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id="toc-常見量子力學詮釋摘要-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-工具主义诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#工具主义诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>工具主义诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-工具主义诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-爱因斯坦關注的性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#爱因斯坦關注的性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>爱因斯坦關注的性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-爱因斯坦關注的性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哥本哈根诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哥本哈根诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>哥本哈根诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哥本哈根诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多世界诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多世界诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>多世界诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多世界诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一致性历史诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一致性历史诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>一致性历史诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一致性历史诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-系综诠释，或统计诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#系综诠释，或统计诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>系综诠释，或统计诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-系综诠释，或统计诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德布罗意-玻姆理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德布罗意-玻姆理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>德布罗意-玻姆理论</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>随机诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-随机诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-客观坍塌理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#客观坍塌理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>客观坍塌理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-客观坍塌理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多心灵诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多心灵诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>多心灵诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#时空分支理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>时空分支理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-时空分支理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其它诠释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其它诠释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>其它诠释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其它诠释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> 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data-title="Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretaciones_de_la_mec%C3%A1nica_cu%C3%A1ntica" title="Interpretaciones de la mecánica cuántica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interpretaciones de la mecánica cuántica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="Talk:量子力學詮釋">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年12月27日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="Talk:量子力學詮釋">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年12月27日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%22">"量子力學詮釋"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist nowraplinks" style="width:19.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">系列条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0de8741a7d26ae98689c7b3339e97dfafea9fd26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:21.692ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="量子力學入門">入门</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="初级量子力学词汇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="初级量子力学词汇（页面不存在）">术语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#量子理论" title="物理学史">历史</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">背景</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="舊量子論">舊量子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="狄拉克符号">狄拉克符号</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="哈密顿算符">哈密顿算符</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">基本原理</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互补</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2" title="量子退相干">退相干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%8F%E7%B5%90" title="量子纏結">纠缠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7" title="能级">能级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="量子測量">测量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子非局域性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum nonlocality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%9E%E5%B1%80%E5%9F%9F%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子非局域性（页面不存在）">非局域性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum nonlocality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum nonlocality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B0" title="量子数">量子数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="量子態">量子態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%81%E5%8F%A0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="态叠加原理">态叠加原理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力学中的对称性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力学中的对称性（页面不存在）">对称性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A9%BF%E9%9A%A7%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="量子穿隧效應">量子穿隧效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="波函数">波函数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="波函数坍缩">波函数坍缩</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">实验</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="貝爾定理的實驗驗證">貝爾定理的實驗驗證</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE-%E9%9D%A9%E6%9C%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="戴維森-革末實驗">戴維森-革末實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B8%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="雙縫實驗">雙縫實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%BE%A4-%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題">伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B-%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="法蘭克-赫茲實驗">法蘭克-赫茲實驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Leggett-Garg不平等现象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leggett–Garg inequality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leggett-Garg%E4%B8%8D%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leggett-Garg不平等现象（页面不存在）">Leggett-Garg不平等现象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" class="extiw" title="en:Leggett–Garg inequality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leggett–Garg inequality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB-%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" title="馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀">馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="波普尔实验">波普尔实验</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="量子擦除實驗">量子擦除實驗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="延遲選擇量子擦除實驗">延遲選擇</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%8C%AB" title="薛定谔猫">薛定谔猫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="施特恩-格拉赫实验">施特恩-格拉赫实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="惠勒延迟选择实验">惠勒延迟选择实验</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">表述</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">概览</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="海森堡繪景">海森堡繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="相互作用繪景">相互作用繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="矩陣力學">矩陣力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="相空间表述">相空间表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="薛丁格繪景">薛丁格繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">路徑積分表述</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">方程</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="狄拉克方程式">狄拉克方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0-%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="克莱因-戈尔登方程">克莱因-戈尔登方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="包立方程式">包立方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="里德伯公式">里德伯公式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">诠释</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">概览</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子贝叶斯主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum Bayesianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子贝叶斯主义（页面不存在）">量子贝叶斯主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum Bayesianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum Bayesianism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F-%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="德布罗意-玻姆理论">德布罗意-玻姆理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系綜詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="隱變量理論">隱變量理論</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="局部隐变量理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Local hidden-variable theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E9%9A%90%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="局部隐变量理论（页面不存在）">局部隐变量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_hidden-variable_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Local hidden-variable theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Local hidden-variable theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E5%9D%8D%E7%B8%AE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="客觀坍縮理論">客觀坍縮理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子逻辑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子逻辑（页面不存在）">量子逻辑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum logic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%80%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="關係性量子力學">關係性量子力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="交易詮釋">交易詮釋</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">高阶</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相对论量子力学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="相對論量子力學">相对论量子力学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relativistic quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="量子计算机">量子计算</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子混沌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum chaos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子混沌（页面不存在）">量子混沌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chaos" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum