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class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Barbados" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Barbados" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Barbados" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the easternmost country in the Caribbean. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Barbatos" title="Barbatos">Barbatos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Barbados_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Barbados (disambiguation)">Barbados (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>Barbados (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bah-BAY-doss</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɑːrˈbeɪdoʊs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/En-us-Barbados.ogg\/En-us-Barbados.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Barbados.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/En-us-Barbados.ogg/En-us-Barbados.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Barbados.ogg" title="File:En-us-Barbados.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bar-BAY-dohss</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">locally <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɑːrˈbeɪdəs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bar-BAY-dəss</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Despite not bordering the Caribbean Sea, it is considered to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> region and is therefore the most easterly of the Caribbean islands. It lies on the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plates</a>. Its capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>. <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Barbados</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Barbados.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Barbados"><img alt="Flag of Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/125px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/188px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/250px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Barbados" title="Flag of Barbados">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_(3).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Barbados"><img alt="Coat of arms of Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_%283%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_%283%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_%283%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_%283%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados_%283%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="488"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Barbados" title="Coat of arms of Barbados"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "Pride and Industry"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need" title="In Plenty and In Time of Need">In Plenty and In Time of Need</a>" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/United_States_Navy_Band_-_In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/United_States_Navy_Band_-_In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_In_Plenty_and_In_Time_of_Need.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BRB_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Barbados"><img alt="Location of Barbados" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BRB_orthographic.svg/250px-BRB_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BRB_orthographic.svg/375px-BRB_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/BRB_orthographic.svg/500px-BRB_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barbados&params=13_05_52_N_59_37_06_W_type:city">13°05′52″N 59°37′06″W / 13.09778°N 59.61833°W / 13.09778; -59.61833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">Vernacular language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bajan_Creole" title="Bajan Creole">Bajan Creole</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020<a href="#cite_note-cia-1">[1]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>92.4% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Barbadian">Black</a></li><li>3.1% multiracial</li><li>2.7% <a href="/wiki/White_Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Barbadian">White</a></li><li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Barbados" title="Indians in Barbados">Indian</a></li><li>0.3% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>75.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li>20.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li>2.0% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">others</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbadians" title="Barbadians">Barbadian</a></li><li>Bajan (colloquial)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Barbados" title="House of Assembly of Barbados">House of Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Part of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 January 1958 – 31 May 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Independence_Act_1966" title="Barbados Independence Act 1966">Sovereignty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_230" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 230">Admitted to the UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Joined <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaguaramas" title="Treaty of Chaguaramas">Treaty of Chaguaramas</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Republic established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 2021</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados" title="Geography of Barbados">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">439 km2 (169 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">183rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Barbados" title="Demographics of Barbados">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">281,998<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">174th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">269,090<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">174th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">660/km2 (1,709.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $5.436 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BB-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">175th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $18,738<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BB-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">90th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $6.220 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BB-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">165th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> $21,442<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BB-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.809<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">62nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_dollar" title="Barbadian dollar">Barbadian dollar</a> ($) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BBD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−04:00 (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in Barbados">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan" title="North American Numbering Plan">+1</a> <a href="/wiki/Area_code_246" title="Area code 246">-246</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BB" title="ISO 3166-2:BB">BB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bb" title=".bb">.bb</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Kalinago</a> people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a>, Barbados was claimed for the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century. It first appeared on a Spanish map in 1511.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Main-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> claimed the island between 1532 and 1536, but abandoned it in 1620 with their only remnants being the introduction of wild boars to supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625; its men took possession of the island in the name of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I</a>. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and Barbados became an <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a> and later <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_the_Americas#British_Caribbean_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation of the Americas">British colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Commonwealth_History-8">[8]</a> During this period, the colony operated on a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">plantation economy</a>, relying on the labour of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a> who worked on the island's plantations. Slavery continued until it was phased out through most of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Slavery Abolition Act 1833</a>. On 30 November 1966, Barbados moved toward political independence and assumed the status of a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>, becoming a separate jurisdiction with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Barbados">Queen of Barbados</a>. On 30 November 2021, Barbados transitioned to a <a href="/wiki/Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">republic within the Commonwealth</a>, replacing its monarchy with a ceremonial president.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Barbados's population is predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> ancestry. While it is technically an <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic ocean">Atlantic</a> island, Barbados is closely associated with the Caribbean and is ranked as one of its leading <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourist destinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geological_history">2.1 Geological history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pre-colonial_period">2.2 Pre-colonial period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#European_arrival">2.3 European arrival</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#English_settlement_in_the_17th_century">2.4 English settlement in the 17th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Effects_of_the_English_Civil_War">2.4.1 Effects of the English Civil War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Irish_people_in_Barbados">2.5 Irish people in Barbados</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_sugar_revolution">2.5.1 The sugar revolution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#18th_and_19th_centuries">2.6 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#20th_century_before_independence">2.7 20th century before independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Post-independence_era">2.8 Post-independence era</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Transition_to_republic">2.8.1 Transition to republic</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Geography_and_climate">3 Geography and climate</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Geology">3.1 Geology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Environmental_issues">3.3 Environmental issues</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Wildlife">3.4 Wildlife</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ethnicity">4.1 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Languages">4.2 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religion">4.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Government_and_politics">5 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Political_culture">5.1 Political culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Foreign_relations">5.2 Foreign relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#World_Trade_Organization,_European_Commission,_CARIFORUM">5.2.1 World Trade Organization, European Commission, CARIFORUM</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#The_Double_Taxation_Relief_(CARICOM)_Treaty_1994">5.2.2 The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Military_and_law_enforcement">5.3 Military and law enforcement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">5.4 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Sovereign_default_and_restructuring">6.1 Sovereign default and restructuring</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Health">7 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Education">8 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Educational_testing">8.1 Educational testing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Art">9.1 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Media">9.2 Media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Cuisine">9.3 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Music">9.4 Music</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Sports">10 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Transport">11 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Videography">14.1 Videography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#General_information">15.1 General information</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name "Barbados" is from either the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> term os barbados or the Spanish equivalent, los barbados, both meaning "the bearded ones".<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is unclear whether "bearded" refers to the long, hanging roots of the bearded <a href="/wiki/Fig-tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Fig-tree">fig-tree</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_citrifolia" title="Ficus citrifolia">Ficus citrifolia</a>), a species of <a href="/wiki/Banyan" title="Banyan">banyan</a> indigenous to the island, or to the allegedly bearded <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a> (Island Caribs) who once inhabited the island, or, more fancifully, to a visual impression of a beard formed by the sea foam that sprays over the outlying coral reefs. In 1519, a map produced by the <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> mapmaker <a href="/wiki/Visconte_Maggiolo" title="Visconte Maggiolo">Visconte Maggiolo</a> showed and named Barbados in its correct position.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Furthermore, the island of <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Islands" title="Leeward Islands">Leewards</a> is very similar in name and was once named "Las Barbudas" by the Spanish.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The original name for Barbados in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a> was Ichirouganaim, according to accounts by descendants of the Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a>-speaking tribes in other regional areas, with possible translations including "Red land with white teeth"<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> or "Redstone island with teeth outside (reefs)"<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or simply "Teeth".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Colloquially, Barbadians refer to their home island as "Bim" or other nicknames associated with Barbados, including "Bimshire". The origin is uncertain, but several theories exist. The <a href="/wiki/National_Cultural_Foundation" title="National Cultural Foundation">National Cultural Foundation</a> of Barbados says that "Bim" was a word commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a>, and that it derives from the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a> term bém from bé mụ́ meaning "my home, kindred, kind";<a href="#cite_note-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25-19">[19]</a> the Igbo phoneme <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">[e]</a> in the Igbo orthography is very close to <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪ/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allsopp2003-20">[20]</a> The name could have arisen due to the relatively large percentage of <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> slaves from modern-day southeastern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> arriving in Barbados in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-EltisRichardson1997-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The words "Bim" and "Bimshire" are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Dictionary" title="Chambers Dictionary">Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionaries</a>. Another possible source for "Bim" is reported to be in the Agricultural Reporter of 25 April 1868, where the Rev. N. Greenidge (father of one of the island's most famous scholars, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Hendy_Jones_Greenidge" class="mw-redirect" title="Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge">Abel Hendy Jones Greenidge</a>) suggested that Bimshire was "introduced by an old planter listing it as a county of England". Expressly named were "Wiltshire, Hampshire, Berkshire and Bimshire".<a href="#cite_note-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25-19">[19]</a> Lastly, in the Daily Argosy (of Demerara, i.e. Guyana) of 1652, there is a reference to Bim as a possible corruption of "Byam", the name of a Royalist leader against the Parliamentarians. That source suggested the followers of Byam became known as "Bims" and that this became a word for all Barbadians.<a href="#cite_note-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">History of Barbados</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geological history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Around 700,000 years ago, the island emerged from the ocean as a body of soft rock known as a <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapir</a> rose from the mantle beneath its present-day location. This process is still ongoing, raising Barbados at an average rate of 30 centimeters per thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-earthmagazine-23">[23]</a> Dozens of inland sea reefs still dominate coastal features within terraces and cliffs on the island.<a href="#cite_note-earthmagazine-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Archeological evidence suggests humans may have first settled or visited the island <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> More permanent <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> settlement of Barbados dates to about the 4th to 7th centuries AD, by a group known as the <a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a>-Barrancoid.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Settlements of <a href="/wiki/Arawaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawaks">Arawaks</a> from South America appeared by around 800 AD and again in the 12th–13th century.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Kalinago</a> (called "<a href="/wiki/Island_Caribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Caribs">Caribs</a>" by the Spanish) visited the island regularly, although there is no evidence of permanent settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_arrival">European arrival</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European arrival" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/220px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2930" data-file-height="1953"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/220px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/330px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg/440px-1632_Cardona_Descripcion_Indias_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spanish map of the island (1632)</figcaption></figure> It is uncertain which European nation arrived first in Barbados, which probably would have been at some point in the 15th century or 16th century. One lesser-known source points to earlier revealed works antedating contemporary sources, indicating it could have been the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-Spanish_Main-7">[7]</a> Many, if not most, believe the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese</a>, en route to Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> were the first Europeans to come upon the island. The island was largely ignored by Europeans, though Spanish slave raiding is thought to have reduced the native population, with many fleeing to other islands.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_settlement_in_the_17th_century">English settlement in the 17th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English settlement in the 17th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg/220px-GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1964"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg/220px-GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg/330px-GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg/440px-GEORGE_WASHINGTON_HOUSE_-_BARBADOS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)" title="George Washington House (Barbados)">George Washington House</a> was visited by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in 1751, in what is believed to have been his only trip outside the present-day United States.<a href="#cite_note-boston-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> The first English ship, which had arrived on 14 May 1625, was captained by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627, near what is now <a href="/wiki/Holetown" title="Holetown">Holetown</a> (formerly Jamestown, after King James I of England),<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> by a group led by John Powell's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Powell_(governor)" title="Henry Powell (governor)">Henry</a>, consisting of 80 settlers and 10 English <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">indentured labourers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Some sources state that some Africans were amongst these first settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The settlement was established as a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">proprietary colony</a> and funded by Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Courten" title="William Courten">William Courten</a>, a <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> merchant who acquired the title to Barbados and several other islands. The first colonists were actually tenants, and much of the profits of their labour returned to Courten and his company.