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href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/category/stars/"> Estrellas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/category/surveytelescopes/"> Telescopios de rastreo </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/comparisons/"> Comparación de imágenes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/imageformats/"> Formatos de imagen </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw/"> Imágenes de la semana <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-90" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a 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href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw/archive/year/2008/"> 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw/archive/year/2007/"> 2007 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/top100/"> Top 100 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-102" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/top100-large.zip"> Large JPG Zip File (1.9 GB) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/top100-original.zip"> Original TIF Zip File (32.9 GB) </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/copyright/"> Uso de imágenes y videos de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/wallpapers/"> Fondo de pantalla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/archive/zoomable/"> Zoom </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/">Videos<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-108" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/search/"> Búsqueda avanzada </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Categorías <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-110" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/abouteso/"> Sobre ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/alma/"> ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/apex/"> APEX </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/compilations/"> Recopilaciones </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/cosmology/"> Cosmología </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/e-elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/"> ESOcast </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/events/"> Eventos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/exoplanets/"> Exoplanetas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/featuremovies/"> Películas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/fulldome/"> Domo completo </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/galaxies/"> Galaxias </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/galaxyclusters/"> Cúmulos de galaxias </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/lasilla/"> La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/nebulae/"> Nebulosas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/paranal/"> Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/premises/"> Instalaciones </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/blackholes/"> Quásares y agujeros negros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/solarsystem/"> Sistema Solar </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/starclusters/"> Cúmulos estelares </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/stars/"> Estrellas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/vnr/"> Lanzamiento de video noticias </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/soft_subtitles/"> Subtitles and translations for ESO videos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/copyright/"> Usage of ESO Videos and Images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/videoformats/"> Video Formats </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/">Noticias<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-136" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/"> Comunicados de Prensa <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-137" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2011–2017 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa 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class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-146" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2008/"> 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2007/"> 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2006/"> 2006 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2005/"> 2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2004/"> 2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2003/"> 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2002/"> 2002 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2001/"> 2001 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1991–2000 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-157" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/2000/"> 2000 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1999/"> 1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1998/"> 1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1997/"> 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1996/"> 1996 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1995/"> 1995 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1994/"> 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1993/"> 1993 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1992/"> 1992 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1991/"> 1991 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1985–1990 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-168" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1990/"> 1990 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1989/"> 1989 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1988/"> 1988 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1987/"> 1987 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1986/"> 1986 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/archive/year/1985/"> 1985 </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/"> Anuncios <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-175" class="submenu-aim 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href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/news/starsateso/"> Estrellas@ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/webupdates/"> Nuevo en eso.org </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/pressmedia/"> Sala de prensa <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-187" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/broadcast/"> Servisios de emisión </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/pressmedia/mediavisits/"> Visitas de medios de comunicación </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/copyright/"> Información sobre Copyright </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/newsletters/"> Boletines de noticias de ESO <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-191" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/newsletters/esonews/"> Noticias de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/newsletters/outreach/"> Boletín de noticias de ESO para la comunidad de divulgadores </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/sci/publications/newsletter/"> Boletín científico ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/newsletters/#2"> Noticias de ESO para los medios </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/presscoverage/"> Cobertura de prensa </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/shop/">ESOshop<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-197" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/shop/category/"> Comprar productos <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-198" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/shop/category/annualreport/"> Reportes anuales </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/shop/category/apparel/"> Ropa </a></li><li 