Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub

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href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/about/">About Global Ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/ecoregion_list/">List of Ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/maps/">Maps</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> <div id="primary-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="main-column"> <div class="container col10 h1-standard"> <h1>Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="main-column"> <div class="container col6 image bodytext"> <h2>About the Area</h2> <div class="leadtext">The Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub is one of only five shrublands of its kind, which together support 20 percent of the plant species on Earth. An incredible variety of plants grow in this ecoregion that covers coastal, plains, and highland regions. More than 25,000 species of plants occur here, and more than half are endemic.</div> <div class="bodytext"><p>Many areas in this ecoregion share common plants known collectively as "maquis" - characterized by short evergreen shrubs and oak trees. These species have similar ways of surviving in such conditions by using thick, leathery leaves to retain water when it's hot, or special veins to transport moisture when it rains.</p> <p><strong><a name="species"></a>Local Species</strong><br/> Habitats throughout the ecoregion support numerous endemic plants: <em>Polygonum idaeum</em>, found on limestone mountains, the grazing-resistant <em>Verbascum spinosum</em>, the monotypic <em>Petramarula pinnata</em>, and the relict species <em>Jankaea heldreichei</em> and <em>Arabis josiae</em>. Most large mammals within the region are considered endangered.<br/> <br/> They include Leopard (<em>Panthera pardus</em>), endemic Maghreb deer (<em>Cervus elaphus barbaricus</em>), Macaque (<em>Macaca sylvanus</em>), Iberian lynx (<em>Lynx pardina</em>), Bear (<em>Ursus arctos</em>), Wolf (<em>Canis lupis</em>), Spanish ibex (<em>Capra pyrenaica</em>) and Barbary sheep (<em>Ammotragus lervia</em>).</p> <p>Bird species include White-breasted kingfisher (<em>Halcyon smyrnensis</em>), Bonelli's eagle (<em>Hieraaeutus pennatus</em>), Long-legged buzzard (<em>Buteo rufinus</em>), Lesser short-toed lark (<em>Calandrella rufescens</em>), Rufous bush robin (Cercotrichas glactotes), Scrub warbler (<em>Scotocerca inquieta</em>), Fan-tailed warbler (<em>Cisticola juncidis</em>), Olive-tree warbler (<em>Hippolais pallida</em>), Laurel pigeon (<em>Columba junoniae</em>) and Spectacled warbler (<em>Sylvia conspicillata</em>).<br/> <br/> Reptiles include banded Lizard-fingered gecko (<em>Saurodactylus fasciatus</em>), Mediterranean worm lizard (<em>Blanus mettetali</em>), and Andreansky's lizard (<em>Lacerta andreanskyi</em>).</p> <strong><a name="threats"></a>Threats</strong><br/> Most natural communities have been degraded or permanently altered throughout the Mediterranean basin. The ecoregion is threatened by continuing conversion to agriculture, pasture, and urban areas. Frequent fires, logging of remaining native woodlands, exotic species, and intensive grazing are also threats.<br/> <br/> <strong>Resources</strong> <ul> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005657/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/g200_index.html" target="_blank">NationalGeographic.com</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="right-column"> <div class="container col4 image aside highlight boxed"> <div class="inner"> <div class="bodytext"><p><strong>Size:</strong><br/> 2,265,581 sq. km (874,740 sq.miles)</p> <p><strong>Habitat type:</strong><br/> Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub</p> <p><strong>Geographic Location:</strong><br/> Southern Europe, Northern Africa, western Near East, and Asia Minor</p> <p><strong>Conservation Status:</strong><br/> Critical/Endangered</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="container col4 image aside highlight boxed"> <div class="inner"> <h3>Quiz Time!</h3> <div class="bodytext"><p><strong>Which product are Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub most identified with?</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Answer:</strong></em><br/> If there is any natural symbol of the Mediterranean, it has to be the olive tree. The fruit of this broad-leaved, tall, evergreen tree has been cultivated since about 3,000 BC, and its oil was used for rituals in ancient Greece and Rome. Today, many of the countries that contain areas of Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub are major producers of olive oil.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="secondary-content"> </div> </div> <div id="tertiary-content"> <div class="row auxilery-copy"> <div class="container col12"> <ul class="auxiliary-nav"> <li><a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/espanol/">español</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row priorities tabbed"> <div class="container col12 listing priorities"> <ul class="nav tabs"> <li><a href="">Global goals and drivers</a></li> <li><a href="">Critical species</a></li> <li><a href="">Priority places & habitats</a></li> </ul> <ul class="tabbedcontent content"> <li class="tabbedcontentgroup"> <div class="tabbedcontentwrapper"> <ul style="width: 1512px"> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/forests/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_46333_3_557915.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Forests</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/oceans/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_326703_2_557916.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Oceans</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/species_programme/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_112362_2_557917.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Wildlife</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/food/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_326804___wwf_us_james_morgan_2_557918.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Food</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href=""> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_340915_2_557919.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Climate & Energy</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/water/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_104875_3_557928.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Water</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/finance/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/hi_313789_c_shutterstock_leung_po_chan_wwf_557924.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Finance</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/markets/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/web_243072_557929.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Markets</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/how_we_work/our_global_goals/governance/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/un_new_york_557950.jpg" alt="" title="WWF © WWF"/> <h4>Governance</h4> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="tabbedcontentgroup"> <div class="tabbedcontentwrapper"> <ul style="width: 1008px"> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/wwf_needs_your_help/double_tigers/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/web_257812_410261.jpg" alt="Two Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica)" title="Two Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) © naturepl.com /Edwin Giesbers / WWF"/> <h4>Tigers</h4> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20170111005657/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/elephants/"> <img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170111005657im_/http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/img/west_congo_moist_forests_108551_1_428257.jpg" alt=" African elephant sub-adults play fighting, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic." title=" African elephant sub-adults play fighting, Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, Central African Republic. © WWF / John E. 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Good for health – medicines derived from corals fight diseases like HIV and cancer. Good for business – the Coral Triangle supports the livelihoods of more than 100 million people. Good for holidays – the Great Barrier Reef generates $4.5 billion in tourism annually. But climate change, pollution and over-fishing are trashing reefs everywhere. A quarter of the world's coral reefs are damaged beyond repair. 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