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ingademningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamy_Inga" title="Tamy Inga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tamy Inga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%A9_n%C3%A1dr%C5%BEe_Inga" title="Vodné nádrže Inga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodné nádrže Inga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezovi_Inga" title="Jezovi Inga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jezovi Inga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingakraftverket" title="Ingakraftverket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ingakraftverket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%ADp_Inga" title="Đập Inga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đập Inga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E5%8A%A0%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D" title="因加水坝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="因加水坝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19524#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inga_dams&params=5_31_09_S_13_37_19_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°31′09″S</span> <span class="longitude">13°37′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.51917°S 13.62194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-5.51917; 13.62194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two hydroelectric dams on the Congo River in western DR Congo</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dam</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:skyblue;">Inga Dams</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Inga04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Inga04.jpg/220px-Inga04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Inga04.jpg/330px-Inga04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Inga04.jpg/440px-Inga04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Inga I dam, with the feeding canal for Inga II in the foreground.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inga dams is located in Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Inga dams is located in Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg/235px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg/353px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg/470px-Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1095" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.596%;left:12.485%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Inga dams"><img alt="Inga dams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Inga Dams in Democratic Republic of the Congo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Inga_dams&params=5_31_09_S_13_37_19_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">5°31′09″S</span> <span class="longitude">13°37′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">5.51917°S 13.62194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-5.51917; 13.62194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data">Inga I: 1968<br />Inga II:</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opening date</th><td class="infobox-data">Inga I: 1972<br />Inga II: 1982</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:skyblue;">Power Station</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">Turbines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Inga I: 6 x 58.5 MW<br />Inga II: 8 x 178 MW</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Installed capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Inga I: 351 MW<br />Inga II: 1,424 MW</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Inga Dams</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Barrages d'Inga</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i>Ingadam</i>) are two <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> dams connected to one of the largest waterfalls in the world, <a href="/wiki/Inga_Falls" title="Inga Falls">Inga Falls</a>. They are located in the western <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and 140 miles southwest of <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inga_Falls" title="Inga Falls">Inga Falls</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> is a group of rapids (or cataracts) downstream of the <a href="/wiki/Livingstone_Falls" title="Livingstone Falls">Livingstone Falls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a>. The Congo falls ~96 metres (315 ft) within this set of cataracts. The mean annual flow rate of the Congo River at Inga Falls is ~42,000 cubic metres per second (1,500,000 cu ft/s). Given this flow rate and the 96-metre fall, the Inga Falls alone has a potential to generate ~39.6 gigawatts (53,100,000 hp) of mechanical energy and nearly as much electrical energy. </p><p>Inga Falls is currently the site of two large hydropower plants and is being considered for a much larger hydro power generating station known as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inga_Dam" title="Grand Inga Dam">Grand Inga</a>. The Grand Inga project, if completed, would be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of largest hydroelectric power stations">largest hydro-electric power generating facility</a> in the world. The current project scope calls for the use of a flow rate ~26,400 cubic metres per second at a net head of ~150 metres; this is equivalent to a generating capacity of ~38.9 GW. This hydro-electric generator would be more than double the current world record holder, which is the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p><p>Grand Inga is a <a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">"run-of-the-river" hydroelectric</a> project in which only a relatively small reservoir would be created to back up the power of the river's flow. This would be so that the net head for the hydroelectric turbines could approach 150 metres. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Belgian colonial government was considering starting what it called "The Inga Scheme" on the eve of decolonization in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inga I was completed in 1972, and Inga II in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_study">Early study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inga-matadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Inga-matadi.jpg/150px-Inga-matadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Inga-matadi.jpg/225px-Inga-matadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Inga-matadi.jpg/300px-Inga-matadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1890s map of the Inga Falls</figcaption></figure> <p>The hydropower potential of the Congo River was recognized quite early on, at a time when <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">colonial control</a> was <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">expanding over Africa</a> and rivers were first being harnessed to generate electricity. One early report on this potential came via the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> in 1921; their findings concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a> in its entirety possessed "more than one-fourth of the world’s potential water power". Regarding the Inga Falls location specifically, this was highlighted just four years later by the Belgian soldier, mathematician, and entrepreneur Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Deuren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Deuren (page does not exist)">Van Deuren</a>. He would continue survey work around Inga Falls, and during the 1920s and 1930s there was some movement towards further study of the area's potential by the group Syneba (1929–1939), yet the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the dissolution of Syneba put a temporary end to progress on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Showers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atlantropa" title="Atlantropa">Atlantropa</a>, a scheme for integrating Europe and Africa conceived by <a href="/wiki/Herman_S%C3%B6rgel" title="Herman Sörgel">Herman Soergel</a> in the 1920s, included a proposal to dam the Congo River. In this plan, the water would have been used to irrigate the deserts of North Africa, and to generate 22.5 to 45 gigawatts of power.