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href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-230" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-231" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/"> Instrumentos del VLT <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-232" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/"> 4LGSF </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires/"> CRIRES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/"> ESPRESSO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/"> FLAMES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/"> FORS1 and FORS2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/hawk-i/"> HAWK-I </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> Nombres de las Unidades de Telescopio del VLT <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-255" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a class="no-link" href="#"> ANTU </a></li><li class=""><a class="no-link" href="#"> KUEYEN </a></li><li class=""><a class="no-link" href="#"> MELIPAL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> YEPUN </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Telescopios Auxiliares </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Telescopios de rastreo <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-261" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-262" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> El espejo de VISTA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> Los sondeos del VISTA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> El consorcio de VISTA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-268" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> Los sondeos del VST </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-274" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Telescopio Submilimétrico Sueco-ESO </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-276" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> El Telescopio de 3,6 metros de ESO <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-280" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> Telescopio MPG/ESO de 2,2 metros <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-282" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Telescopio Rapid Eye Mount </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Telescopio Danés de 1,54 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> Telescopio Schmidt de 1 metro </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> Telescopio ESO de 1,52 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> Telescopio de 1 metro de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> Telescopio ESO de 0,5 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> Telescopio MarLy de 1 metro </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Telescopio Holandés de 0,9 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Telescopio Suizo T70 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Telescopio Bochum de 0,61 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Telescopio Danés de 0,5 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Telescopio Grand Prisme Objectif </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Telescopio Suizo de 0,4 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Telescopio Marseille de 0,36 metros </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> Sistema de Monitoreo GRB </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-307" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-310" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antenas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transportadores </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometría </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-315" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_rev/"> Preparando una revolución </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_exo/"> ¿Estamos solos? </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_fir/"> Primeros objetos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_con/"> ELT Concept </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_euw/"> Una ventana al Universo </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_sit/"> Encontrado un hogar </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt_num/"> ELT in numbers </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> ELT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-323" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/harmoni/"> HARMONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/maory/"> MAORY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/metis/"> METIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/elt/elt-instr/micado/"> MICADO </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Tecnología para los telescopios <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-328" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Óptica áctiva </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Óptica Adaptativa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometría </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/">Descubrimientos<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-334" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/top10/"> Los 10 principales descubrimientos astronómicos de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/exoplanets/"> Exoplanetas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/stars/"> Estrellas muy antiguas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> Black Hole at the Centre of our Galaxy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/grb/"> Estallido de rayos gamma </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/science/archive/"> Archivo científico </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/">Eventos<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-341" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/"> Eventos especiales <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-343" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann16071/"> Open House Day 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/MeetESO/"> #MeetESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse15/"> Long Night of Science 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2014/"> ASTRONET 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse14/"> Open House Day 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eeltblast/"> ELT Groundbreaking </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/cafe-and-kosmos/"> Café & Kosmos en Múnich </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse13/"> Open House Day 2013 </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/"> ASTRONET 2013 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-352" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/dates/"> Important Dates </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/registration/"> Registration, Fees and Payment </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/abstracts/"> Abstract Submission </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/venue/"> Workshop Venue </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/practical_information/"> Practical Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/accommodation/"> Accommodation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/organisers_partners/"> Organisers & Partners </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/contact/"> Contacto </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/schedule/"> Schedule </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/astronet2013/participants/"> Participants </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/"> 50 años de ESO <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-363" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/message/"> Mensaje del DG </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/50highlights50years/"> Cincuenta hitos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/competitions/"> Concursos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/twitter/"> Feed