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Courten's title was later transferred to <a href="/wiki/James_Hay,_1st_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle">James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle</a>, in what was called the "Great Barbados Robbery".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Carlisle then chose as governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Powell_(governor)" title="Henry Powell (governor)">Henry Powell</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> in 1639, in an effort to appease the planters, who might otherwise have opposed his controversial appointment.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">[36]</a> In the period 1640–1660, the West Indies attracted more than two-thirds of the total number of English emigrants to the Americas. By 1650, there were 44,000 settlers in the West Indies, as compared to 12,000 on the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake</a> and 23,000 in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Most English arrivals were indentured. After five years of labour, they were given "freedom dues" of about £10, usually in goods. Before the mid-1630s, they also received 5 to 10 acres (2 to 4 hectares) of land, but after that time the island filled and there was no more free land. During the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Cromwellian era</a> (1650s) this included a large number of prisoners-of-war, vagrants and people who were illicitly kidnapped, who were forcibly transported to the island and sold as servants. These last two groups were predominantly Irish, as several thousand were infamously rounded up by English merchants and sold into servitude in Barbados and other Caribbean islands during this period, a practice that came to be known as being Barbadosed.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> was thus handled primarily by European indentured labour until it became difficult to bring more indentured servants from England.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Barbados" title="Parishes of Barbados">Parish</a> registers from the 1650s show that, for the white population, there were four times as many deaths as marriages. The mainstay of the infant colony's economy was the growth export of tobacco, but tobacco prices eventually fell in the 1630s as Chesapeake production expanded.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_the_English_Civil_War">Effects of the English Civil War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects of the English Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restoration_in_the_English_colonies" title="Restoration in the English colonies">Restoration in the English colonies</a></div> Around the same time, fighting during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> spilled over into Barbados and Barbadian territorial waters. The island was not <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions_in_the_Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms">involved in the war</a> until after the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, when the island's government fell under the control of Royalists (ironically the Governor, Philip Bell, remaining loyal to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> while the Barbadian <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a>, under the influence of Humphrey Walrond, supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>). To try to bring the recalcitrant colony to heel, the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament#Commonwealth_of_England" title="Rump Parliament">Commonwealth Parliament</a> passed an act on 3 October 1650 prohibiting trade between England and Barbados, and because the island also traded with the Netherlands, further <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a> were passed, prohibiting any but English vessels trading with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire#Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colonies</a>. These acts were a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> sent an invasion force under the command of <a href="/wiki/George_Ayscue" title="George Ayscue">Sir George Ayscue</a>, which arrived in October 1651. Ayscue, with a smaller force that included Scottish prisoners, surprised a larger force of Royalists, but had to resort to spying and diplomacy ultimately. On 11 January 1652, the Royalists in the House of Assembly led by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Willoughby,_5th_Baron_Willoughby_of_Parham" title="Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham">Lord Willoughby</a> surrendered, which marked the end of royalist privateering as a major threat.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The conditions of the surrender were incorporated into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter of Barbados (page does not exist)">Charter of Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oistins#History" title="Oistins">Treaty of Oistins</a>), which was signed at the Mermaid's Inn, <a href="/wiki/Oistins" title="Oistins">Oistins</a>, on 17 January 1652.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_people_in_Barbados">Irish people in Barbados</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Irish people in Barbados" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_people_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish people in Barbados">Irish people in Barbados</a></div> Starting with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>, a large percentage of the white labourer population were indentured servants and involuntarily transported people from Ireland. Irish servants in Barbados were often treated poorly, and Barbadian planters gained a reputation for cruelty.<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-41">[41]</a>: 55 The decreased appeal of an indenture on Barbados, combined with enormous demand for labour caused by sugar cultivation, led to the use of involuntary transportation to Barbados as a punishment for crimes, or for political prisoners, and also to the kidnapping of labourers who were deported to Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-41">[41]</a>: 55 Irish indentured servants were a significant portion of the population throughout the period when white servants were used for plantation labour in Barbados, and while a "steady stream" of Irish servants entered the Barbados throughout the 17th century, Cromwellian efforts to pacify Ireland created a "veritable tidal wave" of Irish labourers who were sent to Barbados during the 1650s.<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-41">[41]</a>: 56 Due to inadequate historical records, the total number of Irish labourers sent to Barbados is unknown, and estimates have been "highly contentious".<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-41">[41]</a>: 56 While one historical source estimated that as many as 50,000 Irish people were deported to either Barbados or Virginia during the 1650s, this estimate is "quite likely exaggerated".<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-41">[41]</a>: 56 Another estimate that 12,000 Irish prisoners had arrived in Barbados by 1655 has been described as "probably exaggerated" by historian Richard B. Sheridan.<a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-42">[42]</a>: 236 According to historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Thomas Bartlett (historian)">Thomas Bartlett</a>, it is "generally accepted" that approximately 10,000 Irish were deported to the West Indies and approximately 40,000 came as voluntary indentured servants, while many also travelled as voluntary, un-indentured emigrants.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-43">[43]</a>: 256 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_sugar_revolution">The sugar revolution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The sugar revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a> in 1640 completely transformed society, the economy and the physical landscape. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-44">[44]</a> One group instrumental in ensuring the early success of the industry was the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, who had originally been expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>, to end up in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Dutch Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-44">[44]</a> As the effects of the new crop increased, so did the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and surrounding islands.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">[36]</a> The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and African slaves, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> In 1644 the population of Barbados was estimated at 30,000, of which about 800 were of African ancestry, with the remainder mainly of English ancestry. These English smallholders were eventually bought out and the island filled up with large sugar plantations worked by African slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> By 1660 there was near parity with 27,000 Black people and 26,000 White people. By 1666 at least 12,000 white smallholders had been bought out, died, or left the island, many choosing to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">American Colonies</a> (notably the Carolinas).<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> As a result, Barbados enacted a <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">slave code</a> as a way of legislatively controlling its enslaved Black population.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The law's text was influential in laws in other colonies.<a href="#cite_note-menard-46">[46]</a> By 1680 there were 20,000 free whites and 46,000 enslaved Africans;<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> by 1724, there were 18,000 free whites and 55,000 enslaved Africans.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bussa_statue.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/170px-Bussa_statue.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="637"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 228px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/170px-Bussa_statue.png" data-width="170" data-height="228" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/255px-Bussa_statue.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bussa_statue.png/340px-Bussa_statue.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Statue_(Haggett_Hall,_Barbados)" title="Emancipation Statue (Haggett Hall, Barbados)">Statue of Bussa</a>, Bridgetown. Bussa led the largest slave rebellion in Barbadian history.</figcaption></figure> The harsh conditions endured by the slaves resulted in several planned slave rebellions, the largest of which was <a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_rebellion" title="Bussa's rebellion">Bussa's rebellion</a> in 1816 which was rapidly suppressed by the colonial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> In 1819, another slave revolt broke out on Easter Day. The revolt was put down in blood, with heads being displayed on stakes. Nevertheless, the brutality of the repression shocked even England and strengthened the abolitionist movement.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Growing opposition to slavery led to its abolition in the British Empire in 1833.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plantocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantocracy">plantocracy</a> class retained control of political and economic power on the island, with most workers living in relative poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hurricane_of_1780" title="Great Hurricane of 1780">1780 hurricane</a> killed more than 4,000 people on Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-pr-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-deadliest-49">[49]</a> In 1854, a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic killed more than 20,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_before_independence">20th century before independence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 20th century before independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Deep dissatisfaction with the situation on Barbados led many to emigrate.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Things came to a head in the 1930s during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, as Barbadians <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indian_labour_unrest_of_1934%E2%80%931939" title="British West Indian labour unrest of 1934–1939">began demanding</a> better conditions for workers, the legalisation of trade unions and a widening of the franchise, which at that point was limited to male property owners.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> As a result of the increasing unrest the British sent a commission, called the <a href="/wiki/Report_of_West_India_Royal_Commission_(Moyne_Report)" title="Report of West India Royal Commission (Moyne Report)">West Indies Royal Commission, or Moyne Commission</a>, in 1938, which recommended enacting many of the requested reforms on the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> As a result, Afro-Barbadians began to play a much more prominent role in the colony's politics, with universal suffrage being introduced in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> Prominent among these early activists was <a href="/wiki/Grantley_Herbert_Adams" title="Grantley Herbert Adams">Grantley Herbert Adams</a>, who helped found the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados Labour Party</a> (BLP) in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-dnation-52">[52]</a> He became the first Premier of Barbados in 1953, followed by fellow BLP-founder <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Cummins" title="Hugh Gordon Cummins">Hugh Gordon Cummins</a> from 1958 to 1961. A group of left-leaning politicians who advocated swifter moves to independence broke off from the BLP and founded the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Barbados)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)">Democratic Labour Party</a> (DLP) in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-DN-54">[54]</a> The DLP subsequently won the <a href="/wiki/1961_Barbadian_general_election" title="1961 Barbadian general election">1961 Barbadian general election</a> and their leader <a href="/wiki/Errol_Barrow" title="Errol Barrow">Errol Barrow</a> became premier.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Full internal self-government was enacted in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> Barbados joined the short-lived British <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> from 1958 to 1962, later gaining full independence on 30 November 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> Errol Barrow became the country's first prime minister. Barbados opted to remain within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. The effect of political independence meant that the United Kingdom government ceased to having sovereignty over Barbados, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, instead, reigning in the country became the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Barbados">Queen of Barbados</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarch</a> then was represented locally by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados" title="Governor-General of Barbados">governor-general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_era">Post-independence era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-independence era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Barrow government sought to diversify the economy away from agriculture, seeking to boost industry and the tourism sector. Barbados was also at the forefront of regional integration efforts, spearheading the creation of <a href="/wiki/CARIFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CARIFTA">CARIFTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/CARICOM" class="mw-redirect" title="CARICOM">CARICOM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The DLP lost the <a href="/wiki/1976_Barbadian_general_election" title="1976 Barbadian general election">1976 Barbadian general election</a> to the BLP under <a href="/wiki/Tom_Adams_(politician)" title="Tom Adams (politician)">Tom Adams</a>. Adams adopted a more conservative and strongly pro-Western stance, allowing the Americans to use Barbados as the launchpad for their <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">invasion of Grenada</a> in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Adams died in office in 1985 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bernard_St._John" title="Harold Bernard St. John">Harold Bernard St. John</a>; however, St. John lost the <a href="/wiki/1986_Barbadian_general_election" title="1986 Barbadian general election">1986 Barbadian general election</a>, which saw the return of the DLP under Errol Barrow, who had been highly critical of the US intervention in Grenada. Barrow, too, died in office, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford" title="Lloyd Erskine Sandiford">Lloyd Erskine Sandiford</a>, who remained Prime Minister until 1994.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Owen_Arthur" title="Owen Arthur">Owen Arthur</a> of the BLP won the <a href="/wiki/1994_Barbadian_general_election" title="1994 Barbadian general election">1994 Barbadian general election</a>, remaining prime minister until 2008.<a href="#cite_note-DN5-57">[57]</a> Arthur was a strong advocate of republicanism, though a planned referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth as Head of State in 2008 never took place.<a href="#cite_note-cnn_republic-58">[58]</a> The DLP won the <a href="/wiki/2008_Barbadian_general_election" title="2008 Barbadian general election">2008 Barbadian general election</a>, but the new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(Barbadian_politician)" title="David Thompson (Barbadian politician)">David Thompson</a> died in 2010 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Freundel_Stuart" title="Freundel Stuart">Freundel Stuart</a>. The BLP returned to power <a href="/wiki/2018_Barbadian_general_election" title="2018 Barbadian general election">in 2018</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a>, who became Barbados's first female prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_republic">Transition to republic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transition to republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Republicanism in Barbados</a></div> The Government of Barbados announced on 15 September 2020 that it intended to become a republic by 30 November 2021, the 55th anniversary of its independence, resulting in the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian monarchy">Barbadian monarchy</a> with a president elected through <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Barbados would then cease to be a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a>, but could maintain membership in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-65">[65]</a> On 20 September 2021, just over a full year after the announcement for the transition was made, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_(Amendment)_(No._2)_Bill,_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021">Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021</a> was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados. Passed on 6 October, the Bill made amendments to the Constitution of Barbados, introducing the office of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">president of Barbados</a> to replace the role of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as Queen of Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-billdetail-66">[66]</a> The following week, on 12 October 2021, incumbent <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Barbados" title="Governor-General of Barbados">Governor-General of Barbados</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a> was jointly nominated by the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition as candidate to be the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">president of Barbados</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and was subsequently <a href="/wiki/2021_Barbadian_presidential_election" title="2021 Barbadian presidential election">elected</a> on 20 October.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Mason took office on 30 November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a>, the heir apparent to the Barbadian Crown at the time, attended the swearing-in ceremony in Bridgetown at the invitation of the Government of Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Queen Elizabeth sent a message of congratulations to President Mason and the people of Barbados, saying: "As you celebrate this momentous day, I send you and all Barbadians my warmest good wishes for your happiness, peace and prosperity in the future."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A survey that was conducted between 23 October 2021 and 10 November 2021, by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a> showed 34% of respondents being in favour of transitioning to a republic, while 30% were indifferent. Notably, no overall majority was found in the survey; with 24% not indicating a preference and the remaining 12% being opposed to the removal of Queen Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On 20 June 2022, a Constitutional Review Commission was formed and sworn in by Jeffrey Gibson (who at the time was serving temporarily as Acting President of Barbados) to review the Constitution of Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The commission was given a 15-month timeline to complete its work, which included consulting the public about the new republic and drafting a constitution.