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_plan">Belgian plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belgian plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the lack of progress during and in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, the tantalizing possibilities offered by the Inga Falls remained prominent in engineers' minds. The 1954 book <i>Engineers' Dreams</i> listed a host of massive projects that could theoretically be accomplished (among them the future <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>), the largest being an Inga Dam that would create a lake stretching into the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before Congolese independence, the Belgians still harbored the hope of constructing a massive Inga development project to generate electricity for heavy industry.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those industries discussed were "aluminum, ferro-alloys, the treatment of ores, paper, and a plant for the separation of isotopes."<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their vision, at least publicly, was bold, with one authority comparing the potential industrial development in the Congo to the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an important American connection to the project in the form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarence_E._Blee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarence E. Blee (page does not exist)">Clarence E. Blee</a>, one of five foreigners on a 10-person study of the Inga site in 1957 and the chief engineer of the United States' foray into federal electrical and industrial development, the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study would play a central role in convincing the Belgian authorities to set an Inga dam in motion. </p><p>An Inga scheme, loosely reported as consisting of a "series of power stations and dams", was finally passed by the Belgian Cabinet on 13 November 1957, and a group was slated to be created in order to study the possible uses of the project's electricity and the ways in which to fund it. The Cabinet's plan was estimated at the time to cost <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>3.16 billion and was expected to generate 25,000 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report from late April 1958 stated that excavation work would hopefully begin by midyear, with 1964/1965 as the year set to bring the initial stage to completion. Plans called for three stages of construction, beginning with a 1,500 MW plant with a $320 million price tag, then twice that capacity, and eventually the 25,000 MW originally approved. Industrial development would advance in step, helped by a start price of $0.002 per kwh, producing 500,000 tons of aluminum with the construction of the first plant and eventually aiming for a final production goal six times that. An international syndicate named Aluminga, comprising a number of European and North American firms, was already organizing to realize this. Funding was an issue, especially once the Belgians realized that they could not accomplish such a project alone. Possible investors cited by the press included the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1959 a group of prominent American investors including <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> visited the Inga Falls,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though construction was continually being pushed back from original estimates, then slated for 1961 or later.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congolese independence from Belgium did not suddenly erase the importance of Inga development. Belgian authorities were still pushing the project while negotiating independence with Congolese delegates, with Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Scheyven" title="Raymond Scheyven">Raymond Scheyven</a> proposing a joint Congolese-Belgian company that would fund an Inga dam. This was not a minor idea, but the main project in a five-year Congolese development plan he proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That advice was apparently not heeded, as newly elected Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a> signed a fifty-year contract with the Wall Street-based Congo International Management Corporation to develop the Congo on 22 July 1960, with an Inga project and associated aluminum production at the top of the list.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PM Lumumba later backtracked and claimed that the deal was "only an agreement in principle",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but regardless he was deposed by Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> less than two months later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inga_I_and_Inga_II">Inga I and Inga II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inga I and Inga II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inga003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inga003.jpg/200px-Inga003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inga003.jpg/300px-Inga003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Inga003.jpg/400px-Inga003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Inga I facility</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">period of instability</a>, rebellions, and UN interventions in the first half of the 1960s, it did not dampen leaders' hopes to harness the rapids of the Congo River. From the wreckage of the Belgian departure and the subsequent turmoil emerged Mobutu Sésé Seko, who seized full power for himself in November 1965 and would remain the Congo's authoritarian president until May 1997. It was during his reign that the first and so far only projects were built to generate power from the Inga Falls. </p><p>Inga I was the first project brought to completion. A feasibility study was conducted by the Italian firm SICAI in 1963, which recommended the dam support domestic industrialization as opposed to export focused industry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funded mainly by the government, construction took place from 1968 to 1972, leaving a six-turbine plant generating 351 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-IntRivers2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntRivers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This electricity was mainly fed to the populated areas around it and downstream; its successor was explicitly for mining activity in the south. </p><p>Inga II was the second hydro project built at the site just south of Inga I. Even with just eight turbines, it was built to produce 1,424 MW, and was completed a full decade after Inga I.