de twitter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/webcast/"> Webcast </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/"> Europe to the Stars <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-369" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/news/"> Noticias </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/movie/"> Película </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/book/"> Libro </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/reviews/"> Reviews </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/bios/"> Biografías </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/offers/"> Oferta de compras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/press/"> Para la prensa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years/europetothestars/contact/"> Contacto </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/50years-in-chile/"> 50 years of ESO in Chile </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/"> "Awesome Universe" <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-379" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/venues/"> Lista de sitios </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/organisers/"> Para organizadores de la exposición </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/iya2009/"> AIA 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/100ha/"> 100 horas de astronomía </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/theeye/"> "The Eye" 3D </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/imax-hidden-universe/"> Película IMAX® 3D "Hidden Universe" </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse11/"> Open House Day 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse09/"> Open House Day 2009 (German) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/bond/"> Bond at Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/lndw-2007eng/"> Long Night of Science 2007 </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/"> Open House Day 2006 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-390" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/ohd06-winnerslist/"> List of Prize Winners </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06/"> Deutsche Fassung </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/openhouse/tdot06-gewinnerliste/"> Liste der Preisgewinner </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/pt-011203/"> Public Talks 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/eso40years/"> 40 años de ESO (1962-2002) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/"> Exposiciones <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-396" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/exhibitions/perma_exhibitions/"> Exposiciones permanentes de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.esof.eu/"> EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eas.unige.ch/EWASS2016/"> EWASS 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://aas.org/meetings/aas227"> AAS Winter 2016 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/"> Eventos astronómicos <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-401" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/mcnaught2007/"> The Comet McNaught 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/deepimpact/"> Deep Impact - 04.07.2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.vt-2004.org/"> The Venus Transit - 08.11.2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids99/"> The Leonids - 17.11.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/eclipse99/"> Solar Eclipse at ESO HQ - 11.08.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/leonids98/"> The Leonids - 11.1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/pathfinder/"> Mars Pathfinder - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/"> Comet Hyakutake - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/sl9/"> SL-9 and Jupiter - 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/"> Comet Hale Bopp - 1994 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/events/seminars/"> Seminarios sobre comunicación de la astronomía </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="current current-leaf"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/">Divulgación<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-413" class="submenu-aim selected"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/"> Educación <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-414" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/products/education/"> Material educacional </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.scienceinschool.org/" target="_blank"> Science in School </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2014/"> Astronomy Camp 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/teacherschools/"> Escuelas para profesores </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/prev-programmes/"> Programas anteriores <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-419" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eaae-astronomy.org/catchastar/cas2013"> Catch a Star 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eaae-astronomy.org/catchastar/cas2011"> Catch a Star 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2008/"> Catch a Star 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2007/"> Catch a Star 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2005/"> Catch a Star 2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/"> Catch a Star 2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2003/"> Catch a Star 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2002/"> Catch a Star 2002 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/liu/"> Life in the Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/pos/"> Physics On Stage </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/seaspace/docs/"> Sea & Space </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://kids.alma.cl/?lang=en"> ALMA Kids </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.sterrenlab.com/camps/eso-astronomy-camp-2015/ "> ESO Astronomy Camp 2015 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/"> Asociaciones <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-433" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/"> Traductores voluntarios </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/"> Red de divulgación científica de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/"> Proyectos colaborativos en Chile </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eso-ambassadors/"> Embajadores de divulgación ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/organisations/"> Organizaciones de divulgación colaboradoras de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/educators/"> Educación informal </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eso.us2.