chaos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum chaos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="密度矩陣">密度矩陣</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="散射理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scattering theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散射理论（页面不存在）">散射理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Scattering theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scattering theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子统计力学">量子统计力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="量子機器學習">量子機器學習</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">科学家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="亚基尔·阿哈罗诺夫">阿哈罗诺夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="約翰·貝爾">貝爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">贝特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9" title="帕特里克·布莱克特">布莱克特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%B5%AB" title="费利克斯·布洛赫">布洛赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86" title="戴维·玻姆">玻姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">玻尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" title="马克斯·玻恩">玻恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%89%B9%E5%BB%B6%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%8D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2" title="薩特延德拉·納特·玻色">玻色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意">德布罗意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="阿瑟·康普顿">康普顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="保罗·狄拉克">狄拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%AD%99" title="克林顿·戴维孙">戴维孙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%9C" title="彼得·德拜">德拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="保罗·埃伦费斯特">埃伦费斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">爱因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="休·艾弗雷特三世">艾弗雷特三世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B" title="弗拉基米尔·福克">福克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">费米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">費曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%AF" title="罗伊·格劳伯">格劳伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8C%A8%E5%A8%81%E5%8B%92" title="古茨威勒">古茨威勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">海森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·希尔伯特">希尔伯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%B8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%97%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="帕斯夸尔·约尔旦">约尔旦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%96%87%E6%9C%AB" title="汉斯·克喇末">克喇末</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9" title="沃尔夫冈·泡利">泡利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86" title="威利斯·兰姆">兰姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E9%81%93" title="列夫·朗道">朗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%8E%84" title="马克斯·冯·劳厄">劳厄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1" title="亨利·莫塞莱">莫塞莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" title="罗伯特·密立根">密立根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AB%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF" title="海克·卡末林·昂內斯">昂內斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">普朗克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="伊西多·拉比">拉比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼">拉曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF" title="约翰内斯·里德伯">里德伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">薛定谔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米歇尔·西蒙斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michelle Simmons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米歇尔·西蒙斯（页面不存在）">米歇尔·西蒙斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Simmons" class="extiw" title="en:Michelle Simmons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michelle Simmons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%AB%E8%8F%B2" title="阿諾·索末菲">索末菲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·冯·诺伊曼">冯·诺伊曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%B0%94" title="赫尔曼·外尔">外尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·维恩">维恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="尤金·维格纳">维格纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼">塞曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E8%94%A1%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC" title="安东·蔡林格">蔡林格</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:量子力學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:量子力學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:量子力學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>雖然已經過全面和嚴謹的實驗驗證，但對於應該如何詮釋這些實驗結果，此後又会對<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="大自然">大自然</a>的根本運作方式得出怎样的結論仍沒有定論，而這些各種不同的理解方式，則統稱為<b>量子力學詮釋</b>。諸多學派的爭議點的其中包括了量子力學可否理解為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定性</a>理論，或是量子力學的哪些方面是「真實存在」的等議題。 </p><p>物理學家和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理哲學家</a>都對這一問題特別關注。而一種對量子力學的詮釋，一般同樣被視為對<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">量子力學之數學表述</a>的詮釋，也就是為理論中的各個數學概念賦予了現實的物理意義。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史背景"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>歷史背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:444px;max-width:444px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCCCFF">曾提出量子詮釋的科學家</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg/150px-Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg/225px-Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Erwin_Schrodinger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">薛定谔</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Born.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Max_Born.jpg/147px-Max_Born.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Max_Born.jpg/221px-Max_Born.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Max_Born.jpg/294px-Max_Born.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" title="马克斯·玻恩">玻恩</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/135px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/203px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/270px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">玻尔</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="波函數">波函數</a>」、「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="矩陣力學">矩陣力學</a>」等量子理論術語的定義曾經過數個階段的發展。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">埃爾溫·薛定諤</a>最初把電子波函數看作是抹散於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B4_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" class="mw-redirect" title="場 (物理)">場</a>中的電子電荷密度，而<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·玻恩">馬克斯·玻恩</a>則把它詮釋為分佈於場中的電子<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="機率密度">機率密度</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a>在早期最被人們所廣泛接受，但隨著<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2" title="量子退相干">量子退相干</a>概念在科學界中普及，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界詮釋</a>的認受性也逐漸提高<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tipler1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tipler1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而嚴格的形式論觀點認為應避諱對量子理論進行詮釋，但是卻有科學家提出了一些可證偽實驗，如測量<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a>意識和利用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="量子電腦">量子電腦</a>等，期望在將來能判斷各種詮釋的真偽<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>Schlosshauer等人在2011年的「量子物理與現實之本質」會議上進行了一項調查，粗略地總結了1990年代至2000年代主流觀點的發展。他們亦引用了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E6%A0%BC%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·泰格馬克">馬克斯·泰格馬克</a>於1997年的「量子理論之根本問題」會議上進行的另一項相似的非正式調查，而得到的結論是「哥本哈根詮釋依然占統治地位」，其支持率为最高的（42%），其次為逐漸進入主流的多世界詮釋。<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="直接詮釋的障礙"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E8.A9.AE.E9.87.8B.E7.9A.84.E9.9A.9C.E7.A4.99"></span>直接詮釋的障礙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：直接詮釋的障礙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>诠释的难度反映在量子力学正统描述的几个特点上： </p> <ol><li>正统描述具抽象化，数学化的特点。</li> <li>有似乎是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非决定性（页面不存在）">非决定性</a>的，不可逆的过程。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%8F%E7%B5%90" title="量子纏結">量子纏結</a>现象，尤其是经典理论中不存在的远程事件的相关性。</li> <li>对於现实的多个描述之间的互补性。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E8%80%85" title="观测者">观测者</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="测量">测量</a>过程中扮演着某种角色。</li> <li>量子力学的描述随系统尺寸增大而变得更为复杂的速度之快。</li></ol> <p>首先，量子力学现有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="数学结构">数学结构</a>是基于非常抽象的数学的，比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="希尔伯特空间">希尔伯特空间</a>及其<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="算符">算符</a>。但在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="质点">质点</a>或场是使用二维或三维空间上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%95%B0" title="实数">实数</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="函数">函数</a>所描述的，而这种描述具有直接的空间意义，因此就无须再为这些数或函数给予特别的诠释。 </p><p>再者，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="测量">测量</a>过程可能在量子论中扮演了重要地位——这一点引起了許多争论。我们所处的世界似乎每时每刻都是一个固定状态，但是量子力学卻以一个赋予所有值概率的函数来描述。一般说来，波函数使得任何物理量（比如位置）的所有可能值都被赋予了非零的概率。而既然波函数是分布在所有的空间上的，那么我们又怎会看到一个粒子在某个特定的位置上呢？为了解释如何从概率中浮现出某个特定的状态，直接诠释引入了测量的概念。根据诠释，波函数对彼此相互有影响，并根据量子力学的定律在时间上演化直至作一次测量，测量时系统变为可能值之一，而变为哪个值的概率则是由波函数赋予的。这正如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%BC%9D%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="双缝实验">双缝实验</a>所示的，测量与系统状态以一种多少有点奇异的方式交互。 </p><p>这样，描述非相对论系统的时间演化的数学形式体系中存在两种相反的变换： </p> <ul><li>由状态空间上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BA%E6%AD%A3%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="幺正算符">酉算符</a>描述的可逆变换，这种变换由<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a>的解决定。</li> <li>由数学上更复杂的变换（见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子算符（页面不存在）">量子算符</a>）描述的不可逆和不可预测的变换，比如测量一个系统时所经历的变换。</li></ul> <p>一但解决了诠释问题就得已解释第二种变换，並能為其提供某种合理的图像。而以纯粹数学的方式则可以做到这一点，比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="一致性歷史詮釋">一致性历史诠释</a>。 </p><p>除了在测量过程中的不可预测与不可逆的特点之外，量子物理还有一些從未出现在任何经典理论中的特点使其与经典物理存在很大的区别。該性質可從正如<a href="/wiki/EPR%E4%BD%AF%E8%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR佯谬">EPR佯谬</a>所说明的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BE%E7%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="糾纏">纠缠</a>的现象中得到一定程度的體現，而这是由於此种现象正好违反了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%9F%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="定域性原理">定域性原理</a>。 </p><p>此外，诠释的另一障碍是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互补性</a>现象，该现象正违反了命题逻辑的基本原理。即互补性下的任何逻辑图像（符合经典命题逻辑的）都被认为是不可能用于同时描述和推理一个量子系统<b>S</b>的所有属性的。通常地说，有互补的命题<i>A</i>和<i>B</i>可以各自描述<b>S</b>，但不能同时描述，<i>A</i>和<i>B</i>的例子可表示为使用波的方式描述<b>S</b>的命题和使用微粒方式描述<b>S</b>的命题，这种通常的说法其实即是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a>的原始表达，而这种表达通常就等同于互补性原理本身。 </p><p>然而，互补性原理并不一定意味着经典逻辑錯誤（尽管<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南">希拉里·普特南</a>在他的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%98%AF%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逻辑是经验性的吗？（页面不存在）">逻辑是经验性的吗？</a>一文中采取了此种观点）。互补性只是意味着以命题连接词所组合<b>S</b>的物理属性（比如各自处于一个值的范围中的位置和动量）時並不符合经典命题逻辑的规则（见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子逻辑（页面不存在）">量子逻辑</a>）。正如（Omnès, 1999）所指出的那个现在已经广为人知的“互补性的起源在于描述可观测量的算符的不交换律”。 </p><p>不過，由於量子系统的复杂性是因應其自由度数目指数增长的，故此难以在量子描述与经典描述之间做出对照，繼而形成看近似化为经典的状况。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="常見量子力學詮釋摘要"><span id=".E5.B8.B8.E8.A6.8B.E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8.E8.A9.AE.E9.87.8B.E6.91.98.E8.A6.81"></span>常見量子力學詮釋摘要</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：常見量子力學詮釋摘要"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="工具主义诠释"><span id=".E5.B7.A5.E5.85.B7.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>工具主义诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：工具主义诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>任何现代科学理论都應有至少一个工具主义诠释，该诠释将数学形式体系与实验实践预测联系起来。而在量子力学中，最普遍的工具主义描述就是对态制备过程与测量过程间的统计规律的断言。即，若对一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E6%95%B0" title="实数">实</a>值量测量多次，且每次从同一初始状态开始，該测量结果就是一个良定义的实数域上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">概率分布</a>。因此，量子力学提供了计算工具可以算出该分布的统计属性，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E5%80%BC" title="期望值">期望值</a>。 </p><p>计算对系统<b>S</b>进行的测量需要用到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="复数 (数学)">复数</a>域上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="希尔伯特空间">希尔伯特空间</a><i>H</i>。当系统<b>S</b>制备为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E6%85%8B" title="純態">纯态</a>时，它表示为<i>H</i>中的一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="矢量">矢量</a>。可测的量表示为<i>H</i>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="厄米算符">Hermitan算符</a>：它们称为可观察量。 </p><p>当<b>S</b>制备为状态ψ时，对可观察量<i>A</i>的重复测量产生一个值的分布。该分布的期望值由如下表达式给出 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \psi \vert A\vert \psi \rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \psi \vert A\vert \psi \rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9434de95581296602acc2c3e4539c57947cf314" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.872ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \psi \vert A\vert \psi \rangle }"></span>。</dd></dl> <p>只要理解如何用希尔伯特空间矢量表示初始态，以及如何用可观察量（即Hermitan算符）表示测得的值，就能以该数学计算式为计算实验结果的统计属性提供一种简单直接的方式。 </p><p>举一个计算的例子，发现系统处于给定状态<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \vert \phi \rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \vert \phi \rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7764a7e7190224d1fbc5ac2f088dd5abe03f36cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.937ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \vert \phi \rangle }"></span>的概率由计算以下（一阶）投影算符的期望值得出 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Pi =\vert \phi \rangle \langle \phi \vert .}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Pi =\vert \phi \rangle \langle \phi \vert .}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d590787c13e00ed436bedc1ccac95f6d4eff2ef" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.362ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Pi =\vert \phi \rangle \langle \phi \vert .}"></span></dd></dl> <p>得到的概率就是由以下式子给出的非负实数 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=\langle \psi \vert \Pi \vert \psi \rangle =\vert \langle \phi \vert \psi \rangle \vert ^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=\langle \psi \vert \Pi \vert \psi \rangle =\vert \langle \phi \vert \psi \rangle \vert ^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961f0be57dbd3bc4465b7eb5530685a41607413a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.517ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=\langle \psi \vert \Pi \vert \psi \rangle =\vert \langle \phi \vert \psi \rangle \vert ^{2}}"></span>。</dd></dl> <p>工具主义描述也可以看作是诠释，不过这是一种对语言的滥用，而且这种使用多少是具误导性的。因为工具主义直接避免了任何诠释的出现；即是它并不试图回答<b>为什么</b>的问题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="爱因斯坦關注的性質"><span id=".E7.88.B1.E5.9B.A0.E6.96.AF.E5.9D.A6.E9.97.9C.E6.B3.A8.E7.9A.84.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>爱因斯坦關注的性質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：爱因斯坦關注的性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>一種诠释需以爱因斯坦提出的几个特点刻画，比如： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">实在论</a>性</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E5%A4%87%E6%80%A7" title="完备性">完备性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6-%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA-%E7%BD%97%E6%A3%AE%E4%BD%AF%E8%B0%AC#定域實在論" title="爱因斯坦-波多尔斯基-罗森佯谬">定域实在性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="决定论">决定性</a></li></ul> <p>如要解释这些属性需要进一步说明诠释提供的图像。为此，我们可將诠释看做是数学形式体系<b>M</b>中的元素与诠释结构<b>I</b>中元素的对应，其中 </p> <ul><li>数学形式体系<b>M</b>由这些元素组成：希尔伯特空间<a href="/wiki/Bra-ket%E8%AE%B0%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Bra-ket记号">ket矢量</a>机制，作用在ket矢量的空间上的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BC%B4%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="自伴算符">自伴算符</a>，ket矢量的酉性时间相关性，测量操作。在这种体系下，测量操作也就是将ket矢量转换为概率分布的变换（这一概念的形式化表述参见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子算符（页面不存在）">量子算符</a>）。</li> <li>诠释结构<b>I</b>由这些元素组成：态，态之间的变换，测量操作，关于这些元素的空间存在的可能的信息。测量操作表示一个得到值的操作，该操作可能改变系的态。空间信息由态展现，态由构形空间上的函数表示。变换可能是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%9E%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子非决定性（页面不存在）">非决定性</a>的，或者概率性的，或者可能有无穷个态。</li></ul> <p>但是，诠释的关键在於<b>I</b>的元素是否应被视为物理真实的。因此之前说明的量子力学的单纯工具主义视角并非一个解释，因为它没有对物理真实的元素作出说明。 </p><p>实在性和完备性的说法是从爱因斯坦和另外两人讨论EPR佯谬的文章中起源的。在那篇文章中，作者提出<b>实在元素</b>和<b>物理理论完备性</b>的概念，三人把实在元素刻画为在测量或用其它方式影响之前其值可以准确预测的量，并定义完备的物理理论为给予每个物理实在的元素的解释的理论。从语义的角度来看诠释，若诠释结构中的每个元素都出现在数学体系中，则诠释是完备的。实在性也是数学体系中各个元素的属性，若一个元素有对应的诠释结构元素，则该元素是实在的。例如在某些量子力学的诠释中（比如多世界诠释），表示系统状态的ket矢量就对应着物理实在的元素，然而在另一些诠释中就没有。 </p><p>决定性是刻画了态随时间的变化的属性。即未来某个时刻的态是当前态的某个函数（见<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="时间演化（页面不存在）">时间演化</a>）。但一种诠释是否为决定性的，这一点并不显然，因为时间参数的选取并不确定。再者，任何理论都可能有决定性的和非决定性的两种诠释。 </p><p>定域实在性包含两个方面： </p> <ul><li>测量得到的值是态空间中某个函数的值。换句话说，值是实在元素。</li> <li>测量结果的传播速度不超过某种普遍的限制（比如光速）。若要達到这一点，诠释结构中的测量操作就必定是定域化的。</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="約翰·貝爾">约翰·贝尔</a>提出了一种用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="隱變量理論">定域隐变量理论</a>表述的定域实在性。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="贝尔定理">贝尔定理</a>结合实验检验限制了量子论可以拥有的性质。主要的结论是量子力学不能同时满足<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E5%9F%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="定域性原理">定域性原理</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="反事实确定性">反事实确定性</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哥本哈根诠释"><span id=".E5.93.A5.E6.9C.AC.E5.93.88.E6.A0.B9.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>哥本哈根诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：哥本哈根诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="哥本哈根诠释">哥本哈根诠释</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="哥本哈根诠释">哥本哈根诠释</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="尼尔斯·波尔">尼尔斯·波尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">维尔纳·海森堡</a>在約1927年與哥本哈根合作时表述的量子力学的“标准”诠释。波尔和海森堡扩展了最初由马克斯·波恩提出的波函数的概率解释。哥本哈根解释将“当我测量它的位置之前它在何处？”这一类问题排斥为无意义的。测量过程以赋予各种态的良定义的概率為一致的方式随机从多种可能性之中选出一种。根据这种诠释，观察者或外在于量子系统的装置是波函数坍塌的致因，正如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF" title="保罗·戴维斯">保罗·戴维斯</a>所说，“现实存在于观察之中，而不在电子之中”。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多世界诠释"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>多世界诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：多世界诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a>中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙波函数（页面不存在）">宇宙波函数</a>满足每一时刻都是相同的、决定性的和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86" class="mw-disambig" title="可逆">可逆</a>的规律。尤其是，不存在（非决定性和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86" class="mw-disambig" title="不可逆">不可逆</a>的）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%9D%8D%E5%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波函数坍塌（页面不存在）">波函数坍塌</a>。与测量相关的现象用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2" title="量子退相干">退相干</a>来解释。退相干发生在量子态与环境相互作用时，此时产生了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BE%E7%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="糾纏">纠缠</a>。这一过程将宇宙反复分裂成相互不可见的间隔着的历史——在一个更大的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" class="mw-redirect" title="多重宇宙">多重宇宙</a>中的不同的宇宙。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="一致性历史诠释"><span id=".E4.B8.80.E8.87.B4.E6.80.A7.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>一致性历史诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：一致性历史诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性历史</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性历史</a>诠释推广了传统的哥本哈根诠释，並试图为<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="量子宇宙學">量子宇宙学</a>提供一种自然的诠释。这种理论基于一个一致性标准，该标准允许对系统进行某种描述，让各种历史的概率符合经典概率的加法律。该诠释声称其与<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="一致">一致</a>的。 </p><p>根据此种诠释，量子力学理论的目的是预测各种不同历史之间的相对概率。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="系综诠释，或统计诠释"><span id=".E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.BC.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A.EF.BC.8C.E6.88.96.E7.BB.9F.E8.AE.A1.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>系综诠释，或统计诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：系综诠释，或统计诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系综诠释</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系综诠释</a>也称为统计诠释，是一种极简主义的诠释。这也就是说，它对标准的数学体系只作出最少的假设。它最大限度地采用了波恩的统计诠释。该诠释认为波函数并不能作用於系统个体上，比如其不能作用在单个的粒子上，而它僅是一个抽象的统计量，只能作用於制备出的相似系统（或粒子）的系综（即大量总体）上。对这种诠释的最著名的支持者或许是爱因斯坦： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>试图把量子论描述想象成对个体系统的完备描述会导致反常的理论诠释。只要认同，量子论的描述是对系统的系综而非个体系统作出的，就无需这么想了。</p><div class="templatequotecite"><cite>——Einstein in <i>Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist</i>, ed. P.A. Schilpp (Harper & Row, New York)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>目前系综诠释的最有名提倡者是Leslie E. Ballentine，他是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%B3%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="西蒙弗雷泽大学">西蒙弗雷泽大学</a>的教授，也是硕士级教材“Quantum Mechanics, A Modern Development”的作者。