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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(Rakete)" title="Black Knight (Rakete) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Black Knight (Rakete)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(cohete)" title="Black Knight (cohete) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Black Knight (cohete)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight" title="Black Knight – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Black Knight" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(foguete)" title="Black Knight (foguete) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Black Knight (foguete)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88)" title="ブラックナイト (ロケット) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラックナイト (ロケット)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Knight_(foguete)" title="Black Knight (foguete) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Black Knight (foguete)" data-language-autonym="Português" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the purported extraterrestrial object, see <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Knight satellite">Black Knight satellite</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Black Knight</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG/170px-Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="559" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG/255px-Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Black_Knight_Rocket_Edinburgh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Black Knight BK02</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data">Vehicle for re-entry studies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders-Roe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">10.2 - 11.6 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">0.91 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">12,500–14,200 lb</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">1 - 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload to<br />800 km<br />(<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-orbital">Sub-orbital</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115 kg</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data">LA-5, <a href="/wiki/Woomera_Prohibited_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Woomera Prohibited Area">Woomera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">25 November 1965</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">First stage - Black Knight</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Engines</th><td class="infobox-data">Initially 4 chamber <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma 201</a>, later 4 chamber <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma 301</a> engine.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">from 15,600 to 21,600 <a href="/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">lb<sub>f</sub></a> depending on version.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">120-145 seconds depending on version</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a>/<a href="/wiki/High_test_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="High test peroxide">HTP</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Second stage (Optional) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuckoo_II_(Rocket_motor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuckoo II (Rocket motor) (page does not exist)">Cuckoo</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Engines</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">Solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">8,200 <a href="/wiki/Pound-force" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound-force">lb<sub>f</sub></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">213 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">10 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid rocket">Solid</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152312" class="extiw" title="d:Q152312">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black Knight</b> was a British research <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>, originally developed to test and verify the design of a <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">re-entry</a> vehicle for the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Streak missile">Blue Streak missile</a>. It is the United Kingdom's first indigenous expendable launch project. </p><p>Design work on what would become the Black Knight launch vehicle commenced in 1955, being performed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE) and British manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders-Roe</a>. Saunders-Roe was the principal manufacturer for the Black Knight at its facility on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. On 7 September 1958, the first Black Knight was launched at <a href="/wiki/Woomera,_South_Australia" title="Woomera, South Australia">Woomera</a> in Australia. Between 1958 and 1965, a total of 22 launch vehicles were fired, none of which having suffered any major failures.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 22 launches, the Black Knight programme came to a close. </p><p>The success of the Black Knight as a cheap and successful test vehicle led to many studies being performed into further derivatives of the vehicle, including its adaption to serve as an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">intermediate-range ballistic missile</a> (IRBM) and as a <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>, including one proposal, which was based on the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Streak missile">Blue Streak</a> missile and the Black Knight, known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Prince_(rocket)" title="Black Prince (rocket)">Black Prince</a>. Technology and experience gained on the Black Knight programme would contribute to the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">expendable launch vehicle</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_189_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188_189-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laycock_52_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laycock_52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early 1950s, the British government had identified the need to develop its own series of <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> due to advances being made in this field, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_249_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_249-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ballistic missile was of critical importance to developing a more effective method of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">nuclear deterrence</a>, replacing the role currently occupied by free-fall <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">nuclear bombs</a> and thus a reliance on ever-more complex, costly and capable aircraft. A British programme to develop such a missile, named <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak</a>, was promptly initiated; however, there were key questions over the then-relatively unknown scenario of what such a vehicle would encounter when attempting <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">re-entry</a> to the atmosphere, there were fears that such a vehicle might simply burn up like a meteor and therefore be unachievable.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_249_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_249-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To explore the phenomenon of atmospheric entry, it was decided that a dedicated research programme would be necessary in order to acquire research information that would shape the design of subsequent ballistic vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_249_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_249-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twigge_245_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twigge_245-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain had also never previously developed a ballistic missile before, the field being relatively new and with few participants, thus there was significant value in developing and constructing a research ballistic missile in order to gain experience and data on how to design and build such vehicles, develop launch techniques, and general handling.