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Thus, the CRC engaged the public in a number of public meetings, lectures, and <a href="/wiki/Twitter_Spaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Twitter Spaces">Twitter Spaces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The report was announced delayed by August 2023,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> with the final report submitted 30 June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography and climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Barbados" title="Geography of Barbados">Geography of Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbados-2022_englisch.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbados-2022_englisch.png/240px-Barbados-2022_englisch.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 307px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbados-2022_englisch.png/240px-Barbados-2022_englisch.png" data-width="240" data-height="307" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbados-2022_englisch.png/360px-Barbados-2022_englisch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbados-2022_englisch.png/480px-Barbados-2022_englisch.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Barbados</figcaption></figure> Barbados is situated in the Atlantic Ocean, east of the other <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> Islands. Barbados is the easternmost island in the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. It is 34 kilometres (21 miles) long and up to 23 km (14 mi) wide, covering an area of 439 km2 (169 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> It lies about 168 km (104 mi) east of both the countries of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>; 180 km (110 mi) south-east of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and 400 km (250 mi) north-east of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. It is flat in comparison to its island neighbours to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Windward_Islands" title="Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a>. The island rises gently to the central highland region known as Scotland District, with the highest point being <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hillaby" title="Mount Hillaby">Mount Hillaby</a> 340 m (1,120 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> In Barbados <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 15% of the total land area, equivalent to 6,300 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 6,300 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 0 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 5% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 1% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 0% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 99% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the parish of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael,_Barbados" title="Saint Michael, Barbados">Saint Michael</a> lies Barbados's capital and main city, <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>, containing one third of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> Other major towns scattered across the island include <a href="/wiki/Holetown" title="Holetown">Holetown</a>, in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Saint_James,_Barbados" title="Saint James, Barbados">Saint James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oistins" title="Oistins">Oistins</a>, in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Barbados" title="Christ Church, Barbados">Christ Church</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Speightstown" title="Speightstown">Speightstown</a>, in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter,_Barbados" title="Saint Peter, Barbados">Saint Peter</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Barbados lies on the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean Plate">Caribbean Plates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the South American Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate scrapes sediment from the South American Plate and deposits it above the subduction zone forming an <a href="/wiki/Accretionary_wedge" title="Accretionary wedge">accretionary prism</a>. The rate of this depositing of material allows Barbados to rise at a rate of about 25 mm (1 in) per 1,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This subduction means <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologically</a> the island is composed of <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a> roughly 90 m (300 ft) thick, where reefs formed above the sediment. The land slopes in a series of "terraces" in the west and goes into an incline in the east. A large proportion of the island is circled by <a href="/wiki/Coral_reefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral reefs">coral reefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The erosion of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> in the northeast of the island, in the Scotland District, has resulted in the formation of various <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">caves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">gullies</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> east coast of the island <a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal landforms">coastal landforms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">stacks</a>, have been created due to the limestone composition of the area. Also notable in the island is the rocky cape known as <a href="/wiki/Pico_Teneriffe_(Barbados)" title="Pico Teneriffe (Barbados)">Pico Teneriffe</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> or Pico de Tenerife, which is named after the fact that the island of <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> in Spain is the first land east of Barbados according to the belief of the locals.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathsheba,_Barbados_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg/220px-Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg/220px-Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg/330px-Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg/440px-Bathsheba%2C_Barbados_08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba,_Saint_Joseph,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathsheba, Saint Joseph, Barbados">Bathsheba, Saint Joseph</a></figcaption></figure> The country generally experiences two seasons, one of which includes noticeably higher rainfall. Known as the "<a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>", this period runs from June to December. By contrast, the "<a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>" runs from December to May. Annual precipitation ranges between 1,000 and 2,300 mm (40 and 90 in). From December to May the average temperatures range from 21 to 31 °C (70 to 88 °F), while between June and November, they range from 23 to 31 °C (73 to 88 °F).<a href="#cite_note-weather1-85">[85]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> scale, much of Barbados is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (Am). However, breezes of 12 to 16 km/h (7 to 10 mph) abound throughout the year and give Barbados a <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> which is moderately tropical.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Infrequent natural hazards include earthquakes, <a href="/wiki/Landslip" class="mw-redirect" title="Landslip">landslips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">hurricanes</a>. Barbados lies outside the <a href="/wiki/Main_Development_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Development Region">Main Development Region</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a> activity in the Atlantic, and is often spared the worst effects of the region's storms during the rainy season. On average, a major hurricane makes <a href="/wiki/Landfall" title="Landfall">landfall</a> in Barbados about once every 26 years. The last significant hit from a hurricane to cause severe damage to Barbados was <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Janet" title="Hurricane Janet">Hurricane Janet</a> in 1955; in 2010 the island was struck by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Tomas" title="Hurricane Tomas">Hurricane Tomas</a>, but this caused only minor damage across the country as it was only at Tropical Storm strength at the time of impact.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarbadosFromISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarbadosFromISS.jpg/220px-BarbadosFromISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarbadosFromISS.jpg/220px-BarbadosFromISS.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarbadosFromISS.jpg/330px-BarbadosFromISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BarbadosFromISS.jpg/440px-BarbadosFromISS.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Barbados, seen from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Barbados is the twentieth most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure> Barbados is susceptible to environmental pressures. As one of the world's most <a href="/wiki/List_of_island_countries_by_population_density" title="List of island countries by population density">densely populated isles</a>, the government worked during the 1990s<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> to aggressively integrate the growing south coast of the island into the Bridgetown Sewage Treatment Plant to reduce contamination of offshore coral reefs.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As of the first decade of the 21st century, a second treatment plant has been proposed along the island's west coast. Being so densely populated, Barbados has made great efforts to protect its underground <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-barbadosadvocate.com-90">[90]</a> As a coral-limestone island, Barbados is highly permeable to seepage of surface water into the earth. The government has placed great emphasis on protecting the catchment areas that lead directly into the huge network of underground aquifers and streams.<a href="#cite_note-barbadosadvocate.com-90">[90]</a> On occasion illegal squatters have breached these areas, and the government has removed squatters to preserve the cleanliness of the underground springs which provide the island's drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The government has placed a huge emphasis on keeping Barbados clean with the aim of protecting the environment and preserving offshore coral reefs which surround the island.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Many initiatives to mitigate human pressures on the coastal regions of Barbados and seas come from the Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Barbados has nearly 90 kilometres (56 miles) of coral reefs just offshore and two protected marine parks have been established off the west coast.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Overfishing is another threat which faces Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Although on the opposite side of the Atlantic, and some 4,800 kilometres (3,000 miles) west of Africa, Barbados is one of many places in the American continent that experience heightened levels of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_dust" title="Mineral dust">mineral dust</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some particularly intense dust episodes have been blamed partly for the impacts on the health of coral reefs<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> surrounding Barbados or <a href="/wiki/Asthmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthmatic">asthmatic</a> episodes,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> but evidence has not wholly supported the former claim.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Barbados is much lower than world average. In 2016, Barbados had 0.17 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-101">[101]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2016 Barbados used 0.84 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use approximately five times as much biocapacity as Barbados contains. As a result, Barbados is running a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wildlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Barbados" title="Fauna of Barbados">Fauna of Barbados</a></div> Barbados is host to four species of nesting turtles (<a href="/wiki/Green_turtles" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtles">green turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerheads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leatherbacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Leatherbacks">leatherbacks</a>) and has the second-largest hawksbill turtle-breeding population in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The driving of vehicles on beaches can crush nests buried in the sand and such activity is discouraged in nesting areas.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Barbados is also the host to the <a href="/wiki/Green_monkey" title="Green monkey">green monkey</a>. The green monkey is found in West Africa from Senegal to the Volta River. It has been introduced to the Cape Verde islands off north-western Africa, and the West Indian islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Martin, and Barbados. It was introduced to the West Indies in the late 17th century when slave trade ships travelled to the Caribbean from West Africa. The green monkey is considered a very curious and mischievous/troublesome animal by locals.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Barbados" title="Demographics of Barbados">Demographics of Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbadians" title="Barbadians">Barbadians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbados_bus_stop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Barbados_bus_stop.jpg/220px-Barbados_bus_stop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Barbados_bus_stop.jpg/220px-Barbados_bus_stop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Barbados_bus_stop.jpg/330px-Barbados_bus_stop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Barbados_bus_stop.jpg/440px-Barbados_bus_stop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bus stop in Barbados</figcaption></figure> The 2010 national census conducted by the Barbados Statistical Service reported a resident population of 277,821, of which 144,803 were female and 133,018 were male.<a href="#cite_note-census-107">[107]</a> The life expectancy for Barbados residents as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit">[update]</a> is 80 years. The average life expectancy is 83 years for females and 79 years for males (2020).<a href="#cite_note-cia-1">[1]</a> Barbados and Japan have the highest per capita occurrences of <a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">centenarians</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The crude birth rate is 12.23 births per 1,000 people, and the crude death rate is 8.39 deaths per 1,000 people. The infant mortality rate was 11.057 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021, according to UNICEF.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgetown_049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bridgetown_049.jpg/200px-Bridgetown_049.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 267px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bridgetown_049.jpg/200px-Bridgetown_049.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="267" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bridgetown_049.jpg/300px-Bridgetown_049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bridgetown_049.jpg/400px-Bridgetown_049.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People shopping in the capital Bridgetown</figcaption></figure> Close to 90% of all Barbadians (also known colloquially as "Bajan") are of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbean">Afro-Caribbean</a> ancestry ("<a href="/wiki/Afro-Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Barbadian">Afro-Bajans</a>") and mixed ancestry. The remainder of the population includes groups of Europeans ("Anglo-Bajans" / "Euro-Bajans") mainly from the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, and Italy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other European groups consisted of the French, Austrians, Spaniards, and Russians. Asians, predominantly from Hong Kong and India (both Hindu and Muslim) make up less than 1% of the population. Other groups in Barbados include people from the United States and Canada. Barbadians who return after years of residence in the United States and children born in America to Bajan parents are called "Bajan Yankees", a term considered derogatory by some.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Generally, Bajans recognise and accept all "children of the island" as Bajans, and refer to each other as such.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The biggest communities outside the Afro-Caribbean community are: <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Indo-Guyanese</a>, an important part of the economy due to the increase of immigrants from partner country[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. There are reports of a growing <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Barbados" title="Indians in Barbados">Indo-Bajans</a> diaspora originating from Guyana and India starting around 1990. Predominantly from southern India, they are growing in size but are smaller than the equivalent communities in Trinidad and Guyana.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The Muslim Barbadians of Indian origin are largely of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarati</a> ancestry. Many small businesses in Barbados are run and operated by Muslim-Indian Bajans.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>Euro-Bajans (5% of the population)<a href="#cite_note-cia-1">[1]</a> have settled in Barbados since the 17th century, originating from England, Ireland, Portugal, and Scotland. In 1643, there were 37,200 whites in Barbados (86% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> More commonly they are known as "<a href="/wiki/White_Barbadian" class="mw-redirect" title="White Barbadian">White Bajans</a>". Euro-Bajans introduced folk music, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish music">Irish music</a> and Highland music, and certain place names, such as "Scotland District", a hilly region in the parish of St. Andrew. Among White Barbadians there exists an underclass known as <a href="/wiki/Redlegs" class="mw-redirect" title="Redlegs">Redlegs</a> comprising followers of the <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a> after his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedgemoor" title="Battle of Sedgemoor">Battle of Sedgemoor</a>, as well as the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> indentured labourers and prisoners imported to the island.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Many additionally moved on to become the earliest settlers of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_period_of_South_Carolina" title="Colonial period of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in the United States. Today the Redlegs number only around 400.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Chinese-Barbadians are a small portion of Barbados's wider Asian population.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> Chinese food and culture is becoming part of everyday Bajan culture.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Lebanese and Syrians form the island's <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> Barbadian community.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> arrived in Barbados just after the first settlers in 1627. Bridgetown is the home of <a href="/wiki/Nidhe_Israel_Synagogue" title="Nidhe Israel Synagogue">Nidhe Israel Synagogue</a>, one of the oldest Jewish synagogues in the Americas, dating from 1654, though the current structure was erected in 1833, replacing one ruined by the hurricane of 1831.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Tombstones in the neighbouring cemetery date from the 1630s. Now under the care of the Barbados National Trust,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> the site was deserted in 1929 but was saved and restored by the Jewish community beginning in 1986.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> were sent from the United Kingdom to work as slaves in the plantations in Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> English is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of Barbados, and is used for communications, administration, and public services all over the island. In its capacity as the official language of the country, the standard of English tends to conform to vocabulary, pronunciations, spellings, and conventions akin to, but not exactly the same as, those of <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>. For most people, however, <a href="/wiki/Bajan_Creole" title="Bajan Creole">Bajan Creole</a> is the language of everyday life. It does not have a standardised written form, but it is used by over 90% of the population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Religion in Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg/220px-Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg/220px-Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg/330px-Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg/440px-Historic_Bridgetown_and_its_Garrison-115165.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Church_of_Saint_Michael_and_All_Angels" title="Cathedral Church of Saint Michael and All Angels">Cathedral Church of Saint Michael and All Angels</a>, Bridgetown</figcaption></figure> Christianity is the largest religion in Barbados, with the largest denomination being <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> (23.9% of the population in 2019).<a href="#cite_note-2019religion-121">[121]</a> Other Christian denominations with significant followings in Barbados are the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (administered by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bridgetown" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgetown">Roman Catholic Diocese of Bridgetown</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> (19.5%), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehovah's Witness">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> was the official state religion until its legal disestablishment by the Parliament of Barbados following independence.