Akira Tonomura's Video clip 1中有说明系综诠释的实验。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>从对多个电子的系综做的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E7%BC%9D%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="双缝实验">双缝实验</a>中也可以看出，由于量子力学的波函数（的绝对值平方）描述了完整的干涉图像，所以它描述的一定是系综。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德布罗意-玻姆理论"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E5.B8.83.E7.BD.97.E6.84.8F-.E7.8E.BB.E5.A7.86.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>德布罗意-玻姆理论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：德布罗意-玻姆理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F-%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="德布罗意-玻姆理论">德布罗意-玻姆理论</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F-%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="德布罗意-玻姆理论">德布罗意-玻姆理论</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意">路易·德布罗意</a>提出，此后再由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="大衛·玻姆">大卫·玻姆</a>进行扩展用以涵蓋其测量的理论，即粒子总是有一个位置，并且受到波函数的引导，而波函数如根据<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E5%8A%A8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薛定谔波动方程">薛定谔波动方程</a>演化，则从不坍塌。该理论采用单一的时空，是非定域的，决定性的。對於粒子位置和速度的測量必須遵守<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性原理</a>。该理论一般认为是一种<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="隱變量理論">隐变量理论</a>，通过采用非定域性，它满足贝尔不等式。由于粒子每时每刻都有确定的位置，测量问题得到了解决，<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>坍塌可被解释为外在现象。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="关系性量子力学"><span id=".E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB.E6.80.A7.E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.A6"></span>关系性量子力学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：关系性量子力学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%80%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="關係性量子力學">关系性量子力学</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%80%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="關係性量子力學">关系性量子力学</a>的基本理念沿袭了狭义相对论，它认为不同的观察者可能对同一组事件作出不同的解释。例如，某一时刻对于一位观察者，系统可能处于唯一一种“坍塌”了的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%81%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="特征向量">特征态</a>；然而同一时刻对于另一位观察者，系统可能处于两个或更多个态的叠加之中。因此，据关系性量子力学论述所说，要使量子力学成为完备的理论，“态”就不只是描述被观测的系统本身，而是系统与观察者之间的关系或相关性。量子力学的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="量子態">态矢量</a>就此成为了观察者对于被观测系统的一些内在自由度的相关性。此外，关系性量子力学认为这对所有的物理对象都适用——不论该对象是否为宏观的或者是否具有意识。任何“测量事件”都简单地被视为一般的物理交互，是一种相关性的建立。因此理论的物理内容不仅处理对象本身，还处理对象之间的关系。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>不僅如此，还有一种名为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%BC%8F%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力学的关系式处理（页面不存在）">量子力学的关系式处理</a>的詮釋，它是仿照大卫·玻姆对狭义相对论的阐释<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>提出的。它把测量事件视为在量子场与测量仪器之间建立某种关系。这样就避免了应用海森堡不确定性原理时的内在模糊性。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基本环"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E7.8E.AF"></span>基本环</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：基本环"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这种诠释的基本理念是如路易·德布罗意对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a>注意到的如下经验事实：基本粒子根据其由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="普朗克常数">普朗克常数</a>决定的能量和动量而在时空上重复出现。这意味着任何自然的系统都能夠以基本时空环来描述。这种重复出现作为半经典的量子化条件施加，与<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E6%B7%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2%E9%98%B1" title="無限深方形阱">无限深势井</a>的量子化类似。由此得到的环形力学形式上等价于量子力学的标准形式体系，也等价于费曼的形式体系<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。评论参见<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它也是对<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="舊量子論">波尔-索末菲量子化</a>（或者<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="颤动">颤动</a>）的改进，其與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="杰拉德·特·胡夫特">胡夫特决定性</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>所提出的，将量子力学视为极快速周期运动的统计近似。这一理念在现代物理学中也有应用，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="规范场论">度规不变量</a>的几何描述<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以及对<a href="/wiki/AdS/CFT%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%B6" title="AdS/CFT对偶">Maldacena对偶</a>的诠释<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="交易诠释"><span id=".E4.BA.A4.E6.98.93.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>交易诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：交易诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="交易詮釋">交易诠释</a></div> <p>量子力学的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="交易詮釋">交易诠释</a>也称TIQM，由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0-%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E9%BB%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰-克莱默（页面不存在）">约翰-克莱默</a>提出，是受<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92-%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E5%AD%90%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="惠勒-费曼吸收子理论（页面不存在）">惠勒-费曼吸收子理论</a>启发的量子力学诠释。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他以由延迟波（顺着时间行进）与超前波（逆着时间行进）形成的驻波来描述量子力学的交互。提出者声称这避免了哥本哈根诠释的哲学障碍，也避免了引入观察者，还解决了另一些量子力学的悖论。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="随机诠释"><span id=".E9.9A.8F.E6.9C.BA.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>随机诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：随机诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随机诠释（页面不存在）">随机诠释</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学">普林斯顿大学</a>的教授<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·纳尔逊（页面不存在）">爱德华·纳尔逊</a>在1966年提出了一种仿照<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="布朗运动">布朗运动</a>的对薛定谔方程的完全经典的推导和诠释。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此前R·菲尔特（1933）、I. Fényes (1952)以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Weizel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Weizel（页面不存在）">Walter Weizel</a>（1953）曾发表类似的想法，而在纳尔逊的文章中也对此进行了引用。M·帕文在當時最近进行了一些随机诠释方面的工作。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Roumen Tsekov則提出了另一种随机诠释。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="客观坍塌理论"><span id=".E5.AE.A2.E8.A7.82.E5.9D.8D.E5.A1.8C.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>客观坍塌理论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：客观坍塌理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%82%E5%9D%8D%E5%A1%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="客观坍塌理论（页面不存在）">客观坍塌理论</a></div> <p>客观坍塌理论中的波函数与坍塌过程都被视为在本体上是客观的，这一点与<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="哥本哈根诠释">哥本哈根诠释</a>不同。在这种理论中，坍塌是随机发生的（“自发定域”），或者是在达到了某物理阈值时发生的。观察者並不扮演任何特定的角色。因此这是一种实在、非决定性、非隐变量的理论。标准量子论并未指定坍塌的机制，如果客观坍塌是正确的话，就需要对其作出坍塌机制扩展，这意味着客观坍塌更多是一种理论而不是诠释。这类诠释的例子包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=GRW%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRW理论（页面不存在）">GRW理论</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrose%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penrose诠释（页面不存在）">Penrose诠释</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌"><span id=".E5.86.AF.E8.AF.BA.E4.BE.9D.E6.9B.BC.2F.E7.BB.B4.E6.A0.BC.E7.BA.B3.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A.EF.BC.9A.E6.84.8F.E8.AF.86.E5.AF.BC.E8.87.B4.E5.9D.8D.E5.A1.8C"></span>冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：冯诺依曼/维格纳诠释：意识导致坍塌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%BA%AB-%E5%BF%83%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子身-心问题（页面不存在）">量子身-心问题</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·冯·诺伊曼">约翰·冯·诺伊曼</a>在其著作“The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics”中深入分析了所谓的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="测量问题（页面不存在）">测量问题</a>。他认为整个物理宇宙都遵循薛定谔方程（宇宙波函数）。他也解释了测量为何会引起波函数的坍塌。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这一观点由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="尤金·维格纳">尤金·维格纳</a>进行了扩展，他论证说明人类实验者的意识（甚或是狗的意识）对于坍塌有着关键的作用，但他后来卻放弃了这种诠释。<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schreiber_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schreiber-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>冯诺依曼诠释的变体有： </p> <dl><dd><b>主观塌縮研究</b> <dl><dd><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意識導致波函數塌縮" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="consciousness causes collapse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%B0%8E%E8%87%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8%E5%A1%8C%E7%B8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意識導致波函數塌縮（页面不存在）">意識導致波函數塌縮</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/consciousness_causes_collapse" class="extiw" title="en:consciousness causes collapse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">consciousness causes collapse</span></a></span>）</span></span>这一原理是量子力学与身心问题的交汇点；研究者们正试图检测与物理事件相关的意识事件——根据量子论，意识事件应该会导致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8%E5%A1%8C%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="波函數塌縮">波函數塌縮</a>。但是迄今为止，研究并没有得到确定的结论。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>参与性人择原理（PAP）</b></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%8B%A9%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="人择原理">人择原理</a></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92" title="約翰·惠勒">约翰·惠勒</a>的参与性人择原理认为意识扮演着把宇宙变为现实存在的角色。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>另一些物理学家阐释了他们自己的冯诺依曼诠释的变体，包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_P._Stapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry P. Stapp（页面不存在）">Henry P. Stapp</a>（<i>Mindful Universe: Quantum Mechanics and the Participating Observer</i>）</li> <li>Bruce Rosenblum and Fred Kuttner（<i>Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness</i>）</li> <li>Amit Goswami（<i>The Self-Aware Universe</i>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多心灵诠释"><span id=".E5.A4.9A.E5.BF.83.E7.81.B5.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>多心灵诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：多心灵诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多心灵诠释（页面不存在）">多心灵诠释</a></div> <p>量子力学的多心灵诠释是对多世界诠释的扩展。这种诠释提议把多个世界之间的区别投放到个体观测者的精神层面上。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子逻辑"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E9.80.BB.E8.BE.91"></span>量子逻辑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：量子逻辑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子逻辑（页面不存在）">量子逻辑</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子逻辑（页面不存在）">量子逻辑</a>可以视为一种命题逻辑，此种命题逻辑适用于理解涉及到量子测量的反常现象，尤其是关于互补变量的测量操作之间的组合的。这一研究及其名称都是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒特·伯克霍夫（页面不存在）">加勒特·伯克霍夫</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·冯·诺伊曼">约翰·冯·诺伊曼</a>1936年的文章提出的。