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style="-webkit-line-clamp:0">•</span></div><div class="Stats_rightContent__8d0AF"><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_weight-strong__yEO2S Text_secondary__EPWj0 Text_medium__rk8Tn Likes_root__WVQ1_ text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0" tabindex="0">121 likes</span><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_medium__rk8Tn text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0">•</span><span class="Text_root__is73U Text_weight-strong__yEO2S Text_secondary__EPWj0 Text_medium__rk8Tn Likes_root__WVQ1_ text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0" tabindex="0">250,717 views</span></div></div><div class="author Author_root___6Bx5"><a data-cy="author-link" class="Author_link___lVxw ellipsis" title="Stanford University" href="https://www.slideshare.net/sblank"><div class="Avatar_root__GNWHY" style="width:24px;height:24px;line-height:24px"><img class="Avatar_image__Bbtll" src="https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-sblank-48x48.jpg?cb=1707173175" alt="Stanford University" loading="lazy" decoding="sync"/></div><span>Stanford University</span></a></div><div class="description Description_root__kt4uq Description_clamped__PaV_1"><div class="Description_wrapper__hYE9_" data-cy="document-description"><p>The document outlines the secret history of Silicon Valley, tracing the origins of entrepreneurship in the region back to World War II when Stanford Professor Frederick Terman established the Electronics Research Laboratory to develop electronic warfare technologies for the US military using radar and communications. This led to the development of key microwave components like klystrons, carcinotrons, and traveling wave tubes that enabled new radar and signals intelligence systems and helped spawn the electronics industry in the area after the war.<button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Description_less__BvWbY Description_hidden__a9QZJ" data-testid="button" aria-label="Read less"><span>Read less</span></button></p></div><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_primary__K25Gq Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Description_more__ChrRK" data-testid="button" aria-label="Read more" data-cy="read-more-button"><span>Read more</span></button></div><div class="actions Actions_root__00yIC"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi like-button unliked" data-testid="button" aria-label="Like" data-favorited="false" data-cy="like-button" 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Text_secondary__EPWj0 Text_xsmall__vYp9p text" style="-webkit-line-clamp:0">Downloaded 1,240 times</span></div></div><div class="MetadataToolbar_underline__QQn0C"></div></div></div><div class="player Player_root__L1AmF"><div id="new-player" class="vertical-player VerticalPlayer_root__K8_YS" data-slideshow-id="2658658"><div><div id="slide1" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-0" alt="Hidden in Plain Sight: The Secret History of Silicon Valley Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com Rev 4 Dec 09 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="eager" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-1-320.jpg 320w, 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data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-2-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide3" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-2" alt="The Popular View of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Fruit Orchards Innovation Networks Fruit Orchards Fruit Orchards 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-3-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide4" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-3" alt="The Real Story of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Microwaves Innovation Networks Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-4-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide5" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-4" alt="A few caveats • Not a professional historian • WWII story from the western front - lacks Soviet contributions • Some of this is probably wrong • Cold War story is U.S.- centric. Other data points welcomed • All “secrets” are from open-source literature The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-5-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide6" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-5" alt="Seven Short Stories The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-6-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide7" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-6" alt="Story 1: WWII The First Electronic War The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-7-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide8" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-7" alt="Dec 7th 1941: America Enters WWII • Britain fighting since Sept ‘39 • Soviets fighting massive land/air battles since June ‘41 • Allies incapable of landing in Western Europe for 2+ years • Decide that – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific – destroy German war fighting capacity from the air until they can invade The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-8-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide9" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-8" alt="Strategic Bombing of Germany March 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive “Your primary objective will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened." The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-9-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide10" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-9" alt="Strategic Bombing of Germany The Combined Bomber Offensive • British bombed at Night – Area Bombing • Lancaster's • Halifax • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet • The American’s by Day – Precision Bombing • B-17’s • B-24’s • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-10-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide11" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-10" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-11-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide12" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-11" alt="Early Warning Radar Range The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-12-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide13" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-12" alt="The German Air Defense System The Kammhuber Line • Integrated Electronic air defense network – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into northern Germany • Protection from British/US bomber raids – Warn and Detect – Target and Aim – Destroy The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-13-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide14" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-13" alt="British/American Air War in Western Europe 28,000 Active Combat Planes 40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair: 18,000 American and 22,000 British (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East) 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed, wounded or captured The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-14-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide15" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-14" alt="Early Warning Radars in Occupied France The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-15-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide16" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-15" alt="Mammoth Early Warning Radar • 200 mile range – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5° • 100’ wide, 33’ high • 1st phased-array radar • Operational 1942 • 20 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-16-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide17" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-16" alt="Wasserman Early Warning Radar • 150 mile range – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25° • Backbone of the German early warning network • Steerable tower 190’ • Operational 1942 • 150 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-17-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide18" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-17" alt="Jagdschloss Early Warning Radar • 180 mile range – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW, PW 1us, PRF 500hz • Best early warning radar • 360° rotation at 4 rpm, • Remote PPI display via microwave link • Operational 1944 • 80 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-18-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide19" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-18" alt="Himmelbelt Local Air Defense Network • Box ~30 x 20 miles • Integrated network of radars, flak, fighters, searchlights The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-19-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide20" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-19" alt="Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-20-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide21" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-20" alt="Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-21-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide22" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-21" alt="Himmelbelt Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar • Lichtenstein BC & SN2 – Airborne radar on German nightfighters The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-22-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide23" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-22" alt="Freya Early Warning Radar • 60-120 mile range – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5° • Steerable and mobile • Over 1000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-23-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide24" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-23" alt="Giant Wurzburg Ground Control Intercept Radar • 45 mile range – 533-566mhz frequency agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz, PW 2 µs • GCI radar • 25’ wide • over 1,500 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-24-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide25" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-24" alt="Luftwaffe Signals Intelligence Service • Network of passive intercept stations • Picked up allied radio and bombing-radar signals • Plotted location of bomber streams The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-25-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide26" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-25" alt="Himmelbett Air Battle Air Traffic Control • Radars fed Himmelbett centers • Operators worked from rows of seats in front of a huge screen • Fighters would fly orbits around a radio beacon – fighter controller talked it to the vicinity of the target • Fighters would turn on its radar, acquire the target, and attack The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-26-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide27" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-26" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-27-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide28" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-27" alt="Flak - Radar Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns • 15,000 Flak Guns – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries • Radar-directed flak to 30,000’ – 128mm: 10 shells/minute – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute • Fused for time – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns – No Proximity Fuses The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-28-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide29" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-28" alt="Wurzburg Anti-Aircraft Radar • Fire control of flak batteries • 15 mile range – 533-566 MHz frequency agile – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us, Accuracy 25 meters • 10 feet wide • Steerable and Mobile • ~ 5,000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-29-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide30" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-29" alt="Operation Biting - Raid on Bruneval • Commando raid to steal a Wurzburg • 27 February 1942 • Captured all the radar electronics and technicians • Used it to test countermeasures The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-30-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide31" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-30" alt="German Night-Fighters On-board Radar • Directed to vicinity by ground radar • Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 • “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-31-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide32" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-31" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-32-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide33" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-32" alt="German Day Fighters Vectored by Ground Radar • Ground Control Intercept radar talked the fighters into visual range of the bombers • Messerschmitt BF-109, Focke Wolf 190 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-33-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide34" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-33" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-34-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide35" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-34" alt="Not many clear days a month in winter over Europe How did they see the target? The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-35-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide36" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-35" alt="Bombing Through Overcast Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar • Radar aimed at the ground – Targets could be seen under clouds and rain – Outlines of major ground features – map overlays • British in Mid 1943 – H2S 300mhz • Americans in late 1943 – H2X / APS-15 3ghz – B-24 & P-38 Pathfinders • Oops - Naxos The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-36-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide37" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-36" alt="Math Challenge For every 100 bombers on a mission 4 - 20% would not return Crews had to fly 25 mission to go home The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-37-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide38" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-37" alt="Story 2: The Electronic Shield - Electronic Warfare The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-38-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide39" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-38" alt="Harvard Radio Research Lab (RRL) Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare • Reduce losses to fighters and flak • Find/understand German Air Defense – Electronic and Signals Intelligence • Jam/confuse German Air Defense – Radar Order of Battle – Chaff – Jammers • Top Secret 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-39-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide40" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-39" alt="ELINT – Electronic Intelligence The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-40-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide41" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-40" alt="ELINT using Ferret’s Find and understand German Air Defense • Ferret’s and Crows • B-24J flights inside Germany to intercept German radar signals • Fitted with receivers & displays • Wire and strip recorders – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc. – 50 MHz to 3 GHz The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-41-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide42" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-41" alt="Using ELINT to Map Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-42-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide43" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-42" alt="Window/Chaff Jam Wurzburg AAA & GCI Radar • Strips of aluminum foil – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency • 46,000 packets tossed out by hand – Each packet contained 2,000 strips – Automatic dispensers came later • First used July 1943 – Raid on Hamburg – Shut down German air defense • Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-43-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide44" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-43" alt="Blind German Early Warning Radar Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya MANDREL • Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer • Mandrel/APT-3 • DINA/APT-1 – First on escort fighters – Later on bombers – 12 watts DINA Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-44-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide45" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-44" alt="Shut down Flak & Ground Control Radar Jam the Wurzburg’s • “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer – Confuse Wurzburg radar – Shut down flak – Shut down GCI – 5 Watts • 24,000 built – On all bombers Carpet Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-45-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide46" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-45" alt="Shut down and Spoof Fighter Ground Control Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links • "Tinsel” – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise • "Corona" – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions • “Airborne Cigar” – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm – Flew in special ops Lancasters • “Jostle IV” – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-46-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide47" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-46" alt="British Jam German Night Fighter Radar • Airborne Grocer – Jam Lichtenstein Night Fighter radar • On all British bombers • Monica – Tail warning system – Oops, German Flensburg MANDREL jamming equipment The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-47-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide48" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-47" alt="Jammer Versus Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-48-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide49" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-48" alt="Electronic Warfare 1944/45 chaff ELINT GCI Jamming Flak Jamming The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-49-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide50" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-49" alt="Who Ran this Secret Lab and became the Father of Electronic Warfare? • Harvard Radio Research Lab – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII – 800 people – 1941-1944 • Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-50-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide51" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-50" alt="Fredrick Terman “the Father of Silicon Valley” • Stanford Professor of engineering 1926 – encouraged his students, William Hewlett and David Packard to start a company • Dean of Engineering 1946 • Provost 1955 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-51-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide52" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-51" alt="Story 3: Spook Entrepreneurship The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-52-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide53" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-52" alt="WWII Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • $450 million spent on weapons R&D – MIT $117 million – Caltech $83 million – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million • Stanford ~ $50K The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-53-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide54" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-53" alt="Terman’s Postwar Strategy • Focus on microwaves and electronics – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time • Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty • Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946 • By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-54-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide55" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-54" alt="Problem: Jammers Need: More Power and Frequency Agility • More Power – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes – Now each bomber needed to protect itself • Frequency Agility – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency – Jammers needed to be manual tuned – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-55-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide56" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-55" alt="Solution: Electronically Tunable Microwave Power Tubes • Magnetron - limited scale, ﬁxed/unstable freq • Klystron - scale to extremely high power – Drawback: narrow frequency range • Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron – Electronically tunable – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second – High Power ~1,000 watts The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-56-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide57" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-56" alt="Problem: ELINT Receivers Need: Higher Bandwidth & Frequency Agility • High Bandwidth – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver • Frequency Agility – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies – Manual tuning would miss signals – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-57-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide58" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-57" alt="Solution: Electronically Tunable Wideband Amplifiers • Traveling Wave Tubes – High gain >40db, – low noise, – high bandwidth >1 octave – 300mhz - 50ghz – Tune at 1000mhz/sec The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-58-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide59" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-58" alt="Microwave Valley - Components Klystrons, Carcinotrons, & Traveling Wave Tubes • Eitel-McCullough (1934) • Varian Associates (1948) • Litton Industries (1946) • Huggins Laboratories (1948) • Stewart Engineering (1952) • Watkins-Johnson (1957) • Microwave Electronics Co. (1959) The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-59-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide60" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-59" alt="Korean War Changes the Game Spook Work Comes to Stanford • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs – Doubles the size of the electronics program – Separate from the unclassified Electronics Research Laboratory – Made the university, for the first time, a full partner in the military-industrial complex The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-60-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide61" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-60" alt="The Cold War and the Black Valley • The Cold War battlefield moves 500 miles east • Fear of a “nuclear Pearl Harbor” • Countermeasures, Elint and Sigint, become critical • Stanford becomes a center of excellence for the NSA, CIA, Navy, Air Force The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-61-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide62" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-61" alt="The Cold War is an Electronic War • Russian air defense modeled after Germans – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF – Understand and defeat (ELINT) • Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers • Soviet Naval threat – Monitor and track soviet submarines • Soviet Nuclear threat – Identify and understand production facilities The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-62-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide63" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-62" alt="Stanford Technical Advisory Meetings • Air Force, Navy, Army, CIA and NSA • Sylvania, and other contractors • Review of projects and new concepts The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-63-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide64" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-63" alt="Stanford Joins the “Black” World • Electronics Research Laboratory – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs • Merge and become the Systems Engineering Lab (SEL) in 1955 – Same year Terman becomes Provost The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-64-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide65" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-64" alt="Stanford Systems Engineering Lab • Immediate, practical application of real world intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force • Combined ERL components with advanced theory into complete ELINT and Jamming systems – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors – At times, built one-off systems – Digital filtering, OTH, etc. • Use PhD students and staff – classified thesis! • Ultimately 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-65-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide66" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-65" alt="Problem: Understand the Soviet Radar Order of Battle • Where are the Soviet radars? – Consumers; SAC, CIA. • Details of the radars – NSA/CIA to contractors • Periphery of Soviet Union known • Interior terra incognito The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-66-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide67" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-66" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-67-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide68" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-67" alt="Solution: A Fleet of ELINT Planes • Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy • Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7 – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121, C-130, EA-3B, RC-135 • Measured Soviet Air Defense – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good • Continuous Comint The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-68-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide69" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-68" alt="ELINT – The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! You got to get them turned on!! The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-69-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide70" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-69" alt="The Cost: 23 ELINT Planes Date Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon 8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm 24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm May50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm 11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm 26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm 6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm 13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm 29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm 4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm 17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm 22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm 2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm 14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-70-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide71" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-70" alt="Elint - Is There a Better Way? The U-2 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-71-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide72" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-71" alt="Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem • Stanford did basic research in electronics • Stanford and SRI do applied research • Microwave and systems companies in Silicon Valley produce equipment for the military The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-72-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide73" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-72" alt="Example: U-2 as an Sigint Platform (1956) Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley • System IV – 150 - 40,000 MHz – Stanford Electronics Laboratories – Ramo Woolridge • E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956) • A Band ELINT recorder (1959) • E/F Band Jammer (1959) – Granger Associates • Watkins Johnson – QRC -192 Elint receiver – 50 -14,000 MHz • Communications receiver – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-73-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide74" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-73" alt="Example: A-12 ELINT/EWS Suite (1965) • System VI ELINT analog recorder – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm – TRW • Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance jammer – Sylvania • Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver – 2.8-3.2 & 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm • Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer • Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-74-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide75" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-74" alt="Microwave Valley - Systems Some Stanford Alum’s • Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953) – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman • GE Microwave Laboratory (1956) • Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger • Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger • Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964) – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL • Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert • Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-75-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide76" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-75" alt="Terman Changes the Startup/University Rules Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here • Graduate students encouraged to start companies • Professors encouraged to consult for companies • Terman and other professors take board seats • Technology transfer/IP licensing easy • Getting out in the real world was good for your academic career The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-76-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide77" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-76" alt="Terman and the Cold War Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship Military Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-77-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide78" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-77" alt="Story 4: Spook Innovation The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-78-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide79" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-78" alt="Project: Melody ~1960 • First noticed in Project Genetrix – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced off our high altitude spy balloons – Was received by our radars – Hmm… • Bistatic intercept receiver Irony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-79-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide80" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-79" alt="Project: Melody ~1960 • Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s during test flights – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars • Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile tracking radars – Including all ABM radars – At a 1000 mile range • Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-80-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide81" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-80" alt="OXCART / A-12 U-2 Successor The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-81-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide82" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-81" alt="CIA: Directorate of Science & Technology • Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic) – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet) • Facing evolved Soviet air defense system • ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked: – What’s the radar environment like inside the Soviet Union? * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.) The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-82-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide83" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-82" alt="Problem: Find “Tall King” • Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar – Long Range, 375 miles • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw – 100’ wide, 30’ high • Where were they located? • How many are there? – B52 bombers needed to know – OXCART needed to know The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-83-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide84" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-83" alt="Solution: Project “Flower Garden” Shoot the Moon • Point dishes at the moon • Use the moon as a bistatic reflector • Listen for TALL KING signals – As earth and moon revolved and rotated all TALL KING’s came into view, one at a time – Plot their precise location The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-84-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide85" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-84" alt="HENHOUSE Radar • Soviet HENHOUSE phased-array radar – 850’ long, 25MW – Missile Warning/ABM system – Space surveillance • Identified via satellite photos and ELINT • But what were its capabilities? The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-85-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide86" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-85" alt="Radio Dishes Get Funded • Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs 60’ antenna in New Jersey – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques • Use antennas at Sugar Grove, Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank • Pay for and build Stanford “Dish” – Hide relationships via “cover agencies” – Air Force Cambridge Research Center and Ofﬁce of Naval Research – Discovers “Hen House” radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-86-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide87" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-86" alt="PPMS: Power & Pattern Measurement Systems ~1962 • Now we know where Tall King & Spoon Rest radars are but • Now we need to know: – Spatial Coverage – Radiated Power – RF Coherence – Polarization • For Jamming and Stealth The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-87-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide88" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-87" alt="Project: Palladium • Ok, now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to know: – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers – How good were their operators • Hence, Project Palladium • Build a system that electronically generated and injected false targets into Soviet radars – They saw ghost aircraft – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed – Trick was to know what they were seeing The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-88-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide89" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-88" alt="Project: PALLADIUM • Teamed with NSA and used SIGINT intercepts – Listened to their communication channels and could decrypt them in real time – Watch when they turned on their SA-2 target tracking radar • We used ground bases, naval ships, submarines The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-89-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide90" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-89" alt="Project Echo 1960 ELINT Balloons in Space • 100’ aluminized mylar balloon • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Originally to be launched from Vandenberg • Launched in Aug 1960 • By this time something else was in space The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-90-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide91" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-90" alt="Story 5: 1956 - The Year It All Changes The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-91-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide92" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-91" alt="Lockheed Comes to Town • Polaris missile SLBM • Built in by Lockheed Missiles Division in Sunnyvale – Westinghouse Electric launch tube subcontractor • 20,000 employees by 1960 – From 0 in 4 years – HP: 3,000 employees 1960 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-92-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide93" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-92" alt="Lockheed and WS-117L NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space CORONA SAMOS/SENTRY Program P-11/ 989 SAMOS F-1/2/3 Imaging MIDAS - Program 461 VELA ELINT/SIGINT IR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint Program C: Navy signit Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-93-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide94" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-93" alt="Lockheed - Agena Space Bus for Spy Satellites • First restartable second stage – Boost and maneuvering – 3-axis stabilized • Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan • Controlled all 1960’s spy satellites • 365 built on an assembly line in secret in Sunnyvale The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-94-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide95" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-94" alt="Stanford AEL/STL and Rambo • William Rambo – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951 – Headed AEL then STL - 1958 – NSA/CIA consultant • Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-95-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide96" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-95" alt="STL/Lockheed and de Broekert • James de Broekert of Stanford STL • STL & Lockheed built P-11 Ferret sub-satellites carried on Corona photo satellites – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964 • 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites – redesignated as Program 102 • Founded Argo, Signal Science, Advent Systems The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-96-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide97" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-96" alt="Project West Ford 1963 A Ring of Chaff in Space • 400 million copper dipoles • 3/4’s of an inch long • 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide, 25 miles thick • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Launched as part of MIDAS The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-97-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide98" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-97" alt="Project Grab 1960-1962 ELINT in Space • No more overflights or balloons • Collect radar emissions from Soviet air defense radars • Record, Store and Dump • Built by the Naval Research Laboratory • Used by SAC for EOB then given to the NRO The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-98-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide99" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-98" alt="Project POPPY 1962-1971 Navy ELINT in Space • Ships can no longer hide • Collect radar emissions from Soviet naval vessels • Clusters of satellites • Triangulate and direction find The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-99-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide100" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-99" alt="Villard and Over the Horizon Radar • Meteor trails – burst comm and ELINT receiver • Nuclear tests • OTH - Over The Horizon Radar – Monitor missile launches EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961 CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966 – Aircraft tracking • Stealth - 1969 at SRI The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-100-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide101" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-100" alt="The End of Classified Work at Stanford • In 1968, 35 percent of Stanford research funding in electronics was for classified work • 50% of SRI’s work was from DOD • April 9, 1969 400 students occupy AEL The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-101-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide102" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-101" alt="Story 6: 1956 Why It’s Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-102-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide103" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-102" alt="Meanwhile, on the Other Side of Town… The Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force starts a Company The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-103-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide104" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-103" alt="William Shockley “The Other Father of Silicon Valley” • Director of Navy anti-submarine warfare operations group at Columbia (1942-1943) • Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force (1943-1945) • Deputy Director and Research Director of the Weapons System Evaluation Group in the Defense Department (1954-1955) • Co-inventor of the transistor – Nobel Prize in 1956 • Founded Shockley Semiconductor 1955 – First semiconductor company in California The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-104-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide105" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-104" alt="William Shockley “Great Researcher, Awesome Talent Spotter, Horrible Manager” • Unintended consequences: “The traitorous 8” leave Shockley – found Fairchild Semiconductor • First VC Investment (Venrock) – Noyce & Moore leave Fairchild to start Intel – 65 other chip companies in the next 20 years • Eugenics beliefs end his career 1963 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-105-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide106" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-105" alt="The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-106-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide107" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-106" alt="Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 - 1976 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-107-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide108" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-107" alt="Shockley’s Legacy • It’s Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-108-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide109" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-108" alt="Story 7: Why We All Don’t Work for the Government The Rise of Private Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-109-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide110" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-109" alt="Venture Capital Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-110-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide111" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-110" alt="The Valley Attracts Financial Attention The 1st West Coast IPO’s • 1956 Varian • 1957 Hewlett Packard • 1958 Ampex The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-111-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide112" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-111" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital Family Money 1940’s - 1960’s • J.H. Whitney – 1st family office 1946 • Laurance Rockefeller – Draper Gaither & Anderson (1st limited Partnership) 1958 – Spun out as Venrock in 1969 • Bessemer • East Coast focus • Wide variety of industries The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-112-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide113" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-112" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital East Coast VC Experiments • 1946 American Research & Development – George Doriot – Right idea, wrong model (public VC firm) • 1963 Boston Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-113-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide114" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-113" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital “The Group” 1950’s • First Bay Area “Angels” – Reid Dennis – William Bryan – William Edwards – William K. Bowes – Daniel McGanney ~ 10 deals $75 -$300K The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-114-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide115" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-114" alt="Reid Dennis Remembers • “The first 25 electronics companies required total capital of $300k each and private individuals formed the basis of the early syndicates” • “….in 1975, prior to the relaxation of ERISA laws, the entire VC industry raised $10m” The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-115-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide116" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-115" alt="Soviet Union Launches Sputnik and the U.S. Venture Capital Industry • Soviet satellite shocked the U.S. • Galvanized congress • New agencies/programs – NASA – ARPA – National Defense Education Act – SBA SBIC Act The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-116-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide117" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-116" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital SBIC Act of 1958 • Gov’t match of private investments 3:1 • 700 SBIC funds by 1965 – 75% of all VC funding in 1968, 7% in 1988 • Corporate – Bank of America - George Quist, Tom Clauson – Firemans Fund/American Express - Reid Dennis • Private – 1959 Continental Capital - Frank Chambers – The Group; Bryan Edwards, McGanney – 1962 Pitch Johnson & Bill Draper – 1962 Sutter Hill The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-117-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide118" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-117" alt="Defense R&D Budget Defense R&D $ Billions Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-118-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide119" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-118" alt="Defense R&D Budget California Defense R&D California $ Billions Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-119-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide120" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-119" alt="Defense R&D Budget Silicon Valley Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-120-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide121" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-120" alt="Defense R&D Budget Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-121-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide122" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-121" alt="Defense R&D Budget Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-122-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide123" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-122" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital The Limited Partnership • DGA (Draper Gaither & Anderson) 1958 • Rock and Davis 1961 • Sutter Hill 1964 • TA Associates 1968 • Mayfield Fund 1969 • Patricof & Co. 1969 • Kleiner Perkins 1972 • Capital Mgmt Services (Sequoia) 1972 The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-123-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide124" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-123" alt="The Rise of Risk Capital 1978/1979 - A Watershed • Capital gains slashed (1978) – 49.5% to 28% • Employee Retirement Income Security Act (1979) – Pension funds can invest The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-124-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide125" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-124" alt="Venture Capital Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-125-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide126" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-125" alt="Summary • Terman/Stanford/Government responsible for entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley • Military primed the pump as a customer for key technologies – Semiconductors, computers, Internet – But very little technical cross pollination • Venture Capital turned the valley to volume corporate and consumer applications Is there another “crisis” that will restart the valley’s cycle of innovation? Or will we continue to be profit driven? The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-126-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide127" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-126" alt="This Presentation is On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-127-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide128" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-127" alt="WWII Sources - Books • WWII – A Radar History of WWII - Louis Brown – Confound and Destroy - Martin Streetly – Echoes of War, the Story of H2S Radar - Sir Bernard Lovell – The Invention that Changed the World - Robert Buderi – Wizard War, British Scientific Intelligence - R.V. Jones – History of Air Intercept Radar and British Nightfighter - Ian White – The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich - Donald Caldwell – Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare - Alfred Price – Volume I: The History of US. Electronic Warfare to 1946 - Alfred Price The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-128-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide129" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-128" alt="Cold War Sources - Books • Cold War – Volume II: The History of US. Electronic Warfare: Renaissance Years- Alfred Price – The Wizards of Langley - Jeffrey T. Richelson – Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency - James Bamford – The Puzzle Palace: Inside the NSA, - James Bamford – Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond - Matthew M. Aid, Cees Wiebes – Eternal Vigilance? - Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Christopher M. Andrew – High-Cold-War-Strategic Air Reconnaissance and the Electronic Intelligence War - Robert Jackson – By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War - William E. Burrows – Shadow Flights: America's Secret Airwar Against the Soviet Union: A Cold War History - C. Peebles – Spyplane - Norman Polmar – Radar Handbook, - Merrill I. Skolnik – Out From Behind the Eight Ball: A History of Project Echo by Doanld C. Elder The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-129-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide130" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-129" alt="Silicon Valley Sources - Books • Terman/Shockley/Intel – Fred Terman at Stanford - Stewart Gilmore – Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley- Joel Shurkin – The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce - Leslie Berlin • Silicon Valley History – Electronics in the West: the First Fifty Years - Jane Morgan – The Origins of the Electronics Industry on the Pacific Coast- Arthur Norberg – Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford - Rebecca S. Lowen – The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford - Stuart W. Leslie – Making Silicon Valley: Innovation & the Growth of High Tech - C. Lecuyer – Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 - Annalee Saxenian • Venture Capital – Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital - Spencer E. Ante • Semiconductor Timeline to 1976: Semi and Don C. Hoefler The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-130-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide131" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-130" alt="ELINT Sources - Web • Engineering/ELINT in the CIA/NSA – http://www.tbp.org/pages/Publications/Bent/Features/F99Poteat.pdf – http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/ • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st06.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB60/abm022.