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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中世</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> 5世紀から15世紀頃を指す西洋史の時代区分 </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="言語" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>言語</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:25px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></span></td> <td>三島由紀夫の小説については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世 (小説)">中世 (小説)</a>」を、地質時代については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中生代">中生代</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <p><b>中世</b>（ちゅうせい、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="英語">英語</a>: <span lang="en">Middle Ages</span>）は、狭義には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヨーロッパ史">西洋史</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="時代区分">時代区分</a>の一つで、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代">古代</a>よりも後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近代">近代</a>または<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近世">近世</a>よりも前の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="時代">時代</a>を指す。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17世紀">17世紀</a>初頭の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西洋">西洋</a>では中世の観念が早くも定着していたと見られ、文献上の初見は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1610%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1610年代">1610年代</a>にまでさかのぼる<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/220px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/330px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg/440px-St_Michaels_Church_Hildesheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3274" data-file-height="1911"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%81%AE%E8%81%96%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82%E3%81%A8%E8%81%96%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヒルデスハイムの聖マリア大聖堂と聖ミカエル聖堂">聖ミカエル聖堂</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>広義には、西洋史における中世の類推から、他地域のある時代を「中世」と呼ぶ。ただし、あくまでも類推であって、西洋史における中世と同じ年代を指すとは限らないし、「中世」という時代区分を用いない分野のことも多い。また、西洋では「中世」という<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="用語">用語</a>を専ら西洋史における時代区分として使用する<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <p>例えば、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="英語">英語</a>では通常<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本の歴史">日本史</a>における「中世」を、「feudal Japan」（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封建制">封建</a>日本）や「<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Japan%23Medieval_Japan_.281185.E2.80.931573.2F1600.29" class="extiw" title="en:History of Japan">medieval Japan</a>」（中世日本）とする。</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">目次</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">日本</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E3%81%AE%E5%B0%8E%E5%85%A5"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">中世区分の導入</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E7%94%BB%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%8B%E7%9B%B4%E3%81%97"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">古代との画期の見直し</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E7%94%BB%E6%9C%9F"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">近世との画期</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">ヨーロッパ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">中国</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">イスラム世界</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">脚注</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">出典</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">参考文献</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">関連項目</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">外部リンク</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 日本" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><b>日本の中世</b>とは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%A2%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="院政">院政期</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦国時代 (日本)">戦国時代</a>までの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11世紀">11世紀</a>後半から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16世紀">16世紀</a>後半までの期間を指す<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本の歴史">日本の歴史</a>における<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="時代区分">時代区分</a>である<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。これは土地制度（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荘園 (日本)">荘園制</a>）に基づいた時代区分であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荘民">荘民</a>が存在せず田地のみが広がる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%94%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="免田">免田</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寄人">寄人</a>型荘園から、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%91%E8%90%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="村落">村落</a>なども囲い込んだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E9%80%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%B3%BB%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寄進地系荘園">領域型荘園</a>への移行を画期とする。戦国期に入り動揺を見せていた荘園制は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B1%8A%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="豊臣秀吉">豊臣秀吉</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%96%A4%E6%A4%9C%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太閤検地">太閤検地</a>の実施と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="石高制">石高制</a>の成立により解体し、日本の中世は終焉を迎えた<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="中世区分の導入"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.86.E3.81.AE.E5.B0.8E.E5.85.A5"></span>中世区分の導入</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 中世区分の導入" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本の歴史">日本の歴史</a>における古代・中世・近代の区分は、西洋の歴史学をモデルとした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="明治時代">明治</a>以降の近代歴史学が使い始めた。