他们的出发点是融合经典的布尔逻辑与量子力学测量和观察事实之间明显的不一致。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子信息论"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E4.BF.A1.E6.81.AF.E8.AE.BA"></span>量子信息论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：量子信息论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>量子信息论是信息科学和量子理论的交叉学科，它将量子力学应用于信息科学技术，为信息科学的发展提供了崭新的原理、方法和途径。在量子信息处理过程中，信息的载体是量子态，从而能夠通过直接调控微观体系的量子态完成逻辑运算。量子信息论的基础是量子力学原理。当然，晶体管和集成电路也是基于量子力学的，但在量子信息论中，其算法引入了量子力学的原理和方法，这一点是与经典理论的根本区别。也就是说，利用量子力学中波函数的叠加性质，将由0和1的二进制构成的经典比特推广到含复数的量子比特。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子论模态诠释"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E8.AE.BA.E6.A8.A1.E6.80.81.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>量子论模态诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：量子论模态诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="时空分支理论"><span id=".E6.97.B6.E7.A9.BA.E5.88.86.E6.94.AF.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>时空分支理论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：时空分支理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其它诠释"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E5.AE.83.E8.AF.A0.E9.87.8A"></span>其它诠释</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：其它诠释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E6%B5%81%E7%9A%84%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非主流的量子力學詮釋（页面不存在）">非主流的量子力學詮釋</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="量子神秘主義">量子神秘主義</a></div> <p>除了上述的主流量子力學詮釋，一些由主流學者到非專業人士各提出了其他類型的詮釋，但對主流學界未造成重要影響。部分詮釋甚至已與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="神秘學">神秘學</a>相關，而成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="偽科學">偽科學</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style> <div>   <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系综诠释</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="贝尔定理">貝爾定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="玻姆詮釋">玻姆詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%80%B3-%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="波耳-愛因斯坦爭議">波耳-愛因斯坦爭議</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多心靈詮釋（页面不存在）">多心靈詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="測量問題（页面不存在）">測量問題</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潘洛斯詮釋（页面不存在）">潘洛斯詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典物理的哲學詮釋（页面不存在）">古典物理的哲學詮釋</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaidman, L. (2002, March 24). Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. Retrieved March 19, 2010, from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/#Teg98">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/#Teg98</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191209220612/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/#Teg98">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tipler1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tipler1994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frank J. Tipler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqhI7eo92tYC&dq=he+Physics+of+Immortality&q=leading+cosmologists+and+other+quantum+field+theorists#v=snippet&q=leading%20cosmologists%20and%20other%20quantum%20field%20theorists&f=false">The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God, and the Resurrection of the Dead</a>. Anchor Books. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-385-46799-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-385-46799-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-385-46799-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.au=Frank+J.+Tipler&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Immortality%3A+Modern+Cosmology%2C+God%2C+and+the+Resurrection+of+the+Dead&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-385-46799-5&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqhI7eo92tYC%26dq%3Dhe%2BPhysics%2Bof%2BImmortality%26q%3Dleading%2Bcosmologists%2Band%2Bother%2Bquantum%2Bfield%2Btheorists%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dleading%2520cosmologists%2520and%2520other%2520quantum%2520field%2520theorists%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>根據一項調查，在72名受訪的「頂尖宇宙學家及其他量子場論學家」之中，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91" title="史蒂芬·霍金">史蒂芬·霍金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="默里·蓋爾曼">默里·蓋爾曼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">理查德·費曼</a>在內的58%都支持多世界詮釋。["<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hedweb.com/everett/everett.htm#believes">Who believes in many-worlds?</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20030401081929/http://www.hedweb.com/everett/everett.htm#believes">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）", <i>Hedweb.com</i>, Accessed online: 24 Jan 2011].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Quantum theory as a universal physical theory</i>, by David Deutsch, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol 24 #1 (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Three connections between Everett's interpretation and experiment Quantum Concepts of Space and Time</i>, by David Deutsch, Oxford University Press (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton. A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 2013-01-06, <b>44</b> (3): 222–230. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:1301.1069</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.atitle=A+Snapshot+of+Foundational+Attitudes+Toward+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.au=Kofler%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+Anton&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.aulast=Schlosshauer&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=222-230&rft.volume=44&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.1069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Heisenberg,Werner/Heisenberg,%20Werner%20-%20Physics%20and%20philosophy.pdf">存档副本</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-04-22</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230004017/http://www.naturalthinker.net/trl/texts/Heisenberg,Werner/Heisenberg,%20Werner%20-%20Physics%20and%20philosophy.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-12-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalthinker.net%2Ftrl%2Ftexts%2FHeisenberg%2CWerner%2FHeisenberg%2C%2520Werner%2520-%2520Physics%2520and%2520philosophy.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114170600/http://www.hitachi.com/rd/research/em/doubleslit.html">An experiment illustrating the ensemble interpretation</a>. Hitachi.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-01-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hitachi.com/rd/research/em/doubleslit.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-01-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.btitle=An+experiment+illustrating+the+ensemble+interpretation&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Hitachi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitachi.com%2Frd%2Fresearch%2Fem%2Fdoubleslit.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Why Bohm's Theory Solves the Measurement Problem</i> by T. Maudlin, Philosophy of Science 62, pp. 479-483（September, 1995）.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bohmian Mechanics as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics</i> by D. Durr, N. Zanghi, and S. Goldstein in <b>Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal</b>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_T._Cushing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James T. Cushing（页面不存在）">J.T. Cushing</a>, A. Fine, and S. Goldstein, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 184, 21-44（Kluwer, 1996）1997 <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9511016">quant-ph/9511016</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/">Relational Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a>. Plato.stanford.edu. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-01-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506170940/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/">存档</a>于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.btitle=Relational+Quantum+Mechanics+%28Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Plato.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fqm-relational%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">更多信息参见<cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Rovelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Rovelli（页面不存在）">Carlo Rovelli</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-theoretical-physics_1996-08_35_8/page/1637">Relational Quantum Mechanics</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Theoretical_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Theoretical Physics（页面不存在）">International Journal of Theoretical Physics</a>. 1996, <b>35</b> (8): 1637. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IJTP...35.1637R"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1996IJTP...35.1637R</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9609002"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:quant-ph/9609002</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02302261"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/BF02302261</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.atitle=Relational+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.au=Carlo+Rovelli&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.pages=1637&rft.volume=35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_international-journal-of-theoretical-physics_1996-08_35_8%2Fpage%2F1637&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9609002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996IJTP...35.1637R&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02302261&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Bohm, <i>The Special Theory of Relativity</i>, Benjamin, New York, 1965</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.quantum-relativity.org/Quantum-Relativity.pdf">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20081217041504/http://www.quantum-relativity.org/Quantum-Relativity.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. 完整的解释见<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.quantum-relativity.org/Quantum_Optics_as_a_Relativistic_Theory_of_Light.pdf">[2]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160611111857/http://www.quantum-relativity.org/Quantum_Optics_as_a_Relativistic_Theory_of_Light.