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=c35dd77ef962de779092c970b&id=bd58d6ae8d"> Formulario para boletín de divulgación </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/photo-ambassadors/"> Embajadores fotográficos de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/music-ambassadors/"> ESO Music Ambassadors </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/"> Taking the First Picture of a Black Hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/communication-resources/"> Fuentes para comunicación de la astronomía </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.spacetelescope.org/"> El Telescopio Espacial Hubble </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/gems/"> Joyas Cósmicas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/social/"> Redes sociales </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ultra-high-definition/"> Expedición Ultra HD <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-448" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ultra-high-definition/team/"> Conoce a nuestros héroes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ultra-high-definition/journey/"> Calendiario </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ultra-high-definition/equipment/"> Equipo </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ultra-high-definition/technology-partners/"> Socios tecnológicos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/ultra-high-definition/blog/"> Blog </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/for_planetariums/"> Para planetarios </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/webcams/"> Webcams </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/your_eso_pictures/"> Tus imágenes de ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/astroprize/"> European Astronomy Journalism Prize </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/hiddentreasures/"> "Hidden Treasures" <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-458" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/hiddentreasures/rules/"> Normas para "Hidden Treasures" </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/hiddentreasures/instructions/"> Instrucciones para "Hidden Treasures" </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/hiddentreasures/science_archive/"> Formulario para "Hidden Treasures" </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.flickr.com/groups/esohiddentreasures/"> Cargar material a Flirck </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/department/"> Nuestro equipo <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-463" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/department/students/"> Estudiantes y visitantes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/department/former-employees/"> Antiguos empleados </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/department/volunteers/"> Volunteers </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://supernova.eso.org/join-us/"> Join us </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://supernova.eso.org/"> ESO Supernova </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/art/"> Art at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/data2dome/"> Data2Dome </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/products/">Productos<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-471" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Audiovisual and multimedia <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-472" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/products/models3d/"> 3D models </a></li><li class=""><a 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'facebook-jssdk'));</script>  <h1>Tomando la primera imagen de un agujero negro</h1> <div style="margin: 40px auto"><a class="anchor" name="17052301"></a><h2>4. ¿Cómo funcionan los radiotelescopios?</h2> <div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; color: #4f4f4f;">23.5.2017</div></div> <p>¿Puedes imaginar cómo sería la vida si al escuchar música solo oyeras el bajo? ¿O si solo pudieras ver los objetos de un determinado color? Bueno, de cierta forma, así es tu vida. Sucede que nuestros ojos solo pueden detectar una parte muy pequeña del <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum">espectro electromagnético</a>: una parte conocida como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light">luz</a> visible. Ahora bien, hay una serie de ondas electromagnéticas similares, como las ondas de radio, que tienen longitudes de onda mucho más largas que la luz visible. Las longitudes de onda de radio tienen entre 1 milímetro y más de 10 metros, mientras que las longitudes de onda de luz visible tienen unos pocos cientos de <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre">nanómetros</a>, siendo un nanómetro ¡1/10.000.<sup>a</sup> parte del espesor de una hoja de papel!</p> <p>A pesar de no ser directamente visibles, la existencia de las <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave">ondas de radio</a> fue postulada en 1867 por James Clerk Maxwell. Para fines del siglo XIX, los científicos habían desarrollado instrumentos que podían transmitir y detectar ondas electromagnéticas correspondientes a las frecuencias de radio. Algunos decenios más tarde, se descubrió que estos instrumentos no solo servían para la comunicación, ¡sino también para escrutar partes ocultas del Universo!</p> <p>Así, en 1932 se detectaron las primeras ondas de radio de un objeto astronómico, cuando Karl Jansky observó la radiación proveniente de la Vía Láctea. Luego se produjo el espectacular descubrimiento del <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background">fondo cósmico de microondas</a> en 1964, galardonado con un Premio Nobel de Física. Al poco tiempo, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> observó la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21">primera pulsar</a> con un conjunto de antenas de radio en 1967, trabajo que también le valió un Premio Nobel. Y este fue apenas el comienzo de una impresionante lista de hallazgos realizados desde entonces.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/potw1150a/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/potw1150a.jpg" alt="El Mundo de ALMA de Noche."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Esta vista panorámica del llano de Chajnantor muestra algunas de las 66 antenas del Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). Créditos: ESO/B. Tafreshi (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://twanight.org/">twanight.org</a>)</em></div> </div> <p>Pero, ¿cómo funcionan los radiotelescopios?</p> <p>Para poder detectar las señales de los objetos astronómicos, los radiotelescopios tienen que estar equipados con una antena y al menos un receptor. Los hay de todos los tipos, tamaños y formas para poder detectar un amplio rango de ondas de radio de distintas longitudes.</p> <p>Las antenas de la mayoría de los radiotelescopios que captan longitudes de onda inferiores a 1 metro son <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_antenna">parabólicas</a>, donde el reflector concentra las ondas de radio en un punto focal. Para captar longitudes de onda más cortas, como las que recibe <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.almaobservatory.org/">ALMA</a> y conjuntos de tipo <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry">VLBI</a>, como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eventhorizontelescope.org/">EHT</a> y <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/index.html">GMVA</a>, es fundamental que la superficie de las antenas sea perfecta, puesto que cualquier deformación, protuberancia o abolladura desvían y desenfocan esas diminutas ondas, lo cual se traduce en una pérdida de información valiosa.</p> <p>Además de la antena principal, la mayoría de los radiotelescopios tiene reflectores secundarios que envían las ondas concentradas a los receptores. Estos receptores seleccionan, detectan y amplifican las señales de radio de las frecuencias deseadas en formato analógico, que luego se convierten en señales digitales y se envían a una computadora. A continuación, los astrónomos reúnen esas señales para generar un mapa del cielo según su luminosidad de radio.</p> <p>Los radiotelescopios apuntan a una fuente de radio durante horas para poder detectar las débiles señales provenientes del Universo distante y cercano, un poco como cuando se mantiene el obturador de una cámara fotográfica abierto para obtener una exposición prolongada en condiciones de poca luz. Tras combinar estas señales en la computadora, los astrónomos pueden analizar la radiación emitida por muchos fenómenos astronómicos, como las estrellas, las galaxias, las nebulosas y los agujeros negros supermasivos.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/galactic_center_hi/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/galactic_center_hi.jpg" alt="El centro galáctico."