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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 List of methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_electronic_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_electronic_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Digital electronic money </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_electronic_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_money_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_money_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Reverse money laundering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_money_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Magnitude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notable cases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable cases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Individuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Laws by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Money laundering</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldwassery" title="Geldwassery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geldwassery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84" title="غسل الأموال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غسل الأموال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87irkli_pullar%C4%B1n_yuyulmas%C4%B1" title="Çirkli pulların yuyulması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çirkli pulların yuyulması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="মানি লন্ডারিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানি লন্ডারিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пране на пари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пране на пари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranje_novca" title="Pranje novca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pranje novca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanqueig_de_diners" title="Blanqueig de diners – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blanqueig de diners" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pran%C3%AD_%C5%A1pinav%C3%BDch_pen%C4%9Bz" title="Praní špinavých peněz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Praní špinavých peněz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosesu_arian_anghyfreithlon" title="Prosesu arian anghyfreithlon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prosesu arian anghyfreithlon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidvaskning" title="Hvidvaskning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvidvaskning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldw%C3%A4sche" title="Geldwäsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geldwäsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahapesu" title="Rahapesu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahapesu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%87%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ξέπλυμα μαύρου χρήματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξέπλυμα μαύρου χρήματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavado_de_dinero" title="Lavado de dinero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lavado de dinero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monlavado" title="Monlavado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Monlavado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalak_zuritze" title="Kapitalak zuritze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kapitalak zuritze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پول‌شویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پول‌شویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanchiment_d%27argent" title="Blanchiment d'argent – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Blanchiment d'argent" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branqueo_de_capital" title="Branqueo de capital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Branqueo de capital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%88%EC%84%B8%ED%83%81" title="돈세탁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="돈세탁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Փողերի լվացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փողերի լվացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="धन-शोधन (मनी लॉन्डरिंग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धन-शोधन (मनी लॉन्डरिंग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranje_novca" title="Pranje novca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pranje novca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencucian_uang" title="Pencucian uang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencucian uang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninga%C3%BEv%C3%A6tti" title="Peningaþvætti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Peningaþvætti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riciclaggio_di_denaro" title="Riciclaggio di denaro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riciclaggio di denaro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9F" title="הלבנת הון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלבנת הון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ფულის გათეთრება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფულის გათეთრება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Ақшаның жылыстауы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақшаның жылыстауы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavatio_pecuniae" title="Lavatio pecuniae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lavatio pecuniae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naudas_atmazg%C4%81%C5%A1ana" title="Naudas atmazgāšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Naudas atmazgāšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldw%C3%A4sch" title="Geldwäsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Geldwäsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinig%C5%B3_plovimas" title="Pinigų plovimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pinigų plovimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9nzmos%C3%A1s" title="Pénzmosás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pénzmosás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Перење пари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перење пари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="ფარაშ დორჩიოლაფა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფარაშ დორჩიოლაფა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelaburan_wang_haram" title="Pelaburan wang haram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelaburan wang haram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мөнгө угаах – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мөнгө угаах" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငွေမည်းခဝါချခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငွေမည်းခဝါချခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witwassen" title="Witwassen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Witwassen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="सम्पति शुद्धीकरण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सम्पति शुद्धीकरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E9%87%91%E6%B4%97%E6%B5%84" title="資金洗浄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="資金洗浄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitvasking" title="Hvitvasking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hvitvasking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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concealing the origin of money</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dirty money" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dirty_Money_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dirty Money (disambiguation)">Dirty Money (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Money-laundering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Money-laundering.svg/220px-Money-laundering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Money-laundering.svg/330px-Money-laundering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Money-laundering.svg/440px-Money-laundering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Placing 'dirty' money in a service company, where it is layered with legitimate income and then integrated into the flow of money, is a common form of money laundering.</figcaption></figure> Money laundering is the process of illegally concealing the origin of money obtained from illicit activities (often known as dirty money) such as <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, underground <a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a>, and converting the funds into a seemingly legitimate source, usually through a <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">front organization</a>. In <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> law, money laundering is the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, or destination of illegally gained money. In <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> law, the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> definition is wider. The act is defined as "the process by which the proceeds of crime are converted into assets which appear to have a legitimate origin, so that they can be retained permanently or recycled into further criminal enterprises".