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, see Q. Zheng and T. Kobayashi, 1996, "Quantum Optics as a Relativistic Theory of Light," <i>Physics Essays</i> 9: 447. Annual Report, Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo (1992) 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dolce, D "Compact Time and Determinism for Bosons: foundations", Foundations of Physics, 41, pp. 178-203 (2011) <cite class="citation journal">Donatello Dolce. Compact Time and Determinism for Bosons: Foundations. 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Annals of Physics. 2012, <b>327</b> (6): 1562–1592. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1110.0315"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:1110.0315</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aop.2012.02.007"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.aop.2012.02.007</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.atitle=Gauge+Interaction+as+Periodicity+Modulation&rft.au=Donatello+Dolce&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.pages=1562-1592&rft.volume=327&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1110.0315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aop.2012.02.007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dolce, D "Classical geometry to quantum behavior correspondence in a Virtual Extra Dimension", Annals #of Physics, Volume 327, Issue 9, September 2012, pp 2354-2387 <cite class="citation journal">Donatello Dolce. 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Beyer.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ Michael Esfeld,（1999）, Essay Review: Wigner’s View of Physical Reality, published in Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics, 30B, pp. 145–154, Elsevier Science Ltd.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schreiber-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schreiber_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv">Zvi Schreiber. The Nine Lives of Schroedinger's Cat. 1995. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9501014"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:quant-ph/9501014</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|class=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#class_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.atitle=The+Nine+Lives+of+Schroedinger%27s+Cat&rft.au=Zvi+Schreiber&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9501014&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick J. Bierman and Stephen Whitmarsh.（2006）. <i>Consciousness and Quantum Physics: Empirical Research on the Subjective Reduction of the State Vector</i>. in Jack A. Tuszynski (Ed). <b>The Emerging Physics of Consciousness</b>. p. 27-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. M. H. Nunn et. al.（1994）. <i>Collapse of a Quantum Field may Affect Brain Function</i>. <b>Journal of Consciousness Studies</b>. 1（1）:127-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2006/1572643.htm">- The anthropic universe</a>. Abc.net.au. 2006-02-18 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-01-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907033847/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/stories/2006/1572643.htm">存档</a>于2011-09-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&rft.btitle=-+The+anthropic+universe&rft.date=2006-02-18&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Abc.net.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Frn%2Fscienceshow%2Fstories%2F2006%2F1572643.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227010035/http://www.phys.tue.nl/ktn/Wim/muynck.htm#quantum">Willem M. de Muynck</a> Broad overview, realist vs. empiricist interpretations, against oversimplified view of the measurement process</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007105451/http://members.aol.com/jmtsgibbs/Interpretation.htm">Comparative interpretations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/9701/quantum-quackery.html">Skeptical View of "New Age" Interpretations of QM</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080916200520/http://www.csicop.org/si/9701/quantum-quackery.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sankey.ws/qm.html">The many worlds of quantum mechanics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180116135603/http://www.sankey.ws/qm.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decoherence.de">Erich Joos' Decoherence Website</a> Portuguese Web Archive的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523200313/http://www.decoherence.de/">存檔</a>，存档日期2016-05-23 Basic and in-depth information on decoherence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409044646/http://home.sprynet.com/~owl1/qm.htm">Quantum Mechanics for Philosophers</a> An argument for the superiority of the Bohm interpretation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/">Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191209220612/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403010948/http://www.station1.net/DouglasJones/many.htm">Numerous Many Worlds-related Topics and Articles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/">Relational Quantum Mechanics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210506170940/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thisquantumworld.com/ht/index.php">This Quantum World</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110322141417/http://thisquantumworld.com/ht/index.php">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） What is quantum mechanics trying to tell us about the nature of Nature?</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cc3d.free.fr/tim.pdf">Theory of incomplete measurements</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120206053315/http://cc3d.free.fr/tim.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Deriving quantum mechanics axioms from properties of acceptable measurements.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/9501/9501014.pdf">Schreiber, Z. - The Nine Lives of Schrodinger's Cat (overview of interpretations)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年4月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/physics-faq.txt">Alfred Neumaier's FAQ</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210223211807/http://www.mat.univie.ac.at/~neum/physics-faq.txt">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.htm">Measurement in Quantum Mechanics FAQ</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160305111211/http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">數學表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#量子理论" title="物理学史">歷史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80" title="量子力學入門">入門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#量子理论" title="物理学史">歷史</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力學時間軸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力學時間軸（页面不存在）">量子力學時間軸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="经典力学">经典力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="舊量子論">舊量子論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基本量子力學詞彙表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基本量子力學詞彙表（页面不存在）">基本量子力學詞彙表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="狄拉克符号">狄拉克符号</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A1%A5%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="互补原理">互补原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3" title="密度矩陣">密度矩陣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7" title="能级">能级</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%80%81" title="基态">基态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%8F%91%E6%80%81" title="激发态">激发态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E8%83%BD%E7%BA%A7" title="简并能级">简并能级</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E9%BB%9E%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="零點能量">零點能量</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BA%8F%E7%B5%90" title="量子纏結">量子纏結</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A1%BF%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="哈密顿算符">哈密顿算符</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2" title="量子退相干">量子退相干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F" title="量子測量">量子測量</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子非局部性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum nonlocality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%9E%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子非局部性（页面不存在）">量子非局部性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum nonlocality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum nonlocality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="量子態">量子態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%81%E5%8F%A0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="态叠加原理">态叠加原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A9%BF%E9%9A%A7%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="量子穿隧效應">量子穿隧效應</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="散射理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scattering theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散射理論（页面不存在）">散射理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Scattering theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scattering theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力學對稱性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力學對稱性（页面不存在）">量子力學對稱性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="波函数">波函数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="波函数坍缩">波函数坍缩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B2%92%E4%BA%8C%E8%B1%A1%E6%80%A7" title="波粒二象性">波粒二象性</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子跳躍" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atomic electron transition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B7%B3%E8%BA%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子跳躍（页面不存在）">量子跳躍</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_electron_transition" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic electron transition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atomic electron