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v11i2a05p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v12i2a02p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi- publications/books-and-monographs/a-12/hiding-oxcart-in-plain-sight.html – http://jya.com/nsa-elint.htm – http://fas.org/irp/program/list.htm • ELINT Aircraft Losses – http://www.rb-29.net/HTML/77ColdWarStory/08.01apndxC.htm – http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP34.PDF The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-131-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide132" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-131" alt="Photo and Movie Sources - Web • B-24 Ferret ELINT equipment photos – http://aafradio.org/ • WWII Radar History/Photos/Radar Order of Battle – www.gyges.dk – http://www.luftarchiv.de/ – http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz.html The Wizard War – http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/en/german_radar.html – http://www.baermann.biz/pauke/index.php?catid=9&blogid=1 • Movie Clips – 12 O’Clock High – Memphis Belle – Dr. Strangelove The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-132-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div><div><div id="slide133" class="VerticalSlide_root__jU_9r slide-item" style="aspect-ratio:792 / 612" data-cy="slide-container"><div class="VerticalSlideImage_root__64KSA"><img id="slide-image-132" alt="This Presentation is On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com The Secret History of Silicon Valley " class="vertical-slide-image VerticalSlideImage_image__VtE4p" data-testid="vertical-slide-image" loading="lazy" srcSet="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-320.jpg 320w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-638.jpg 638w, https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/75/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-2048.jpg 2048w" src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secrethistoryrev4compact-091206004132-phpapp01/85/Secret-History-of-Silicon-Valley-Rev-4-Dec-09-133-320.jpg" sizes="100vw"/></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="RelatedContent_root__29Np1"><div class="RelatedContent_wrapper__riU7l"><h2 class="Heading_heading__3MAvZ Heading_h2__f9yvs RelatedContent_title__QUhpL">More Related Content</h2><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div></div></div><div class="Transcript_root__Vrf6Q"><h2 class="Transcript_title__YgAka"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/file.5db1ba24.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span>Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09</h2><div><ul class="Transcript_list__faItj"><div><li>1. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#1">Hidden in Plain </a> Sight: The Secret History of Silicon Valley Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com Rev 4 Dec 09 </li></div><div><li>2. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#2">The Genesis of </a> Silicon Valley Entrepreneurship Marc Andreessen Internet Steve Jobs Personal Computers Gordon Moore Integrated Circuits Innovation Networks Hewlett & Packard Defense 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>3. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#3">The Popular View </a> of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Fruit Orchards Innovation Networks Fruit Orchards Fruit Orchards 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>4. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#4">The Real Story </a> of Silicon Valley History Internet Personal Computers Integrated Circuits Microwaves Innovation Networks Test Equipment Vacuum Tubes 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>5. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#5">A few caveats • </a> Not a professional historian • WWII story from the western front - lacks Soviet contributions • Some of this is probably wrong • Cold War story is U.S.- centric. Other data points welcomed • All “secrets” are from open-source literature The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>6. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#6">Seven Short Stories </a> The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>7. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#7">Story 1: WWII </a> The First Electronic War The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>8. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#8">Dec 7th 1941: </a> America Enters WWII • Britain fighting since Sept ‘39 • Soviets fighting massive land/air battles since June ‘41 • Allies incapable of landing in Western Europe for 2+ years • Decide that – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific – destroy German war fighting capacity from the air until they can invade The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>9. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#9">Strategic Bombing of </a> Germany March 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive “Your primary objective will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened." The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>10. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#10">Strategic Bombing of </a> Germany The Combined Bomber Offensive • British bombed at Night – Area Bombing • Lancaster's • Halifax • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet • The American’s by Day – Precision Bombing • B-17’s • B-24’s • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>11. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#11">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>12. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#12">Early Warning Radar </a> Range The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>13. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#13">The German Air </a> Defense System The Kammhuber Line • Integrated Electronic air defense network – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into northern Germany • Protection from British/US bomber raids – Warn and Detect – Target and Aim – Destroy The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>14. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#14">British/American Air War </a> in Western Europe 28,000 Active Combat Planes 40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair: 18,000 American and 22,000 British (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East) 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed, wounded or captured The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>15. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#15">Early Warning Radars </a> in Occupied France The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>16. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#16">Mammoth </a> Early Warning Radar • 200 mile range – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5° • 100’ wide, 33’ high • 1st phased-array radar • Operational 1942 • 20 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>17. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#17">Wasserman </a> Early Warning Radar • 150 mile range – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25° • Backbone of the German early warning network • Steerable tower 190’ • Operational 1942 • 150 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>18. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#18">Jagdschloss </a> Early Warning Radar • 180 mile range – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW, PW 1us, PRF 500hz • Best early warning radar • 360° rotation at 4 rpm, • Remote PPI display via microwave link • Operational 1944 • 80 built The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>19. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#19">Himmelbelt Local Air Defense </a> Network • Box ~30 x 20 miles • Integrated network of radars, flak, fighters, searchlights The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>20. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#20">Himmelbelt </a> Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>21. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#21">Himmelbelt </a> Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>22. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#22">Himmelbelt </a> Radar Order of Battle • Freya – early warning radar – detect allied bombers • Giant Wurzburg – Ground Controlled Intercept radar – direct fighters to bombers – fighters could then intercept with their on-board radar • Lichtenstein BC & SN2 – Airborne radar on German nightfighters The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>23. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#23">Freya </a> Early Warning Radar • 60-120 mile range – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz, PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5° • Steerable and mobile • Over 1000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>24. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#24">Giant Wurzburg </a> Ground Control Intercept Radar • 45 mile range – 533-566mhz frequency agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz, PW 2 µs • GCI radar • 25’ wide • over 1,500 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>25. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#25">Luftwaffe Signals Intelligence </a> Service • Network of passive intercept stations • Picked up allied radio and bombing-radar signals • Plotted location of bomber streams The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>26. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#26">Himmelbett </a> Air Battle Air Traffic Control • Radars fed Himmelbett centers • Operators worked from rows of seats in front of a huge screen • Fighters would fly orbits around a radio beacon – fighter controller talked it to the vicinity of the target • Fighters would turn on its radar, acquire the target, and attack The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>27. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#27">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>28. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#28">Flak - Radar </a> Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns • 15,000 Flak Guns – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries • Radar-directed flak to 30,000’ – 128mm: 10 shells/minute – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute • Fused for time – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns – No Proximity Fuses The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>29. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#29">Wurzburg </a> Anti-Aircraft Radar • Fire control of flak batteries • 15 mile range – 533-566 MHz frequency agile – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us, Accuracy 25 meters • 10 feet wide • Steerable and Mobile • ~ 5,000 deployed The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>30. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#30">Operation Biting - </a> Raid on Bruneval • Commando raid to steal a Wurzburg • 27 February 1942 • Captured all the radar electronics and technicians • Used it to test countermeasures The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>31. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#31">German Night-Fighters </a> On-board Radar • Directed to vicinity by ground radar • Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88, Messerschmitt Bf 110 • “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>32. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#32">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>33. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#33">German Day Fighters </a> Vectored by Ground Radar • Ground Control Intercept radar talked the fighters into visual range of the bombers • Messerschmitt BF-109, Focke Wolf 190 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>34. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#34">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>35. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#35">Not many clear </a> days a month in winter over Europe How did they see the target? The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>36. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#36">Bombing Through Overcast </a> Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar • Radar aimed at the ground – Targets could be seen under clouds and rain – Outlines of major ground features – map overlays • British in Mid 1943 – H2S 300mhz • Americans in late 1943 – H2X / APS-15 3ghz – B-24 & P-38 Pathfinders • Oops - Naxos The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>37. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#37">Math Challenge For </a> every 100 bombers on a mission 4 - 20% would not return Crews had to fly 25 mission to go home The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>38. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#38">Story 2: The </a> Electronic Shield - Electronic Warfare The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>39. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#39">Harvard Radio Research </a> Lab (RRL) Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare • Reduce losses to fighters and flak • Find/understand German Air Defense – Electronic and Signals Intelligence • Jam/confuse German Air Defense – Radar Order of Battle – Chaff – Jammers • Top Secret 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>40. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#40">ELINT – Electronic </a> Intelligence The Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>41. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#41">ELINT using Ferret’s </a> Find and understand German Air Defense • Ferret’s and Crows • B-24J flights inside Germany to intercept German radar signals • Fitted with receivers & displays • Wire and strip recorders – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc. – 50 MHz to 3 GHz The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>42. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#42">Using ELINT to </a> Map Radar Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>43. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#43">Window/Chaff </a> Jam Wurzburg AAA & GCI Radar • Strips of aluminum foil – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency • 46,000 packets tossed out by hand – Each packet contained 2,000 strips – Automatic dispensers came later • First used July 1943 – Raid on Hamburg – Shut down German air defense • Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>44. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#44">Blind German Early </a> Warning Radar Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya MANDREL • Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer • Mandrel/APT-3 • DINA/APT-1 – First on escort fighters – Later on bombers – 12 watts DINA Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>45. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#45">Shut down Flak </a> & Ground Control Radar Jam the Wurzburg’s • “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer – Confuse Wurzburg radar – Shut down flak – Shut down GCI – 5 Watts • 24,000 built – On all bombers Carpet Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>46. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#46">Shut down and </a> Spoof Fighter Ground Control Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links • "Tinsel” – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise • "Corona" – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions • “Airborne Cigar” – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm – Flew in special ops Lancasters • “Jostle IV” – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>47. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#47">British Jam German </a> Night Fighter Radar • Airborne Grocer – Jam Lichtenstein Night Fighter radar • On all British bombers • Monica – Tail warning system – Oops, German Flensburg MANDREL jamming equipment The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>48. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#48">Jammer Versus Radar </a> Coverage The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>49. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#49">Electronic Warfare 1944/45 chaff ELINT GCI </a> Jamming Flak Jamming The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>50. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#50">Who Ran this </a> Secret Lab and became the Father of Electronic Warfare? • Harvard Radio Research Lab – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII – 800 people – 1941-1944 • Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>51. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#51">Fredrick Terman </a> “the Father of Silicon Valley” • Stanford Professor of engineering 1926 – encouraged his students, William Hewlett and David Packard to start a company • Dean of Engineering 1946 • Provost 1955 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>52. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#52">Story 3: Spook </a> Entrepreneurship The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>53. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#53">WWII Office of </a> Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • $450 million spent on weapons R&D – MIT $117 million – Caltech $83 million – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million • Stanford ~ $50K The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>54. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#54">Terman’s Postwar Strategy • </a> Focus on microwaves and electronics – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time • Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty • Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL) – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946 • By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>55. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#55">Problem: Jammers Need: </a> More Power and Frequency Agility • More Power – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes – Now each bomber needed to protect itself • Frequency Agility – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency – Jammers needed to be manual tuned – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>56. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#56">Solution: Electronically Tunable </a> Microwave Power Tubes • Magnetron - limited scale, ﬁxed/unstable freq • Klystron - scale to extremely high power – Drawback: narrow frequency range • Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron – Electronically tunable – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second – High Power ~1,000 watts The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>57. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#57">Problem: ELINT Receivers </a> Need: Higher Bandwidth & Frequency Agility • High Bandwidth – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver • Frequency Agility – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies – Manual tuning would miss signals – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>58. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#58">Solution: Electronically Tunable </a> Wideband Amplifiers • Traveling Wave Tubes – High gain >40db, – low noise, – high bandwidth >1 octave – 300mhz - 50ghz – Tune at 1000mhz/sec The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>59. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#59">Microwave Valley - </a> Components Klystrons, Carcinotrons, & Traveling Wave Tubes • Eitel-McCullough (1934) • Varian Associates (1948) • Litton Industries (1946) • Huggins Laboratories (1948) • Stewart Engineering (1952) • Watkins-Johnson (1957) • Microwave Electronics Co. (1959) The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>60. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#60">Korean War Changes </a> the Game Spook Work Comes to Stanford • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs – Doubles the size of the electronics program – Separate from the unclassified Electronics Research Laboratory – Made the university, for the first time, a full partner in the military-industrial complex The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>61. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#61">The Cold War </a> and the Black Valley • The Cold War battlefield moves 500 miles east • Fear of a “nuclear Pearl Harbor” • Countermeasures, Elint and Sigint, become critical • Stanford becomes a center of excellence for the NSA, CIA, Navy, Air Force The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>62. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#62">The Cold War </a> is an Electronic War • Russian air defense modeled after Germans – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF – Understand and defeat (ELINT) • Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers • Soviet Naval threat – Monitor and track soviet submarines • Soviet Nuclear threat – Identify and understand production facilities The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>63. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#63">Stanford Technical Advisory </a> Meetings • Air Force, Navy, Army, CIA and NSA • Sylvania, and other contractors • Review of projects and new concepts The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>64. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#64">Stanford Joins the </a> “Black” World • Electronics Research Laboratory – “Basic” and Unclassified Research • Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL) – “Applied” and Classified Military programs • Merge and become the Systems Engineering Lab (SEL) in 1955 – Same year Terman becomes Provost The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>65. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#65">Stanford Systems Engineering </a> Lab • Immediate, practical application of real world intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force • Combined ERL components with advanced theory into complete ELINT and Jamming systems – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors – At times, built one-off systems – Digital filtering, OTH, etc. • Use PhD students and staff – classified thesis! • Ultimately 800 person lab The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>66. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#66">Problem: Understand the </a> Soviet Radar Order of Battle • Where are the Soviet radars? – Consumers; SAC, CIA. • Details of the radars – NSA/CIA to contractors • Periphery of Soviet Union known • Interior terra incognito The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>67. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#67">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>68. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#68">Solution: A Fleet </a> of ELINT Planes • Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy • Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7 – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121, C-130, EA-3B, RC-135 • Measured Soviet Air Defense – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good • Continuous Comint The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>69. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#69">ELINT – The </a> Line of Sight Problem You got to get close! You got to get them turned on!! The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>70. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#70">The Cost: 23 </a> ELINT Planes Date Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon 8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm 24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm May50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm 11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm 26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm 6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm 13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm 7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm 29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm 4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm 17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm 22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm 27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm 2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm 10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm 14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>71. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#71">Elint - Is </a> There a Better Way? The U-2 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>72. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#72">Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem • </a> Stanford did basic research in electronics • Stanford and SRI do applied research • Microwave and systems companies in Silicon Valley produce equipment for the military The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>73. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#73">Example: U-2 as </a> an Sigint Platform (1956) Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley • System IV – 150 - 40,000 MHz – Stanford Electronics Laboratories – Ramo Woolridge • E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956) • A Band ELINT recorder (1959) • E/F Band Jammer (1959) – Granger Associates • Watkins Johnson – QRC -192 Elint receiver – 50 -14,000 MHz • Communications receiver – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>74. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#74">Example: A-12 ELINT/EWS </a> Suite (1965) • System VI ELINT analog recorder – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm – TRW • Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance jammer – Sylvania • Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver – 2.8-3.2 & 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm • Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer • Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>75. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#75">Microwave Valley - </a> Systems Some Stanford Alum’s • Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953) – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman • GE Microwave Laboratory (1956) • Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger • Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger • Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964) – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL • Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert • Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>76. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#76">Terman Changes the </a> Startup/University Rules Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here • Graduate students encouraged to start companies • Professors encouraged to consult for companies • Terman and other professors take board seats • Technology transfer/IP licensing easy • Getting out in the real world was good for your academic career The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>77. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#77">Terman and the </a> Cold War Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship Military Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 </li></div><div><li>78. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#78">Story 4: Spook </a> Innovation The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>79. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#79">Project: Melody </a> ~1960 • First noticed in Project Genetrix – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced off our high altitude spy balloons – Was received by our radars – Hmm… • Bistatic intercept receiver Irony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>80. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#80">Project: Melody </a> ~1960 • Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s during test flights – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars • Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile tracking radars – Including all ABM radars – At a 1000 mile range • Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>81. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#81">OXCART / A-12 </a> U-2 Successor The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>82. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#82">CIA: Directorate of </a> Science & Technology • Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic) – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet) • Facing evolved Soviet air defense system • ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked: – What’s the radar environment like inside the Soviet Union? * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.) The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>83. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#83">Problem: Find “Tall </a> King” • Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar – Long Range, 375 miles • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw – 100’ wide, 30’ high • Where were they located? • How many are there? – B52 bombers needed to know – OXCART needed to know The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>84. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#84">Solution: Project “Flower </a> Garden” Shoot the Moon • Point dishes at the moon • Use the moon as a bistatic reflector • Listen for TALL KING signals – As earth and moon revolved and rotated all TALL KING’s came into view, one at a time – Plot their precise location The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>85. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#85">HENHOUSE Radar • Soviet </a> HENHOUSE phased-array radar – 850’ long, 25MW – Missile Warning/ABM system – Space surveillance • Identified via satellite photos and ELINT • But what were its capabilities? The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>86. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#86">Radio Dishes Get </a> Funded • Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs 60’ antenna in New Jersey – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques • Use antennas at Sugar Grove, Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank • Pay for and build Stanford “Dish” – Hide relationships via “cover agencies” – Air Force Cambridge Research Center and Ofﬁce of Naval Research – Discovers “Hen House” radar The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>87. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#87">PPMS: Power & </a> Pattern Measurement Systems ~1962 • Now we know where Tall King & Spoon Rest radars are but • Now we need to know: – Spatial Coverage – Radiated Power – RF Coherence – Polarization • For Jamming and Stealth The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>88. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#88">Project: Palladium • Ok, </a> now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to know: – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers – How good were their operators • Hence, Project Palladium • Build a system that electronically generated and injected false targets into Soviet radars – They saw ghost aircraft – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed – Trick was to know what they were seeing The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>89. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#89">Project: PALLADIUM • Teamed </a> with NSA and used SIGINT intercepts – Listened to their communication channels and could decrypt them in real time – Watch when they turned on their SA-2 target tracking radar • We used ground bases, naval ships, submarines The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>90. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#90">Project Echo 1960 </a> ELINT Balloons in Space • 100’ aluminized mylar balloon • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Originally to be launched from Vandenberg • Launched in Aug 1960 • By this time something else was in space The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>91. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#91">Story 5: 1956 </a> - The Year It All Changes The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>92. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#92">Lockheed Comes to </a> Town • Polaris missile SLBM • Built in by Lockheed Missiles Division in Sunnyvale – Westinghouse Electric launch tube subcontractor • 20,000 employees by 1960 – From 0 in 4 years – HP: 3,000 employees 1960 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>93. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#93">Lockheed and WS-117L </a> NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space CORONA SAMOS/SENTRY Program P-11/ 989 SAMOS F-1/2/3 Imaging MIDAS - Program 461 VELA ELINT/SIGINT IR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint Program C: Navy signit Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>94. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#94">Lockheed - Agena </a> Space Bus for Spy Satellites • First restartable second stage – Boost and maneuvering – 3-axis stabilized • Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan • Controlled all 1960’s spy satellites • 365 built on an assembly line in secret in Sunnyvale The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>95. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#95">Stanford AEL/STL and </a> Rambo • William Rambo – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951 – Headed AEL then STL - 1958 – NSA/CIA consultant • Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>96. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#96">STL/Lockheed and de </a> Broekert • James de Broekert of Stanford STL • STL & Lockheed built P-11 Ferret sub-satellites carried on Corona photo satellites – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964 • 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites – redesignated as Program 102 • Founded Argo, Signal Science, Advent Systems The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>97. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#97">Project West Ford </a> 1963 A Ring of Chaff in Space • 400 million copper dipoles • 3/4’s of an inch long • 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide, 25 miles thick • Cover was “radio relay” tests • Launched as part of MIDAS The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>98. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#98">Project Grab 1960-1962 </a> ELINT in Space • No more overflights or balloons • Collect radar emissions from Soviet air defense radars • Record, Store and Dump • Built by the Naval Research Laboratory • Used by SAC for EOB then given to the NRO The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>99. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#99">Project POPPY 1962-1971 </a> Navy ELINT in Space • Ships can no longer hide • Collect radar emissions from Soviet naval vessels • Clusters of satellites • Triangulate and direction find The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>100. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#100">Villard and Over </a> the Horizon Radar • Meteor trails – burst comm and ELINT receiver • Nuclear tests • OTH - Over The Horizon Radar – Monitor missile launches EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961 CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966 – Aircraft tracking • Stealth - 1969 at SRI The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>101. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#101">The End of </a> Classified Work at Stanford • In 1968, 35 percent of Stanford research funding in electronics was for classified work • 50% of SRI’s work was from DOD • April 9, 1969 400 students occupy AEL The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>102. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#102">Story 6: 1956 </a> Why It’s Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>103. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#103">Meanwhile, on the </a> Other Side of Town… The Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force starts a Company The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>104. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#104">William Shockley </a> “The Other Father of Silicon Valley” • Director of Navy anti-submarine warfare operations group at Columbia (1942-1943) • Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force (1943-1945) • Deputy Director and Research Director of the Weapons System Evaluation Group in the Defense Department (1954-1955) • Co-inventor of the transistor – Nobel Prize in 1956 • Founded Shockley Semiconductor 1955 – First semiconductor company in California The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>105. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#105">William Shockley “Great </a> Researcher, Awesome Talent Spotter, Horrible Manager” • Unintended consequences: “The traitorous 8” leave Shockley – found Fairchild Semiconductor • First VC Investment (Venrock) – Noyce & Moore leave Fairchild to start Intel – 65 other chip companies in the next 20 years • Eugenics beliefs end his career 1963 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>106. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#106">The Secret History </a> of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>107. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#107">Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 </a> - 1976 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>108. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#108">Shockley’s Legacy • It’s </a> Silicon Valley The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>109. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#109">Story 7: Why </a> We All Don’t Work for the Government The Rise of Private Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>110. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#110">Venture Capital </a> Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 </li></div><div><li>111. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#111">The Valley Attracts </a> Financial Attention The 1st West Coast IPO’s • 1956 Varian • 1957 Hewlett Packard • 1958 Ampex The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>112. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#112">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital Family Money 1940’s - 1960’s • J.H. Whitney – 1st family office 1946 • Laurance Rockefeller – Draper Gaither & Anderson (1st limited Partnership) 1958 – Spun out as Venrock in 1969 • Bessemer • East Coast focus • Wide variety of industries The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>113. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#113">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital East Coast VC Experiments • 1946 American Research & Development – George Doriot – Right idea, wrong model (public VC firm) • 1963 Boston Capital The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>114. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#114">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital “The Group” 1950’s • First Bay Area “Angels” – Reid Dennis – William Bryan – William Edwards – William K. Bowes – Daniel McGanney ~ 10 deals $75 -$300K The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>115. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#115">Reid Dennis Remembers • </a> “The first 25 electronics companies required total capital of $300k each and private individuals formed the basis of the early syndicates” • “….in 1975, prior to the relaxation of ERISA laws, the entire VC industry raised $10m” The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>116. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#116">Soviet Union Launches </a> Sputnik and the U.S. Venture Capital Industry • Soviet satellite shocked the U.S. • Galvanized congress • New agencies/programs – NASA – ARPA – National Defense Education Act – SBA SBIC Act The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>117. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#117">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital SBIC Act of 1958 • Gov’t match of private investments 3:1 • 700 SBIC funds by 1965 – 75% of all VC funding in 1968, 7% in 1988 • Corporate – Bank of America - George Quist, Tom Clauson – Firemans Fund/American Express - Reid Dennis • Private – 1959 Continental Capital - Frank Chambers – The Group; Bryan Edwards, McGanney – 1962 Pitch Johnson & Bill Draper – 1962 Sutter Hill The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>118. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#118">Defense R&D Budget </a> Defense R&D $ Billions Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>119. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#119">Defense R&D Budget </a> California Defense R&D California $ Billions Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>120. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#120">Defense R&D Budget </a> Silicon Valley Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>121. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#121">Defense R&D Budget </a> Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>122. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#122">Defense R&D Budget </a> Versus Venture Capital Defense R&D $ Billions California Defense R&D Silicon Valley Defense R&D Silicon Valley Venture Sources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States Governemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>123. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#123">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital The Limited Partnership • DGA (Draper Gaither & Anderson) 1958 • Rock and Davis 1961 • Sutter Hill 1964 • TA Associates 1968 • Mayfield Fund 1969 • Patricof & Co. 1969 • Kleiner Perkins 1972 • Capital Mgmt Services (Sequoia) 1972 The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>124. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#124">The Rise of </a> Risk Capital 1978/1979 - A Watershed • Capital gains slashed (1978) – 49.5% to 28% • Employee Retirement Income Security Act (1979) – Pension funds can invest The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>125. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#125">Venture Capital </a> Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship Venture Entrepreneurs Finance Motivation Crisis Profit Culture Cooperative Entrepreneurial Outward-Facing Risk Capital Tech Universities Free flow of People/Information Infrastructure Predictable Stable Technical 24/7 Utilities Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008 </li></div><div><li>126. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#126">Summary • Terman/Stanford/Government responsible </a> for entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley • Military primed the pump as a customer for key technologies – Semiconductors, computers, Internet – But very little technical cross pollination • Venture Capital turned the valley to volume corporate and consumer applications Is there another “crisis” that will restart the valley’s cycle of innovation? Or will we continue to be profit driven? The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>127. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#127">This Presentation is </a> On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com </li></div><div><li>128. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#128">WWII Sources - </a> Books • WWII – A Radar History of WWII - Louis Brown – Confound and Destroy - Martin Streetly – Echoes of War, the Story of H2S Radar - Sir Bernard Lovell – The Invention that Changed the World - Robert Buderi – Wizard War, British Scientific Intelligence - R.V. Jones – History of Air Intercept Radar and British Nightfighter - Ian White – The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich - Donald Caldwell – Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare - Alfred Price – Volume I: The History of US. Electronic Warfare to 1946 - Alfred Price The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>129. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#129">Cold War Sources </a> - Books • Cold War – Volume II: The History of US. Electronic Warfare: Renaissance Years- Alfred Price – The Wizards of Langley - Jeffrey T. Richelson – Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency - James Bamford – The Puzzle Palace: Inside the NSA, - James Bamford – Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond - Matthew M. Aid, Cees Wiebes – Eternal Vigilance? - Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Christopher M. Andrew – High-Cold-War-Strategic Air Reconnaissance and the Electronic Intelligence War - Robert Jackson – By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War - William E. Burrows – Shadow Flights: America's Secret Airwar Against the Soviet Union: A Cold War History - C. Peebles – Spyplane - Norman Polmar – Radar Handbook, - Merrill I. Skolnik – Out From Behind the Eight Ball: A History of Project Echo by Doanld C. Elder The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>130. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#130">Silicon Valley Sources </a> - Books • Terman/Shockley/Intel – Fred Terman at Stanford - Stewart Gilmore – Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley- Joel Shurkin – The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce - Leslie Berlin • Silicon Valley History – Electronics in the West: the First Fifty Years - Jane Morgan – The Origins of the Electronics Industry on the Pacific Coast- Arthur Norberg – Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford - Rebecca S. Lowen – The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford - Stuart W. Leslie – Making Silicon Valley: Innovation & the Growth of High Tech - C. Lecuyer – Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 - Annalee Saxenian • Venture Capital – Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital - Spencer E. Ante • Semiconductor Timeline to 1976: Semi and Don C. Hoefler The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>131. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#131">ELINT Sources - </a> Web • Engineering/ELINT in the CIA/NSA – http://www.tbp.org/pages/Publications/Bent/Features/F99Poteat.pdf – http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/ • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st06.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB60/abm022.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v11i2a05p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent- csi/pdf/v12i2a02p.pdf – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi- publications/books-and-monographs/a-12/hiding-oxcart-in-plain-sight.html – http://jya.com/nsa-elint.htm – http://fas.org/irp/program/list.htm • ELINT Aircraft Losses – http://www.rb-29.net/HTML/77ColdWarStory/08.01apndxC.htm – http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP34.PDF The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>132. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#132">Photo and Movie </a> Sources - Web • B-24 Ferret ELINT equipment photos – http://aafradio.org/ • WWII Radar History/Photos/Radar Order of Battle – www.gyges.dk – http://www.luftarchiv.de/ – http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz.html The Wizard War – http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/en/german_radar.html – http://www.baermann.biz/pauke/index.php?catid=9&blogid=1 • Movie Clips – 12 O’Clock High – Memphis Belle – Dr. Strangelove The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div><div><li>133. <a class="Transcript_link__MLbGS" href="https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/secret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09/2658658#133">This Presentation is </a> On-line Watch This Talk Online http://bit.ly/SecretVideo Read the Backstory http://bit.ly/SecretStories Read the Blog www.steveblank.com The Secret History of Silicon Valley </li></div></ul></div></div><div class="actions-menu-container ActionsMenu_root__4k507" data-cy="actions-menu-mobile"><button type="button" class="Button_root__i1yp0 Button_secondary__hHiHI Button_text__ZT_3O Button_small__sqsEx Button_icon__1C4qi save-button" data-testid="button" aria-label="Save Secret History of Silicon Valley Rev 4 Dec 09 for later" data-saved="false" data-cy="loggedout-save-slideshow-button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls=":Ricf6:" popovertarget=":Ricf6:" style="anchor-name:--popover-Ricf6"><span class="Icon_root__AjZyv SaveLoggedOut_icon__ny9X2" style="--size:24px"><span class="Icon_icon__4zzsG" style="mask-image:url(https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/save.ef1812e2.svg);background-color:currentColor"></span><span class="sr-only"></span></span></button><div class="Tooltip_root__7FS0Y" id=":Ricf6:" 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Other data points\n welcomed\n• All “secrets” are from open-source literature\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Seven Short Stories\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 1: WWII The First Electronic War\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Dec 7th 1941: America Enters WWII\n\n• Britain fighting since Sept ‘39\n• Soviets fighting massive land/air\n battles since June ‘41\n• Allies incapable of landing in\n Western Europe for 2+ years\n• Decide that\n – priority was to win in Europe vs Pacific\n – destroy German war fighting capacity\n from the air until they can invade\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Strategic Bombing of Germany\nMarch 1943: The Combined Bomber Offensive\n\n\n “Your primary objective will be the\n progressive destruction and dislocation\n of the German military, industrial and\n economic system and the undermining\n of the morale of the German people to a\n point where their capacity for armed\n resistance is fatally weakened.\"\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Strategic Bombing of Germany\n The Combined Bomber Offensive\n\n• British bombed at Night\n – Area Bombing\n • Lancaster's\n • Halifax\n • Flew at 7 - 17 thousand feet\n\n\n• The American’s by Day\n – Precision Bombing\n • B-17’s\n • B-24’s\n • Flew at 15 - 25 thousand feet\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Early Warning Radar Range\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The German Air Defense System\n The Kammhuber Line\n\n• Integrated Electronic air defense network\n – Covered France, the Low Countries, and into\n northern Germany\n\n\n• Protection from British/US bomber raids\n – Warn and Detect\n – Target and Aim\n – Destroy\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","British/American Air War in Western Europe\n\n 28,000 Active Combat Planes\n\n40,000 Allied planes lost or damaged beyond repair:\n 18,000 American and 22,000 British\n (46 000 planes lost by the USSR in the East)\n\n 79,265 Americans and 79,281 British killed,\n wounded or captured\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Early Warning Radars in Occupied France\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Mammoth\n Early Warning Radar\n\n• 200 mile range\n – 150 MHz, 200KW, PRF 500hz,\n PW 3µs, accuracy 0.5°\n• 100’ wide, 33’ high\n• 1st phased-array radar\n• Operational 1942\n• 20 built\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Wasserman\n Early Warning Radar\n\n• 150 mile range\n – 150 MHz, 100KW, PRF 500hz,\n PW 3µs, accuracy 0.25°\n• Backbone of the German\n early warning network\n• Steerable tower 190’\n• Operational 1942\n• 150 built\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Jagdschloss\n Early Warning Radar\n\n• 180 mile range\n – 120-157 or 156-250 MHz, 300KW,\n PW 1us, PRF 500hz\n• Best early warning radar\n• 360° rotation at 4 rpm,\n• Remote PPI display via\n microwave link\n• Operational 1944\n• 80 built\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\nLocal Air Defense\n Network\n\n\n• Box ~30 x 20 miles\n• Integrated network\n of radars, flak,\n fighters,\n searchlights\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\n Radar Order of Battle\n\n• Freya\n – early warning radar\n – detect allied bombers\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\n Radar Order of Battle\n• Freya\n – early warning radar\n – detect allied bombers\n• Giant Wurzburg\n – Ground Controlled Intercept radar\n – direct fighters to bombers\n – fighters could then intercept with their\n on-board radar\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbelt\n Radar Order of Battle\n• Freya\n – early warning radar\n – detect allied bombers\n• Giant Wurzburg\n – Ground Controlled Intercept radar\n – direct fighters to bombers\n – fighters could then intercept with their\n on-board radar\n• Lichtenstein BC \u0026 SN2\n – Airborne radar on German\n nightfighters\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Freya\n Early Warning Radar\n• 60-120 mile range\n – 120-144 MHz, 15KW, PRF 500hz,\n PW 3 µs, accuracy 1.5°\n• Steerable and mobile\n• Over 1000 deployed\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Giant Wurzburg\n Ground Control Intercept Radar\n\n• 45 mile range\n – 533-566mhz frequency\n agile, 10KW, PRF 1875hz,\n PW 2 µs\n• GCI radar\n• 25’ wide\n• over 1,500 deployed\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Luftwaffe Signals Intelligence Service\n\n\n• Network of passive\n intercept stations\n• Picked up allied radio\n and bombing-radar\n signals\n• Plotted location of\n bomber streams\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Himmelbett\n Air Battle Air Traffic Control\n• Radars fed Himmelbett centers\n• Operators worked from rows of\n seats in front of a huge screen\n• Fighters would fly orbits around\n a radio beacon\n – fighter controller talked it to the\n vicinity of the target\n• Fighters would turn on its radar,\n acquire the target, and attack\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Flak - Radar Controlled Anti Aircraft Guns\n\n• 15,000 Flak Guns\n – 400,000 soldiers in flak batteries\n• Radar-directed flak to 30,000’\n – 128mm: 10 shells/minute\n – 105mm: 15 rounds/minute\n – 88mm: 15-20 rounds/minute\n• Fused for time\n – Fragmentation rounds 105 mm flak\n Flak: an abbreviation for Fliegerabwehrkanonen, german for anti-aircraft guns\n\n – No Proximity Fuses\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Wurzburg\n Anti-Aircraft Radar\n\n• Fire control of flak batteries\n• 15 mile range\n – 533-566 MHz frequency agile\n – 10KW, PRF 3750hz, PW 2us,\n Accuracy 25 meters\n• 10 feet wide\n• Steerable and Mobile\n• ~ 5,000 deployed\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Operation Biting - Raid on Bruneval\n\n\n• Commando raid to\n steal a Wurzburg\n• 27 February 1942\n• Captured all the radar electronics and\n technicians\n• Used it to test countermeasures\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","German Night-Fighters\n On-board Radar\n\n\n\n\n• Directed to vicinity by ground radar\n• Dornier Do 17, Junkers Ju 88,\n Messerschmitt Bf 110\n• “Lichtenstein” B/C then SN2 Radar\n – Range 2.5 miles, 400mhz then 90mhz\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","German Day Fighters\n Vectored by Ground Radar\n\n\n\n• Ground Control\n Intercept radar talked\n the fighters into visual\n range of the bombers\n• Messerschmitt BF-109,\n Focke Wolf 190\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Not many clear days a month in winter\n over Europe\n\n How did they see the target?