<sup id="cite_ref-IntRivers2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntRivers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inga-Shaba_power_line">Inga-Shaba power line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inga-Shaba power line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inga-Shaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Inga-Shaba">Inga-Shaba</a></div> <p>In order to connect the power generating capacity at Inga with the <a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper extraction techniques">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> mines located near the <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambian</a> border in <a href="/wiki/Shaba_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaba Province">Shaba Province</a> (now Katanga), a new project aimed to build the longest <a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">high-voltage direct current</a> power line in existence, bypassing local communities and converting into <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> at its final destination. The various groups involved had economic as well as political agendas; while Western investors and the Congolese government wished to support the Shaba mines during a period of elevated copper prices, the government also wanted to consolidate its power over the secessionist southern province, and the West had an interest in seeing the Congo stay firmly in the anti-communist camp. The cost for the project was constantly revised upward, eventually reaching $500 million over budget. A mix of private and public groups provided the financing, notably <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturers_Hanover_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturers Hanover Trust">Manufacturers Hanover Trust</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Export-Import_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Export-Import Bank">U.S. Export-Import Bank</a>, and it was the storied <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a>-based company, <a href="/wiki/Morrison-Knudsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison-Knudsen">Morrison-Knudsen</a>, that was contracted to do the work.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TaleofTwo_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaleofTwo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, the costs of the Inga-Shaba power line totaled 24% of Congo's debt, which along with corruption, other wasteful spending, and bad decision-making, led to a debt crisis and the intervention of foreign experts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1999, Congo still owed the U.S. Export-Import Bank over $900 million, leaving American taxpayers unpaid.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Inga-Shaba line neared completion in the early 1980s, many news articles poured scorn on the project. One from the <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> juxtaposed its failure with a successful <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> project to improve the Congolese diet, noting that, "the grandiose project has so far turned out to be a white elephant, while the low-key fish-farming endeavor has already made visible improvements in the lives of several thousand people in a similar period of time."<sup id="cite_ref-TaleofTwo_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaleofTwo-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9camines" title="Gécamines">Gécamines</a>, the state-owned mining company in Shaba that was founded in 1906 by the Belgians, ended up still mainly using hydroelectricity supplied locally, and thus the Inga-Shaba line found itself being used at a mere third of capacity. Furthermore, the structure itself has been degraded as local peoples have used its metal bars for a variety of domestic needs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_dams">Current dams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current dams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inga_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Inga_2006.svg/220px-Inga_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Inga_2006.svg/330px-Inga_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Inga_2006.svg/440px-Inga_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Inga dam projects, as of 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two hydroelectric dams, Inga I and Inga II, currently operate at a low output. Inga I has a total installed capacity of 351 <a href="/wiki/Watt#Megawatt" title="Watt">MW</a> and Inga II has 1424 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were built under former president <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Inga%E2%80%93Shaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Inga–Shaba">Inga–Shaba</a> project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DRC has faced the problem of rehabilitating the two existing dams, which have fallen into disrepair and operate far below original capacity at roughly 40%, or just over 700 MW combined.<sup id="cite_ref-IntRivers2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntRivers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2001 Siemens was reportedly negotiating with the government over a billion-dollar partnership that would involve restoration and modernization of the DRC's electrical grid, including the rehabilitation of the two existing Inga power plants,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though work was delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-2003 there was also a report that the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> had signed a $450 million contract with <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> to improve water and electrical distribution in the DRC, including rehabilitation of the two Inga projects (reported at the time to be at 30% capacity) and a second electrical line from Inga to the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear what transpired concerning these contracts. </p><p>Separately in May 2005 the Canadian company <a href="/wiki/MagEnergy" class="mw-redirect" title="MagEnergy">MagEnergy</a> signed an agreement with SNEL to rehabilitate some of Inga II's turbines, with a completion goal of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual work to rehabilitate Inga II finally began 27 April 2006, just under a year after the initial agreement with MagEnergy was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first phase, which involved fixing a single 168 MW turbine and other emergency repair work, was reported 90% complete in April 2009, and the second phase (four other turbines) was estimated to take five additional years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is doubt over whether the government accepts the validity of the contract, and in the meantime the Canadian company <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Quantum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Quantum (page does not exist)">First Quantum</a> was hired to rehabilitate two separate Inga II turbines.