具体的には、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1906%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1906年">1906年</a>（明治39年）に歴史学者の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%8B%9D%E9%83%8E_(%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%B6)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="原勝郎 (歴史家)">原勝郎</a>が初めて「中世」の歴史区分を用いた<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武家政権">武家政権</a>の存在した期間にヨーロッパ中世の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="騎士">騎士</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封建制">封建制</a>（主従制）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%81%AE%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92" title="荘園">荘園制</a>との類似点を見出だし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鎌倉幕府">鎌倉幕府</a>の成立（1185）から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="室町幕府">室町幕府</a>の滅亡（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1573%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1573年">1573年</a>）まで、すなわち<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鎌倉時代">鎌倉時代</a></b>と<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="室町時代">室町時代</a></b>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦国時代 (日本)">戦国時代</a>まで含む）を合わせたおよそ4世紀の期間を<b>中世</b>と定義するのが一般的であった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南北朝時代 (日本)">南北朝時代</a>を挟んで中世前期・中世後期に区分される。</p> <p>ここに定義された「中世」は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="政治史">政治史</a>的に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武家政権">武家政権</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="幕府">幕府</a>）による支配を特徴としており、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天皇">天皇</a>の政権（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%BB%B7_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝廷 (日本)">朝廷</a>）が全国を統合していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代">古代</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大和時代">大和時代</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="奈良時代">奈良時代</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平安時代">平安時代</a>）と区別された。また武家政権の存在した時期でも、中世的支配構造が解体された後、強力な中央政権（あるいは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="連邦">連邦</a>政権）によって新たな支配構造が形成される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近世">近世</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%9F%E6%A1%83%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安土桃山時代">安土桃山時代</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江戸時代">江戸時代</a>）を区別する。</p> <p>平安時代末期、中央（朝廷）による支配は諸国の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武士">武士</a>（<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E9%A0%98%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="在地領主">在地領主</a></b>）の離反のために危機に瀕していた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%A2%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="院政">院政</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平氏政権">平氏政権</a>による試みを経て、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E9%A0%BC%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="源頼朝">源頼朝</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%89%80%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="所領">所領</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A0%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安堵">安堵</a>を媒介とする<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%A3%9F%E6%A2%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武家の棟梁">武家の棟梁</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="御家人">御家人</a>の主従制を、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%83%A3%E5%9C%B0%E9%A0%AD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="日本国惣地頭 (存在しないページ)">日本国惣地頭</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="征夷大将軍">将軍</a>）による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%A0%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="地頭">地頭職</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E4%BB%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="補任">補任</a>の形式をもって国制化し、在地領主層の政治的統合を一定程度達成した。これが中世国家における<b>全国支配</b>のありようの主要部分をなした（ただ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%BA%81%E5%AE%98%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="在庁官人">在庁官人</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荘官">荘官</a>などで地頭に補任されず将軍と主従関係を持たない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BE%A1%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="非御家人">非御家人</a>も少なくなかった）。南北朝内乱の過程で、<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="守護">守護</a></b>は軍事指揮権行使や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B8%88%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="半済令">半済令</a>などを足がかりに任国における上級領主（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="守護大名">守護大名</a>）へと性格を改め（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="守護領国制">守護領国制</a>）、全国支配は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%86%E8%BB%8D%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="足利将軍家">足利将軍</a>の下の守護（および<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E5%85%AC%E6%96%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鎌倉公方">鎌倉公方</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%8E%A2%E9%A1%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="九州探題">九州探題</a>など）が分掌する形に移行していった。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E6%89%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="守護所">守護所</a>と並存していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国衙">国衙</a>の権限は侵奪され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%99%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国衙領">国衙領（公領）</a>も<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="守護領">守護領</a>に転換した。公領・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荘園 (日本)">荘園</a>の在地領主であった在庁官人も荘官も、地頭御家人・非御家人の別なく同質に<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国人">国人</a></b>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="国衆">国衆</a>）と呼ばれる存在になっていたが、守護はこれらの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="被官">被官</a>化に努めた。