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In the past, the term "money laundering" was applied only to financial transactions related to <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. Today its definition is often expanded by government and international regulators such as the US <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> to mean "any financial transaction which generates an asset or a value as the result of an illegal act," which may involve actions such as <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> or <a href="/wiki/False_accounting" title="False accounting">false accounting</a>. In the UK, it does not need to involve money, but any <a href="/wiki/Economic_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic good">economic good</a>. Courts involve money laundering committed by private individuals, drug dealers, businesses, corrupt officials, members of criminal organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a>, and even states. As financial crime has become more complex and <a href="/wiki/Financial_intelligence" title="Financial intelligence">financial intelligence</a> is more important in combating international crime and terrorism, money laundering has become a prominent political, economic, and legal debate. Money laundering is <a href="/wiki/Ipso_facto" title="Ipso facto">ipso facto</a> illegal; the acts generating the money almost always are themselves criminal in some way (for if not, the money would not need to be laundered). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> While existing laws were used to fight money laundering during the period of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition in the United States</a> during the 1930s, dedicated <a href="/wiki/Anti-Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Money Laundering">Anti-Money Laundering</a> legislation was only implemented in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a> received a major boost from Prohibition and a large source of new funds that were obtained from illegal sales of alcohol. The successful prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> brought in a new emphasis by the state and law enforcement agencies to track and confiscate money, but existing laws against tax evasion could not be used once gangsters started paying their taxes. In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> led governments again to turn to money laundering rules in an attempt to track and seize the proceeds of <a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">drug crimes</a> in order to catch the organizers and individuals running drug empires. It also had the benefit, from a law enforcement point of view, of turning rules of evidence "upside down". Law enforcers normally have to prove an individual is guilty to seize their property, but with <a href="/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States" title="Civil forfeiture in the United States">money laundering laws</a>, money can be confiscated and it is up to the individual to prove that the source of funds is legitimate to get the money back.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This makes it much easier for law enforcement agencies and provides for much lower <a href="/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)" title="Burden of proof (law)">burdens of proof</a>. However, this process has been abused by some law enforcement agencies to take and keep money without strong evidence of related criminal activity, to be used to supplement their own budgets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> in 2001, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> in the U.S. and similar legislation worldwide, led to a new emphasis on money laundering laws to combat <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">terrorism financing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(G7)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven (G7)">Group of Seven (G7)</a> nations used the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering">Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering</a> to put pressure on governments around the world to increase surveillance and monitoring of financial transactions and share this information between countries. Starting in 2002, governments around the world upgraded money laundering laws and surveillance and monitoring systems of financial transactions. Anti-money laundering regulations have become a much larger burden for <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> and enforcement has stepped up significantly. During 2011–2015 a number of major banks faced ever-increasing fines for breaches of money laundering regulations. This included <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, which was fined $1.9 billion in December 2012,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and <a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a>, which was fined $8.9 billion in July 2014 by the U.S. government.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_bnp_admits_guilt-6">[6]</a> Many countries introduced or strengthened border controls on the amount of cash that can be carried and introduced central transaction reporting systems where all financial institutions have to report all financial transactions electronically. For example, in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Transaction_Reports_and_Analysis_Centre" title="Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre">AUSTRAC</a> system and required the reporting of all financial transactions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> With the surge in digital asset late 2010s, there's been a noticeable rise in money laundering and fraud tied to cryptocurrency. In 2021 alone, cybercriminals managed to secure US$14 billion in cryptocurrency through various illicit activities.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Chinese organized criminal groups</a> have become the principal money launderers for <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a> in Mexico, Italy, and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-:3-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Money laundering is the conversion or transfer of property; the concealment or disguising of the nature of the proceeds; the acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing that these are derived from criminal acts; the participating in or assisting the movement of funds to make the proceeds appear legitimate. Money obtained from certain crimes, such as <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">insider trading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_gambling" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal gambling">illegal gambling</a> is "dirty" and needs to be "cleaned" to appear to have been derived from legal activities, so that banks and other financial institutions will deal with it without suspicion. Money can be laundered by many methods that vary in complexity and sophistication. Money laundering typically involves three steps: The first involves introducing cash into the financial system by some means ("placement"); the second involves carrying out complex financial transactions to camouflage the illegal source of the cash ("layering"); and finally, acquiring wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds ("integration"). Some of these steps may be omitted, depending on the circumstances. For example, non-cash proceeds that are already in the financial system would not need to be placed.<a href="#cite_note-chasing_dirty_money-13">[13]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury Department">United States Treasury Department</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Money laundering is the process of making illegally-gained proceeds (i.e., "dirty money") appear legal (i.e., "clean"). Typically, it involves three steps: placement, layering, and integration. First, the illegitimate funds are furtively introduced into the legitimate financial system. Then, the money is moved around to create confusion, sometimes by wiring or transferring through numerous accounts. Finally, it is integrated into the financial system through additional transactions until the "dirty money" appears "clean".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_methods">List of methods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of methods">edit</a>]</div> Money laundering can take several forms, although most methodologies can be categorized into one of a few types. These include "bank methods, smurfing [also known as structuring], currency exchanges, and double-invoicing".<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-15">[15]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuring" title="Structuring">Structuring</a>: Often known as smurfing, is a method of placement whereby cash is broken into smaller deposits of money, used to defeat suspicion of money laundering and to avoid anti-money laundering reporting requirements. A sub-component of this is to use smaller amounts of cash to purchase bearer instruments, such as money orders, and then ultimately deposit those, again in small amounts.<a href="#cite_note-NDIC-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Bulk cash smuggling: This involves physically smuggling cash to another jurisdiction and depositing it in a financial institution, such as an <a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">offshore bank</a>, that offers greater <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">bank secrecy</a> or less rigorous money laundering enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-National_Money_Laundering_Threat_Assessment-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Cash-intensive businesses: In this method, a business is typically expected to receive a large proportion of its revenue as cash uses its accounts to deposit criminally derived cash. This method of money laundering often causes organized crime and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">corporate crime</a> to overlap.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Such enterprises often operate openly and in doing so generate cash revenue from incidental legitimate business in addition to the illicit cash. In such cases, the business will usually claim all cash received as legitimate earnings. Service businesses are best suited to this method, as such enterprises have little or no <a href="/wiki/Variable_cost" title="Variable cost">variable costs</a> and/or a large ratio between revenue and variable costs, which makes it difficult to detect discrepancies between revenues and costs. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Parking_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Parking structures">parking structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanning salon">tanning salons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_wash" title="Car wash">car washes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">arcades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restaurants" class="mw-redirect" title="Restaurants">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barber" title="Barber">barber shops</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD_store" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD store">DVD stores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movie_theaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theaters">movie theaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beach_resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach resort">beach resorts</a>.</li> <li>Trade-based laundering: This method is one of the newest and most complex forms of money laundering.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This involves under- or over-valuing <a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">invoices</a> to disguise the movement of money.<a href="#cite_note-Achilles_Heel-20">[20]</a> For example, the art market has been accused of being an ideal vehicle for money laundering due to several unique aspects of art such as the subjective value of artworks as well as the secrecy of auction houses about the identity of the buyer and seller.<a href="#cite_note-Has_the_Art_Market_Become_an_Unwitting_Partner_in_Crime?-21">[21]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a>, one strategy that is favored by high-net-worth individuals is specialist storage facilities. Art kept in these spaces has been used by individuals to evade sanctions and launder the proceeds of crime.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell companies</a> and trusts: Trusts and shell companies disguise the true owners of money. Trusts and corporate vehicles, depending on the jurisdiction, need not disclose their true owner. Sometimes referred to by the slang term rathole, though that term usually refers to a person acting as the fictitious owner rather than the business entity.<a href="#cite_note-FATF_threat_assessment-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-tripping_(finance)" title="Round-tripping (finance)">Round-tripping</a>: Here, money is deposited in a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_foreign_corporation" title="Controlled foreign corporation">controlled foreign corporation</a> offshore, preferably in a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> where minimal records are kept, and then shipped back as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, exempt from taxation. A variant of this is to transfer money to a law firm or similar organization as funds on account of fees, then to cancel the retainer and, when the money is remitted, represent the sums received from the lawyers as a legacy under a will or proceeds of litigation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Bank capture: In this case, money launderers or criminals buy a controlling interest in a bank, preferably in a jurisdiction with weak money laundering controls, and then move money through the bank without scrutiny.</li> <li>Invoice Fraud: An example is when a criminal contacts a company saying that the supplier payment details have changed. They then provide alternative, fraudulent details in order for you to pay them money.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">Casino</a>s: In this method, an individual walks into a casino and buys chips with illicit cash. The individual will then play for a relatively short time. When the person cashes in the chips, they will expect to take payment in a check, or at least get a receipt so they can claim the proceeds as <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> winnings.<a href="#cite_note-National_Money_Laundering_Threat_Assessment-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Other gambling: Money is spent on gambling, preferably on high odds games. One way to minimize risk with this method is to bet on every possible outcome of some event that has many possible outcomes, so no outcome(s) have short odds, and the bettor will lose only the <a href="/wiki/Vigorish" title="Vigorish">vigorish</a> and will have one or more winning bets that can be shown as the source of money. The losing bets will remain hidden.</li> <li>Black salaries: A company may have unregistered employees without written contracts and pay them cash salaries. Dirty money might be used to pay them.<a href="#cite_note-Underground_Economy_Issues._Ontario_Construction_Secretariat-25">[25]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_amnesty" title="Tax amnesty">Tax amnesties</a>: For example, those that legalize unreported assets and cash in tax havens.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li>Transaction Laundering: When a merchant unknowingly processes illicit credit card transactions for another business.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It is a growing problem<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and recognised as distinct from traditional money laundering in using the payments ecosystem to hide that the transaction even occurred<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> (e.g. the use of fake front websites<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>). Also known as "undisclosed aggregation" or "factoring".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li>Online job marketplaces such as <a href="/wiki/Freelancer.com" title="Freelancer.com">Freelancer.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiverr" title="Fiverr">Fiverr</a>, which accept funds from clients and hold them in <a href="/wiki/Escrow" title="Escrow">escrow</a> to pay freelancers. A money launderer can post a token job on one of these sites, and send the money for the site to hold in escrow. The launderer (or his associate) can then sign on as a freelancer (using a different account and IP address), accept and complete the job, and be paid the funds.<a href="#cite_note-Wired.uk-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Through Sports: Investigation teams have identified sport profits as a common way to launder money. In Latin America, in particular, drug traffickers are frequently found to own Soccer Clubs, and to launder money through their intermediate, by buying and selling players, selling tickets and merchandise<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_electronic_money">Digital electronic money</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital electronic money">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></div> In theory, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic money">electronic money</a> should provide as easy a method of transferring value without revealing identity as untracked banknotes, especially wire transfers involving anonymity-protecting numbered bank accounts. In practice, however, the record-keeping capabilities of Internet service providers and other network resource maintainers tend to frustrate that intention. While some <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrencies</a> under recent development have aimed to provide more possibilities of transaction anonymity for various reasons, the degree to which they succeed — and, in consequence, the degree to which they offer benefits for money laundering efforts — is controversial. Solutions such as <a href="/wiki/Zcash" title="Zcash">ZCash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monero" title="Monero">Monero</a> ― known as privacy coins<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> ― are examples of cryptocurrencies that provide unlinkable anonymity via proofs and/or obfuscation of information (<a href="/wiki/Ring_signature" title="Ring signature">ring signatures</a>).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> While not suitable for large-scale crimes, privacy coins like Monero are suitable for laundering money made through small-scale crimes.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Apart from traditional cryptocurrencies, <a href="/wiki/NFT" class="mw-redirect" title="NFT">Non-Fungible Tokens</a> (NFTs) are also commonly used in connection with money laundering activities.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> NFTs are often used to perform <a href="/wiki/Wash_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash Trade">Wash Trading</a> by creating several different <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_wallet" title="Cryptocurrency wallet">wallets</a> for one individual, generating several fictitious sales and consequently selling the respective NFT to a third party.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Chainalysis" title="Chainalysis">Chainalysis</a>, these types of wash trades are becoming increasingly popular among money launderers especially due to the largely anonymous nature of transactions on NFT marketplaces.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Auction platforms for NFT sales may face regulatory pressure to comply with anti-money laundering legislation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_tumbler" title="Cryptocurrency tumbler">cryptocurrency mixers</a> have been increasingly used by cybercriminals over the past decade to launder funds.