<a href="#cite_note-2019religion-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> As of 2019, 21% of Barbadians report having <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>, making the non-religious the second largest group after Anglicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOTR-123">[123]</a> Smaller religions in Barbados include <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Barbados" title="Islam in Barbados">Islam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Barbados" title="History of the Jews in Barbados">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The state is considered <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a>, guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion or belief</a> to all and featuring only symbolic allusions to a higher power in the preamble to the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOTR-123">[123]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Government of Barbados</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Barbados" title="Politics of Barbados">Politics of Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg/220px-Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg/220px-Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg/330px-Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg/440px-Bridgetown_barbados_parliament_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Barbados)" title="Parliament Buildings (Barbados)">Barbados parliament building</a> in Bridgetown</figcaption></figure> Barbados has been an independent country since 30 November 1966.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> It functions as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> modelled on the British <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">President of Barbados</a> – presently <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Mason" title="Sandra Mason">Sandra Mason</a> – elected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Parliament of Barbados</a> for a term of four years, and advised on matters of the Barbadian state by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Prime Minister of Barbados</a>, who is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. There are 30 representatives within the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a>, the lower chamber of Parliament. In the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Barbados" title="Senate of Barbados">Senate</a>, the upper chamber of Parliament, there are 21 senators.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Barbados" title="Constitution of Barbados">Constitution of Barbados</a> is the supreme law of the country.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Legislation is passed by the Parliament of Barbados but does not have the force of law unless the President grants her assent to that law. The right to withhold assent is absolute and cannot be overridden by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The Attorney General heads <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Barbados" title="Judiciary of Barbados">the independent judiciary</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 1990s, at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning" title="Patrick Manning">Patrick Manning</a>, Barbados attempted a <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a> with Trinidad and Tobago and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. The project stalled after the then prime minister of Barbados, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Erskine_Sandiford" title="Lloyd Erskine Sandiford">Lloyd Erskine Sandiford</a>, became ill and his <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Barbados)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)">Democratic Labour Party</a> lost the next general election.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Barbados continues to share close ties with Trinidad and Tobago and with Guyana, claiming the highest number of Guyanese immigrants after the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. Barbados is a party to the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Barbados" title="Elections in Barbados">Elections in Barbados</a></div> Barbados functions as a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a>. The dominant political parties are the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Barbados)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Barbados)">Democratic Labour Party</a> and the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Labour_Party" title="Barbados Labour Party">Barbados Labour Party</a>. Since independence on 30 November 1966, the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) has governed from 1966 to 1976; 1986 to 1994; and from 2008 to 2018; and the Barbados Labour Party (BLP) has governed from 1976 to 1986; 1994 to 2008; and from 2018 to present.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Foreign relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Barbados" title="Foreign relations of Barbados">Foreign relations of Barbados</a></div> Barbados follows a policy of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">nonalignment</a> and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states. Barbados is a full and participating member of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (CARICOM), <a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">CARICOM Single Market and Economy</a> (CSME), the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a> (ACS),<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS), the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a> (CCJ). In 2005, Barbados replaced the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Court_of_Justice" title="Caribbean Court of Justice">Caribbean Court of Justice</a> as its final court of appeal.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Barbados has been a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_of_Small_States_(FOSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum of Small States (FOSS)">The Forum of Small States (FOSS)</a> since the group's founding in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-singaporebook-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Trade_Organization,_European_Commission,_CARIFORUM">World Trade Organization, European Commission, CARIFORUM</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: World Trade Organization, European Commission, CARIFORUM" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Barbados is an original member (1995) of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) and participates actively in its work. It grants at least MFN treatment to all its trading partners. <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> relations and cooperation with Barbados are carried out both on a bilateral and a regional basis. Barbados is party to the <a href="/wiki/Cotonou_Agreement" title="Cotonou Agreement">Cotonou Agreement</a>, through which, As of December 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is linked by an <a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Partnership Agreement">Economic Partnership Agreement</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. The pact involves the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States</a> (ACP). CARIFORUM is the only part of the wider ACP-bloc that has concluded the full regional trade-pact with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. There are also ongoing EU-<a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a> (CELAC) and EU-<a href="/wiki/CARIFORUM" title="CARIFORUM">CARIFORUM</a> dialogues.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Trade policy has also sought to protect a small number of domestic activities, mostly food production, from foreign competition, while recognising that most domestic needs are best met by imports.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Double_Taxation_Relief_(CARICOM)_Treaty_1994">The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 6 July 1994, at the Sherbourne Conference Centre, St. Michael, Barbados, representatives of eight countries signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaties 1994. The countries which were represented were: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> On 19 August 1994, a representative of the Government of Guyana signed a similar treaty.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_law_enforcement">Military and law enforcement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Military and law enforcement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Defence_Force" title="Barbados Defence Force">Barbados Defence Force</a> has roughly 800 members. Within it, service members aged 14 to 18 years make up the Barbados Cadet Corps. The defence preparations of the island nation are closely tied to defence treaties with the United Kingdom, the United States, the People's Republic of China,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Security_System" title="Regional Security System">other eastern Caribbean countries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Police_Service" title="Barbados Police Service">Barbados Police Service</a> is the sole law enforcement agency on the island of Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parishes_of_Barbados" title="Parishes of Barbados">Parishes of Barbados</a></div> Barbados is <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">divided</a> into 11 parishes: <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Barbados" title="Christ Church, Barbados">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew,_Barbados" title="Saint Andrew, Barbados">Saint Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George,_Barbados" title="Saint George, Barbados">Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James,_Barbados" title="Saint James, Barbados">Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_Barbados" title="Saint John, Barbados">Saint John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Barbados" title="Saint Joseph, Barbados">Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy,_Barbados" title="Saint Lucy, Barbados">Saint Lucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael,_Barbados" title="Saint Michael, Barbados">Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter,_Barbados" title="Saint Peter, Barbados">Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip,_Barbados" title="Saint Philip, Barbados">Saint Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_Barbados" title="Saint Thomas, Barbados">Saint Thomas</a></li></ol> </td> <td style="width:400px;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 0px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position: relative"><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Barbados_location_map.svg/300px-Barbados_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 333px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Barbados_location_map.svg/300px-Barbados_location_map.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="333" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Barbados_location_map.svg/450px-Barbados_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Barbados_location_map.svg/600px-Barbados_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:188px;top:30px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:57px;top:30px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy,_Barbados" title="Saint Lucy, Barbados">Saint Lucy</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:67px;top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter,_Barbados" title="Saint Peter, Barbados">Saint Peter</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:110px;top:90px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew,_Barbados" title="Saint Andrew, Barbados">Saint Andrew</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:57px;top:130px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_James,_Barbados" title="Saint James, Barbados">Saint James</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:88px;top:166px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_Barbados" title="Saint Thomas, Barbados">Saint Thomas</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:137px;top:136px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Barbados" title="Saint Joseph, Barbados">Saint Joseph</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:187px;top:176px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_Barbados" title="Saint John, Barbados">Saint John</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:137px;top:200px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_George,_Barbados" title="Saint George, Barbados">Saint George</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:80px;top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael,_Barbados" title="Saint Michael, Barbados">Saint Michael</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:150px;top:260px"><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Barbados" title="Christ Church, Barbados">Christ Church</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:220px;top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip,_Barbados" title="Saint Philip, Barbados">Saint Philip</a></div> <div style="position: absolute;font-size:100%;left:40px;top:300px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BARBADOS</a></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Economy of Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg/220px-2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 244px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg/220px-2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="244" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg/330px-2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg/440px-2022_Barbados_1_oz_Silver_Caribbean_Seahorse_reverse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1 oz Silver Caribbean Seahorse – Sovereign coin backed by the Barbados government</figcaption></figure> Barbados is the 52nd <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">richest country in the world</a> in terms of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita,<a href="#cite_note-imf2-141">[141]</a> with a well-developed <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> and a moderately high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. According to the World Bank, Barbados is one of 83 <a href="/wiki/High_income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High income economy">high income economies</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Despite this, a 2012 self-study in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Development_Bank" title="Caribbean Development Bank">Caribbean Development Bank</a> revealed that 20% of Barbadians live in poverty and nearly 10% cannot meet their basic daily food needs.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Barbados was ranked 77th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Historically, the economy of Barbados was dependent on <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> cultivation and related activities, but since the late 1970s and early 1980s it has diversified into the manufacturing and tourism sectors.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> Offshore finance and information services have become important foreign exchange earners.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Partly due to the staging of the 2007 Cricket World Cup, the island saw a construction boom, with the development and redevelopment of hotels, office complexes, and homes.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> This slowed during the 2008 to 2012 world economic crisis and the recession.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The economy was strong between 1999 and 2000 but entered a recession in 2001 and 2002 due to decreases in tourism and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> and the impact of the <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001 attacks">11 September 2001 attacks</a> in the United States and the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a> in the United Kingdom. The economy rebounded in 2003 and grew from 2004 to 2008. The economy went into recession again from 2008 to 2013 before growing from 2014 to 2017. Then it declined to another recession from 2017 to 2019 during the world economic crisis. There were 23 downgrades by both Standard & Poor's and Moody's in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The economy showed signs of recovery with 3 upgrades from Standard and Poor's and Moody's in 2019. From 1 January to 31 March 2020 the economy had started to grow, but then it experienced another decline due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 economic recession</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Traditional trading partners include Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>), the United Kingdom, and the United States. Recent government administrations have continued efforts to reduce unemployment, encourage <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, and privatise remaining state-owned enterprises. Unemployment dropped to 10.7% in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-cia-1">[1]</a> However, it has since increased to 11.9% in second quarter, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The European Union is assisting Barbados with a €10 million program of modernisation of the country's International Business and Financial Services Sector.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Barbados maintains the third largest <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Stock_Exchange" title="Barbados Stock Exchange">stock exchange</a> in the Caribbean region. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit">[update]</a>, officials at the stock exchange were investigating the possibility of augmenting the local exchange with an International Securities Market (ISM) venture.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_default_and_restructuring">Sovereign default and restructuring</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sovereign default and restructuring" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By May 2018, Barbados's outstanding debt had climbed to US$7.5 billion, more than 1.7 times the country's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>. In June 2018 the government defaulted on its sovereign debt when it failed to make a coupon on <a href="/wiki/Eurobond_(international)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurobond (international)">Eurobonds</a> maturing in 2035. Outstanding bond debt of Barbados reached US$4.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In October 2019, Barbados concluded restructuring negotiations with a creditor group including investments funds <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Vance" title="Eaton Vance">Eaton Vance Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greylock_Capital_Management" title="Greylock Capital Management">Greylock Capital Management</a>, Teachers Advisors, and Guyana Bank for Trade and Industry. Creditors will exchange existing bonds for a new debt series maturing in 2029. The new bonds involve a principal "haircut" of approximately 26% and include a clause allowing for deferment of principal and capitalization of interest in the event of a natural disaster.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The main hospital on the island is the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Bridgetown" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a>; however, Barbados has eight polyclinics across five parishes. There are also well-known medical care centres in Barbados such as Bayview Hospital, Sandy Crest Medical Centre and FMH Emergency Medical Clinic.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Education in Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Church,_Barbados_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg/170px-Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg/170px-Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg/255px-Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg/340px-Christ_Church%2C_Barbados_014.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Schoolchildren in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Philip,_Barbados" title="Saint Philip, Barbados">Saint Philip, Barbados</a></figcaption></figure> The Barbados <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">literacy rate</a> is ranked close to 100%.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The mainstream public education system of Barbados is fashioned after the British model. The government of Barbados spends 6.7% of its GDP on education (2008).<a href="#cite_note-cia-1">[1]</a> All young people in the country must attend school until age 16. Barbados has over 70 primary schools and over 20 secondary schools throughout the island. There are a number of private schools, including those offering <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> education. Student enrolment at these schools represents less than 5% of the total enrolment of the public schools.