やがて室町幕府の支配力の縮小により、自立的権力としての性格を強める守護・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E8%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="守護代">守護代</a>あるいは国人からも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦国大名">戦国大名</a>化するものが広汎に現れて全国支配は全く形骸化し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E9%95%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="織田信長">織田信長</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B1%8A%E8%87%A3%E7%A7%80%E5%90%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="豊臣秀吉">豊臣秀吉</a>による再統合（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天下統一">天下統一</a>）の時を迎えるに至る。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="古代との画期の見直し"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E3.81.A8.E3.81.AE.E7.94.BB.E6.9C.9F.E3.81.AE.E8.A6.8B.E7.9B.B4.E3.81.97"></span>古代との画期の見直し</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 古代との画期の見直し" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>しかし、こうした見方はあまりに政治史的であり、また鎌倉幕府の成立時期や平氏政権の評価について異論が出され、武士の発生過程も見直されるなどして、従来の区分は広く受け容れられなくなった。</p> <p>そして、中世を通じて支配の基層にあった在地領主（御家人・非御家人 → 国人）や、その領主的所有・支配の対象であり中世的な重層的土地収益権（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E3%81%AE%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="職の体系">職の体系</a>）が成立した公領・荘園を重視する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="社会経済史">社会経済史</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="土地制度史 (存在しないページ)">土地制度史</a>面からの捉え方により、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92%E5%85%AC%E9%A0%98%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荘園公領制">荘園公領制</a>が確立した院政期を中世初期に含める見解が有力になり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="学校教育">学校教育</a>においても、すでに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980年代">1980年代</a>頃からこれに沿った構成を取る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="教科書">教科書</a>が増えている。さらに遡って、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="律令制">律令制</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王朝国家">王朝国家</a>体制に移行する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F" title="平安時代">平安中期</a>を発端とする意見もある<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE佐藤1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A41983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。平安時代は古代から中世への過渡期と考えられ、どちらに分類するかはいまだに議論があり、中立的な概念として、古くから主に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本の中古文学史">文学史</a>の世界で使われてきた「<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4_(%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="中古 (時代区分)">中古</a></b>」という語を用いることもある。</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="近世との画期"><span id=".E8.BF.91.E4.B8.96.E3.81.A8.E3.81.AE.E7.94.BB.E6.9C.9F"></span>近世との画期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 近世との画期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>中世と近世との画期をどの時点に求めるかについては、（1）統一事業に乗り出す<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E7%94%B0%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="織田政権">織田政権</a>が姿を現した信長上洛（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1568%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1568年">1568年</a>）、（2）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%96%A4%E6%A4%9C%E5%9C%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太閤検地">太閤検地</a>で荘園公領制を最終的に解体した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B1%8A%E8%87%A3%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="豊臣政権">豊臣政権</a>による全国統一（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1590%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1590年">1590年</a>）、（3）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%95%E8%97%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="幕藩体制">幕藩体制</a>による全国支配を確立する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江戸幕府">江戸幕府</a>の成立（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1603%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1603年">1603年</a>）などさまざまな見解がある。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="ヨーロッパ"><span id=".E3.83.A8.E3.83.BC.E3.83.AD.E3.83.83.E3.83.91"></span>ヨーロッパ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ヨーロッパ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101304250">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-出典の明記 plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-出典の明記" role="presentation" style="width:auto;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> <b>この節は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%BC%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:検証可能性">検証可能</a>な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BF%A1%E9%A0%BC%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8B%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%BA%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:信頼できる情報源">参考文献や出典</a>が全く示されていないか、不十分です。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する">出典を追加</a>して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。<small>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%81%AE%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98/doc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:出典の明記/doc">このテンプレートの使い方</a>）</small><br><small><span class="plainlinks">出典検索<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Find_sources_mainspace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Find sources mainspace"><sup>?