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A mixer blends the cryptocurrencies of many users together to obfuscate the origins and owners of funds, enabling a greater degree of privacy on public blockchains like <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethereum" title="Ethereum">Ethereum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Although not explicitly illegal in many jurisdictions, the legality of mixers is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The use of the mixer <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Cash" title="Tornado Cash">Tornado Cash</a> in the laundering of funds by the <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Group" title="Lazarus Group">Lazarus Group</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Assets_Control" title="Office of Foreign Assets Control">Office of Foreign Assets Control</a> to sanction it, prompting some users to sue the Treasury Department.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Proponents have argued mixers allow users to protect their privacy and that the government lacks the authority to restrict access to decentralized software. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a> requires mixers to register as money service businesses.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 2013, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Loup_Richet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Loup Richet (page does not exist)">Jean-Loup Richet</a>, a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/ESSEC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESSEC">ESSEC</a> ISIS, surveyed new techniques that cybercriminals were using in a report written for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jean-Loup_Richet-49">[49]</a> A common approach was to use a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency_exchanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital currency exchanger">digital currency exchanger</a> service which converted dollars into a digital currency called <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Reserve" title="Liberty Reserve">Liberty Reserve</a>, and could be sent and received anonymously. The receiver could convert the Liberty Reserve currency back into cash for a small fee. In May 2013, the US authorities shut down Liberty Reserve, charging its founder and various others with money laundering.<a href="#cite_note-Wired-50">[50]</a> Another increasingly common way of laundering money is to use online gaming. In a growing number of online games, such as <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a>, it is possible to <a href="/wiki/Gold_farming" title="Gold farming">convert money into virtual goods, services, or virtual cash</a> that can later be converted back into money.<a href="#cite_note-Wired.uk-34">[34]</a> To avoid the usage of decentralized digital money such as <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> for the profit of crime and corruption, Australia is planning to strengthen the nation's anti-money laundering laws.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-51">[51]</a> The characteristics of Bitcoin—it is completely deterministic, protocol-based and can be difficult to censor[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]—make it possible to circumvent national laws using services like <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> to obfuscate transaction origins. Bitcoin relies completely on cryptography, not on a central entity running under a <a href="/wiki/Know_your_customer" title="Know your customer">KYC</a> framework. There are several cases in which criminals have cashed out a significant amount of <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> after ransomware attacks, drug dealings, cyber fraud and gunrunning.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-52">[52]</a> However, many digital currency exchanges are now operating KYC programs under threat of regulation from the jurisdictions they operate.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reverse_money_laundering">Reverse money laundering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reverse money laundering">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></div> Reverse money laundering is a process that disguises a legitimate source of funds that are to be used for illegal purposes.<a href="#cite_note-REVERSE_LAUNDERING-55">[55]</a> It is usually perpetrated for the purpose of financing terrorism<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> but can be also used by criminal organizations that have invested in legal businesses and would like to withdraw legitimate funds from official circulation. Unaccounted cash received via disguising financial transactions is not included in official financial reporting and could be used to evade taxes, hand in bribes and pay "under-the-table" salaries.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> For example, in an affidavit filed on 24 March 2014 in <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court, Northern California</a>, San Francisco Division, FBI special agent Emmanuel V. Pascua alleged that several people associated with the <a href="/wiki/Chee_Kung_Tong" title="Chee Kung Tong">Chee Kung Tong</a> organization, and California State Senator <a href="/wiki/Leland_Yee" title="Leland Yee">Leland Yee</a>, engaged in reverse money laundering activities. The problem of such fraudulent encashment practices (obnalichka in Russian) has become acute in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union. The Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism (EAG) reported that the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Turkey, Serbia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia and Kazakhstan have encountered a substantial shrinkage of tax base and shifting money supply balance in favor of cash. These processes have complicated the planning and management of the economy and contributed to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Shadow_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow economy">shadow economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnitude">Magnitude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Magnitude">edit</a>]</div> Many regulatory and governmental authorities issue estimates each year for the amount of money laundered, either worldwide or within their national economy. In 1996, a spokesperson for the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> estimated that 2–5% of the worldwide global economy involved laundered money.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering">Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering</a> (FATF), an intergovernmental body set up to combat money laundering, stated, "Due to the illegal nature of the transactions, precise statistics are not available and it is therefore impossible to produce a definitive estimate of the amount of money that is globally laundered every year. The FATF therefore does not publish any figures in this regard."<a href="#cite_note-FATF_FAQ-60">[60]</a> Academic commentators have likewise been unable to estimate the volume of money with any degree of assurance.<a href="#cite_note-chasing_dirty_money-13">[13]</a> Various estimates of the scale of global money laundering are sometimes repeated often enough to make some people regard them as factual—but no researcher has overcome the inherent difficulty of measuring an actively concealed practice. Regardless of the difficulty in measurement, the amount of money laundered each year is in the <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billions</a> of US dollars and poses a significant policy concern for governments.<a href="#cite_note-chasing_dirty_money-13">[13]</a> As a result, governments and international bodies have undertaken efforts to deter, prevent, and apprehend money launderers. Financial institutions have likewise undertaken efforts to prevent and detect transactions involving dirty money, both as a result of government requirements and to avoid the reputational risk involved. Issues relating to money laundering have existed as long as there have been <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">large-scale criminal enterprises</a>. Modern anti-money laundering laws have developed along with the modern <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In more recent times anti-money laundering legislation is seen as an adjunct to the financial crime of <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">terrorist financing</a> in that both crimes usually involve the transmission of funds through the financial system (although money laundering relates to where the money has come from, and terrorist financing relating to where the money is going to). Finally, people, vessels, organisations and governments can be sanctioned due to international law-breaking, war (and of course tit-for-tat sanctions), and still want to move funds into markets where they are <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a>. Transaction laundering is a massive and growing problem.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Finextra estimated that transaction laundering accounted for over $200 billion in the US in 2017 alone, with over $6 billion of these sales involving illicit goods or services, sold by nearly 335,000 unregistered merchants.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Money laundering can erode <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-v890-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-f925-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">indiscriminate</a> information in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Embedded_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists">embedded lists</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit">clean up the lists</a> by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf/page1-220px-1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf/page1-330px-1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf/page1-440px-1998_Senate_Investigation_Contribution_Money_Laundering.