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Certificate-, diploma- and degree-level education in the country is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Community_College" title="Barbados Community College">Barbados Community College</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackman_Prescod_Institute_of_Technology" title="Samuel Jackman Prescod Institute of Technology">Samuel Jackman Prescod Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codrington_College" title="Codrington College">Codrington College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies,_Cave_Hill_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus">Cave Hill campus</a> and Open Campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>. Barbados is also home to several overseas medical schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Ross_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Ross University School of Medicine">Ross University School of Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Integrative_Sciences" title="American University of Integrative Sciences">American University of Integrative Sciences, School of Medicine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_testing">Educational testing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Educational testing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Barbados Secondary School Entrance Examination: Children who are between the ages of 11 years old and 12 years old on August 31st in the year of the examination are required to write the examination as a means of allocation to secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) examinations are usually taken by students after five years of secondary school and mark the end of standard secondary education. The CSEC examinations are equivalent to the Ordinary Level (O-Levels) examinations and are targeted toward students 16 and older.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examinations (CAPE) are taken by students who have completed their secondary education and wish to continue their studies. Students who sit for the CAPE usually possess CSEC or an equivalent certification. The CAPE is equivalent to the British Advanced Levels (A-Levels), voluntary qualifications that are intended for university entrance.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Barbados" title="Culture of Barbados">Culture of Barbados</a></div> Barbados is a blend of West African, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese culture">Portuguese</a>, Creole, <a href="/wiki/Indian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian culture">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="British culture">British cultures</a>. Citizens are officially called Barbadians, but are colloquially known as "Bajans" (pronounced ˈbājənz). This term evolved from "Badian" (a shortening of "Barbadian") during the 19th-century.<a href="#cite_note-u035-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-n238-160">[160]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>-like cultural event that takes place on the island is the <a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a> festival, which was established in 1974. As in many other Caribbean and Latin American countries, Crop Over is an important event for many people on the island, as well as the thousands of tourists that flock to there to participate in the annual events.<a href="#cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">[24]</a> The festival includes musical competitions and other traditional activities, and features the majority of the island's homegrown <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca music</a> for the year. The male and female Barbadians who harvested the most sugarcane are crowned as the King and Queen of the crop.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Crop Over gets under way at the beginning of July and ends with the costumed parade on Kadooment Day, held on the first Monday of August. New calypso/soca music is usually released and played more frequently from the beginning of May to coincide with the start of the festival.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Barbadian art has evolved over the centuries, influenced by the island's complex history, which includes Indigenous cultures, colonial periods, and the subsequent emergence of a vibrant post-colonial identity. The interplay of African, European, and Caribbean influences has given rise to a unique artistic heritage that continues to inspire contemporary artists.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The latter part of the 20th century and into the 21st century witnessed a cultural renaissance in Barbadian art now documented by Raskal Magazine. Artists began to explore diverse mediums and techniques, blending traditional practices with contemporary expressions. This period of experimentation contributed to the dynamic and multifaceted nature of Barbadian art, reflecting the island's openness to cultural exchange and adaptation. Barbadian artists, mindful of their place within the global art community, began to engage with international artistic trends. This global perspective led to a cross-pollination of ideas, as artists drew inspiration from diverse sources while simultaneously contributing to the broader discourse on Caribbean and diasporic art. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Barbados" title="Mass media in Barbados">Mass media in Barbados</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation">Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre,_Spring_Garden_HWY,_Barbados-002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/220px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/220px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/330px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg/440px-Mount_Gay_Rum_Visitors_Centre%2C_Spring_Garden_HWY%2C_Barbados-002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gay_Rum" title="Mount Gay Rum">Mount Gay Rum</a> visitors centre</figcaption></figure> Bajan cuisine is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> influences. A typical meal consists of a main dish of meat or fish, normally marinated with a mixture of herbs and spices, hot side dishes, and one or more salads. A common Bajan side dish could be pickled cucumber, fish cakes, bake, etc. The meal is usually served with one or more sauces.<a href="#cite_note-Totally-162">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of Barbados is <a href="/wiki/Cou-cou" title="Cou-cou">cou-cou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">flying fish</a> with spicy gravy.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Another traditional meal is pudding and souse, a dish of pickled <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> with spiced sweet potatoes.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> A wide variety of seafood and meats are also available.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gay_Rum" title="Mount Gay Rum">Mount Gay Rum</a> visitor's centre in Barbados claims to be the world's oldest remaining rum company, with the earliest confirmed deed from 1703. <a href="/wiki/Cockspur_Rum" title="Cockspur Rum">Cockspur Rum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malibu_(rum)" title="Malibu (rum)">Malibu</a> are also from the island. Barbados is home to the <a href="/wiki/Banks_Barbados_Brewery" title="Banks Barbados Brewery">Banks Barbados Brewery</a>, which brews Banks Beer, a <a href="/wiki/Pale_lager" title="Pale lager">pale lager</a>, as well as Banks <a href="/wiki/Amber_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Amber Ale">Amber Ale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Banks also brews Tiger Malt, a non-alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">malted beverage</a>. 10 Saints beer is brewed in <a href="/wiki/Speightstown" title="Speightstown">Speightstown</a>, St. Peter in Barbados and aged for 90 days in Mount Gay 'Special Reserve' Rum casks. It was first brewed in 2009 and is available in certain Caricom nations.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Music of Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rihanna-brisbane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rihanna-brisbane.jpg/170px-Rihanna-brisbane.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rihanna-brisbane.jpg/170px-Rihanna-brisbane.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rihanna-brisbane.jpg/255px-Rihanna-brisbane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rihanna-brisbane.jpg/340px-Rihanna-brisbane.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>International <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">pop star</a> <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a>, a native of Barbados, is a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy awards">nine-time Grammy Award winner</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">best-selling music artists</a> of all time, selling over 200 million records worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">music of Barbados</a> includes distinctive national styles of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, including elements of <a href="/wiki/Western_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Western classical music">Western classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Barbados" title="Culture of Barbados">culture of Barbados</a> is a syncretic mix of African and British elements, and the island's music reflects this mix through song types and styles, instrumentation, dances, and aesthetic principles. Barbadian folk traditions include the <a href="/wiki/Landship_(Barbados)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landship (Barbados)">Landship</a> movement, which is a satirical, informal organization based on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea_meeting" title="Tea meeting">tea meetings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuk_band" title="Tuk band">tuk bands</a> and numerous traditional songs and dances. In modern Barbados, popular styles include <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">spouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary folk">contemporary folk</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a>. Barbados is, along with Guadeloupe, Martinique, Trinidad, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, one of the few centres for Caribbean jazz.</div></div> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a> was appointed as an Honorary Ambassador of Youth and Culture for Barbados by the late Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(Barbadian_politician)" title="David Thompson (Barbadian politician)">David Thompson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Barbados" title="Sport in Barbados">Sport in Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horesandjockey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horesandjockey.jpg/220px-Horesandjockey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="1584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horesandjockey.jpg/220px-Horesandjockey.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horesandjockey.jpg/330px-Horesandjockey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Horesandjockey.jpg/440px-Horesandjockey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A horse and rider at Garrison Savannah</figcaption></figure> As in other Caribbean countries of British colonial heritage, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> is very popular on the island. The <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_cricket_team" title="West Indies cricket team">West Indies cricket team</a> usually includes several Barbadian players. In addition to several warm-up, group stage and few "Super Eight" matches, the country hosted the final of the <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup</a>. Barbados has produced many great cricketers including <a href="/wiki/Sir_Garfield_Sobers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Garfield Sobers">Sir Garfield Sobers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frank_Worrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Frank Worrell">Sir Frank Worrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Clyde_Walcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Clyde Walcott">Sir Clyde Walcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Everton_Weekes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Everton Weekes">Sir Everton Weekes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Greenidge" title="Gordon Greenidge">Gordon Greenidge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wes_Hall" title="Wes Hall">Wes Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Griffith" title="Charlie Griffith">Charlie Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Garner" title="Joel Garner">Joel Garner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Haynes" title="Desmond Haynes">Desmond Haynes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Marshall" title="Malcolm Marshall">Malcolm Marshall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Track_and_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and Field">Track and Field</a>, sprinter <a href="/wiki/Obadele_Thompson" title="Obadele Thompson">Obadele Thompson</a> won a bronze medal in the <a href="/wiki/100m" class="mw-redirect" title="100m">100m</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Summer Olympic Games">2000 Summer Olympic Games</a>. As of August 2022, he was the first <a href="/wiki/Barbados_at_the_Olympics" title="Barbados at the Olympics">Olympics medalist in the Barbados</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Brathwaite" title="Ryan Brathwaite">Ryan Brathwaite</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/110_metres_hurdles" title="110 metres hurdles">110 metres hurdles</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2009_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2009 World Championships in Athletics">2009 World Championships in Athletics</a> in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby</a> is also popular in Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Savannah_Racetrack" title="Garrison Savannah Racetrack">Historic Garrison Savannah</a> close to Bridgetown. Spectators can pay for admission to the stands. Admission to the Grand Stand costs between US$2.50 and US$5.00.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is an increasingly popular sport, played at school or college. The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Barbados men's national basketball team">Barbados men's national team</a> has additionally shown some international success, including a fifth-place finish in the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="Basketball at the 2006 Commonwealth Games">2006 Commonwealth Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">Polo</a> is very popular amongst the rich elite on the island and the "High-Goal" Apes Hill team is based at the St James's Club.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg/220px-Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg/220px-Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg/330px-Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg/440px-Kensington_Oval_yes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Oval" title="Kensington Oval">Kensington Oval</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Cricket World Cup Final">2007 Cricket World Cup final</a>. Cricket is one of the most followed games in Barbados and Kensington Oval is often referred to as the "Mecca in Cricket" due to its significance and contributions to the sport.</figcaption></figure> In golf, the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados Open">Barbados Open</a>, played at Royal Westmoreland Golf Club, was an annual stop on the <a href="/wiki/European_Seniors_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="European Seniors Tour">European Seniors Tour</a> from 2000 to 2009. In December 2006 the <a href="/wiki/WGC-World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="WGC-World Cup">WGC-World Cup</a> took place at the country's <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Lane_(resort)" title="Sandy Lane (resort)">Sandy Lane</a> resort on the Country Club course, an 18-hole course designed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Fazio" title="Tom Fazio">Tom Fazio</a>. The Barbados Golf Club is another course on the island. <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> is also popular and is mainly played indoors.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> is gaining popularity and Barbados is home to <a href="/wiki/Darian_King" title="Darian King">Darian King</a>, who has achieved a career-high ranking of 106 in May 2017 and has played in the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles" title="Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's singles">2016 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2017_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 US Open – Men's Singles">2017 US Open</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Motorsports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorsports">Motorsports</a> also play a role, with Rally Barbados occurring each summer and being listed on the FIA NACAM calendar. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushy Park, Barbados">Bushy Park Circuit</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/Race_of_Champions" title="Race of Champions">Race of Champions</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The presence of the trade winds along with favourable swells make the southern tip of the island an ideal location for wave sailing (an extreme form of the sport of <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a>). Barbados also hosts several international surfing competitions.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> is also popular with women in Barbados.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Several players in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (NFL) are from Barbados, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bailey_(American_football)" title="Robert Bailey (American football)">Robert Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Farmer" title="Roger Farmer">Roger Farmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Joseph" title="Elvis Joseph">Elvis Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Harewood" title="Ramon Harewood">Ramon Harewood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Seale" title="Sam Seale">Sam Seale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Barbados" title="Transport in Barbados">Transport in Barbados</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbados_Midibus1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbados_Midibus1.jpg/220px-Barbados_Midibus1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbados_Midibus1.jpg/220px-Barbados_Midibus1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbados_Midibus1.jpg/330px-Barbados_Midibus1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Barbados_Midibus1.jpg/440px-Barbados_Midibus1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Hino ACME Minibus B 163 in Speightstown, St. Peter, Barbados</figcaption></figure> Although Barbados is about 34 km (21 mi) across at its widest point, a car journey from Six Cross Roads in St. Philip (south-east) to North Point in St. Lucy (north-central) can take one and a half hours or longer due to traffic. Barbados has half as many registered cars as citizens. In Barbados, drivers drive on the left side of the road.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Barbados is known for its many roundabouts. One famous roundabout is located east of Bridgetown and holds the Emancipation Statue of the slave <a href="/wiki/Bussa%27s_rebellion" title="Bussa's rebellion">Bussa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Transport on the island is relatively convenient with "<a href="/wiki/Share_taxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Share taxis">route taxis</a>" called "<a href="/wiki/ZR_(bus)" title="ZR (bus)">ZRs</a>" (pronounced "Zed-Rs") travelling to most points on the island. These small buses can at times be crowded, as passengers are generally never turned down regardless of the number. They will usually take the more scenic routes to destinations. They generally depart from the capital <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a> or from <a href="/wiki/Speightstown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Speightstown, Barbados">Speightstown</a> in the northern part of the island.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Including the ZRs, there are three bus systems running seven days a week (though less frequently on Sundays). There are ZRs, the yellow minibuses and the blue <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Transport_Board" title="Barbados Transport Board">Transport Board buses</a>. A ride on any of them costs Bds$ 3.5.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The smaller buses from the two privately owned systems ("ZRs" and "minibuses") can give change; the larger blue buses from the government-operated <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Transport_Board" title="Barbados Transport Board">Barbados Transport Board</a> system cannot, but do give receipts. The Barbados Transport Board buses travel in regular bus routes and scheduled timetables across Barbados. Schoolchildren in school uniform including some Secondary schools ride for free on the government buses and for Bds$ 2.5 on the ZRs. Most routes require a connection in Bridgetown. Barbados Transport Board's headquarters are located at Kay's House, Roebuck Street, St. Michael, and the bus depots and terminals are located in the Fairchild Street Bus Terminal in Fairchild Street and the Princess Alice Bus Terminal (which was formerly the Lower Green Bus Terminal in Jubilee Gardens, Bridgetown, St. Michael) in Princess Alice Highway, Bridgetown, St. Michael; the Speightstown Bus Terminal in Speightstown, St. Peter; the Oistins Bus Depot in Oistins, Christ Church; and the Mangrove Bus Depot in Mangrove, St. Philip. In July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Transport_Board" title="Barbados Transport Board">Barbados Transport Board</a> received 33 <a href="/wiki/BYD_Auto" title="BYD Auto">BYD</a> electric buses which were obtained not only to add to the aging fleet of diesel buses but also to assist the Government in their goal of eliminating the use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Some hotels also provide visitors with shuttles to points of interest on the island from outside the hotel lobby. There are several locally owned and operated vehicle rental agencies in Barbados but there are no multi-national companies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The island's lone airport is the <a href="/wiki/Grantley_Adams_International_Airport" title="Grantley Adams International Airport">Grantley Adams International Airport</a>. It receives daily flights by several major airlines from points around the globe,<a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_Journal_2023_p507-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Gleaner_2024_j994-189">[189]</a> as well as several smaller regional commercial airlines and charters.