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Vista del centro de nuestra galaxia con un acercamiento al objeto conocido como Sagitario A<sup>*</sup>, la intensa fuente de radio correspondiente el agujero negro supermasivo. Créditos: NRAO/AUI/NSF</em></div> </div> <p>El problema de la radioastronomía es que, como las ondas de radio son muy largas, es difícil obtener una <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution">resolución</a> elevada de los objetos que se observan. Incluso las ondas de radio más cortas observadas con los telescopios de una antena más grandes del mundo producen una resolución angular apenas levemente mejor que el ojo humano. La resolución (grado de detalle de una imagen) de una antena se puede calcular dividiendo la longitud de la onda de radio por el diámetro de la antena. Cuando esta proporción es pequeña, la resolución angular es grande y mayor es el nivel de detalle obtenido. A mayor diámetro de la antena, mayor resolución, de ahí que los radiotelescopios tiendan a ser mucho más grandes que los telescopios diseñados para observar longitudes de onda más cortas, como las de la luz visible.</p> <p>Las longitudes de onda más largas, medidas en metros, suponen un desafío particular por la dificultad que implica alcanzar una buena resolución con una sola antena. La antena desplazable más grande de todas es la del <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://greenbankobservatory.org/"><em>Green Bank Telescope</em></a> (100 metros de diámetro). Las antenas fijas, en tanto, pueden ser mucho más grandes. La antena de radio más grande del mundo es el nuevo <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://fast.bao.ac.cn/en/"><em>Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope</em></a> (FAST) en China: una antena fija empotrada en una cuenca natural. FAST puede observar ondas de radio de hasta 4,3 metros de longitud. Hay otras antenas similares, como el famoso <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.naic.edu/">radiotelescopio de Arecibo</a>, que durante cinco decenios fue el más grande del mundo, hasta que se terminó de construir FAST en 2016. Pero como no es viable construir antenas más grandes que estas, no se pueden observar longitudes de onda más largas. Lo que sí se puede hacer es mejorar la resolución angular y ahondar en la investigación de los detalles más diminutos del Universo poco luminoso.</p> <p>Para ello, se utiliza una técnica llamada <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope#Radio_interferometry"><em>interferometría</em></a>, que también ha sido reconocida con un Premio Nobel: al combinar las señales de varias antenas repartidas por una gran área, las antenas funcionan como si fueran un conjunto, o un telescopio gigante. Los conjuntos modernos generalmente combinan las señales en un lugar centralizado en formato digital a través de fibra óptica, y luego las procesan en supercomputadoras especiales llamadas <em>correlacionadores</em>. </p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/eso1312a/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/eso1312a.jpg" alt="ALMA array from the air."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Vista aérea del llano de Chajnantor, ubicado a unos 5.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar, en los Andes chilenos, donde se encuentran las antenas de ALMA. Créditos: Clem & Adri Bacri-Normier (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://wingsforscience.com/">wingsforscience.com</a>)/ESO</em></div> </div> <p>Uno de ellos es el <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"><em>Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array</em></a>, situado en el llano de Chajnantor, en pleno desierto de Atacama. ALMA consta de 66 antenas de precisión que se configuran con distancias de separación de hasta 16 kilómetros y trabajan como un único <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/">interferómetro</a>. La resolución de un interferómetro no depende del diámetro de las antenas, sino de la separación máxima entre ellas. Al alejarlas unas de otras, se incrementa la resolución.</p> <p>Las señales de las antenas se combinan y se procesan en el correlacionador de ALMA. Así, las antenas trabajan al unísono, proporcionando a ALMA una resolución máxima incluso superior a la que alcanza el telescopio espacial Hubble de la NASA/ESA en las longitudes de onda visibles. Esto, gracias a que la distancia máxima entre las antenas puede ser muy grande, lo cual aumenta el poder de resolución del interferómetro y le permite captar detalles más sutiles. </p> <p>La posibilidad de combinar las señales de antenas separadas por líneas de base de varios kilómetros es crucial para obtener una resolución extremadamente fina y lograr imágenes muy detalladas. De esa misma forma, los astrónomos pueden incluso superar las capacidades de conjuntos como ALMA, puesto que al combinar las señales de distintos radiotelescopios de todo el mundo, se puede ampliar las distancias de separación a la circunferencia de la Tierra, o aun más, en el caso de antenas espaciales como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a>.</p> <p>Los telescopios no tienen que estar físicamente conectados, sino que basta “reproducir” las señales de cada telescopio en el correlacionador. Esta técnica, llamada <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry">interferometría de línea de base muy larga</a> (VLBI, en su sigla en inglés), permite alcanzar resoluciones angulares extraordinarias y realizar hallazgos espectaculares, e incluso observar en detalle el agujero negro supermasivo que habita el centro de nuestra galaxia.</p> <p>Esta es la cuarta entrada de un blog sobre los proyectos <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/"><em>Event Horizon Telescope</em></a> y <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/"><em>Global mm-VLBI Array</em></a>. En la próxima entrada veremos cómo se construye un radiotelescopio del tamaño de la Tierra.</p> <h3>Enlaces</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://public.nrao.edu/telescopes/radio-telescopes">Más información sobre radiotelescopios</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/">Más información sobre ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-room/announcements-events/900-alma-links-with-other-observatories-to-create-earth-size-telescope">Más información sobre la capacidad de observación VLBI de ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/">Página Web del telescopio Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/">Página Web del GMVA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/social/">Sigue a ESO en las redes sociales</a> para recibir más noticias emocionantes sobre este ambicioso proyecto.</li></ul> <div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17052301" data-layout="standard" data-action="like" data-size="small" data-show-faces="true" data-share="true"></div> <div> <br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-text="¿Cómo funcionan los radiotelescopios? #AttemptingTheImpossible #FirstPictureOfBlackHole" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17052301" data-show-count="true">Tweet</a><script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <p> </p> <hr> <p> </p> <div style="margin: 40px auto"><a class="anchor" name="17050201"></a><h2>3. ¿Por qué son tan fascinantes los horizontes de eventos?</h2> <div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; color: #4f4f4f;">2.5.2017</div></div> <p>Sabemos que los agujeros negros son fenómenos fascinantes, capaces hasta de curvar la realidad. Al compactar la materia en un espacio extraordinariamente diminuto, forman un objeto con una atracción gravitacional enorme. Alrededor de este objeto, hay una frontera a partir de la cual nada puede escapar, ni siquiera la luz: el <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonte_de_sucesos">horizonte de eventos</a>. Además de atraer grandes cantidades de materia, el horizonte de eventos atrae mucha atención de astrónomos de todo el mundo. ¿Por qué?