\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Bombing Through Overcast\n Solution: Air to Ground Bombing Radar\n\n• Radar aimed at the ground\n – Targets could be seen under\n clouds and rain\n – Outlines of major ground features\n – map overlays\n• British in Mid 1943\n – H2S 300mhz\n• Americans in late 1943\n – H2X / APS-15 3ghz\n – B-24 \u0026 P-38 Pathfinders\n• Oops - Naxos\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Math Challenge\n\n For every 100 bombers on a mission\n 4 - 20% would not return\n\nCrews had to fly 25 mission to go home\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 2: The Electronic Shield -\n Electronic Warfare\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Harvard Radio Research Lab (RRL)\n Signals Intelligence and Electronic Warfare\n\n• Reduce losses to fighters and flak\n• Find/understand German Air Defense\n – Electronic and Signals Intelligence\n• Jam/confuse German Air Defense\n – Radar Order of Battle\n – Chaff\n – Jammers\n• Top Secret 800 person lab\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT – Electronic Intelligence\n The Line of Sight Problem\n\n\n\n\n You got to get close!\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT using Ferret’s\n Find and understand German Air Defense\n\n• Ferret’s and Crows\n• B-24J flights inside Germany to\n intercept German radar signals\n• Fitted with receivers \u0026 displays\n• Wire and strip recorders\n – Frequency, pulse rate, power, etc.\n – 50 MHz to 3 GHz\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Using ELINT to Map Radar Coverage\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Window/Chaff\n Jam Wurzburg AAA \u0026 GCI Radar\n\n• Strips of aluminum foil\n – 1/2 Wurzburg frequency\n• 46,000 packets tossed out by hand\n – Each packet contained 2,000 strips\n – Automatic dispensers came later\n• First used July 1943\n – Raid on Hamburg\n – Shut down German air defense\n• Used 3/4’s of Aluminum Foil in the US\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Blind German Early Warning Radar\n Jam Wassermann, Mammoth and Freya\n\n MANDREL\n• Put Jammers on Airplanes Jammer\n\n• Mandrel/APT-3\n• DINA/APT-1\n – First on escort fighters\n – Later on bombers\n – 12 watts\n DINA\n Jammer\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Shut down Flak \u0026 Ground Control Radar\n Jam the Wurzburg’s\n\n\n• “Carpet” AN/APT-2 Jammer\n – Confuse Wurzburg radar\n – Shut down flak\n – Shut down GCI\n – 5 Watts\n• 24,000 built\n – On all bombers Carpet Jammer\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Shut down and Spoof Fighter Ground Control\n Jam Fighter/Ground VHF Radio Links\n• \"Tinsel”\n – Microphones in the engine nacelles of a bomber broadcast noise\n• \"Corona\"\n – German-speaking RAF personnel, broadcast fake controller instructions\n• “Airborne Cigar”\n – Jammed VHF Nightfighter Ground Control Intercept comm\n – Flew in special ops Lancasters\n• “Jostle IV”\n – Jammed VHF Ground Control Intercept comm\n – Took up the entire bomb bay of a B-17\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","British Jam German Night Fighter Radar\n\n• Airborne Grocer\n – Jam Lichtenstein\n Night Fighter radar\n• On all British bombers\n• Monica\n – Tail warning system\n – Oops, German\n Flensburg\n\n\n MANDREL jamming equipment\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Jammer Versus Radar Coverage\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Electronic Warfare 1944/45\n\nchaff\nELINT\nGCI Jamming\nFlak Jamming\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Who Ran this Secret Lab and became\n the Father of Electronic Warfare?\n\n• Harvard Radio Research Lab\n – Separate from MIT's Radiation Laboratory\n – Ran all electronic warfare in WWII\n – 800 people\n – 1941-1944\n• Director: Fredrick Terman - Stanford\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Fredrick Terman\n “the Father of Silicon Valley”\n\n\n• Stanford Professor of engineering 1926\n – encouraged his students, William Hewlett\n and David Packard to start a company\n• Dean of Engineering 1946\n• Provost 1955\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 3: Spook Entrepreneurship\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","WWII Office of Scientific Research and\n Development (OSRD)\n\n• $450 million spent on weapons R\u0026D\n – MIT $117 million\n – Caltech $83 million\n – Harvard and Columbia ~ $30 million\n• Stanford ~ $50K\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Terman’s Postwar Strategy\n\n\n• Focus on microwaves and electronics\n – Not going to be left out of gov’t $’s this time\n• Recruits 11 former members of RRL as faculty\n• Set up the Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL)\n – “Basic” and Unclassified Research\n• First Office of Naval Research (ONR) contract 1946\n• By 1950 Stanford was the MIT of the West\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: Jammers Need:\n More Power and Frequency Agility\n\n\n• More Power\n – WWII: low power jammers X 100’s of planes\n – Now each bomber needed to protect itself\n• Frequency Agility\n – WWII radars xmitted on a single frequency\n – Jammers needed to be manual tuned\n – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: Electronically Tunable\n Microwave Power Tubes\n\n• Magnetron - limited scale, ﬁxed/unstable freq\n• Klystron - scale to extremely high power\n – Drawback: narrow frequency range\n• Backward wave oscillator (BWO)/Carcinotron\n – Electronically tunable\n – Can sweep 1000/mhz per second\n – High Power ~1,000 watts\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: ELINT Receivers Need:\n Higher Bandwidth \u0026 Frequency Agility\n\n• High Bandwidth\n – Need to cover 300mhz to 40ghz w/one receiver\n• Frequency Agility\n – Soviet radars used multiple frequencies\n – Manual tuning would miss signals\n – Needed high probability of intercept single pulses\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: Electronically Tunable\n Wideband Amplifiers\n\n• Traveling Wave Tubes\n – High gain \u003e40db,\n – low noise,\n – high bandwidth \u003e1 octave\n – 300mhz - 50ghz\n – Tune at 1000mhz/sec\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Microwave Valley - Components\nKlystrons, Carcinotrons, \u0026 Traveling Wave Tubes\n\n\n• Eitel-McCullough (1934)\n• Varian Associates (1948)\n• Litton Industries (1946)\n• Huggins Laboratories (1948)\n• Stewart Engineering (1952)\n• Watkins-Johnson (1957)\n• Microwave Electronics Co. (1959)\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Korean War Changes the Game\n Spook Work Comes to Stanford\n\n• Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL)\n – “Applied” and Classified Military programs\n – Doubles the size of the electronics program\n – Separate from the unclassified Electronics\n Research Laboratory\n – Made the university, for the first time, a full\n partner in the military-industrial complex\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Cold War and the Black Valley\n\n• The Cold War battlefield\n moves 500 miles east\n• Fear of a “nuclear Pearl\n Harbor”\n• Countermeasures, Elint\n and Sigint, become critical\n• Stanford becomes a center\n of excellence for the NSA,\n CIA, Navy, Air Force\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Cold War is an Electronic War\n\n• Russian air defense modeled after Germans\n – add surface to air missiles, fighter radar, IFF\n – Understand and defeat (ELINT)\n• Soviet strategic missile and bomber threat\n – Monitor telemetry (SIGINT) to understand performance\n – Photo reconnaissance to find silo’s and bombers\n• Soviet Naval threat\n – Monitor and track soviet submarines\n• Soviet Nuclear threat\n – Identify and understand production facilities\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford Technical Advisory Meetings\n\n• Air Force, Navy, Army,\n CIA and NSA\n• Sylvania, and other\n contractors\n• Review of projects and\n new concepts\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford Joins the “Black” World\n\n• Electronics Research Laboratory\n – “Basic” and Unclassified Research\n• Applied Electronics Laboratory (AEL)\n – “Applied” and Classified Military programs\n• Merge and become the Systems Engineering\n Lab (SEL) in 1955\n – Same year Terman becomes Provost\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford Systems Engineering Lab\n\n• Immediate, practical application of real world\n intelligence problems for CIA, NSA, NRO, Air Force\n• Combined ERL components with advanced theory\n into complete ELINT and Jamming systems\n – Usually prototypes turned over to contractors\n – At times, built one-off systems\n – Digital filtering, OTH, etc.\n• Use PhD students and staff\n – classified thesis!\n• Ultimately 800 person lab\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: Understand the Soviet\n Radar Order of Battle\n• Where are the Soviet radars?\n – Consumers; SAC, CIA.\n• Details of the radars\n – NSA/CIA to contractors\n• Periphery of Soviet Union\n known\n• Interior terra incognito\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: A Fleet of ELINT Planes\n\n• Joint NSA/CIA/Air Force/Navy\n• Flew periphery of Soviet bloc 24/7\n – PB4Y2, P2V, C-97, RB-47, EC-121,\n C-130, EA-3B, RC-135\n• Measured Soviet Air Defense\n – Revealed low-altitude coverage was good\n• Continuous Comint\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT – The Line of Sight Problem\n You got to get close!\n\n\n\n\n You got to get them turned on!!\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Cost: 23 ELINT Planes\nDate Victim Service Aircraft Pilot Weapon\n8Apr50 PB4Y - 2 USN La-11 B.Do k i n 23/37mm\n24Apr50 F-82 USA F MiG-15 Keleinikov 23/37mm\n Apr50 F-51D USA F MiG-15 N.Guzhov 23/37mm\nMay50 F-51D USA F La-11 Yefremov 20mm\n11May50 B-24 USA F MiG-15 I.Shinkarenko 23/37mm\n26Dec50 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 S.Bhakae v 23/37mm\n6Nov51 P2V - 2 USN MiG-15 M.Schukin 23/37mm\n13Jun52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 O.Fedot o v 23/37mm\n7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Zheryakov 23/37mm\n7Oct52 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Lesnov 23/37mm\n29Jul53 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 A.Ryba k o v 23/37mm\n4Sep54 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm\n7Nov54 RB-29 USA F MiG-15 Kosti n 23/37mm\n17Apr55 RB-47H USA F MiG-15 Korot k o v 23/37mm\n22Jun55 P2V - 5 USN MiG-15 ? 23/37mm\n10Sep5 6 RB-50 USA F MiG-15 ? 23/37mm\n27Jun58 C-118 USA F MiG-17 P Sevetlichnikov 23/37mm\n2Sep58 C-130A USA F MiG-17 H.Gavrilo v 23/37mm\n 1Jul60 RB-47 USA F MiG-17 F V.Polyakov 23/37mm\n 1963 RB-47 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm\n 1963 T-39 USA F MiG-19 S ? 30mm\n10Mar64 RB-66C USA F MiG-21 F - 1 3 Zinowlj e v 30mm\n14Dec65 RB-57F USA F MiG-17 F ? 23/37mm\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Elint - Is There a Better Way?\n The U-2\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford/Military/Industry Ecosystem\n\n\n • Stanford did basic research in electronics\n • Stanford and SRI do applied research\n • Microwave and systems companies in\n Silicon Valley produce equipment for the\n military\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Example: U-2 as an Sigint Platform (1956)\n Courtesy of Stanford and Silicon Valley\n• System IV\n – 150 - 40,000 MHz\n – Stanford Electronics Laboratories\n – Ramo Woolridge\n• E/F Band ELINT recorder (1956)\n• A Band ELINT recorder (1959)\n• E/F Band Jammer (1959)\n – Granger Associates\n• Watkins Johnson\n – QRC -192 Elint receiver\n – 50 -14,000 MHz\n• Communications receiver\n – 100-150 MHz/3 channel tape recorder\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Example: A-12 ELINT/EWS Suite (1965)\n\n• System VI ELINT analog recorder\n – 50 - 8,000 MHz -45 dbm\n – TRW\n• Bluedog SA-2 L-band guidance\n jammer\n – Sylvania\n• Pinpeg SA-2 warning receiver\n – 2.8-3.2 \u0026 4.8 -5.2 ghz -40 dbm\n• Big Blast SA-2 Noise Jammer\n• Mad Moth SA-2 Jammer\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Microwave Valley - Systems\n Some Stanford Alum’s\n\n• Sylvania Electronics Defense Laboratory (1953)\n – Countermeasures, search receivers, converters\n – Hired faculty as consultants, including Terman\n• GE Microwave Laboratory (1956)\n• Granger Associates (1956) Bill Granger\n• Applied Technology (1959) Bill Granger\n• Electronic Systems Laboratories (ESL) (1964)\n – William Perry + 6 other’s from Sylvania EDL\n• Argo Systems (1969) James de Broekert\n• Advent Systems (1972) James de Broekert\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Terman Changes the Startup/University Rules\n Silicon Valley as We Know it Starts Here\n\n• Graduate students encouraged to start companies\n• Professors encouraged to consult for companies\n• Terman and other professors take board seats\n• Technology transfer/IP licensing easy\n• Getting out in the real world was good for your\n academic career\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Terman and the Cold War\n Silicon Valley’s 1st Engine of Entrepreneurship\n\n Military\n Entrepreneurs\n Finance\n\n\n\nMotivation Crisis Profit\n\n\n\nCulture Cooperative Entrepreneurial\n Outward-Facing\n Risk Capital\n Tech Universities\n\n Free flow of\n People/Information\n\n\nInfrastructure Predictable Stable Technical\n 24/7 Utilities\n Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities\n\n\n\n Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008\n ","Story 4: Spook Innovation\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: Melody ~1960\n\n• First noticed in Project Genetrix\n – Soviet P-20 Token radar bounced\n off our high altitude spy balloons\n – Was received by our radars\n – Hmm…\n• Bistatic intercept receiver\n\n\n\n\nIrony Alert: In WWII Germans used their Klein-Heidelberg Bistatic radar using the British “Chain Home” radar to track allied bombers\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: Melody ~1960\n\n• Pick up Soviet radars bounced off their own ICBM’s\n during test flights\n – Used CIA “Tacksman” intercept sites in Beshahr/Kabkan Iran\n – Use the missiles’ telemetry beacon to steer our radars\n• Produced intercepts of all ground-based Soviet missile\n tracking radars\n – Including all ABM radars\n – At a 1000 mile range\n• Later used ionized cloud of Soviets nuclear tests\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","OXCART / A-12\n U-2 Successor\n\n\n\n\nThe Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","CIA: Directorate of Science \u0026 Technology\n\n• Concerned about OXCART* vulnerability\n – First aircraft designed for Stealth (tail was plastic)\n – High speed (Mach 3.3), high altitude (90K feet)\n• Facing evolved Soviet air defense system\n• ELINT Staff Office (ESO) asked:\n – What’s the radar environment like inside the\n Soviet Union?\n\n * A-12/OXCART was the CIA version of the plane which was kept secret (15 built). SR-71 was the 2 seat Air Force\n reconnaissance version which was made public (31 built.) The YF-12 was an Air Force fighter interceptor (3 built.)\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Problem: Find “Tall King”\n\n• Primary Soviet Air Defense Radar\n – Long Range, 375 miles\n • 150mhz, PRF 100/200hz, 800Kw\n – 100’ wide, 30’ high\n• Where were they located?\n• How many are there?\n – B52 bombers needed to know\n – OXCART needed to know\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Solution: Project “Flower Garden”\n Shoot the Moon\n\n• Point dishes at the moon\n• Use the moon as a bistatic\n reflector\n• Listen for TALL KING signals\n – As earth and moon revolved and\n rotated all TALL KING’s came into\n view, one at a time\n – Plot their precise location\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","HENHOUSE Radar\n\n• Soviet HENHOUSE phased-array radar\n – 850’ long, 25MW\n – Missile Warning/ABM system\n – Space surveillance\n• Identified via satellite photos\n and ELINT\n• But what were its capabilities?