<a href="#cite_note-Epstein_2023_b660-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Airways_2023_h266-191">[191]</a> The airport serves as a southern air-transportation hub for the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-Traffic_2023_q584-192">[192]</a> It underwent a US$100 million upgrade and expansion from 2003 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Airport_Technology_2017_g678-193">[193]</a> In 2023, it began conversion of its former Concorde terminal and museum to a new departure terminal,<a href="#cite_note-Caribbean_Journal_2023_q165-194">[194]</a> and in December 2023, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mia Mottley</a> announced the negotiations for a US$300 million for additional airport development.<a href="#cite_note-Deane_2023_h296-195">[195]</a> The Bridgetown seaport is the primary port of call for commercial container and cruise traffic.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Today_2023_o421-197">[197]</a> There was also a helicopter shuttle service, which offered air taxi services to a number of sites around the island, mainly on the West Coast tourist belt. Air and maritime traffic was regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Port_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados Port Authority">Barbados Port Authority</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" data-alt="map" data-width="32" data-height="20" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Barbados" title="Outline of Barbados">Outline of Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Barbados-related_articles" title="Index of Barbados-related articles">Index of Barbados-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbadian people">Barbadian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from Barbados">List of people from Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbadian_Americans" title="List of Barbadian Americans">List of Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbadian_Britons" title="List of Barbadian Britons">List of Barbadian Britons</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cia-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/">Barbados</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123091149/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/barbados/">Archived</a> 23 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CIA World Factbook </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-with-un-projections?tab=table&time=2023">"Our World in Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112120730/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-with-un-projections?tab=table&time=2023">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. 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(Barbados)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231105113603/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=316,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2023. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130054632/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/at-the-stroke-of-midnight-barbados-becomes-the-worlds-newest-republic">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Barbados+parts+way+with+Queen+and+becomes+world%27s+newest+republic&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=Safi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fnov%2F30%2Fat-the-stroke-of-midnight-barbados-becomes-the-worlds-newest-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelleBramwell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Belle, Nicole; Bramwell, Bill (1 August 2005). "Climate Change and Small Island Tourism: Policy Maker and Industry Perspectives in Barbados". 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G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 357. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418063558/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUhsofUyHq4C&dq=%22Barbados%22++Portuguese+spanish+bearded&pg=PA357">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023. 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Barbados Museum & Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbmuse.org.bb/">the original</a> on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010. <q>A temporary exhibit which examined some of the preliminary excavations conducted at the dig site at Heywoods, St. Peter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbados+the+Red+Land+with+White+Teeth%3A+Home+of+the+Amerindians&rft.pub=Barbados+Museum+%26+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbmuse.org.bb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coucouandflyingfish.com/where.php">Barbados – Geography / History</a>. Fun 'N' Sun Publishing Inc. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213141038/http://www.coucouandflyingfish.com/where.php">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbados+%E2%80%93+Geography+%2F+History&rft.pub=Fun+%27N%27+Sun+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coucouandflyingfish.com%2Fwhere.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaria2009" class="citation web cs1">Faria, Norman (17 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160524005039/http%3A//www.pantribalconfederacy.com/confederacy/News/pdf/guyana_consul_visit.pdf">"Guyana Consul (Barbados) Visit to Former Amerindian Village Site in B'dos"</a> (PDF). Guyana Chronicle. Pan-Tribal Confederacy of Indigenous Tribal Nations. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pantribalconfederacy.com/confederacy/News/pdf/guyana_consul_visit.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2010. <q>Adjacent to the park, there is still a fresh water stream. This as a main reason the village was here. A hundred or so metres away is the sea and a further five hundred metres [550 yd] out across a lagoon was the outlying reef where the Atlantic swells broke on the coral in shallow waters. As an aside, the word "Ichirouganaim", said to be an Arawak word used by the Amerindians to describe Barbados, is thought to refer to the "teeth" imagery of the waves breaking on the reefs off most of southern and eastern coasts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guyana+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Guyana+Consul+%28Barbados%29+Visit+to+Former+Amerindian+Village+Site+in+B%27dos&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009-06-17&rft.aulast=Faria&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pantribalconfederacy.com%2Fconfederacy%2FNews%2Fpdf%2Fguyana_consul_visit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewett1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drewett" title="Peter Drewett">Drewett, Peter</a> (1991). Prehistoric Barbados. Barbados Museum and Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873132-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-873132-15-8"><bdi>1-873132-15-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Barbados&rft.pub=Barbados+Museum+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-873132-15-8&rft.aulast=Drewett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewett2000" class="citation book cs1">Drewett, Peter (2000). Prehistoric Settlements in the Caribbean: Fieldwork on Barbados, Tortola and the Cayman Islands. Archetype Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873132-22-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-873132-22-0"><bdi>1-873132-22-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Settlements+in+the+Caribbean%3A+Fieldwork+on+Barbados%2C+Tortola+and+the+Cayman+Islands&rft.pub=Archetype+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-873132-22-0&rft.aulast=Drewett&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington,_Sean_2007_25_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington,_Sean2007" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Sean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSccAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Bimshire%22">A~Z of Barbados Heritage</a>. Macmillan Caribbean Publishers Limited. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92068-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-92068-8"><bdi>978-0-333-92068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A~Z+of+Barbados+Heritage&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Macmillan+Caribbean+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-333-92068-8&rft.au=Carrington%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaSccAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Bimshire%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allsopp2003-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Allsopp2003_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsoppAllsopp,_Jeannette2003" class="citation book cs1">Allsopp, Richard; Allsopp, Jeannette (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse/page/101">Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage</a>. University of the West Indies Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse/page/101">101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9766401454" title="Special:BookSources/9766401454"><bdi>9766401454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Caribbean+English+Usage&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9766401454&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Allsopp%2C+Jeannette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofcari0000unse%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EltisRichardson1997-21"><a href="#cite_ref-EltisRichardson1997_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEltisRichardson,_David1997" class="citation book cs1">Eltis, David; Richardson, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kuXEzQZQmawC&pg=PA87">Routes to Slavery: Direction, Ethnicity, and Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade</a>. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4820-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-4820-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routes+to+Slavery%3A+Direction%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Mortality+in+the+Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4820-0&rft.aulast=Eltis&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Richardson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkuXEzQZQmawC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganHawkins,_Sean2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_D._Morgan" title="Philip D. Morgan">Morgan, Philip D.</a>; Hawkins, Sean (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kG824iVy1BsC&pg=PA82">Black Experience and the Empire</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926029-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926029-X"><bdi>0-19-926029-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Experience+and+the+Empire&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-926029-X&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkG824iVy1BsC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-earthmagazine-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-earthmagazine_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-earthmagazine_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookAbbott2018" class="citation web cs1">Cook, Terri; Abbott, Lon (7 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/travels-geology-barbados-ascending-sea-level-staircase/">"Travels in Geology: Barbados: Ascending the sea-level staircase"</a>. Earth Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531170107/https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/travels-geology-barbados-ascending-sea-level-staircase/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Magazine&rft.atitle=Travels+in+Geology%3A+Barbados%3A+Ascending+the+sea-level+staircase&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Terri&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Lon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earthmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Ftravels-geology-barbados-ascending-sea-level-staircase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encylopedia_Britannica-_Barbados_24-29">ad</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Barbados">"Barbados"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008193237/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52655/Barbados/54603/History">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Barbados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBarbados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Drewett, Peter (1993). "Excavations at Heywoods, Barbados, and the Economic Basis of the Suazoid Period in the Lesser Antilles", Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society 38:113–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Fitzpatrick, Scott M., "A critical approach to c14 dating in the Caribbean", Latin American Antiquity, 17 (4), pp. 389 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilary_McD._Beckles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilary McD. Beckles">Beckles, Hilary McD.</a> A History of Barbados: From Amerindian Settlement to Caribbean Single Market (Cambridge University Press, 2007 edition). </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1997" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Karl (1997). "A brief history of Barbados". In <a href="/wiki/Arif_Ali_(publisher)" title="Arif Ali (publisher)">Ali, Arif</a> (ed.). Barbados. Hansib.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+Barbados&rft.btitle=Barbados&rft.pub=Hansib&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbados.org/history1.htm">"AXSES Systems Caribbean Inc., The Barbados Tourism Encyclopaedia"</a>. Barbados.org. 8 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000116155652/http://barbados.org/history1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2000. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AXSES+Systems+Caribbean+Inc.%2C+The+Barbados+Tourism+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Barbados.org&rft.date=2007-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbados.org%2Fhistory1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52655/Barbados/54603/History">"History of Barbados"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913025338/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52655/Barbados/54603/History">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Barbados&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F52655%2FBarbados%2F54603%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Beckles, A History of Barbados (2007), pp. 1–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-boston-32"><a href="#cite_ref-boston_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/caribbean/articles/2008/02/17/new_take_on_george_slept_here/">"New Take on George Slept Here"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093752/http://www.boston.com/travel/getaways/caribbean/articles/2008/02/17/new_take_on_george_slept_here/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=New+Take+on+George+Slept+Here&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Ftravel%2Fgetaways%2Fcaribbean%2Farticles%2F2008%2F02%2F17%2Fnew_take_on_george_slept_here%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Beckles, A History of Barbados (2007), p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191845/http://www.funbarbados.com/Sights/holetown.cfm">"Holetown Barbados – Fun Barbados Sights"</a>. funbarbados.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funbarbados.com/Sights/holetown.cfm">the original</a> on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=funbarbados.com&rft.atitle=Holetown+Barbados+%E2%80%93+Fun+Barbados+Sights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.funbarbados.com%2FSights%2Fholetown.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=10931">William And John</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117122343/http://www.shipstamps.co.uk/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=10931">Archived</a> 17 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 11 January 201, Shipstamps.co.uk </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados_36-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_and_Economy_in_Barbados_36-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml">"Slavery and Economy in Barbados"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212022845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/barbados_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2012. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 353–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199562527.003.0014">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562527.003.0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956252-7"><bdi>978-0-19-956252-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406160124/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562527.003.0014">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016. 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New York: The New Press. pp. 39–40. <q>developed sugar plantations on the islands of Barbados and Jamaica, first with indentured and convict laborers from England and then, when that supply dried up, with enslaved Africans</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%E2%80%93+Labor+Camps+in+the+Making&rft.btitle=Blood+on+the+River&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Marjoleine+Kars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Blakemore, Richard J. and Murphy, Elaine. (2018). The British Civil Wars at Sea, 1638–1653. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. p. 170. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783272297" title="Special:BookSources/9781783272297">9781783272297</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2009" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Karl (5 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202110646/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/barbados_01.shtml">"The Civil War in Barbados"</a>. History in-depth. BBC. 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(1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC">Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775</a>. Canoe Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8125-13-2"><bdi>978-976-8125-13-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726134707/https://books.google.com/books?id=QUV98bwrqscC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Hansib Publishing (Caribbean) Ltd. pp. 46, 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870518-54-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-870518-54-3"><bdi>1-870518-54-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbados%3A+Just+Beyond+Your+Imagination&rft.pages=46%2C+48&rft.pub=Hansib+Publishing+%28Caribbean%29+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-870518-54-3&rft.au=Ali%2C+Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Jerome Handler, New West Indian Guide 91 (2017) 30–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-menard-46"><a href="#cite_ref-menard_46-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyB24GZrJxAC&pg=PA112">Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125230814/https://books.google.com/books?id=FyB24GZrJxAC&pg=PA112">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter 6 "The Expansion of Barbados", p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/noel-1831-la-grande-revolte-des-esclaves-jamaiquains-682318">"Noël 1831 La grande révolte des esclaves jamaïquains | L'Humanité"</a> (in French). 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Caribbean Net News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2005/02/07/vote.shtml">the original</a> on 28 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbados+to+vote+on+move+to+republic&rft.pub=Caribbean+Net+News&rft.au=Norman+%27Gus%27+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribbeannetnews.com%2F2005%2F02%2F07%2Fvote.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912213745/http://www.caribbeanelections.com/bb/elections/bb_results_2018.asp">"Barbados General Election Results – 24 May 2018"</a>. caribbeanelections.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribbeanelections.com/bb/elections/bb_results_2018.asp">the original</a> on 12 September 2019. 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USA TODAY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007081350/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/09/16/queen-elizabeth-removed-barbados-head-state-barbados-says/5814409002/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&rft.atitle=Barbados+announces+plan+to+remove+Queen+Elizabeth+as+head+of+state+next+year&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Yasharoff&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fcelebrities%2F2020%2F09%2F16%2Fqueen-elizabeth-removed-barbados-head-state-barbados-says%2F5814409002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/22/americas/barbados-elects-first-president-intl-hnk/index.html">"Barbados elects first president, replacing UK Queen as head of state"</a>. CNN. 22 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026044014/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/22/americas/barbados-elects-first-president-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Barbados+elects+first+president%2C+replacing+UK+Queen+as+head+of+state&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2Famericas%2Fbarbados-elects-first-president-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2020" class="citation web cs1">Team, Caribbean Lifestyle Editorial (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caribbeanlifestyle.com/barbados-to-become-republic-by-2021/">"Barbados to become an Independent Republic in 2021"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Culture+and+Lifestyle&rft.atitle=Barbados+to+become+an+Independent+Republic+in+2021&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Caribbean+Lifestyle+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaribbeanlifestyle.com%2Fbarbados-to-become-republic-by-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeare-Cole2020" class="citation web cs1">Speare-Cole, Rebecca (16 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/barbados-queen-head-of-state-removal-a4548381.html">"Barbados to remove Queen as head of state by November 2021"</a>. Evening Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813201215/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/barbados-queen-head-of-state-removal-a4548381.