</p> <p>En la entrada anterior explicamos que es imposible observar directamente los agujeros negros: como estos no emiten <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fot%C3%B3n">fotones</a>, los telescopios de los astrónomos no reciben nada (exceptuando, por supuesto, pequeñas cantidades de <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiaci%C3%B3n_de_Hawking">radiación de Hawking</a>). Pero los científicos pueden aprender mucho del material brillante que rodea los agujeros negros. </p> <p>Cuando la materia sucumbe a la fuerza gravitacional de un agujero negro, este traga directamente el material o bien lo atrapa en una órbita fatal, como la del agua que gira en torno al desagüe de un lavamanos. Cerca del horizonte de eventos, la atracción gravitacional es tan intensa que la materia que lo rodea alcanza velocidades relativistas (es decir, comparables a la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocidad_de_la_luz">velocidad de la luz</a>). La fricción provocada en el material lo lleva a temperaturas increíblemente elevadas y lo convierte en <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(estado_de_la_materia)">plasma</a>. Allí, los fotones terminan en órbitas casi circulares, formando un brillante anillo de fotones que delinea la “sombra” negra en el centro.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/raptor-4k/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/raptor-4k.jpg" alt="Simulación de un agujero negro en acreción."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Simulación de un agujero negro en acreción. El horizonte de eventos está en el centro de la imagen, y alrededor de la sombra se puede ver un disco de acreción que gira. Créditos: Bronzwaer/Davelaar/Moscibrodzka/Falcke/Universidad Radboud</em></div> </div> <p>Aunque la teoría de la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatividad_general">relatividad general</a> de Einstein había predicho la existencia de horizontes de eventos alrededor de los agujeros negros, hasta ahora los telescopios no tenían capacidad de resolución suficiente para “ver” un agujero negro. Y pese a que los horizontes de eventos pueden tener varios millones de kilómetros de diámetro, los agujeros negros son esquivos. Están muy lejos, y muchas veces ocultos detrás de grandes cantidades de gas y polvo interestelares. El agujero negro supermasivo de nuestra galaxia, que se encuentra a 26.000 años luz de nosotros y es conocido como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitario_A*">Sagitario A*</a>, es un agujerito diminuto en el cielo.</p> <p>Al combinar diferentes telescopios repartidos por la Tierra, los interferómetros <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/"><em>Event Horizon Telescope</em></a> (EHT) y <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/"><em>Global mm-VLBI Array</em></a> (GMVA) pueden alcanzar la resolución necesaria para ver ese diminuto agujero en Sagitario A*. Sin duda alguna se trata de observaciones muy emocionantes, pues nos permitirán estudiar mejor los agujeros negros, así como poner a prueba la teoría de la relatividad general de Einstein.</p> <p><em>“La relatividad general de Einstein ya tiene unos cien años y es muy poco intuitiva, y a pesar de eso ha logrado superar todas las pruebas”</em>, explica Ciriaco Goddi, astrónomo de EHT. <em>“Sin embargo, no se han hecho estas pruebas en campos gravitacionales tan intensos”</em>.</p> <p>Uno de los grandes problemas de la física es que las teorías de la relatividad general y la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica">mecánica cuántica</a> parecen ser incompatibles. Para solucionarlo, los físicos tienen que estudiar los lugares donde esas teorías se contradicen o se desmienten. No obstante, muchos creen que los efectos cuánticos no se observarán en el horizonte de eventos de un agujero negro supermasivo, pues serían importantes solo cerca del horizonte de agujeros negros más livianos (cerca de 10 microgramos), que no se sabe si existen realmente. Pero algunos científicos creen que se obtendrán resultados distintos de los que predice la relatividad general clásica incluso cerca de los horizontes de eventos de los agujeros negros supermasivos, que podrían ser observables con EHT.</p> <p><em>"De haber una variación en las predicciones de Einstein cerca del agujero negro, donde la gravedad alcanza su fuerza máxima, necesitaríamos una nueva teoría de la gravedad,"</em> comenta Goddi. <em>"Eso significa que tendríamos que describir el tiempo y el espacio en otros términos”.</em></p> <p>La relatividad general predice que la “sombra” de un agujero negro es circular, pero según otras teorías, podría ser “aplastada” en el eje vertical (ovalada) o bien en el eje horizontal (achatada). Por lo tanto, estudiar la sombra permite poner a prueba tanto la relatividad general como las demás teorías. Y como el diámetro de la sombra de un agujero negro es proporcional a su masa, los astrónomos podrían calcular la masa.</p> <div style="width: 95%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/eventhorizon-shadows/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/eventhorizon-shadows.jpg" alt="Puesta a prueba de la relatividad general con un agujero negro supermasivo."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Esta infografía muestra una simulación del chorro (rojo brillante) de un agujero negro y el disco de acreción que lo rodea, con imágenes simuladas de las tres posibles formas de la sombra del horizonte de eventos. Créditos: ESO/N. Bartmann/A. Broderick/C.K. Chan/D. Psaltis/F. Ozel</em></div> </div> <p>La astrónoma de ALMA Violette Impellizzeri agrega: <em>“Creemos que hay un agujero negro supermasivo en el centro de cada galaxia. Pero los pormenores de estos agujeros negros siguen siendo un misterio. Sin embargo, tenemos que preguntarnos por qué hay un agujero negro supermasivo en el centro de cada galaxia. Y ha quedado cada vez más claro que los agujeros negros desempeñan un papel fundamental en la formación de las galaxias y en la forma en que evolucionaron. Para entender todo esto, el vínculo entre los agujeros negros, las galaxias y el Universo es crucial”.</em> </p> <p>Las observaciones <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometr%C3%ADa_de_muy_larga_base">VLBI</a> realizadas con EHT y GMVA permitirán hacer grandes hallazgos y contribuirán a resolver los principales problemas de la teoría gravitacional.</p> <p>Esta es la tercera entrada de un blog sobre los proyectos EHT y GMVA. En la próxima, veremos cómo funcionan los radiotelescopios.</p> <h3>Enlaces</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/">Página Web del telescopio Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/">Página Web del GMVA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/">Más información sobre ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-room/announcements-events/900-alma-links-with-other-observatories-to-create-earth-size-telescope">Más información sobre la capacidad de observación VLBI de ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/social/">Sigue a ESO en las redes sociales</a> para recibir más noticias emocionantes sobre este ambicioso proyecto.</li></ul> <div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17050201" data-layout="standard" data-action="like" data-size="small" data-show-faces="true" data-share="true"></div> <div> <br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-text="¿Por qué son tan fascinantes los horizontes de eventos? #AttemptingTheImpossible #FirstPictureOfBlackHole" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17050201" data-show-count="true">Tweet</a><script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <p> </p> <hr> <p> </p> <div style="margin: 40px auto"><a class="anchor" name="17041101"></a><h2>2. ¿Qué es un agujero negro?</h2> <div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; color: #4f4f4f;">11.4.2017</div></div> <p>En este momento, los astrónomos están tratando de obtener la primera imagen del horizonte de eventos del agujero negro supermasivo situado en el centro de la Vía Láctea. ¿Pero qué son los agujeros negros exactamente?