\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Radio Dishes Get Funded\n\n• Attach ELINT receivers to Bell Labs\n 60’ antenna in New Jersey\n – Use Stanford“matched filter” techniques\n• Use antennas at Sugar Grove,\n Chesapeake Bay, Aricebo, Jordell Bank\n• Pay for and build Stanford “Dish”\n – Hide relationships via “cover agencies”\n – Air Force Cambridge Research Center\n and Ofﬁce of Naval Research\n – Discovers “Hen House” radar\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","PPMS: Power \u0026 Pattern\n Measurement Systems ~1962\n\n• Now we know where Tall King \u0026 Spoon Rest radars are but\n• Now we need to know:\n – Spatial Coverage\n – Radiated Power\n – RF Coherence\n – Polarization\n• For Jamming and Stealth\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: Palladium\n• Ok, now we know spatial coverage, etc. we need to\n know:\n – Sensitivity of Soviet radar receivers\n – How good were their operators\n• Hence, Project Palladium\n• Build a system that electronically generated and\n injected false targets into Soviet radars\n – They saw ghost aircraft\n – We could simulate any aircraft, any speed\n – Trick was to know what they were seeing\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project: PALLADIUM\n\n• Teamed with NSA and used SIGINT\n intercepts\n – Listened to their communication channels\n and could decrypt them in real time\n – Watch when they turned on their SA-2\n target tracking radar\n• We used ground bases, naval ships,\n submarines\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project Echo 1960\n ELINT Balloons in Space\n\n\n• 100’ aluminized mylar balloon\n• Cover was “radio relay” tests\n• Originally to be launched from\n Vandenberg\n• Launched in Aug 1960\n• By this time something else\n was in space\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 5: 1956 - The Year It All Changes\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Lockheed Comes to Town\n\n• Polaris missile SLBM\n• Built in by Lockheed Missiles\n Division in Sunnyvale\n – Westinghouse Electric\n launch tube subcontractor\n• 20,000 employees by 1960\n – From 0 in 4 years\n – HP: 3,000 employees 1960\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Lockheed and WS-117L\n NRO - Move Reconnaissance to Space\n CORONA\n SAMOS/SENTRY\n Program P-11/ 989\n SAMOS F-1/2/3\n Imaging\n\n\n\n\n MIDAS - Program 461 VELA\n\n\n\n\n ELINT/SIGINT\nIR - Launch Detection Nuclear Detection\n Program A: Air Force - imaging and sigint\n Program B: CIA - Imaging electroopitcal and sigint\n Program C: Navy signit\n Program D: U-2, A-12/Oxcart, D-21/Tagboard\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Lockheed - Agena\n Space Bus for Spy Satellites\n\n• First restartable second stage\n – Boost and maneuvering\n – 3-axis stabilized\n• Used on Thor, Atlas and Titan\n• Controlled all 1960’s spy\n satellites\n• 365 built on an assembly line\n in secret in Sunnyvale\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Stanford AEL/STL and Rambo\n\n• William Rambo\n – Designed “Carpet” Jammer at RRL\n – Went to AIL after WWII, Stanford - 1951\n – Headed AEL then STL - 1958\n – NSA/CIA consultant\n• Stanford STL leads the space ELINT effort\n – Works with Lockheed on ferret subsatellites\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","STL/Lockheed and de Broekert\n\n• James de Broekert of Stanford STL\n• STL \u0026 Lockheed built P-11 Ferret\n sub-satellites carried on Corona\n photo satellites\n – 7 launched between Mar 1963-Oct 1964\n• 1962: Samos F-2/3 Elint satellites\n – redesignated as Program 102\n• Founded Argo, Signal Science,\n Advent Systems\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project West Ford 1963\n A Ring of Chaff in Space\n\n\n• 400 million copper dipoles\n• 3/4’s of an inch long\n• 2000 mile altitude, 5 miles wide,\n 25 miles thick\n• Cover was “radio relay” tests\n• Launched as part of MIDAS\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project Grab 1960-1962\n ELINT in Space\n\n\n• No more overflights or balloons\n• Collect radar emissions from\n Soviet air defense radars\n• Record, Store and Dump\n• Built by the Naval Research\n Laboratory\n• Used by SAC for EOB then\n given to the NRO\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Project POPPY 1962-1971\n Navy ELINT in Space\n\n• Ships can no longer hide\n• Collect radar emissions from\n Soviet naval vessels\n• Clusters of satellites\n• Triangulate and direction find\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Villard and Over the Horizon Radar\n• Meteor trails\n – burst comm and ELINT receiver\n• Nuclear tests\n• OTH - Over The Horizon Radar\n – Monitor missile launches\n EARTHLING in Pakistan in 1961\n CHECKROTE in Taiwan in 1966\n – Aircraft tracking\n• Stealth - 1969 at SRI\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The End of Classified Work at Stanford\n\n\n • In 1968, 35 percent of\n Stanford research\n funding in electronics\n was for classified work\n • 50% of SRI’s work was\n from DOD\n • April 9, 1969 400\n students occupy AEL\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 6: 1956 Why It’s Silicon Valley\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Meanwhile, on the Other\n Side of Town…\nThe Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force\n starts a Company\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","William Shockley\n “The Other Father of Silicon Valley”\n\n• Director of Navy anti-submarine warfare operations\n group at Columbia (1942-1943)\n• Head of Radar Bombing training for Air Force (1943-1945)\n• Deputy Director and Research Director of the Weapons\n System Evaluation Group in the Defense Department\n (1954-1955)\n• Co-inventor of the transistor\n – Nobel Prize in 1956\n• Founded Shockley Semiconductor 1955\n – First semiconductor company in California\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","William Shockley\n “Great Researcher, Awesome Talent\n Spotter, Horrible Manager”\n• Unintended consequences:\n “The traitorous 8” leave Shockley\n – found Fairchild Semiconductor\n • First VC Investment (Venrock)\n – Noyce \u0026 Moore leave Fairchild to start Intel\n – 65 other chip companies in the next 20 years\n• Eugenics beliefs end his career 1963\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Semiconductor Genealogy: 1955 - 1976\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Shockley’s Legacy\n\n\n• It’s Silicon Valley\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Story 7: Why We All Don’t Work for\n the Government\n\n The Rise of Private Capital\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Venture Capital\n Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship\n\n Venture\n Entrepreneurs\n Finance\n\n\n\nMotivation Crisis Profit\n\n\n\nCulture Cooperative Entrepreneurial\n Outward-Facing\n Risk Capital\n Tech Universities\n\n\n Free flow of\n People/Information\n\n\nInfrastructure Predictable Stable Technical\n 24/7 Utilities\n Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities\n\n\n\n Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008\n ","The Valley Attracts Financial Attention\n The 1st West Coast IPO’s\n\n• 1956 Varian\n\n• 1957 Hewlett Packard\n\n• 1958 Ampex\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n Family Money 1940’s - 1960’s\n\n• J.H. Whitney\n – 1st family office 1946\n• Laurance Rockefeller\n – Draper Gaither \u0026 Anderson (1st limited Partnership) 1958\n – Spun out as Venrock in 1969\n• Bessemer\n\n• East Coast focus\n• Wide variety of industries\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n East Coast VC Experiments\n\n\n• 1946 American Research \u0026 Development\n – George Doriot\n – Right idea, wrong model\n (public VC firm)\n• 1963 Boston Capital\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n “The Group” 1950’s\n\n• First Bay Area “Angels”\n – Reid Dennis\n – William Bryan\n – William Edwards\n – William K. Bowes\n – Daniel McGanney\n\n ~ 10 deals $75 -$300K\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Reid Dennis Remembers\n\n\n• “The first 25 electronics companies\n required total capital of $300k each and\n private individuals formed the basis of\n the early syndicates”\n• “….in 1975, prior to the relaxation of\n ERISA laws, the entire VC industry\n raised $10m”\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Soviet Union Launches Sputnik and\n the U.S. Venture Capital Industry\n\n• Soviet satellite shocked the U.S.\n• Galvanized congress\n• New agencies/programs\n – NASA\n – ARPA\n – National Defense Education Act\n – SBA SBIC Act\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n SBIC Act of 1958\n\n• Gov’t match of private investments 3:1\n• 700 SBIC funds by 1965\n – 75% of all VC funding in 1968, 7% in 1988\n• Corporate\n – Bank of America - George Quist, Tom Clauson\n – Firemans Fund/American Express - Reid Dennis\n• Private\n – 1959 Continental Capital - Frank Chambers\n – The Group; Bryan Edwards, McGanney\n – 1962 Pitch Johnson \u0026 Bill Draper\n – 1962 Sutter Hill\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n $ Billions\n\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n California\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n California\n $ Billions Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n Silicon Valley\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n $ Billions California\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n Silicon Valley\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n Versus Venture Capital\n\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n $ Billions\n California\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n Silicon Valley\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n Silicon Valley\n Venture\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Defense R\u0026D Budget\n Versus Venture Capital\n\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n $ Billions\n California\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n\n Silicon Valley\n Defense R\u0026D\n\n Silicon Valley\n Venture\n\n\n\nSources: United States National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, 2006, http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/append/c4/at04-03.pdf; United States\nGovernemnt, Budgetfor FY 05, Historical Tables, 2004, Table 9.7, http://www.gpoaccess.gov/-usbudget/fy05/hist.html\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n The Limited Partnership\n\n• DGA (Draper Gaither \u0026 Anderson) 1958\n• Rock and Davis 1961\n• Sutter Hill 1964\n• TA Associates 1968\n• Mayfield Fund 1969\n• Patricof \u0026 Co. 1969\n• Kleiner Perkins 1972\n• Capital Mgmt Services (Sequoia) 1972\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","The Rise of Risk Capital\n 1978/1979 - A Watershed\n\n• Capital gains slashed (1978)\n – 49.5% to 28%\n\n• Employee Retirement Income Security Act (1979)\n – Pension funds can invest\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Venture Capital\n Silicon Valley’s 2nd Engine of Entrepreneurship\n\n Venture\n Entrepreneurs\n Finance\n\n\n\nMotivation Crisis Profit\n\n\n\nCulture Cooperative Entrepreneurial\n Outward-Facing\n Risk Capital\n Tech Universities\n\n\n Free flow of\n People/Information\n\n\nInfrastructure Predictable Stable Technical\n 24/7 Utilities\n Economic System Legal System Labs/Universities\n\n\n\n Steve Blank 23 Sept 2008\n ","Summary\n\n• Terman/Stanford/Government responsible for\n entrepreneurial culture of Silicon Valley\n• Military primed the pump as a customer for key\n technologies\n – Semiconductors, computers, Internet\n – But very little technical cross pollination\n• Venture Capital turned the valley to volume corporate\n and consumer applications\n Is there another “crisis” that will restart the\n valley’s cycle of innovation?\n Or will we continue to be profit driven?\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","This Presentation is On-line\n\n\n Watch This Talk Online\n http://bit.ly/SecretVideo\n\n\n Read the Backstory\n http://bit.ly/SecretStories\n\n\n Read the Blog\n www.steveblank.com\n ","WWII Sources - Books\n• WWII\n – A Radar History of WWII - Louis Brown\n – Confound and Destroy - Martin Streetly\n – Echoes of War, the Story of H2S Radar - Sir Bernard Lovell\n – The Invention that Changed the World - Robert Buderi\n – Wizard War, British Scientific Intelligence - R.V. Jones\n – History of Air Intercept Radar and British Nightfighter - Ian White\n – The Luftwaffe Over Germany: Defense of the Reich - Donald Caldwell\n – Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare - Alfred Price\n – Volume I: The History of US. Electronic Warfare to 1946 - Alfred Price\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Cold War Sources - Books\n\n• Cold War\n – Volume II: The History of US. Electronic Warfare: Renaissance Years- Alfred Price\n – The Wizards of Langley - Jeffrey T. Richelson\n – Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency - James Bamford\n – The Puzzle Palace: Inside the NSA, - James Bamford\n – Secrets of Signals Intelligence During the Cold War and Beyond - Matthew M. Aid, Cees Wiebes\n – Eternal Vigilance? - Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Christopher M. Andrew\n – High-Cold-War-Strategic Air Reconnaissance and the Electronic Intelligence War - Robert Jackson\n – By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War - William E. Burrows\n – Shadow Flights: America's Secret Airwar Against the Soviet Union: A Cold War History - C. Peebles\n – Spyplane - Norman Polmar\n – Radar Handbook, - Merrill I. Skolnik\n – Out From Behind the Eight Ball: A History of Project Echo by Doanld C. Elder\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Silicon Valley Sources - Books\n\n• Terman/Shockley/Intel\n – Fred Terman at Stanford - Stewart Gilmore\n – Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley- Joel Shurkin\n – The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce - Leslie Berlin\n• Silicon Valley History\n – Electronics in the West: the First Fifty Years - Jane Morgan\n – The Origins of the Electronics Industry on the Pacific Coast- Arthur Norberg\n – Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford - Rebecca S. Lowen\n – The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and\n Stanford - Stuart W. Leslie\n – Making Silicon Valley: Innovation \u0026 the Growth of High Tech - C. Lecuyer\n – Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128 - Annalee Saxenian\n• Venture Capital\n – Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital - Spencer E. Ante\n• Semiconductor Timeline to 1976: Semi and Don C. Hoefler\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","ELINT Sources - Web\n• Engineering/ELINT in the CIA/NSA\n – http://www.tbp.org/pages/Publications/Bent/Features/F99Poteat.pdf\n – http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/\n • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st06.pdf\n • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB54/st08.pdf\n • http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB60/abm022.pdf\n – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-\n csi/pdf/v11i2a05p.pdf\n – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-\n csi/pdf/v12i2a02p.pdf\n – https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-\n publications/books-and-monographs/a-12/hiding-oxcart-in-plain-sight.html\n – http://jya.com/nsa-elint.htm\n – http://fas.org/irp/program/list.htm\n• ELINT Aircraft Losses\n – http://www.rb-29.net/HTML/77ColdWarStory/08.01apndxC.htm\n – http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP34.PDF\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","Photo and Movie Sources - Web\n• B-24 Ferret ELINT equipment photos\n – http://aafradio.org/\n• WWII Radar History/Photos/Radar Order of Battle\n – www.gyges.dk\n – http://www.luftarchiv.de/\n – http://www.vectorsite.net/ttwiz.html The Wizard War\n – http://www.museumwaalsdorp.nl/en/german_radar.html\n – http://www.baermann.biz/pauke/index.php?catid=9\u0026blogid=1\n• Movie Clips\n – 12 O’Clock High\n – Memphis Belle\n – Dr. Strangelove\n\n\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n ","This Presentation is On-line\n\n\n Watch This Talk Online\n http://bit.ly/SecretVideo\n\n\n Read the Backstory\n http://bit.ly/SecretStories\n\n\n Read the Blog\n www.steveblank.com\n\n\n The Secret History of Silicon Valley\n "],"twitterShareUrl":"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?via=SlideShare\u0026text=Secret+History+of+Silicon+Valley+Rev+4+Dec+09+by+%40sgblank+%23a12+%23cia+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fslideshow%2Fsecret-history-of-silicon-valley-rev-4-dec-09%2F2658658","type":"presentation","viewStats":{"views":119684,"viewsFromEmbeds":131033,"topEmbeds":[]},"slideDimensions":{"height":612,"width":792},"topReadSlides":[{"slideIndex":63,"ranking":3},{"slideIndex":130,"ranking":1},{"slideIndex":103,"ranking":2}],"user":{"id":"1137721","isFollowing":false,"login":"sblank","name":"Stanford University","occupation":"Lecturer","organization":"Stanford University","photo":"https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/profile-photo-sblank-48x48.jpg?cb=1707173175","photoExists":true,"shortName":"Stanford University"},"views":250717},"_nextI18Next":{"initialI18nStore":{"en":{"common":{"ad":{"fallbackText":"Ad for Scribd subscription","label":"Ad","close":"Close Ad","dismiss_in":"Dismiss in","ad_info_title":"Why are you seeing this?","ad_info_description":"We use ads to keep content free and accessible for everyone. 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