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To carry out the repairs, the SNEL has received funding from the Regional and Domestic Power Markets Development Project, which is itself supported by the World Bank, <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>, and European Investment Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-IntRivers2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntRivers2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2021, media reports indicated that <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_d%27%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9" title="Société Nationale d'Électricité">Société Nationale d'Électricité</a> (Snel), the national electricity company of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and <i>Ivanhoe Mines Energy DRC</i>, a subsidiary of the Canadian mining <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_Mines" title="Ivanhoe Mines">Ivanhoe Mines</a>, agreed for the latter to rehabilitate turbine number 5 on the eight-turbine Inga II power station. This will provide 162 megawatts to be consumed by the <i>Kamoa-Kakula Copper Mine</i>, near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kolwezi" title="Kolwezi">Kolwezi</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lualaba_Province" title="Lualaba Province">Lualaba Province</a>, in the south of DRC. The work will include the rehabilitation of the <i>Inga–Kolwezi High Voltage Transmission Line</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RehabR5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RehabR5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion_plans">Expansion plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expansion plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inga_2006-projet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Inga_2006-projet.svg/220px-Inga_2006-projet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Inga_2006-projet.svg/330px-Inga_2006-projet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Inga_2006-projet.svg/440px-Inga_2006-projet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Official projections for Inga III and Grand Inga, as of 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are expansion plans to create a third Inga dam, Inga III. Projections indicate that once completed, Inga III would generate 4,500 <a href="/wiki/Watt#Megawatt" title="Watt">MW</a> of electricity. Inga III is the centerpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Corridor" title="Western Power Corridor">Westcor</a> partnership which envisions the interconnection of the electric grids of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC), <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a>, bilateral donors, and the southern African power companies, have all expressed interest in pursuing the project which is estimated to cost US$80 billion. </p><p>One enthusiastic backer of Inga development has been <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. In July 1999, newly elected South African President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> gave a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, highlighting development of the Inga Falls for hydropower as an example of necessary development of Africa's economic infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For South Africa's public utility <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a>, Inga fit into a broader plan to turn an interconnected African grid into an electricity-exporting powerhouse, eventually supplying Europe and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 Inga was highlighted by the AU's <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a> (NEPAD)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Eskom was reported to be investigating a $6 billion run-of-the-river type Inga project which would be developed by an Eskom and <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">Hydro-Québec</a>-led consortium of national utility companies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such a consortium, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Corridor" title="Western Power Corridor">Western Power Corridor</a> (Westcor) was finally organized in February 2003. Involving five of the region's major utility companies (Eskom, SNEL, Angola's <a href="/wiki/Empresa_Nacional_de_Electricidade" class="mw-redirect" title="Empresa Nacional de Electricidade">Empresa Nacional de Electricidade</a>, Namibia's <a href="/wiki/NamPower" title="NamPower">NamPower</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Power_Corporation" title="Botswana Power Corporation">Botswana Power Corporation</a>) it projected initial costs at $1.5 billion and the eventual construction of a 44,000 MW run-of-the-river project.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorandum of understanding for Westcor was finally signed on 22 October 2004, for the construction of a 3,400 MW Inga III.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following February Eskom unveiled a new $50 billion run-of-the-river scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That September 2005 a shareholder agreement for Westcor was signed, giving each party 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DRC appeared to move away from the regional development approach offered by Westcor and instead manage the construction of Inga III on its own. In June 2009 it opened bidding for a $7 billion, 4320 MW Inga III project.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snubbing Westcor, the DRC chose <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, which intended to use 2,000 MW for itself, notably for an <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_smelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum smelter">aluminum smelter</a>. </p><p>In 2017 proposals were for a 10–12 GW dam, up from 4.8 GW in earlier plans, with potential completion sometime after 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2018, the government of the DRC announced the signing of contracts with a Sino-Spanish consortium to launch design studies for the construction of the Inga III dam with 11,000 MW and a total cost of $14 billion. Main companies of the consortium were <a href="/wiki/China_Three_Gorges_Corporation" title="China Three Gorges Corporation">China Three Gorges Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinohydro" title="Sinohydro">Sinohydro</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACS_Group" title="ACS Group">ACS Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While construction plans for phase III were reported in be on track in late 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a major potential member of a construction consortium, Spanish firm <a href="/wiki/ACS_Group" title="ACS Group">ACS Group</a>, dropped out in January 2020, leaving uncertainty with remaining Chinese and German partners.