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>1998 investigation, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, Contribution Laundering/Third-Party Transfers. Includes investigation of <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_International_Foundation" title="Gandhi Memorial International Foundation">Gandhi Memorial International Foundation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a>: Unknown amount, estimated in billions, of criminal proceeds, including drug trafficking money, laundered during the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of New York">Bank of New York</a>: US$7 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> of Russian <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> laundered through accounts controlled by bank executives, the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a>, in June 2014, pleaded guilty to falsifying <a href="/wiki/Business_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Business records">business records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(civil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (civil)">conspiracy</a>, having violated <a href="/wiki/U.S._sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. sanctions">U.S. sanctions</a> against Cuba, Iran, and Sudan. It agreed to pay an $8.9 billion fine, the largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_bnp_admits_guilt-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Ltd" title="BSI Ltd">BSI Bank</a>, in May 2017, was shut down by the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a> for serious breaches of anti-money laundering requirements, poor management oversight of the bank's operations, and gross misconduct of some of the bank's staff.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTA_Bank" title="BTA Bank">BTA Bank</a>: $6 billion of bank funds embezzled or fraudulently loaned to shell companies and offshore holdings by the bank's former chairman and CEO <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ablyazov" title="Mukhtar Ablyazov">Mukhtar Ablyazov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EWHC2788-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_House_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter House Bank (page does not exist)">Charter House Bank</a>: Charter House Bank in Kenya was placed under statutory management in 2006 by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Central Bank of Kenya</a> after it was discovered the bank was being used for money laundering activities by multiple accounts containing missing customer information. More than $1.5 billion had been laundered before the scam was uncovered.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank" title="Danske Bank">Danske Bank</a> + <a href="/wiki/Swedbank" title="Swedbank">Swedbank</a>: $30 billion – $230 billion US dollars <a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_money_laundering_scandal" title="Danske Bank money laundering scandal">laundered through its Estonian branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> This was revealed on 19 September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Investigations by Denmark, Estonia, the U.K. and the U.S. were joined by France in February 2019. On 19 February 2019, Danske Bank announced that it would cease operating in Russia and the Baltic States.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This statement came shortly after Estonia's banking regulator Finantsinspektsioon<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> announced that they would close the Estonian branch of Danske Bank.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The investigation has grown to include Swedbank, which may have laundered $4.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> More at <a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_money_laundering_scandal" title="Danske Bank money laundering scandal">Danske Bank money laundering scandal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> was accused in a vast money laundering scheme, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Global_Laundromat" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Laundromat">Global Laundromat</a>, involving secret Russian accounts that were transferred from <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> banks in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> between 2010 and 2014. Newspaper sources estimated the total value of laundered currency to be as high as $80bn. The bank is also under investigation for its involvement in Europe's biggest banking scandal through Denmark's <a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank" title="Danske Bank">Danske Bank</a>, which laundered €200bn, also from Russian sources.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>' <a href="/wiki/Dubai_Islamic_Bank" title="Dubai Islamic Bank">Dubai Islamic Bank</a> was accused of "knowingly and purposefully" providing "financial services and other forms of material support to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> operatives" when the terrorist group was planning the execution of the <a href="/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> against the United States.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Chartered Bank">Standard Chartered Bank</a> was also involved in opening the accounts of the terror operatives and allowing financial transactions to take place between them and <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, "the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinCEN_Files" title="FinCEN Files">FinCEN Files</a>: On 21 September 2020, The <a href="/wiki/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists" title="International Consortium of Investigative Journalists">International Consortium of Investigative Journalists</a> (ICIJ) revealed FinCEN Files, about the involvement of about $2tn of transactions by some of the world's biggest banks.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> FinCEN files also revealed that Dubai-based Gunes General Trading, based in Dubai funneled Iranian state money via UAE's central banking system and processed $142 million in 2011 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a>: In 2018, Cybersecurity firm <a href="/wiki/Cybersixgill" title="Cybersixgill">Sixgill</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Credit_card_fraud" title="Credit card fraud">stolen credit card details</a> may be used to purchase Fortnite's <a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">in-game currency</a> (V-Bucks) and in-game purchases, for the account to then be sold online for "clean" money.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_Games" title="Epic Games">Epic Games</a>, the makers of Fortnite, responded by urging customers to secure their accounts.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, in December 2012, paid a record $1.9 Billion fine for money-laundering hundreds of millions of dollars for drug traffickers, terrorists and sanctioned governments such as Iran.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The money-laundering occurred throughout the 2000s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a>: Italian authorities investigated suspected money laundering transactions amounting to US$218 million made by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">IOR</a> to several Italian banks.<a href="#cite_note-times-vatican-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Reserve" title="Liberty Reserve">Liberty Reserve</a>, in May 2013, was seized by United States federal authorities for laundering $6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>: US$70 billion of Russian capital flight was laundered through unregulated Nauru offshore shell banks, the late 1990s<a href="#cite_note-NY_times_shack-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a>: US$2–5 billion of government assets laundered through banks in the UK, Luxembourg, Jersey (Channel Islands), and Switzerland, by the president of Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-asset_recovery_abacha-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank" title="Standard Bank">Standard Bank</a>: Standard Bank South Africa London Branch – The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) has fined Standard Bank PLC (Standard Bank) £7,640,400 for failings relating to its anti-money laundering (AML) policies and procedures over corporate and private bank customers connected to <a href="/wiki/Politically_exposed_person" title="Politically exposed person">politically exposed persons</a> (PEPs).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>: paid $330 million in fines for money-laundering hundreds of billions of dollars for Iran. The money-laundering took place in the 2000s and occurred for "nearly a decade to hide 60,000 transactions worth $250 billion".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westpac" title="Westpac">Westpac</a>: On 24 September 2020, Westpac and AUSTRAC agreed to an AUD $1.3 billion penalty over Westpac's breaches of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 - the largest fine ever issued in Australian corporate history.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Individuals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Jose Franklin Jurado-Rodriguez, a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Economics Department alumnus, was convicted in Luxembourg in June 1990 "in what was one of the largest drug money laundering cases ever brought in Europe"<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and the US in 1996 of money laundering for the <a href="/wiki/Cali_Cartel" title="Cali Cartel">Cali Cartel</a> kingpin <a href="/wiki/Jose_Santacruz_Londono" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Santacruz Londono">Jose Santacruz Londono</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Jurado-Rodriguez specialized in "<a href="/wiki/Smurfing_(financial_crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfing (financial crime)">smurfing</a>".