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_251_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_251-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in 1955, the Black Knight research vehicle has its inception for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, due to its close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE), the British government awarded a contract to British manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders-Roe</a> to produce the Black Knight.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_69_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contract involved a complete package for the design, development, manufacturing and testing of the vehicle, its flight control system, instrumentation, and supporting infrastructure for its operation.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_69_70_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_69_70-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to author C.N Hill, the Black Knight programme ultimately fulfilled its prime objective of gathering information on rocket systems.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst applicable fields for the accumulated data included a greater understanding of the physics involved in <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">re-entry vehicles</a>, which had military value due to this scope including <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">missile defense</a>. Specifically, it influenced the development of the British-built <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak missile</a> programme, while generally benefitting scientific understanding in both the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_13_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stock_74_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stock_74-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development_and_derivatives">Further development and derivatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further development and derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Black Knight was regarded as being a successful programme, having produced a relatively low cost and reliable rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Streak missile">Blue Streak missile</a> had by this point been recognised as being too costly to serve as a competitive launcher in the face of international competition, the Black Knight was viewed as having the potential to be more cost-effective in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_189_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE) had been encouraged by its performance and were keen to reuse the rocket elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of more radical ideas for reusing the Black Knight was voiced by Armstrong-Siddeley, who suggested that the rocket be repurposed as the foundations for an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile" title="Intermediate-range ballistic missile">intermediate-range ballistic missile</a> (IRBM). This proposal would have involved greatly increasing the size of the vehicle itself, and the adoption of a substantially more powerful rocket engine in place of the Gamma engine.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_209_210_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_209_210-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RAE performed a multitude of studies on the subject of prospective derivatives of the Black Knight and its Gamma engine. Many of these focused on the possibility of extending the vehicle to operate a launcher for small satellites and proposed the use of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a>-fuelled upper stage, which was comparatively expensive to develop while not providing much payload capacity without redesigning of the Black Knight vehicle itself as well.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_189_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative solution for satellite launches was explored by the RAE, in which <a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel" title="Solid fuel">solid fuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)" title="Booster (rocketry)">boosters</a> would have been attached to the Black Knight. This proposal would have involved a basically unmodified Black Knight vehicle being paired with two strap-on boosters along with two further stages in order to be capable of placing a 100lb payload into a 200 mile-high <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>. While this implementation was found to be simple and low-cost to develop, the payload capacity remained low.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_189_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the more ambitious proposals for an improved Black Knight involved substantially increasing the diameter of the tank from 36 inches to 54 inches, which had the effect of nearly doubling the rocket's fuel capacity, along with the adoption of a more powerful solid fuel second stage, named <i>Kestrel</i>. This envisioned more powerful Black Knight rocket was to have been used as part of a further set of planned experiments, which had been codenamed 'Crusade'.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_189_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon review, <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> refused to provide any funding for further Black Knight projects, and work on an enlarged Black Knight was abandoned in favour of the larger <a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a> satellite launcher.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laycock_52_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laycock_52-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg/220px-Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg/330px-Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg/440px-Black_Knight_nose_cone_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Nose cone of Black Knight BK10<sup id="cite_ref-hill_277_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_277-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Knight_tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Black_Knight_tail.jpg/220px-Black_Knight_tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Black_Knight_tail.jpg/330px-Black_Knight_tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Black_Knight_tail.jpg/440px-Black_Knight_tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Rear of Black Knight BK10<sup id="cite_ref-hill_277_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_277-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - note the engine nozzles and aerodynamic fins.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg/220px-Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg/330px-Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg/440px-Black_Knight_Gamma_201_engine_and_re-entry_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma 201 engine</a> and re-entry head of the Black Knight rocket</figcaption></figure> <p>The Black Knight was a single stage ballistic missile, complete with a separate nose section.<sup id="cite_ref-twigge_245_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twigge_245-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vehicle was 35 feet long, had a 3 foot diameter, and a fully-fuelled weight of 12,800lb. In operation, the Black Knight could attain an altitude of up to 600 miles, and achieve a re-entry velocity of 12,000 feet per second.