</sup></a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl%3Dja%26as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26q%3D%2522%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%2522%26num%3D50">"中世"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl%3Dja%26q%3D%2522%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%2522%26tbm%3Dnws">ニュース</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.co.jp/search?hl%3Dja%26tbs%3Dbks:1%26q%3D%2522%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%2522">書籍</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.co.jp/scholar?num%3D100%26hl%3Dja%26q%3D%2522%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%2522">スカラー</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ci.nii.ac.jp/opensearch/search?lang%3Dja%26q%3D%2522%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%2522%26range%3D2%26count%3D200%26sortorder%3D1%26type%3D0">CiNii</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/result/global/-char/ja?globalSearchKey%3D%2522%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%2522">J-STAGE</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="中世ヨーロッパ">中世ヨーロッパ</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世前期">中世前期</a>」、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世盛期">中世盛期</a>」、および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世後期">中世後期</a>」も参照 </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg/220px-St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1384"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 286px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg/220px-St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg/330px-St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg/440px-St_Henrik_dop_Kuppis_R.W._Ekman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 伝説によると、<span title="リンク先の項目はまだありません。新規の執筆や他言語版からの翻訳が望まれます。"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%96%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="聖ヘンリック (存在しないページ)">聖ヘンリック</a><span style="font-size: 0.77em; font-weight: normal;" class="noprint">（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(bishop_of_Finland)" class="extiw" title="en:Henry (bishop of Finland)">英語版</a>）</span></span>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トゥルク">トゥルク</a>近くの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フィン人">フィン人</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E7%A4%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="洗礼">洗礼</a>を授けた<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イタリア">イタリア</a>・ルネサンスの時代には、栄光の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="古代ギリシャ">古代ギリシャ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代ローマ">ローマ</a>が衰退したのちに、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ゲルマン民族">ゲルマン民族</a>の軍隊がイタリアの土地と庶民を支配する「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E9%BB%92%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="暗黒時代">暗黒時代</a>」となり、さらに後にルネサンス（復興）の時代を経て「現在」（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="啓蒙時代">啓蒙主義の時代</a>）に至ると考えられた。栄光の古代と復興後の現代の中間に横たわるこの暗黒時代は<b>中世</b>と呼ばれて忌み嫌われ、古代―中世―近代の<b>三時代区分法</b>が西洋史の大きな枠組みとして広く使われるようになった。</p> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="生産">生産</a>関係に重点を置く<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マルクス主義">マルクス主義</a>歴史学（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2%E8%A6%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唯物史観">唯物史観</a>）の5時代区分論（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="原始共産制">原始共産制</a>・古代奴隷制・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封建制">封建制</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="資本主義">資本主義</a>制・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="共産主義">共産主義</a>制）においても基本的には同様で、中世は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封建制">封建制</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%A5%B4%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="農奴制">農奴制</a>社会とされる。ただ唯物史観は、古代から退化して現代にいたるのではなく、生産手段の継続的な進歩という<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="進化論">進化論</a>的視点をとる。</p> <p>伝統的な西洋史の時代区分における中世は、一般に5世紀から15世紀、歴史的大事件で捉えるならば<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西ローマ帝国">西ローマ帝国</a>滅亡（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/476%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="476年">476年</a>）のあたりから<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東ローマ帝国">東ローマ帝国</a>滅亡（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1453%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1453年">1453年</a>）のあたりとされ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ルネサンス">ルネサンス</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>以降を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近世">近世</a>とする。ただしルネサンスは国によって時期が大幅に前後することもあって、これを中世に含めるかどうかについては古くから議論があった。</p> <p>中世はさらに、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%A7%BB%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ゲルマン民族の大移動">ゲルマン民族の大移動</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マジャル人">マジャール人</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ノルマン人">ノルマン人</a>の侵入が収まるまでの<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世前期">中世前期</a></b>（early middle ages、500年頃から1000年頃）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="十字軍">十字軍</a>により西欧が拡大し、汎ヨーロッパ的な権力を巡って<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="教皇">教皇権</a>が世俗王権と争う<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世盛期">中世盛期</a></b>（high middle ages、1000年頃から1300年頃）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ルネサンス">ルネサンス</a>の興隆や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="百年戦争">百年戦争</a>の争乱を経て<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E5%AF%BE%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="絶対王制">絶対王政</a>に向かいはじめる<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世後期">中世後期</a></b>（late middle ages、1300年頃から1500年頃）に時代区分されることがある。</p> <p>西ヨーロッパの中世は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ペスト">ペスト</a>の流行、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%AB%AF%E5%AF%A9%E5%95%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="異端審問">異端審問</a>などに象徴される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E9%BB%92%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="暗黒時代">暗黒時代</a>という見方がされるケースが多い。その理由はローマ教皇が1096年のウルバヌス2世がフランスの封建領主諸侯に呼び掛けることで始まった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="十字軍">十字軍</a>によるイスラムへの侵攻があり政治的には多くの人命が失われる戦争が宗教の名の下に行われるのが習慣化していた時代とも言えるからである。これを裏付ける歴史的事実としてローマ教皇が圧倒的な権勢を誇っていた当時のヨーロッパの実態がある。