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Lap_Seng" title="Ng Lap Seng">Ng Lap Seng</a>: The Chinese billionaire real estate developer from <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> was sentenced to four years in prison<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> in May 2018 for bribing two diplomats, including the former president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Ashe" title="John William Ashe">John William Ashe</a>, to help him build a conference center in Macau for the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC), headed by Director <a href="/wiki/Yiping_Zhou" title="Yiping Zhou">Yiping Zhou</a>. The corruption case was the worst financial scandal for the United Nations since the abuse of the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Oil-for-Food_Programme" title="Oil-for-Food Programme">oil-for-food program</a> more than 20 years ago. Ng Lap Seng, 69, was convicted in Federal District Court in Manhattan on two counts of violating the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a>, one count of paying bribes, one count of money laundering, and two counts of conspiracy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>: Unknown amount, estimated at US$10 billion of government assets laundered through banks and financial institutions in the United States, Liechtenstein, Austria, Panama, Netherlands Antilles, Cayman Islands, Vanuatu, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, Singapore, Monaco, the Bahamas, the Vatican and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-bernstein-realestate-105">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_by_country">Laws by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Laws by country">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Money_laundering" title="Special:EditPage/Money laundering">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Implemented the Proceeds of Crime Act (POCA) to establish money laundering offenses and facilitate asset recovery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: Enacted the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) requiring companies to disclose their beneficial owners to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), effectively banning anonymous shell corporations and enhancing transparency in corporate ownership.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: Introduced the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act (AML/CTF Act) to regulate financial transactions and enhance transparency.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Established the Corruption, Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes (Confiscation of Benefits) Act to confiscate proceeds from serious crimes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: Strengthened its anti-money laundering framework through the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA), which mandates due diligence and reporting requirements for financial institutions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> Below table shows the annual reported money laundering cases per 100,000 population for individual countries for the last available year according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-f967-106">[106]</a> Proportion of unreported money laundering and 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td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header col1left" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th>Reported money laundering cases per 100,000<a href="#cite_note-f967-106">[106]</a></th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>16.7</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>8.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></td> <td>4.9</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/23px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/35px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/45px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></td> <td>2.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>47.8</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>0.9</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>3.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td>0.7</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>0.7</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>0.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>4.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> <td>6.6</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>100.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td>0.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></td> <td>1.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></td> <td>16.7</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>4.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>27.1</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>1.2</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Grenada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></td> <td>32.7</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></td> <td>13.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>5.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></td> <td>41.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>10.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></td> <td>0.2</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td> <td>25.2</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></td> <td>0.6</td> <td>2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></td> <td>178.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></td> <td>4.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></td> <td>24.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td>0.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></td> <td>126.8</td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>1.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>8.7</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td> <td>29.7</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>3.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></td> <td>0.2</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></td> <td>0.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>2.6</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td> <td>0.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td>2.8</td> <td>2017 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>1.6</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></td> <td>6.3</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>2.5</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td>1.7</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>4.4</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>0.9</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and Grenadines</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>141.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>42.9</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td>0.2</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/23px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/35px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/46px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>1.4</td> <td>2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>0.4</td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></td> <td>3.8</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></td> <td>0.0</td> <td>2022 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>2.0</td> <td>2018 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Money_Laundering_Act_(Switzerland)" title="Anti-Money Laundering Act (Switzerland)">Anti-Money Laundering Act (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-money_laundering_framework_for_financial_institutions_in_France" title="Anti-money laundering framework for financial institutions in France">Anti-money laundering framework for financial institutions in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_laundromat" title="Azerbaijani laundromat">Azerbaijani laundromat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danske_Bank_money_laundering_scandal" title="Danske Bank money laundering scandal">Danske Bank money laundering scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force" title="Financial Action Task Force">Financial Action Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_laundering" title="Gold laundering">Gold laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Greenback" title="Operation Greenback">Operation Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sven_Stumbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sven Stumbauer (page does not exist)">Sven Stumbauer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+amnesties+turn+HMRC+into+%27biggest+money-laundering+operation+in+history%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fianmcowie%2F100011790%2Ftax-amnesties-turn-hmrc-into-biggest-money-laundering-operation-in-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401101454/https://www.acfcs.org/news/364876/Merchant-based-money-laundering-Part-3-The-medium-is-the-method.htm">"Merchant-based money laundering Part 3: The medium is the method - ACFCS | Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists | A BARBRI, Inc. Company"</a>. www.acfcs.org. 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Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acfcs.org&rft.atitle=Merchant-based+money+laundering+Part+3%3A+The+medium+is+the+method+-+ACFCS+%7C+Association+of+Certified+Financial+Crime+Specialists+%7C+A+BARBRI%2C+Inc.+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acfcs.org%2Fnews%2F364876%2FMerchant-based-money-laundering-Part-3-The-medium-is-the-method.