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Barbados+to+remove+Queen+as+head+of+state+by+November+2021&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.aulast=Speare-Cole&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbarbados-queen-head-of-state-removal-a4548381.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2020" class="citation news cs1">Madden, Marlon, ed. (17 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2020/09/17/wickham-predicts-barbados-republic-model-to-mirror-trinidads/">"Wickham predicts Barbados' republic model to mirror Trinidad's"</a>. Top Featured Article. Barbados Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813162631/https://barbadostoday.bb/2020/09/17/wickham-predicts-barbados-republic-model-to-mirror-trinidads/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021. <q>As Barbados prepares to ditch the Queen as its Head of State and become a republic, a prominent political scientist is predicting that Prime Minister Mia Mottley will follow the Trinidad and Tobago model. What's more, Peter Wickham has shot down any idea of the Barbados Labour Party administration holding a referendum on the matter, saying that to do so would be a 'mistake'. 'There is no need to and I don't think it makes a lot of sense. We had a situation where since 1999 this [political party] indicated its desire to go in the direction of a republic. The Opposition has always supported it ... So, I think there is enough cohesion in that regard to go with it,' he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wickham+predicts+Barbados%27+republic+model+to+mirror+Trinidad%27s&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2020%2F09%2F17%2Fwickham-predicts-barbados-republic-model-to-mirror-trinidads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-65"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794">"Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barbadosparliament.com&rft.atitle=Barbados+Parliament+Bills+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbadosparliament.com%2Fbills%2Fdetails%2F581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbadosparliament.com/uploads/sittings/attachments/11c0bb650b1c768dbdbee5a0208f6256.pdf">"Letter to the Speaker RE Nomination of Her Excellency Dame Sandra Mason as 1st President of Barbados"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Barbados" title="Parliament of Barbados">Parliament of Barbados</a>. 12 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015205955/https://www.barbadosparliament.com/uploads/sittings/attachments/11c0bb650b1c768dbdbee5a0208f6256.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2021. 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ConstitutionNet. 30 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008170938/http://constitutionnet.org/news/barbados-parliament-votes-amend-constitution-paving-way-republican-status#:~:text=republican%20status%20%7C%20ConstitutionNet-,In%20Barbados%2C%20parliament%20votes%20to%20amend%20constitution%2C%20paving,the%20way%20to%20republican%20status&text=Parliament%20voted%20by%20a%2025,into%20force%20by%20November%2030">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021. 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BBC News. 30 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130120934/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-59470843">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Barbados+becomes+a+republic+and+parts+ways+with+the+Queen&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-59470843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/message-queen-president-and-people-barbados">"A message from The Queen to the President and people of Barbados"</a>. The Royal Family. 30 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201020537/https://www.royal.uk/message-queen-president-and-people-barbados">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=A+message+from+The+Queen+to+the+President+and+people+of+Barbados&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fmessage-queen-president-and-people-barbados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/12/21/survey-shows-support-for-republic/">"Survey shows support for republic"</a>. Barbados Today. 21 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221200757/https://barbadostoday.bb/2021/12/21/survey-shows-support-for-republic/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=Survey+shows+support+for+republic&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2021%2F12%2F21%2Fsurvey-shows-support-for-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrathwaithe2021" class="citation web cs1">Brathwaithe, Sheria (20 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationnews.com/2021/12/20/uwi-poll-republic-preferred-option/">"UWI poll: Republic preferred option"</a>. nationnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222044016/https://www.nationnews.com/2021/12/20/uwi-poll-republic-preferred-option/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationnews.com&rft.atitle=UWI+poll%3A+Republic+preferred+option&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft.aulast=Brathwaithe&rft.aufirst=Sheria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2F2021%2F12%2F20%2Fuwi-poll-republic-preferred-option%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationnews.com/2022/06/20/members-constitutional-review-commission-sworn/">"Members of Constitutional Review Commission sworn in"</a>. nationnews.com. 20 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621191900/https://www.nationnews.com/2022/06/20/members-constitutional-review-commission-sworn/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationnews.com&rft.atitle=Members+of+Constitutional+Review+Commission+sworn+in&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2F2022%2F06%2F20%2Fmembers-constitutional-review-commission-sworn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow-GilesYearwood2022" class="citation web cs1">Barrow-Giles, Cynthia; Yearwood, Rico (12 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitutionnet.org/news/constitutional-reform-commission-barbados-much-expectation-great-skepticism">"The Constitutional Reform Commission of Barbados: Much Expectation, Great Skepticism"</a>. ConstitutionNet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Reform+Commission+of+Barbados%3A+Much+Expectation%2C+Great+Skepticism&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft.aulast=Barrow-Giles&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Yearwood%2C+Rico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Fconstitutional-reform-commission-barbados-much-expectation-great-skepticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crcbarbados.com/public-meetings">"Public Meetings"</a>. Constitutional Reform Commission. 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Reform+Commission&rft.atitle=Public+Meetings&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crcbarbados.com%2Fpublic-meetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2023" class="citation web cs1">Joseph, Emmanuel (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/08/23/not-ready/amp/">"Report of Constitutional Reform Commission delayed until 2024"</a>. Barbados Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=Report+of+Constitutional+Reform+Commission+delayed+until+2024&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2023%2F08%2F23%2Fnot-ready%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2024/04/26/constitutional-reform-commission-gets-another-extension/">"Constitutional Reform Commission gets another extension"</a>. Barbados Today. 26 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Reform+Commission+gets+another+extension&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2024%2F04%2F26%2Fconstitutional-reform-commission-gets-another-extension%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18723928">"Barbados country profile"</a>. BBC News. 2 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002085534/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18723928">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Barbados+country+profile&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-18723928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content">Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194</a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+and+Definitions+FRA+2025+Forest+Resources+Assessment%2C+Working+Paper+194&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fa6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BRB/home/overview">"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Barbados"</a>. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2020%2C+Barbados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra-data.fao.org%2Fassessments%2Ffra%2F2020%2FBRB%2Fhome%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan" class="citation news cs1">Logan, Gabi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traveltips.usatoday.com/geologic-history-barbados-beaches-57660.html">"Geologic History of Barbados Beaches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322063852/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/geologic-history-barbados-beaches-57660.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2011. <q>Barbados lies directly over the intersection of the Caribbean Plate and the South American Plate in a region known as a subduction zone. Beneath the ocean floor, the South American Plate slowly slides below the Caribbean Plate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Geologic+History+of+Barbados+Beaches&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Gabi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fgeologic-history-barbados-beaches-57660.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbadosbeachhouse.com/barbados_sightseeing_animal_flower_cave.php">"Barbados Sightseeing – Animal Flower Cave"</a>. Leigh Designs. Little Bay House. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111212233710/http://www.barbadosbeachhouse.com/barbados_sightseeing_animal_flower_cave.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 10 July 2011. <q>The Animal flower Cave is the island's lone accessible sea-cave and was discovered from the sea in 1780 by two English explorers. The cave's coral floor is estimated to be 400,000 to 500,000 years old and the "younger" coral section above the floor is about 126,000 years old. The dating was carried out by the German Geographical Institute, and visitors can see a "map" of the dating work in the bar and restaurant. The cave now stands some six feet above the high tide mark even though it was formed at sea level. This is because Barbados is rising about one inch per 1,000 years, which is yet another indication of the cave's age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leigh+Designs&rft.atitle=Barbados+Sightseeing+%E2%80%93+Animal+Flower+Cave&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbadosbeachhouse.com%2Fbarbados_sightseeing_animal_flower_cave.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria" class="citation web cs1">Gloria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/barbados-attractions/beaches-and-bays/north-coast-beaches/pico-teneriffe.html">"Pico Teneriffe – Barbados Pocket Guide"</a>. barbadospocketguide.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022828/http://www.barbadospocketguide.com/barbados-attractions/beaches-and-bays/north-coast-beaches/pico-teneriffe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barbadospocketguide.com&rft.atitle=Pico+Teneriffe+%E2%80%93+Barbados+Pocket+Guide&rft.au=Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbadospocketguide.com%2Fbarbados-attractions%2Fbeaches-and-bays%2Fnorth-coast-beaches%2Fpico-teneriffe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-weather1-85"><a href="#cite_ref-weather1_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220165443/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003280">"Average and Record Conditions at Bridgetown, Barbados"</a>. BBC Weather. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003280">the original</a> on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Weather&rft.atitle=Average+and+Record+Conditions+at+Bridgetown%2C+Barbados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fworld%2Fcity_guides%2Fresults.shtml%3Ftt%3DTT003280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11660080">"Hurricane Tomas lashes Caribbean islands"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105151112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11660080">Archived</a> 5 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 30 October 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr43en/Barbados.htm">Domestic and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Techniques in Barbados</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724024004/http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr43en/Barbados.htm">Archived</a> 24 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cep.unep.org. Retrieved 20 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707103415/http://archive.wri.org/reefsatrisk/casestudy_text.cfm?ContentID=3332">Barbados</a>, World Resources Institute </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=4130">Perspectives: A continuing problem and persistent threat</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724030532/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=4130">Archived</a> 24 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Barbadosadvocate.com. Retrieved 20 April 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-barbadosadvocate.com-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barbadosadvocate.com_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barbadosadvocate.com_90-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=185">"PERSPECTIVES: Squatting – a continuing problem"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724030614/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=185">Archived</a> 24 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Barbadosadvocate.com (24 March 2008). 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Irish Migration Studies in Latin America. 5 (3): 145–156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119044057/http://www.irlandeses.org/0711rodgers2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Migration+Studies+in+Latin+America&rft.atitle=The+Irish+in+the+Caribbean+1641%E2%80%931837%3A+An+Overview&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2007-11&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Nini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irlandeses.org%2F0711rodgers2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/travel/2009/0117/1232059655355.html">"Remnants of an indentured people"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 19 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022184928/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/travel/2009/0117/1232059655355.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2019. <q>Today, behind the facade of a lush green, rural setting, the descendants of those transported still remain – a poor, white population of around 400 known as the Red Legs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Remnants+of+an+indentured+people&rft.date=2009-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnewspaper%2Ftravel%2F2009%2F0117%2F1232059655355.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewish-history.com/occident/volume2/sep1844/barbadoes.html">"Jews in Barbadoes"</a>. jewish-history.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185350/http://www.jewish-history.com/occident/volume2/sep1844/barbadoes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewish-history.com&rft.atitle=Jews+in+Barbadoes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewish-history.com%2Foccident%2Fvolume2%2Fsep1844%2Fbarbadoes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadosnationaltrust.com/about/">"About"</a>. Barbados National Trust. Retrieved 28 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbados+National+Trust&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadosnationaltrust.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/features/feature-roma-and-gypsy-slavery">"Feature – Roma and Gypsy Slavery"</a>. Travellers Times. 24 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027211246/https://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/features/feature-roma-and-gypsy-slavery">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 1 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travellers+Times&rft.atitle=Feature+%E2%80%93+Roma+and+Gypsy+Slavery&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travellerstimes.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2Ffeature-roma-and-gypsy-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2019religion-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2019religion_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2019religion_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BARBADOS-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">"Barbados 2019 International Religious Freedom Report"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of State">US Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930135328/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BARBADOS-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barbados+2019+International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F06%2FBARBADOS-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"375: Anglican Church Act". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://104.238.85.55/en/ShowPdf/375.pdf">Laws of Barbados</a> (PDF). Government of Barbados. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714013752/http://104.238.85.55/en/ShowPdf/375.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=375%3A+Anglican+Church+Act&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Barbados&rft.pub=Government+of+Barbados&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F104.238.85.55%2Fen%2FShowPdf%2F375.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOTR-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOTR_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOTR_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fot.humanists.international/countries/americas-caribbean/barbados/">"Freedom of Thought Report: Barbados"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Thought_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Thought Report">Freedom of Thought Report</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humanists_International" title="Humanists International">Humanists International</a>. 16 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930133950/https://fot.humanists.international/countries/americas-caribbean/barbados/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021. 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Jamaica Observer. 20 July 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jamaicaobserver.com/columns/html/20030720T080000-0500_46578_OBS_CHASING_AFTER_AN_ELUSIVE_UNION.asp">the original</a> on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=Chasing+after+an+elusive+union&rft.date=2003-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjamaicaobserver.com%2Fcolumns%2Fhtml%2F20030720T080000-0500_46578_OBS_CHASING_AFTER_AN_ELUSIVE_UNION.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/group/derumshoplime/message/18746">"Former PM: Caribbean doing/un-doing everything again and again"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219042747/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/derumshoplime/message/18746">Archived</a> 19 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. NationNews.com. 14 July 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states/Pages/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states.aspx">"Latin American and Caribbean State Parties to the Rome Statute"</a>. International Criminal Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809030312/https://asp.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states/Pages/latin%20american%20and%20caribbean%20states.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+American+and+Caribbean+State+Parties+to+the+Rome+Statute&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasp.icc-cpi.int%2Fen_menus%2Fasp%2Fstates%2520parties%2Flatin%2520american%2520and%2520caribbean%2520states%2FPages%2Flatin%2520american%2520and%2520caribbean%2520states.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060228195122/http://www.barbadosbusiness.gov.bb/miib/Barbados/regional_links.cfm">BarbadosBusiness.gov.bb</a>, The Barbados government's Regional and International affiliations </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Barbados/amendment03.pdf">"Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2003"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Barbados/amendment03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdba.georgetown.edu%2FConstitutions%2FBarbados%2Famendment03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-singaporebook-134"><a href="#cite_ref-singaporebook_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations. World Scientific. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0"><bdi>978-981-4713-03-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Years+of+Singapore+and+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4713-03-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988">access-date=28 March 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeas.europa.eu/barbados/">"European Union – EEAS (European External Action Service) | EU Relations with Barbados"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreign.gov.bb/?jet_download=1121">the original</a> on 3 June 2023. <q>Trade policy has also sought to protect a small number of domestic activities, mostly food production, from foreign competition, while recognizing that most domestic needs are best met by imports.