transition</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83" title="量子位元">量子位元</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83" title="量子三位元">量子三位元</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">表述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">量子力學的數學表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="海森堡繪景">海森堡繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="相互作用繪景">相互作用繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E9%99%A3%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="矩陣力學">矩陣力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%B9%AA%E6%99%AF" title="薛丁格繪景">薛丁格繪景</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">路徑積分表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="相空间表述">相空间表述</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="狄拉克方程式">狄拉克方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0-%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="克莱因-戈尔登方程">克莱因-戈尔登方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="包立方程式">包立方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="薛定谔方程">薛定谔方程</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">空間幾何</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%B5%AB%E7%90%83%E9%9D%A2" title="布洛赫球面">布洛赫球面</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旋矢空間" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gyrovector space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%8B%E7%9F%A2%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旋矢空間（页面不存在）">旋矢空間</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrovector_space" class="extiw" title="en:Gyrovector space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gyrovector space</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">詮釋</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">量子力學詮釋</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子貝葉斯詮釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum Bayesianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子貝葉斯詮釋（页面不存在）">量子貝葉斯詮釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum Bayesianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum Bayesianism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="一致性历史">一致性历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%88%E6%A0%B9%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="哥本哈根詮釋">哥本哈根詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F-%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="德布罗意-玻姆理论">德布罗意-玻姆理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B6%9C%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="系綜詮釋">系綜詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E8%AE%8A%E9%87%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="隱變量理論">隱變量理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="多世界诠释">多世界诠释</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E5%9D%8D%E7%B8%AE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="客觀坍縮理論">客觀坍縮理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子邏輯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子邏輯（页面不存在）">量子邏輯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum logic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%80%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="關係性量子力學">關係性量子力學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="隨機量子力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stochastic quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隨機量子力學（页面不存在）">隨機量子力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Stochastic quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stochastic quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" title="交易詮釋">交易詮釋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%A0%E9%87%8A" title="量子力学的宇宙学诠释">宇宙学诠释</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">實驗</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="阿弗沙爾實驗">阿弗沙爾實驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝爾測試實驗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bell test experiments"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝爾測試實驗（页面不存在）">貝爾測試實驗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_test_experiments" class="extiw" title="en:Bell test experiments"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bell test experiments</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冷原子實驗室" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cold Atom Laboratory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷原子實驗室（页面不存在）">冷原子實驗室</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Atom_Laboratory" class="extiw" title="en:Cold Atom Laboratory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cold Atom Laboratory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE-%E9%9D%A9%E6%9C%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="戴維森-革末實驗">戴維森-革末實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="延遲選擇量子擦除實驗">延遲選擇量子擦除實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B8%AB%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="雙縫實驗">雙縫實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B-%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%B2%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="法蘭克-赫茲實驗">法蘭克-赫茲實驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萊格特 - 加爾格不等式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leggett–Garg inequality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9_-_%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萊格特 - 加爾格不等式（页面不存在）">萊格特 - 加爾格不等式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett%E2%80%93Garg_inequality" class="extiw" title="en:Leggett–Garg inequality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leggett–Garg inequality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B5%AB-%E6%9B%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" title="馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀">馬赫-曾德爾干涉儀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%BE%A4-%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題">伊利澤-威德曼炸彈測試問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="波普尔实验">波普尔实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%93%A6%E9%99%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="量子擦除實驗">量子擦除實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94%E7%8C%AB" title="薛定谔猫">薛定谔猫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9-%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="施特恩-格拉赫实验">施特恩-格拉赫实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92%E5%BB%B6%E8%BF%9F%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="惠勒延迟选择实验">惠勒延迟选择实验</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子奈米科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum nanoscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子奈米科學（页面不存在）">量子纳米科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nanoscience" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum nanoscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum nanoscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子貝葉斯詮釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum Bayesianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B2%9D%E8%91%89%E6%96%AF%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子貝葉斯詮釋（页面不存在）">量子貝葉斯詮釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum Bayesianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum Bayesianism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子微積分" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum calculus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子微積分（页面不存在）">量子微積分</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum calculus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum calculus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="量子化学">量子化学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子混沌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum chaos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子混沌（页面不存在）">量子混沌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chaos" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum chaos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum chaos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子認知" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum cognition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子認知（页面不存在）">量子認知</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cognition" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum cognition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum cognition</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" title="量子宇宙學">量子宇宙學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子微分" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum differential calculus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子微分（页面不存在）">量子微分</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_differential_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum differential calculus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum differential calculus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子動力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum dynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子動力學（页面不存在）">量子動力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum dynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum dynamics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子演化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子演化（页面不存在）">量子演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子幾何" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum geometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子幾何（页面不存在）">量子幾何</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_geometry" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum geometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum geometry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BE%A4" title="量子群">量子群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="測量問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Measurement problem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="測量問題（页面不存在）">測量問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem" class="extiw" title="en:Measurement problem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Measurement problem</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子概率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum probability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子概率（页面不存在）">量子概率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_probability" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum probability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum probability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子隨機演算" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum stochastic calculus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9A%A8%E6%A9%9F%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子隨機演算（页面不存在）">量子隨機演算</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_stochastic_calculus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum stochastic calculus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum stochastic calculus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子時空" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum spacetime"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子時空（页面不存在）">量子時空</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_spacetime" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum spacetime"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum spacetime</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="量子技術">量子技術</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="量子演算法">量子演算法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子放大器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum amplifier"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子放大器（页面不存在）">量子放大器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_amplifier" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum amplifier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum amplifier</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子總線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum bus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B8%BD%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子總線（页面不存在）">量子總線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_bus" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum bus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum bus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%82%B9" title="量子点">量子点</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子細胞自動機" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum cellular automaton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子細胞自動機（页面不存在）">量子細胞自動機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cellular_automaton" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum cellular automaton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum cellular automaton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="量子有限自動機">量子有限自動機</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子通道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum channel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子通道（页面不存在）">量子通道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_channel" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum channel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum channel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B7%9A%E8%B7%AF" title="量子線路">量子線路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="量子复杂性理论">量子复杂性理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="量子计算机">量子计算机</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子計算時間軸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of quantum computing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E8%BB%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子計算時間軸（页面不存在）">量子計算時間軸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of quantum computing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of quantum computing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="量子密碼學">量子密碼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子電子學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子誤差校正" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum error correction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子誤差校正（页面不存在）">量子誤差校正</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_error_correction" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum error correction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum error correction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="量子成像">量子成像</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子圖像處理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum image processing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%96%E5%83%8F%E8%99%95%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子圖像處理（页面不存在）">量子圖像處理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_image_processing" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum image processing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum image processing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="量子信息">量子信息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%86%E9%91%B0%E5%88%86%E7%99%BC" title="量子密鑰分發">量子密鑰分發</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子邏輯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum logic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子邏輯（页面不存在）">量子邏輯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum logic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum logic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%96%98" title="量子閘">量子閘</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子機" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子機（页面不存在）">量子機</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_machine" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum machine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="量子機器學習">量子機器學習</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子超材料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum metamaterial"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%B6%85%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子超材料（页面不存在）">量子超材料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metamaterial" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum metamaterial"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum metamaterial</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子計量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum metrology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子計量學（页面不存在）">量子計量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metrology" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum metrology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum metrology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子网络" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子网络（页面不存在）">量子网络</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_network" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子神經網絡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum neural network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子神經網絡（页面不存在）">量子神經網絡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_neural_network" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum neural network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum neural network</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="量子光学">量子光学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%B7%A8%E7%A8%8B" title="量子編程">量子編程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子傳感器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum sensor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%82%B3%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子傳感器（页面不存在）">量子傳感器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_sensor" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum sensor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum sensor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子模擬器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum simulator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子模擬器（页面不存在）">量子模擬器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_simulator" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum simulator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum simulator</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9A%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%82%B3%E6%85%8B" title="量子隱形傳態">量子隱形傳態</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">進階研究</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子統計力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantum statistical mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子统计力学">量子統計力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_statistical_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantum statistical mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantum statistical mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相對論之量子力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96%E4%B9%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對論之量子力學（页面不存在）">相對論之量子力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Relativistic quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relativistic quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子場理論史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of quantum field theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子場理論史（页面不存在）">量子場理論史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_field_theory" class="extiw" title="en:History of quantum field theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of quantum field theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分數量子力學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fractional quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分數量子力學（页面不存在）">分數量子力學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Fractional quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fractional quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">物理學者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B" title="马克斯·普朗克">普朗克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">玻尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="保罗·埃伦费斯特">埃倫費斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">海森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">薛丁格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E6%84%8F" title="路易·德布罗意">德布羅意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E6%81%A9" title="马克斯·玻恩">玻恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="休·艾弗雷特三世">艾弗雷特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%AB%E8%8F%B2" title="阿諾·索末菲">索末菲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E8%AF%BA%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC" title="约翰·冯诺伊曼">馮诺伊曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">費曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="保罗·狄拉克">狄拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9" title="沃尔夫冈·泡利">泡利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%81%A9" title="威廉·维恩">維恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%A7%86" title="戴维·玻姆">玻姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="約翰·貝爾">貝爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E8%94%A1%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC" title="安东·蔡林格">蔡林格</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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