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.legal.thomsonreuters.com/law-products/solutions/clear-investigation-software/anti-money-laundering/the-growing-threat-of-transaction-laundering">"The Growing Threat of Transaction Laundering | Legal Solutions"</a>. store.legal.thomsonreuters.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201017/https://store.legal.thomsonreuters.com/law-products/solutions/clear-investigation-software/anti-money-laundering/the-growing-threat-of-transaction-laundering">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2019. 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Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thepaypers.com&rft.atitle=Transaction+laundering+in+2019+%E2%80%93+time+to+review+the+monitoring+strategy+%7C+The+Paypers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaypers.com%2Fexpert-opinion%2Ftransaction-laundering-in-2019-time-to-review-the-monitoring-strategy%2F776727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.threatmetrix.com/digital-identity-blog/fraud-prevention/transaction-laundering-a-growing-fraud-risk-for-merchants/">"Transaction Laundering: Growing Fraud Risk for Merchants"</a>. ThreatMetrix. 26 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201111/https://www.threatmetrix.com/digital-identity-blog/fraud-prevention/transaction-laundering-a-growing-fraud-risk-for-merchants/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2019. 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Reuters. 22 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011840/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gambling-usa-dummies-exclusive-idUSKBN19D137">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Fake+online+stores+reveal+gamblers%27+shadow+banking+system&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-gambling-usa-dummies-exclusive-idUSKBN19D137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201154/https://www.g2webservices.com/acquiring/g2-portfolio-protection/transaction-laundering/">"G2 Transaction Laundering Detection"</a>. G2 Web Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.g2webservices.com/acquiring/g2-portfolio-protection/transaction-laundering/">the original</a> on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G2+Web+Services&rft.atitle=G2+Transaction+Laundering+Detection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.g2webservices.com%2Facquiring%2Fg2-portfolio-protection%2Ftransaction-laundering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFraytodd20172018" class="citation web cs1">raytodd2017 (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109011803/https://raytodd.blog/2018/09/17/transaction-laundering-and-high-risk-payment-processors/">"Transaction laundering and high-risk payment processors"</a>. raytodd.blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raytodd.blog/2018/09/17/transaction-laundering-and-high-risk-payment-processors/">the original</a> on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=raytodd.blog&rft.atitle=Transaction+laundering+and+high-risk+payment+processors&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.au=raytodd2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraytodd.blog%2F2018%2F09%2F17%2Ftransaction-laundering-and-high-risk-payment-processors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired.uk-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired.uk_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired.uk_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolon2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Solon, Olivia (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/21/money-laundering-online">"Cybercriminals launder money using in-game currencies"</a>. Wired. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024160117/https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-10/21/money-laundering-online">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Cybercriminals+launder+money+using+in-game+currencies&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.aulast=Solon&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2013-10%2F21%2Fmoney-laundering-online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieff2024" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Sieff" title="Kevin Sieff">Sieff, Kevin</a> (18 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2024/sebastian-marset-cocaine-investigation-soccer-football/?itid=cb_box_62WJAQCON5EX7BW7QDNOUCKHWE_1">"As a trafficker pursued dreams of soccer glory, investigators closed in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <q>'They buy a Colombian player from a very low-level soccer team and then take him to play in the Croatian Soccer League. But they sell him for 100 times or 200 times more than what he cost,' said a Colombian police official</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=As+a+trafficker+pursued+dreams+of+soccer+glory%2C+investigators+closed+in&rft.date=2024-07-18&rft.aulast=Sieff&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Finteractive%2F2024%2Fsebastian-marset-cocaine-investigation-soccer-football%2F%3Fitid%3Dcb_box_62WJAQCON5EX7BW7QDNOUCKHWE_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkinPearceShannon2022" class="citation book cs1">Larkin, Charles; Pearce, Nick; Shannon, Nadine (2022). "Criminality and cryptocurrencies: Enforcement and policy responses – Part II". In Corbet, Shaen (ed.). Understanding Cryptocurrency Fraud. The challenges and headwinds to regulate digital currencies. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 141 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071688-7"><bdi>978-3-11-071688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criminality+and+cryptocurrencies%3A+Enforcement+and+policy+responses+%E2%80%93+Part+II&rft.btitle=Understanding+Cryptocurrency+Fraud.+The+challenges+and+headwinds+to+regulate+digital+currencies&rft.place=Boston%2FBerlin&rft.pages=141+f&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071688-7&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nick&rft.au=Shannon%2C+Nadine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKethineniCao2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kethineni, Sesha; Cao, Ying (2020). 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"Cryptocurrency money laundering and exit scams: Cases, regulatory responses and issue". In Corbet, Shaen (ed.). Understanding Cryptocurrency Fraud. The challenges and headwinds to regulate digital currencies. 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Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Epic+Games+Responds+to+%27Fortnite%27+Money+Laundering+Accusations&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Shanley&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fepic-games-responds-fortnite-money-laundering-accusations-1176602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/hsbc-to-pay-record-fine-to-settle-money-laundering-charges/">"HSBC to Pay Record Fine to Settle Money-Laundering Charges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 11 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115002041/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/hsbc-to-pay-record-fine-to-settle-money-laundering-charges/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=HSBC+to+Pay+Record+Fine+to+Settle+Money-Laundering+Charges&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fhsbc-to-pay-record-fine-to-settle-money-laundering-charges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-vatican-92"><a href="#cite_ref-times-vatican_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephine_McKenna2009" class="citation news cs1">Josephine McKenna (7 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210224708/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"Vatican Bank reported to be facing money-laundering investigation"</a>. The Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article6946507.ece">the original</a> on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican+Bank+reported+to+be+facing+money-laundering+investigation&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft.au=Josephine+McKenna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle6946507.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/net-us-cybercrime-libertyreserve-charges-idUSBRE94R0KQ20130529">"U.S. accuses currency exchange of laundering $6 billion"</a>. Reuters. 29 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223452/https://www.reuters.com/article/net-us-cybercrime-libertyreserve-charges-idUSBRE94R0KQ20130529">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+accuses+currency+exchange+of+laundering+%246+billion&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnet-us-cybercrime-libertyreserve-charges-idUSBRE94R0KQ20130529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetter2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Zetter, Kim (28 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/05/liberty-reserve-indicted/">"Liberty Reserve Founder Indicted on $6 Billion Money-Laundering Charges"</a>. Wired. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523202310/https://www.wired.com/2013/05/liberty-reserve-indicted/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Liberty+Reserve+Founder+Indicted+on+%246+Billion+Money-Laundering+Charges&rft.date=2013-05-28&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Zetter&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fliberty-reserve-indicted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/secret-service-busts-6-billion-money-laundering-scheme">"Secret Service busts $6 billion money laundering scheme"</a>. Fox News. 25 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223449/https://www.foxnews.com/world/secret-service-busts-6-billion-money-laundering-scheme">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Secret+Service+busts+%246+billion+money+laundering+scheme&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fsecret-service-busts-6-billion-money-laundering-scheme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY_times_shack-96"><a href="#cite_ref-NY_times_shack_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitt2000" class="citation news cs1">Hitt, Jack (10 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/magazine/the-billion-dollar-shack.html">"The Billion Dollar Shack"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118011327/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/magazine/the-billion-dollar-shack.