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Inga">Grand Inga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grand Inga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inga_Dam" title="Grand Inga Dam">Grand Inga Dam</a>, if harnessing much of the power of the river, could generate up to 39,000 MW – and would significantly boost the energy available to the African continent at a cost of more than $80 billion. Connecting Inga to a continent-wide electricity grid for main population centers would cost $10 billion more (est. 2000), and would be the world's largest hydroelectric project. Critics contend the huge amounts of money required for the project would be better spent with smaller scale, localized energy projects that would better meet the needs of Africa's poor majority. A study from Oxford University supports this cautious approach by showing that the average cost overrun for 245 large dams in 65 countries across six continents is 96% in real terms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">New Partnership for Africa's Development</a>, with significant involvement of South African electric power company ESKOM, suggested in 2003 to start the Grand Inga project in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an installed capacity of 39,000 MW, the Grand Inga Dam alone could produce 250 TWh annually, or a total of 370 TWh annually for the whole site. In 2005, Africa's annual electricity production was 550 TWh (600 kWh per capita). </p><p>The project is expected to top <a href="/wiki/United_States_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Dollar">US$</a>100 billion in total development costs.<sup id="cite_ref-IR-1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR-1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2016 construction looked as if it would begin within several months.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in July 2016 the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> withdrew its funding following disagreements over the project despite power purchase agreements from South Africa and mining companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase grant would have totaled US$73.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some observers are skeptical of the project, citing its high cost in a country known for its endemic corruption—risking little benefit to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-IR-2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IR-2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa's_electric_energy_disparity"><span id="Africa.27s_electric_energy_disparity"></span>Africa's electric energy disparity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africa's electric energy disparity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Africa produces a very low amount of electric energy per capita compared to other regions of the world. Projects such as the Grand Inga Dam, which can generate 43.5 GW, can help solve Africa's electricity shortage. In 2005, South Africa and North Africa produced 70% of the 550 TWh (63 GW) electric output of the continent. </p><p>South Africa: 230 TWh p.a. / 26.2 GW (4500 kWh p.a. per capita / 513 W per capita) </p><p>North Africa: 150 TWh p.a. / 17.1 GW (1000 kWh p.a. per capita /114 W per capita) </p><p>Sub Saharan Africa (South Africa excluded): 170 TWh p.a. / 19.4 GW (250 kWh p.a. per capita / 29 W per capita) </p><p>There is speculation that the Grand Inga Dam can produce enough electricity for the whole continent. That was true before the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continent has annual economic and population growth respectively of 5% and 2.5%. In 2005, electricity usage was 600 kWh per capita for the 910 million Africans. The region with chronic power shortages is Sub Saharan Africa (South Africa excluded), where production was only 250 kWh per capita for 700 million people. An African average of at least 1000 kWh per capita requires a total continental production of more than 1000 TWh p.a. / 120 GW. This is equivalent to three times the maximum capacity of Grand Inga Dam. The world average per capita was 3044 kWh in 2012 (The World Bank: 2014 The Little Data Book). </p><p>According to some, Grand Inga would be too large a proportion of the African demand (43.5 GW combined output compared to a load of 63 GW) to be a practical power source without interconnection by a <a href="/wiki/Wide_area_synchronous_grid" title="Wide area synchronous grid">wide area synchronous grid</a> for example, as well as other power grids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Any large-scale failure of the dam, or its connections to the grid, such as the <a href="/wiki/2009_Brazil_and_Paraguay_blackout" title="2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout">2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout</a> (17 GW), or the <a href="/wiki/2009_Sayano%E2%80%93Shushenskaya_power_station_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident">2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident</a> in Siberia (6.4 GW), would plunge large parts of Africa into a <a href="/wiki/Power_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Power failure">power failure</a> with potentially serious consequences. The Siberia failure, for example, had a disastrous effect on local aluminium smelters. By this argument, full utilization requires interconnection with Europe, so that power to Europe can then be back fed to Africa. This increases the stability of both systems and reduces overall costs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three international consortia are bidding for the contract to build the dam, known as Inga III, and to sell the power it generates, estimated at 4,800 MW. This is nearly three times the power produced from Inga's two existing dams, which are decades old and have been crippled by neglect because of government debt and risk-averse investors. The World Bank said, under the current plan, South Africa would buy 2,500 MW from Inga III, and another 1,300 MW would be sold to Congo's power-starved mining industry. The remaining 1000 megawatts would go to the national utility SNEL, helping provide power to an estimated 7 million people around Kinshasa, Congo's capital, and covering all the projected unmet electricity needs there by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world#Run-of-the-river" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest power stations in the world">List of largest power stations in the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_run-of-the-river_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations">List of run-of-the-river hydroelectric power stations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmeye1959" class="citation news cs1">Ameye, Louis (4 June 1959). 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"SciTech Connect". <i>IEEE Power Engineering Review</i>. <b>17</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMPER.1997.594920">10.1109/MPER.1997.594920</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/479422">479422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46233141">46233141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Power+Engineering+Review&rft.atitle=SciTech+Connect&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46233141%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F479422%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMPER.1997.594920&rft.aulast=Hammons&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Taher%2C+F.