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRADE+POLICY+REVIEW+BARBADOS&rft.pages=7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreign.gov.bb%2F%3Fjet_download%3D1121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFREPUBLIC_OF_TRINIDAD_AND_TOBAGO" class="citation web cs1">REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ird.gov.tt/Media/Default/IRDTreaties/DTT-Caricom--1994.pdf">"Legal Supplement"</a> (PDF). ird.gov.tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507154606/http://ird.gov.tt/Media/Default/IRDTreaties/DTT-Caricom--1994.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2016. 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Retrieved 6 June 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423020856/http://cbc.bb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4204%3A20-percent-in-poverty&catid=36%3Alocal-news&Itemid=59">"20 percent in poverty"</a>. Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation. 20 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.bb/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4204:20-percent-in-poverty&catid=36:local-news&Itemid=59">the original</a> on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=20+percent+in+poverty&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.bb%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D4204%3A20-percent-in-poverty%26catid%3D36%3Alocal-news%26Itemid%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/barbados/">"Barbados"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019101114/https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-investment-climate-statements/barbados/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023. 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"The important thing to keep in mind is that the country will benefit tremendously from a massive injection of foreign exchange from people who want to own homes here," Sir Charles said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Builders+paradise&rft.date=2006-01-02&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2Fstory%2F285076846570648.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-18723928">"Barbados profile – Overview"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Airport+Technology&rft.atitle=Grantley+Adams+International+Airport+Expansion+and+Renovation&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airport-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fgrantley-adams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caribbean_Journal_2023_q165-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Caribbean_Journal_2023_q165_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caribjournal.com/2023/11/25/barbados-airport-terminal-transforming-concorde-hangar/">"Barbados Is Transforming the Concorde Hangar Into a New Airport Terminal"</a>. Caribbean Journal. 25 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222015551/https://www.caribjournal.com/2023/11/25/barbados-airport-terminal-transforming-concorde-hangar/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Journal&rft.atitle=Barbados+Is+Transforming+the+Concorde+Hangar+Into+a+New+Airport+Terminal&rft.date=2023-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribjournal.com%2F2023%2F11%2F25%2Fbarbados-airport-terminal-transforming-concorde-hangar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deane_2023_h296-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Deane_2023_h296_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeane2023" class="citation news cs1">Deane, Sandy (15 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/12/15/pm-hoping-to-finalise-airport-ppp-by-early-2024/">"PM hoping to finalise airport PPP by early 2024"</a>. Barbados Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221111823/https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/12/15/pm-hoping-to-finalise-airport-ppp-by-early-2024/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=PM+hoping+to+finalise+airport+PPP+by+early+2024&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2023%2F12%2F15%2Fpm-hoping-to-finalise-airport-ppp-by-early-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2022" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Zahra (29 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/3-major-ports-in-barbados/">"3 Major Ports In Barbados"</a>. Marine Insight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129210053/https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/3-major-ports-in-barbados/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Insight&rft.atitle=3+Major+Ports+In+Barbados&rft.date=2022-10-29&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Zahra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineinsight.com%2Fknow-more%2F3-major-ports-in-barbados%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Today_2023_o421-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Today_2023_o421_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToday2023" class="citation web cs1">Today, Barbados (22 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/12/22/port-extends-hours-amid-cargo-surge/">"Port extends hours amid cargo surge"</a>. Barbados Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227060129/https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/12/22/port-extends-hours-amid-cargo-surge/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbados+Today&rft.atitle=Port+extends+hours+amid+cargo+surge&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft.aulast=Today&rft.aufirst=Barbados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbadostoday.bb%2F2023%2F12%2F22%2Fport-extends-hours-amid-cargo-surge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li>Burns, Sir Alan, History of the British West Indies. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_Bondage:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Slavery_in_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World">Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514073-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514073-7">0-19-514073-7</a></li> <li>Frere, Samuel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/shorthistoryofba00john/shorthistoryofba00john.pdf">A Short History of Barbados: From its First Discovery and Settlement, to the End of the Year 1767.</a> London: J. Dodsley, 1768.</li> <li>Gragg, Larry Dale, Englishmen transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627–1660. Oxford University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199253890" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199253890">978-0199253890</a></li> <li>Hamshere, Cyril, The British in the Caribbean. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.</li> <li>Newman, Simon P. A New World of Labor: The Development of Slavery in the British Atlantic. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812245196" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812245196">978-0812245196</a></li> <li>Northrup, David, ed. The Atlantic Slave Trade, Second Edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-11624-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-11624-9">0-618-11624-9</a></li> <li>O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson, An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812217322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812217322">978-0812217322</a></li> <li>Rogozinski, January 1999. A Brief History of the Caribbean: From the Arawak and Carib to the Present. Revised version, New York, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3811-2">0-8160-3811-2</a></li> <li>Scott, Caroline 1999. Insight Guide Barbados. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88729-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88729-033-7">0-88729-033-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videography">Videography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Videography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620004225/http://www.barbadostourisminvestment.com/barbados_video.cfm">Overview Video</a>—Barbados Tourism Investment Inc. (Courtesy of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208091726/http://www.us-television.tv/">US Television</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QNd8zSlH34">Videography</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, by the Ministry of Energy and the Environment, under the Office of the Prime Minister.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111220180626/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/26184891/vp/45256234#45253453">Sandy Lane Hotel, Barbados</a> 11 November 2011, on <a href="/wiki/Where_in_the_World_is_Matt_Lauer%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Where in the World is Matt Lauer?">Where in the World is Matt Lauer?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (U.S. TV program)">NBC Today Show</a>.</li> <li><noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.edition=2025&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbados" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2003.zip">(Archived 2003 edition.)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Barbados at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Barbados" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Barbados">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Barbados" class="extiw" title="c:Barbados">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Barbados" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Barbados">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Barbados" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Barbados">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Barbados" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Barbados">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Barbados" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Barbados">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Barbados" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Barbados">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Barbados" class="extiw" title="voy:Barbados">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.bb/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/">Government of Barbados Official Information Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/barbados">Official webpage of Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Barbados</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbadosparliament.com/">Parliament of Barbados official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitbarbados.org/">Barbados Tourism Authority</a>—The Ministry of Tourism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralbank.org.bb/">Central Bank of Barbados website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbadoschamberofcommerce.com/">Barbados Chamber of Commerce & Industry</a> (BCC&I)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exportbarbados.org/">Barbados Investment and Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbadosmaritime.org/">Barbados Maritime Ship Registry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbmuse.org.bb/">Barbados Museum & Historical Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505161730/http://www.barbmuse.org.bb/">Archived</a> 5 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: General information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Barbados" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Barbados">Wikimedia Atlas of Barbados</a></li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/547511">Barbados</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244#P402" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barbados&params=13_10_12_N_59_33_09_W_type:country_region:BB_scale:2500000">13°10′12″N 59°33′09″W / 13.17000°N 59.55250°W / 13.17000; -59.55250</a>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbados&oldid=1275007808">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbados&oldid=1275007808</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 10 February 2025, at 15:37 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A4%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%B5" title="ባርቤዶስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባርቤዶስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बादोस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बार्बादोस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb%C3%A2da" title="Barbâda – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Barbâda" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A" title="বাৰ্বাডোচ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাৰ্বাডোচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varvado" title="Varvado – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Varvado" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="বার্বাডোস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্বাডোস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Барбадас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барбадас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Барбадас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Барбадас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बारबाडोस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बारबाडोस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babados" title="Babados – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Babados" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བར་བ་ཌོ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བར་བ་ཌོ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbada" title="Barbada – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Barbada" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B5" title="باربادوص – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باربادوص" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%91%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ބާބަޑޮސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބާބަޑޮސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μπαρμπάντος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαρμπάντος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbado" title="Barbado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barbado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaus" title="Barbaus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Barbaus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbade" title="Barbade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad%C3%B3s" title="Barbadós – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Barbadós" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="바베이도스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바베이도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Բարբադոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարբադոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बारबाडोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बारबाडोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8" title="বার্বাডোস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বার্বাডোস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ברבדוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברבדוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadhos" title="Barbadhos – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Barbadhos" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾರ್ಬಡೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾರ್ಬಡೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბარბადოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარბადოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barubadosi" title="Barubadosi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Barubadosi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadosi" title="Barbadosi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barbadosi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lababad" title="Lababad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lababad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Barbad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດບາກບາດິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບາກບາດິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbata" title="Barbata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Barbata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadosa" title="Barbadosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Barbadosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadosas" title="Barbadosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barbadosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbady" title="Barbady – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Barbady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബാർബേഡോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാർബേഡോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81patohe" title="Pāpatohe – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pāpatohe" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბარბადოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბარბადოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربيدوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باربيدوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81" title="ꯕꯥꯔꯕꯥꯗꯣꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯥꯔꯕꯥꯗꯣꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘာဘေးဒိုးစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာဘေးဒိုးစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9" title="バルバドス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルバドス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaados" title="Barbaados – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Barbaados" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8" title="ବାରବାଡୋସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାରବାଡୋସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarbeedoos" title="Baarbeedoos – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baarbeedoos" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8" title="ਬਾਰਬਾਡੋਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਰਬਾਡੋਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabiedoz" title="Baabiedoz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baabiedoz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbade" title="Barbade – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Barbade" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parpathus" title="Parpathus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Parpathus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="बार्बाडोस – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बार्बाडोस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱨᱵᱟᱰᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadosi" title="Barbadosi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Barbadosi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="බාබඩෝස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බාබඩෝස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بارباڊوس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بارباڊوس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhadosi" title="IBhadosi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhadosi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbeydos" title="Barbeydos – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barbeydos" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B3" title="باربادۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باربادۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பார்படோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பார்படோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadus" title="Barbadus – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Barbadus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းပႃးပေႇတူတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပႃးပေႇတူတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="బార్బడోస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బార్బడోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbadus" title="Barbadus – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Barbadus" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA" title="ประเทศบาร์เบโดส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบาร์เบโดส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81peitosi" title="Pāpeitosi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pāpeitosi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%87%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%8D" title="ᏆᏇᏙᏍ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏇᏙᏍ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Барбадос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барбадос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بارباڈوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارباڈوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3" title="باربادوس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باربادوس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbade%C3%A4n" title="Barbadeän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Barbadeän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb%C3%A5de" title="Barbåde – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Barbåde" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%B2%9D%E5%A4%9A" title="巴貝多 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴貝多" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" title="巴巴多斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴巴多斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A1" title="בארבאדאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בארבאדאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1rb%C3%A1d%E1%BB%8D%CC%80s" title="Bárbádọ̀s – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bárbádọ̀s" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" title="巴巴多斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴巴多斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbaduosos" title="Barbaduosos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Barbaduosos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" title="巴巴多斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴巴多斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Barbados" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99" title="ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⴷⵓⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⴷⵓⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 15:37 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy 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