</p> <p>Los agujeros negros son uno de los objetos más extraños y fascinantes del Universo. Básicamente, son concentraciones de materia apiñada en un espacio diminuto que deforman la realidad y crean un objeto que genera una enorme atracción gravitacional. Alrededor de los agujeros negros hay una frontera conocida como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizonte_de_sucesos">horizonte de eventos</a>: el punto a partir del cual nada puede escapar a las garras del agujero negro, ni siquiera la luz. </p> <p>Descubre la anatomía de un agujero negro con nuestra práctica infografía:</p> <div style="width: 95%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/images/black-holes-infographic-v2-spanish/"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/https://cdn.eso.org/images/screen/black-holes-infographic-v2-spanish.jpg" alt="Infografía de las diferentes partes de un agujero negro."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Crédito: ESO, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser/N. Bartmann</em></div> </div> <p>Puesto que ninguna luz escapa a la fuerza del agujero negro, es imposible observarla directamente. Sin embargo, su tremenda influencia gravitacional delata su presencia. Muchas veces los agujeros negros son orbitados por estrellas, gas y otros materiales en estrechas trayectorias que se vuelven más abultadas y frenéticas a medida que se acercan al horizonte de eventos. Esto crea un <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_de_acrecimiento">disco de acreción</a> supercaliente alrededor del agujero negro que emite grandes cantidades de radiación en diferentes longitudes de onda.</p> <p>Al observar la radiación emitida por toda esta actividad alrededor de los agujeros negros, los astrónomos determinaron que hay dos tipos principales: los agujeros negros de masa estelar y los agujeros negros supermasivos.</p> <p>Los <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_negro_estelar">agujeros negros de masa estelar</a> son cadáveres de estrellas más de cinco veces más masivas que nuestro Sol. Al final de su vida, estas estrellas colapsan violentamente y siguen colapsando hasta que toda su materia se condensa en un espacio inimaginablemente diminuto. Es fácil descubrir agujeros negros de masa estelar que forman parte de un <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binaria_de_Rayos_X">sistema binario de rayos x</a>, donde el agujero negro devora material de su estrella compañera.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/eso1028a/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/eso1028a.jpg" alt="Representación artística de la formación de un agujero negro estelar en un sistema binario."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Representación artística de la formación de un agujero negro estelar en un sistema binario. Crédito: ESO/L. Calçada/M.Kornmesser</em></div> </div> <p>El segundo tipo se conoce como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_negro_supermasivo">agujero negro supermasivo</a>. Estos enormes agujeros negros tienen hasta miles de millones de veces la masa de una estrella promedio, y su formación es un misterio que todavía se está estudiando. Una teoría sugiere que se formaron a partir de enormes nubes de materia que colapsaron al formarse las galaxias; otra afirma que los agujeros negros de masa estelar en colisión pueden fundirse para formar un objeto gigante.</p> <p>Hoy, estos mastodontes supermasivos habitan el centro de la mayoría de las galaxias comunes, incluida nuestra Vía Láctea, sobre la cuales ejercen una gran influencia, sobre todo cuando se alimentan de gas y estrellas.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/chile/images/eso1151a/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/eso1151a.jpg" alt="Simulación de la nube de gas después de acercarse rápidamente al agujero negro en el centro de la Vía Láctea"></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Representación artística de una nube de gas que pasa muy cerca del agujero negro situado en el centro de la Vía Láctea. También se ven las estrellas que orbitan alrededor del agujero negro junto con líneas azules que trazan su rápida y estrecha órbita. Crédito: ESO/MPE/Marc Schartmann</em></div> </div> <p>A 27.000 años luz de la Tierra, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagitario_A*">Sagitario A*</a> (abreviado como Sgr A*) es el agujero negro supermasivo que habita el caliente y violento centro de la Vía Láctea. Es 4 millones de veces más masivo que nuestro Sol, tiene más de 15 millones de kilómetros de diámetro y gira a una gran fracción de la velocidad de la luz. Al estar tapado de los telescopios ópticos por densas nubes de polvo y gas, los observatorios que observan diferentes longitudes de onda, ya sean más largas (como ALMA) o más cortas (como los telescopios de rayos X), son fundamentales para estudiar sus propiedades.</p> <p>Pronto, tras combinar el poder de ALMA y otros telescopios de ondas milimétricas repartidos por el planeta, podremos conocer mucho mejor el monstruoso corazón de nuestra galaxia. El <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/">Global mm-VLBI Array (GMVA)</a> investiga actualmente la forma en que el gas, el polvo y otros materiales dan nacimiento a agujeros negros supermasivos y generan chorros de gas extremadamente rápidos. El <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/">telescopio Event Horizon (EHT)</a>, por otro lado, trabaja en pos de un objetivo diferente: producir imágenes de la sombra del horizonte de eventos, el punto sin retorno.</p> <p>Esta es la segunda entrada de un blog sobre los proyectos EHT y GMVA. ¡Sigue nuestras publicaciones para descubrir por qué el horizonte de eventos de un agujero negro es tan interesante!</p> <h3>Enlaces</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/">Página Web del telescopio Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/">Página Web del GMVA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/">Más información sobre ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-room/announcements-events/900-alma-links-with-other-observatories-to-create-earth-size-telescope">Más información sobre la capacidad de observación VLBI de ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/social/">Sigue a ESO en las redes sociales</a> para recibir más noticias emocionantes sobre este ambicioso proyecto.</li></ul> <div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17041101" data-layout="standard" data-action="like" data-size="small" data-show-faces="true" data-share="true"></div> <div> <br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-text="¿Qué es un agujero negro? #AttemptingTheImpossible #FirstPictureOfBlackHole" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17041101" data-show-count="true">Tweet</a><script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> <p> </p> <hr> <p> </p> <div style="margin: 40px auto"><a name="17033001"></a><h2>1. ¿Qué son el Event Horizon Telescope y el Global mm-VLBI Array?</h2> <div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; color: #4f4f4f;">30.3.2017</div></div> <p>El centro de nuestra galaxia alberga un monstruo cósmico: un <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org:wiki:Supermassive_black_hole">agujero negro supermasivo</a> conocido como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*">Sagitario A*</a>, cuya masa equivale a unos cuatro millones de veces la masa de nuestro Sol. Su gravedad es tan intensa que ni siquiera la luz escapa a su fuerza de atracción, pero si no fuera por su influencia gravitacional sobre las estrellas que lo rodean, ¡ni siquiera sabríamos que existe! Ahora se ha puesto en marcha un proyecto ambicioso para obtener, por primera vez en la historia, una imagen del <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizonevent">horizonte de eventos</a> del agujero negro.