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Black Knight was powered by the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Bristol Siddeley Gamma</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a>. The Gamma engine was designed and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Armstrong-Siddeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Armstrong-Siddeley">Armstrong-Siddeley</a> at their factory in Ansty, near <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>. Between 1956 and 1959, the Gamma rocket engines underwent testing at the <a href="/wiki/High_Down_Rocket_Test_Site" title="High Down Rocket Test Site">High Down Rocket Test Site</a> under the direction of under Paul Leyton.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engine ran a fuel comprising a combination of <a href="/wiki/High-test_peroxide" title="High-test peroxide">high-test peroxide</a> (HTP) and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>; Saunders-Roe possessed prior experience of working with this fuel mixture as a result of the firm's work on the <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe_SR.53" title="Saunders-Roe SR.53">Saunders-Roe SR.53</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket propelled</a> <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were five Black Knight design versions, depending on the engines used on the first and second stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Variant </th> <th>Stage 1 </th> <th>Stage 2 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Black Knight-201</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma#Gamma_201" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma-201</a> </td> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-1B</b> </td> <td>Gamma-201 </td> <td>Cuckoo-1B </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-2</b> </td> <td>Gamma-201 </td> <td>Cuckoo-2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-1B</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Siddeley_Gamma#Gamma_301" title="Bristol Siddeley Gamma">Gamma-301</a> </td> <td>Cuckoo-1B </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2</b> </td> <td>Gamma-301 </td> <td>Cuckoo-2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firings">Firings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Firings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1957, the first test launch of the Black Knight rocket was performed at <a href="/wiki/High_Down,_Isle_of_Wight" title="High Down, Isle of Wight">High Down</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1958, the second test launch was performed, this being the first to use the dedicated launch facility at the <a href="/wiki/Woomera_Test_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Woomera Test Range">Woomera Test Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>; the majority of Black Knight launches were performed from Woomera, leading to the launchers being constructed in the UK and then transported to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first two launch vehicles were used as 'proving rounds' - that is, launches which lacked any payload in order to test and validate the design of the rocket itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The third launch of the Black Knight was the first to carry an actual payload in the form of a re-entry vehicle, which was present for the purpose of testing the properties of the re-entry body's chosen design. All the re-entry firings deliberately took place on clear moonless nights, so that the luminous wake of the re-entry body could be observed photographically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Further firings with different heads showed up some unusual phenomena, and further tests under the code names <i>Gaslight</i> and <i>Dazzle</i> were carried out in conjunction with the United States. A variety of heads were flown in these tests, including a plain copper sphere and a silica sphere. Heads composed of a composite <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>-based material known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durestos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durestos (page does not exist)">Durestos</a> were also flown, and later tests finalised on a cone-shaped head re-entering pointed-end first, as used on many subsequent missile RVs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A total of 25 Black Knight launch vehicles were constructed at a cost of just over £40,000 each. A single rocket (BK02) was used for ground testing. One (BK11) was expended as part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (ELDO) initiative as an investigation of range facilities. The majority, 21, were fired as part of re-entry experiments; if they had been used as launch vehicles for satellites, the majority of these firing would have been successfully attained orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All launches of the Black Knight were successful and there were no major failures experienced during any.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_188_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors Robin Paine and Roger Syms summarised this achievement as: "Altogether, 22 successful launches were made without a single failure - a remarkable record without parallel in ballistics rocket development.<sup id="cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pay_sym_70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survivors">Survivors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_knight_woomera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Black_knight_woomera.jpg/220px-Black_knight_woomera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Black_knight_woomera.jpg/330px-Black_knight_woomera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Black_knight_woomera.jpg/440px-Black_knight_woomera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A Black Knight rocket on static display at <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three Black Knight rockets were preserved and are now kept on static display in museums. </p> <ul><li>Black Knight BK02 is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum">Royal Museum</a> Connect Gallery in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland. It is nearly 11m high and stretches up for three floors.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Black Knight BK10 is on display at the <a href="/wiki/World_Museum" title="World Museum">World Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-hill_277_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hill_277-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suspended from the ceiling near the Planetarium, with other Black Knight components on display nearby.</li> <li>A Black Knight (probably BK22) is on display at the <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex" title="RAAF Woomera Range Complex">Woomera Aircraft & Missile Park</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launches">Launches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Launches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black Knight was launched twenty-two times from <a href="/wiki/Woomera_Launch_Area_5" title="Woomera Launch Area 5">Woomera LA-5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Black Knight launches </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Serial No. </th> <th>Version </th> <th>Launch Site </th> <th>Mission </th></tr> <tr> <td>07.09.1958 </td> <td>BK01 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>R&D </td></tr> <tr> <td>12.03.1959 </td> <td>BK03 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>R&D </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.06.1959 </td> <td>BK04 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>R&D </td></tr> <tr> <td>29.06.1959 </td> <td>BK05 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>R&D </td></tr> <tr> <td>30.10.1959 </td> <td>BK06 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>R&D </td></tr> <tr> <td>24.05.1960 </td> <td>BK08 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-1B </td> <td>LA-5A F </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> (failure) </td></tr> <tr> <td>21.06.1960 </td> <td>BK09 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-1B </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25.07.1960 </td> <td>BK07 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>07.02.1961 </td> <td>BK13 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5A </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>09.05.1961 </td> <td>BK14 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-1B </td> <td>LA-5B </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> (failure) </td></tr> <tr> <td>07.06.1961 </td> <td>BK17 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-1B </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> (failure) </td></tr> <tr> <td>01.05.1962 </td> <td>BK15 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24.08.1962 </td> <td>BK16 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-1B </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29.11.1962 </td> <td>BK18 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-1B </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Gaslight</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17.10.1963 </td> <td>BK11 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">ELDO</a> Blue Streak Test </td></tr> <tr> <td>11.03.1964 </td> <td>BK12 </td> <td>Black Knight-201 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>05.08.1964 </td> <td>BK19 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>06.11.1964 </td> <td>BK20 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21.04.1965 </td> <td>BK21 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26.07.1965 </td> <td>BK23 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28.09.1965 </td> <td>BK24 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25.11.1965 </td> <td>BK25 </td> <td>Black Knight-301 Cuckoo-2 </td> <td>LA-5 </td> <td>Project <i>Dazzle</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Codes">Rainbow Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Streak Satellite Launch Vehicle">Blue Streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylark_(rocket)" title="Skylark (rocket)">Skylark</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hill_188-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_188_189-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hill_188_189_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laycock_52-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-laycock_52_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-laycock_52_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycockLaycock2005" class="citation book cs1">Laycock, Stuart; Laycock, Philip (2005). <i>Unexpected Britain</i>. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-44563-284-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-44563-284-5"><bdi>1-44563-284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unexpected+Britain&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-44563-284-5&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Laycock%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_249-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_249_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_249_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_249_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycockLaycock2005" class="citation book cs1">Laycock, Stuart; Laycock, Philip (2005). <i>Unexpected Britain</i>. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-44563-284-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-44563-284-5"><bdi>1-44563-284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unexpected+Britain&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-44563-284-5&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Laycock%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twigge_245-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twigge_245_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twigge_245_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwigge1993" class="citation book cs1">Twigge, Stephen Robert (1993). <i>The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-71865-297-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-71865-297-8"><bdi>3-71865-297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Development+of+Guided+Weapons+in+the+United+Kingdom%2C+1940-1960&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-71865-297-8&rft.aulast=Twigge&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_251-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hill_251_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hill_22_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassieRobins1986" class="citation book cs1">Massie; Robins (1986). <i>History of British Space Science</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52130-783-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-52130-783-X"><bdi>0-52130-783-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+British+Space+Science&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-52130-783-X&rft.au=Massie&rft.au=Robins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pay_sym_69-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_69_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaineSyms2012" class="citation book cs1">Paine; Syms (2012). <i>On a Cushion of Air</i>. Robin Paine. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95689-780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95689-780-0"><bdi>978-0-95689-780-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+a+Cushion+of+Air.&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Robin+Paine&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-95689-780-0&rft.au=Paine&rft.au=Syms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pay_sym_69_70-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_69_70_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaineSyms2012" class="citation book cs1">Paine; Syms (2012). <i>On a Cushion of Air</i>. Robin Paine. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95689-780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95689-780-0"><bdi>978-0-95689-780-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+a+Cushion+of+Air.&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Robin+Paine&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-95689-780-0&rft.au=Paine&rft.au=Syms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_13_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_13_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stock_74-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stock_74_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocker2004" class="citation book cs1">Stocker, Jeremy (2004). <i>Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942-2002</i>. Routledge. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-13576-582-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-13576-582-0"><bdi>1-13576-582-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Ballistic+Missile+Defence%2C+1942-2002&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-13576-582-0&rft.aulast=Stocker&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_189-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_189_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_189_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_189_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_189_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_209_210-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hill_209_210_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. pp. 209–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hill_277-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hill_277_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_277_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hill_277_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pay_sym_70-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pay_sym_70_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaineSyms2012" class="citation book cs1">Paine; Syms (2012). <i>On a Cushion of Air</i>. Robin Paine. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95689-780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95689-780-0"><bdi>978-0-95689-780-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+a+Cushion+of+Air.