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Billion+Dollar+Shack&rft.date=2000-12-10&rft.aulast=Hitt&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F12%2F10%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-billion-dollar-shack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asset_recovery_abacha-97"><a href="#cite_ref-asset_recovery_abacha_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130502221120/http://www.assetrecovery.org/kc/node/52f770df-a33e-11dc-bf1b-335d0754ba85.0;jsessionid=741FC522C872AFE4D5D201D4EEBB472F">"Sani Abacha"</a>. Asset Recovery Knowledge Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assetrecovery.org/kc/node/52f770df-a33e-11dc-bf1b-335d0754ba85.0;jsessionid=741FC522C872AFE4D5D201D4EEBB472F">the original</a> on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sani+Abacha&rft.pub=Asset+Recovery+Knowledge+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assetrecovery.org%2Fkc%2Fnode%2F52f770df-a33e-11dc-bf1b-335d0754ba85.0%3Bjsessionid%3D741FC522C872AFE4D5D201D4EEBB472F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fca.org.uk/news/press-releases/standard-bank-plc-fined-%C2%A376m-failures-its-anti-money-laundering-controls">"Standard Bank PLC fined £7.6m for failures in its anti-money laundering controls"</a>. FCA. 23 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223406/https://www.fca.org.uk/news/press-releases/standard-bank-plc-fined-%C2%A376m-failures-its-anti-money-laundering-controls">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FCA&rft.atitle=Standard+Bank+PLC+fined+%C2%A37.6m+for+failures+in+its+anti-money+laundering+controls&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fca.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fpress-releases%2Fstandard-bank-plc-fined-%25C2%25A376m-failures-its-anti-money-laundering-controls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/standard-chartered-to-pay-u-s-330-million-to-settle-iran-laundering-claims/">"Standard Chartered to Pay $330 Million to Settle Iran Money Transfer Claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 6 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115174202/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/12/06/standard-chartered-to-pay-u-s-330-million-to-settle-iran-laundering-claims/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Standard+Chartered+to+Pay+%24330+Million+to+Settle+Iran+Money+Transfer+Claims&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F06%2Fstandard-chartered-to-pay-u-s-330-million-to-settle-iran-laundering-claims%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austrac.gov.au/news-and-media/media-release/austrac-and-westpac-agree-penalty">"AUSTRAC and Westpac agree to proposed $1.3bn penalty"</a>. AUSTRAC. 24 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127113712/https://www.austrac.gov.au/news-and-media/media-release/austrac-and-westpac-agree-penalty">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AUSTRAC&rft.atitle=AUSTRAC+and+Westpac+agree+to+proposed+%241.3bn+penalty&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austrac.gov.au%2Fnews-and-media%2Fmedia-release%2Faustrac-and-westpac-agree-penalty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee,_Jim1995" class="citation news cs1">McGee, Jim (18 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/18/from-respected-attorney-to-suspected-racketeer-a-lawyers-journey/d60f376a-b7eb-4f48-8acb-8e5daf99fa4f/">"FROM RESPECTED ATTORNEY TO SUSPECTED RACKETEER: A LAWYER'S JOURNEY"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915113825/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/18/from-respected-attorney-to-suspected-racketeer-a-lawyers-journey/d60f376a-b7eb-4f48-8acb-8e5daf99fa4f/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=FROM+RESPECTED+ATTORNEY+TO+SUSPECTED+RACKETEER%3A+A+LAWYER%27S+JOURNEY&rft.date=1995-06-18&rft.au=McGee%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1995%2F06%2F18%2Ffrom-respected-attorney-to-suspected-racketeer-a-lawyers-journey%2Fd60f376a-b7eb-4f48-8acb-8e5daf99fa4f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRASHBAUM,_William_K.1996" class="citation news cs1">RASHBAUM, William K. (12 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403185125/http://www.nydailynews.com/amp/archives/news/admits-laundering-drug-cash-article-1.716159">"HE ADMITS LAUNDERING DRUG CASH"</a>. New York Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/amp/archives/news/admits-laundering-drug-cash-article-1.716159">the original</a> on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=HE+ADMITS+LAUNDERING+DRUG+CASH&rft.date=1996-04-12&rft.au=RASHBAUM%2C+William+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Famp%2Farchives%2Fnews%2Fadmits-laundering-drug-cash-article-1.716159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochan,_Nick2011" class="citation book cs1">Kochan, Nick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-AoDwAAQBAJ&q=franklin+jurado+mba&pg=PT130">The Washing Machine</a>. Gerald Duckworth & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715642030" title="Special:BookSources/9780715642030"><bdi>9780715642030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washing+Machine&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780715642030&rft.au=Kochan%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-AoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfranklin%2Bjurado%2Bmba%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2018" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Sewell (11 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/11/world/asia/macau-ng-un-bribery.html">"Macau Tycoon Gets 4 Years in Prison for Bribing U.N. Diplomats"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511173411/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/11/world/asia/macau-ng-un-bribery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Macau+Tycoon+Gets+4+Years+in+Prison+for+Bribing+U.N.+Diplomats&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F11%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fmacau-ng-un-bribery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein-realestate-105"><a href="#cite_ref-bernstein-realestate_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap1991" class="citation news cs1">Dunlap, David W. (13 January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/realestate/commercial-property-bernstein-brothers-tangled-tale-americas-towers-crown.html">"Commercial Property: The Bernstein Brothers; A Tangled Tale of Americas Towers and the Crown"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114134628/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/13/realestate/commercial-property-bernstein-brothers-tangled-tale-americas-towers-crown.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Commercial+Property%3A+The+Bernstein+Brothers%3B+A+Tangled+Tale+of+Americas+Towers+and+the+Crown&rft.date=1991-01-13&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F01%2F13%2Frealestate%2Fcommercial-property-bernstein-brothers-tangled-tale-americas-towers-crown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-f967-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-f967_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-f967_106-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataunodc.un.org/dp-crime-corruption-offences">"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Corruption & Economic Crime, Category "Money laundering""</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime%2C+Corruption+%26+Economic+Crime%2C+Category+%22Money+laundering%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataunodc.un.org%2Fdp-crime-corruption-offences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoney+laundering" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Money laundering <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Money+laundering">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Money+laundering&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Money_laundering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Money laundering">Money laundering</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/index.html">UNODC on money-laundering and countering the financing of terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520031705/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/money-laundering/index.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: profile from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialmarketintegrity">Financial Market Integrity Unit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113202834/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialmarketintegrity">Archived</a> 13 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/">International Narcotics Control Strategy Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815202359/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/">Archived</a> 15 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (INCSR), annual report issued by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> in March every year (prepared by <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Narcotics_and_Law_Enforcement_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs">Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs</a>) on country money laundering risk</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by 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