</p> <p>Dos grandes proyectos de colaboración internacional entre radiotelescopios aunaron sus fuerzas para crear telescopios virtuales del tamaño de la Tierra: el <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/"><em>Event Horizon Telescope</em></a> (EHT) y el <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/"><em>Global mm-VLBI Array</em></a><em> </em>(GMVA), que operan en longitudes de onda diferentes. Con esta impresionante configuración de telescopios, que se extiende por todo el globo, desde el Polo Sur hasta Hawái y Europa, se observará el agujero negro supermasivo que vive en el corazón de la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole">Vía Láctea</a>.</p> <p>Para ello, los astrónomos usarán una técnica conocida como <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry">interferometría de línea de base muy larga</a> (VLBI, en su sigla en inglés), consistente en combinar las señales de telescopios separados por miles de kilómetros de distancia para que actúen como si fueran uno solo. Esta técnica permite alcanzar un nivel de resolución muy superior al de cualquier instalación que opera sola: ¡una resolución 2.000 veces superior a la del <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.spacetelescope.org/"> telescopio espacial Hubble de la NASA/ESA</a>! Esta capacidad de resolución es crucial para poder detectar el agujero negro, que, a pesar de ser 30 veces más grande que el Sol, se encuentra muy lejos, a más de 26.000 años luz de nosotros.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/images/ann17015a/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/static/outreach/alma_first_picture_black_hole/eht_with_title_30march.jpg" alt="Infographic of the EHT on the Earth"></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>La infografía muestra la ubicación de los telescopios que participan en el EHT. Créditos: ESO/O. Furtak</em></div> </div> <p>Hace años que se viene desarrollando este plan para obtener imágenes de un agujero negro, pero solo ahora hemos alcanzado la capacidad tecnológica necesaria para lograr este ambicioso objetivo. Además, el proyecto cuenta ahora con la participación de un peso pesado de la radioastronomía: el <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/"><em>Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array</em></a> (ALMA).</p> <p>Gracias a sus 66 antenas y sus receptores de última generación, ALMA, ubicado en las alturas del desierto de Atacama, en el llano de Chajnantor, pasó a ser el componente más sensible y más grande del proyecto EHT/GMVA, cuya sensibilidad total multiplicó por 10. Pese a ser una instalación dotada de las últimas tecnologías, ALMA fue sometido a varias mejoras en ALMA antes de participar en el proyecto. Se instaló equipamiento especializado, como nuevos discos duros capaces de almacenar las enormes cantidades de datos que producirán las observaciones, así como un reloj atómico extremadamente preciso, fundamental para combinar las señales de ALMA con la red del VLBI. <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/spain/images/potw1252a/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/screen/potw1252a.jpg" alt="ALMA’s solitude"></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>La soledad de ALMA: esta vista panorámica del llano de Chajnantor muestra el desolador lugar donde se encuentra el Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a 5.000 metros sobre el nivel del mar, en los Andes chilenos. Créditos: ESO/B. Tafreshi (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://twanight.org/">twanight.org</a>)</em></div> </div> <p>Este excepcional estudio empezará en abril de 2017: se realizarán observaciones en longitudes de onda de 3 milímetros con el GMVA entre el 30 de marzo y el 4 de abril de 2017 y observaciones en longitudes de 1,3 milímetros entre el 5 y el 14 de abril. A continuación, se procederá con un largo y arduo trabajo de tratamiento de los datos adquiridos durante las observaciones, y se espera tener los primeros resultados hacia fines de 2017.</p> <p>Si bien no hay garantías específicas en cuanto a dichos resultados, el potencial científico del proyecto y las metas propuestas son fascinantes. Entre ellas, se espera poner a prueba la <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity">Teoría General de la Relatividad</a> de Einstein, que predice la existencia de una “sombra” más o menos circular alrededor del agujero negro. Asimismo, se buscará entender el fenómeno de acreción de material alrededor de los agujeros negros, así como la formación de los chorros de gas que estos expulsan a gran velocidad.</p> <div style="width: 80%; margin: 40px auto"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eventhorizontelescope.org/science/general_relativity.html"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909im_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/static/outreach/alma_first_picture_black_hole/shadow_evt.jpg" alt="Testing general relativity using the black hole shadow."></a> <div style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"><em>Imágenes simuladas de la sombra de un agujero negro: la relatividad general predice que la sombra debería ser circular (centro), pero un agujero negro podría potencialmente tener una sombra achatada por el ecuador (izquierda) o por los polos (derecha). Las futuras imágenes del EHT pondrán a prueba esta predicción. Crédito: D. Psaltis and A. Broderick.</em></div> </div> <p>Esta es la primera entrega de un blog que llevará a sus lectores en un viaje astronómico donde descubrirán cómo se realizan las investigaciones de vanguardia y los riesgos que estas implican. </p> <p>En las próximas publicaciones buscaremos responder peguntas como: ¿por qué los agujeros negros son tan interesantes?, ¿cómo hacen los radiotelescopios para ver el Universo? o ¿qué sabemos <em>realmente</em> del monstruo supermasivo que habita el corazón de la Vía Láctea?</p> <h3>Enlaces</h3> <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://eventhorizontelescope.org/">Página Web del Event Horizon Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www3.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/div/vlbi/globalmm/">Página Web del GMVA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/">Más sobre ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-room/announcements-events/697-alma-upgrade-to-probe-supermassive-black-hole">Más sobre las actualizaciones de ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.almaobservatory.org/en/press-room/announcements-events/900-alma-links-with-other-observatories-to-create-earth-size-telescope">Averigua más cosas sobre las capacidades del VLBI (Interferometría de base muy larga) de ALMA</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/social/">Conecta con las redes sociales de ESO</a> para conocer las novedades más excitantes de este ambicioso proyecto.</li></ul> <div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17033001" data-layout="standard" data-action="like" data-size="small" data-show-faces="true" data-share="true"></div> <div> <br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-text="¿Qué son el Event Horizon Telescope y el Global mm-VLBI Array? #AttemptingTheImpossible #FirstPictureOfBlackHole" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.eso.org/public/chile/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/#17033001" data-show-count="true">Tweet</a><script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909js_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/mailto:information@eso.org">Envíenos sus comentarios</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <a href="/web/20170615015909/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-4"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615015909/https://www.cdn77.com/">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> </div> <link href="/web/20170615015909cs_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/app/css/extras.66957e81db8d.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/web/20170615015909js_/http://www.eso.org/public/archives/app/js/main.31181619428b.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20170615015909js_/http://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=epod" async></script> </body> </html>