&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Robin+Paine&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-95689-780-0&rft.au=Paine&rft.au=Syms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/needles-old-battery-and-new-battery/history/article-1356397439404/">"Into the space age at The Needles New Battery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust&rft.atitle=Into+the+space+age+at+The+Needles+New+Battery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fneedles-old-battery-and-new-battery%2Fhistory%2Farticle-1356397439404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leyton, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-paul-leyton-1189995.html">"Obituary: Paul Leyton."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> 8 December 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/black_knight.htm">"Black Knight"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.atitle=Black+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_lau%2Fblack_knight.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nms.ac.uk/our_museums/national_museum/things_to_see_and_do/connect/blast_off.aspx">"National Museums Scotland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Museums+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nms.ac.uk%2Four_museums%2Fnational_museum%2Fthings_to_see_and_do%2Fconnect%2Fblast_off.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2012" class="citation book cs1">Hill, C. N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epizodyspace.ru/bibl/inostr-yazyki/A_Vertical_Empire.pdf"><i>A Vertical Empire - History of the British Rocketry Programme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. pp. 265–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-795-7"><bdi>978-1-84816-795-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vertical+Empire+-+History+of+the+British+Rocketry+Programme&rft.pages=265-282&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-795-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepizodyspace.ru%2Fbibl%2Finostr-yazyki%2FA_Vertical_Empire.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Knight+%28rocket%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Hill, C.N. "A Vertical Empire: The History of the UK Rocket and Space Programme, 1950–1971." <i>World Scientific</i>, 2001. ISBN 1-78326-145-5.</li> <li>Laycock, Stuart and Philip Laycock. "Unexpected Britain." <i>Amberley Publishing Limited, 2014. ISBN 1-44563-284-5.</i></li> <li>Massie, Harri and M. O. Robins. "History of British Space Science." <i>Cambridge University Press</i>, 1986. ISBN 0-52130-783-X.</li> <li>Paine, Robin and Roger Syms. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXuAevQ3SS0C">"On a Cushion of Air."</a> <i>Robin Paine</i>, 2012. ISBN 0-95689-780-0.</li> <li>Stocker, Jeremy. "Britain and Ballistic Missile Defence, 1942-2002." <i>Routledge</i>, 2004. ISBN 1-13576-582-0.</li> <li>Twigge, Stephen Robert. "The Early Development of Guided Weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960." <i>Taylor & Francis</i>, 1993. ISBN 3-71865-297-8.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(rocket)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Knight_(rocket)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black Knight (rocket)">Black Knight (rocket)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceuk.org/bk/bk.htm">a spaceuk.org link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/archivehour/pip/d97r6/"><i>"The Archive Hour – Britain's Space Race"</i></a>. 11 August 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/photos/missilespacesystemscutaways/saunders-roe-blacknight-cutaway-10309.aspx">a cutaway drawing of the Black Knight</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UKColdWarProjects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UKColdWarProjects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War_military_projects_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> military projects of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rainbow_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rainbow Codes">list of code names used for projects (Rainbow Codes)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missile" title="Air-to-air missile">air-to-air missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fireflash" title="Fireflash">Blue Sky (Fireflash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Firestreak" title="De Havilland Firestreak">Blue Jay (Firestreak)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dean" title="Red Dean">Red Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hebe" title="Red Hebe">Red Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Top_(missile)" title="Red Top (missile)">Red Top</a></li> <li>Taildog/<a href="/wiki/SRAAM" title="SRAAM">SRAAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">air-to-surface missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Steel_(missile)" title="Blue Steel (missile)">Blue Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cheese_(missile)" title="Green Cheese (missile)">Green Cheese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Envoy" title="Blue Envoy">Blue Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dart" title="Sea Dart">CF.299 (Sea Dart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seacat_(missile)" title="Seacat (missile)">Green Light (SeaCat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodhound_(missile)" title="Bloodhound (missile)">Red Duster (Bloodhound)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Thunderbird" class="mw-redirect" title="English Electric Thunderbird">Red Shoes (Thunderbird)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)" title="Seaslug (missile)">Seaslug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Friend" title="Violet Friend">Violet Friend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile" title="Surface-to-surface missile">surface-to-surface missiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seaslug_(missile)" title="Seaslug (missile)">Blue Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Streak_(missile)" title="Blue Streak (missile)">Blue Streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Water_(missile)" title="Blue Water (missile)">Blue Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB.109T" title="UB.109T">Blue Rapier / Red Rapier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingfire" title="Swingfire">Orange William (Swingfire)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">satellite launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Prince_(rocket)" title="Black Prince (rocket)">Black Prince</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Explosive_Research" title="High Explosive Research">High Explosive Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_hydrogen_bomb_programme" title="British hydrogen bomb programme">British hydrogen bomb programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Danube_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)">Blue Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Peacock" title="Blue Peacock">Blue Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Herald" title="Orange Herald">Orange Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Beard_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Red Beard (nuclear weapon)">Red Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_Club" title="Violet Club">Violet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WE.177" title="WE.177">WE.177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sun_(nuclear_weapon)" title="Yellow Sun (nuclear weapon)">Yellow Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ET.317" title="ET.317">ET.317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Snow" title="Red Snow">Red Snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War_military_equipment_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom">Cold War military equipment of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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