&rft.au=Gulstone%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Blyden%2C+B.+K.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+R.&rft.au=Isekemanga%2C+E.&rft.au=Paluku%2C+K.&rft.au=Calitz%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Simanga%2C+N.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInga+dams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2009" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claverton-energy.com/vision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html">"Vision 2020 and beyond – Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site"</a>. Claverton-energy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928012536/http://www.claverton-energy.com/vision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vision+2020+and+beyond+%E2%80%93+Dr.+Gregor+Czisch+Ex+Kassell+University+discussed+the+integration+of+African+Power+production+internally+and+with+Europe+to+fully+exploit+the+vast+hydro+power+available+at+the+Inga+Dam+site&rft.pub=Claverton-energy.com&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claverton-energy.com%2Fvision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInga+dams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2009" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Dave (1 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claverton-energy.com/vision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html">"Vision 2020 and beyond - Dr. Gregor Czisch Ex Kassell University discussed the integration of African Power production internally and with Europe to fully exploit the vast hydro power available at the Inga Dam site | Claverton Group"</a>. Claverton-energy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814013047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/vision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vision+2020+and+beyond+-+Dr.+Gregor+Czisch+Ex+Kassell+University+discussed+the+integration+of+African+Power+production+internally+and+with+Europe+to+fully+exploit+the+vast+hydro+power+available+at+the+Inga+Dam+site+%26%23124%3B+Claverton+Group&rft.pub=Claverton-energy.com&rft.date=2009-08-01&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claverton-energy.com%2Fvision-2020-and-beyond-dr-gregor-czisch-ex-kassell-university-discussed-the-integration-of-african-power-production-internally-and-with-europe-to-fully-exploit-the-vast-hydro-power-available-at-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInga+dams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congodemocratic-worldbank-idUSBREA2J1Y220140320">"World Bank approves funds to study Congo's Inga dam"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 20 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331144125/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/20/us-congodemocratic-worldbank-idUSBREA2J1Y220140320">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=World+Bank+approves+funds+to+study+Congo%27s+Inga+dam&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-congodemocratic-worldbank-idUSBREA2J1Y220140320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInga+dams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inga_dams&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newframe.com/inga-3-hydroelectric-scheme-is-a-looming-disaster/">Inga 3 hydroelectric scheme is a looming disaster</a> As of 2 March 2022.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154555/http://www.icold-cigb.net/images/File/PDF-multilangue/Declaration%20mondiale.pdf">World declaration : Dams and Hydropower for African Sustainable Development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503043049/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Region.KeyIssues.9.aspx">Democratic Republic of Congo/Energy Sector – Bank Information Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/node/345">International Rivers' Inga Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070326172321/http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/77/Congo.html">World Rainforest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_Grand_Inga" class="extiw" title="fr:Barrage Grand Inga">Barrage Grand Inga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/grand-inga-dam-dr-congo">Grand Inga Dam, DR Congo</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="23px&#124;Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Kongo_Central_Province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kongo_Central" title="Kongo Central">Kongo Central Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matadi" title="Matadi">Matadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matadi_(commune)" title="Matadi (commune)">Matadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanza" title="Nzanza">Nzanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mvuzi" title="Mvuzi">Mvuzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boma,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Boma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabondo,_Boma" title="Kabondo, Boma">Kabondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamu,_Boma" title="Kalamu, Boma">Kalamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzadi" title="Nzadi">Nzadi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasangulu_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasangulu Territory">Kasangulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimvula_Territory" title="Kimvula Territory">Kimvula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukula_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukula Territory">Lukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luozi_Territory" title="Luozi Territory">Luozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madimba_Territory" title="Madimba Territory">Madimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Ngungu_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbanza-Ngungu Territory">Mbanza-Ngungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moanda,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Moanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Moanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seke-Banza_Territory" title="Seke-Banza Territory">Seke-Banza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songololo_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Songololo Territory">Songololo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshela_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshela Territory">Tshela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkamba" title="Nkamba">Nkamba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Inga dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangroves_National_Park" title="Mangroves National Park">Mangroves National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellala_Falls" title="Yellala Falls">Yellala Falls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Portal:Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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