無論、そのために反動的な出来事としてその後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="30年戦争">30年戦争</a>と実質上の神聖ローマ帝国の解体、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ウェストファリア条約">ウェストファリア条約</a>（体制）の締結、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="オランダ独立戦争">オランダ独立戦争</a>、イギリス<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%95%99%E5%BE%92%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清教徒革命">清教徒革命</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%89%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名誉革命">名誉革命</a>、そして最終的には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="フランス革命">フランス革命</a>へとつながる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%95%93%E8%92%99%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="啓蒙主義">啓蒙主義</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="人権">人権</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E6%A8%A9%E3%81%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%9B%8A%E3%82%92%E5%AE%88%E3%82%8B%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E8%AD%B0%E5%93%A1%E9%80%A3%E7%9B%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="国家主権と国益を守るために行動する議員連盟">国家主権</a>とヒューマニズムの確立）などが起こった近世へとつながるのだが、啓蒙主義のことを「知識という“光”を人民に与える」とも呼ばれるため、啓蒙主義の“光”と対照的に中世のローマ教皇とキリスト教の権威主義が“中世を暗黒時代と評価させる原因”とも言えるであろう。</p> <p>しかしながら前述の中世は光か闇かという面で言及すると一方的に闇とは言い切れない部分もあるのは事実で、それは文化の面に表れている（例えば<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12世紀ルネサンス">12世紀ルネサンス</a>）として、歴史学の分野では再評価が行われている。しかし一般的には中世を暗黒時代とみなす風潮はなお根強い。また、12世紀になるまでは経済力・文化などの面などで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="イスラム">イスラム</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東ローマ帝国">東ローマ帝国</a>の後塵を拝していたのも事実である。これは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="地政学">地政学</a>的側面として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イスラム教">イスラム教</a>の成立から始まる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アッバース朝">アッバース朝</a>から連綿と続き<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オスマン帝国">オスマン帝国</a>の出現へと至る過程でヨーロッパでは、それまで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="スパイスロード (存在しないページ)">スパイスロード</a>で供給されていた香料諸島からの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A4%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="胡椒">胡椒</a>（コショウ）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="丁子">丁子</a>（チョウジ）などを始めとする香料（香辛料）や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>を経てヨーロッパでも入手できた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絹">絹</a>（シルク）やそれを利用した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B9%E7%B9%94%E7%89%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絹織物">絹織物</a>が入手できなくなった。そのため十字軍のときにイスラムのサラーフッディーン（サラディン）からは次のように呼び掛けられている「キリスト教徒たちが通商を求めるならば歓迎するが十字軍を送り込んでくるならば我々はキリスト教徒すべてを粉砕することになるであろう」つまり、異教徒としてイスラムを毛嫌いしていたローマ教皇以下キリスト教勢力はこの当時の先進国（生産力の高さを先進国と呼ぶ基準とするならば）東アジア諸国の文物を知らずにいたこともイスラム教徒たちに後塵を拝する理由のひとつとも言えた。</p> <p>経済活動を見ると、封建制の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92_(%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="荘園 (ヨーロッパ)">荘園</a>では生産性が上がることにより生産物を交換する定期市が発達し、十字軍に伴う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="東方貿易 (存在しないページ)">東方貿易</a>の活発化と商権の拡大が見られ、ヨーロッパ各地の特色ある商品が海や川を使って流通した。都市の市民が領主から自治権を得ていくと都市は国家や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自由都市">自由都市</a>に変貌した。利害を追及する都市間が協力して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ハンザ同盟">ハンザ同盟</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロンバルディア同盟">ロンバルディア同盟</a>をつくり、政治的勢力という要素が加わった。また都市の職人・手工業者は組合である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ギルド">ギルド</a>を形成した。こうした市民活動から貨幣経済が発展し中世後の近代化へと続いた。文化面では、絶大な教会の権威を支える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="神学">神学</a>が学問の頂点にあり自然科学は衰退したが、諸国の君主が保護した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大学">大学</a>が生まれ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロジャー・ベーコン">ロジャー・ベーコン</a>のような科学者も現れた。</p> <p>時代が下ると、西ローマ帝国の滅亡から東ローマ帝国の滅亡までという歴史的大事件の枠にはまった従来の中世観を見直して、より包括的な社会人類学の視点から中世を定義することが行われるようになった。すなわち、ゲルマン民族大移動収拾後の定住化と共に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="キリスト教">キリスト教</a>が大衆へ浸透し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="封建制">封建制</a>社会が確立した時期の9世紀から10世紀頃をもって中世の開始として、官僚と常備軍をもって地方分権的領主を圧迫していった国王が国内統一を成し遂げ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E5%AF%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絶対王政">絶対王政</a>による強大な中央集権国家を築いた時期の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16世紀">16世紀</a>末頃をもってその歴史区分の中世期の終焉とするものである。（このような見直しに伴う8世紀以前の時代区分については、<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%9C%AB%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古代末期">古代末期</a></b>を参照。）</p> <p>近年では、これまでの古代 → 中世 → 近代の三時代区分に新たに<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近世">近世</a></b>（early modern period）という時代区分を加え、ルネサンスから絶対王政の終焉までをこの近世、それ以降を近代と考えることが主流となりつつある。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="中国"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9B.BD"></span>中国</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 中国" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の歴史">中国の歴史</a>における中世の概念は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%97%A4%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内藤湖南">内藤湖南</a>の『支那近世史』（内藤1909 - 1919）に始まる。内藤は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後漢">後漢</a>の中ごろまでを上古、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏晋南北朝時代">魏晋南北朝時代</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐">唐</a>中期までを中古、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a>以降を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近世">近世</a>とする。上古・中古はそれぞれ古代・中世と言い換えて間違いは無い。この観点は主に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="京都大学">京都大学</a>出身者によって作られる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="京都学派">京都学派</a>によって発展を遂げる。その代表を挙げるとすれば<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%AE%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宮崎市定">宮崎市定</a>である。</p> <p>これに対して戦後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E7%9B%B4%E5%85%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前田直典">前田直典</a>によって唐の中期までを古代、宋以降を中世とする論が出され、大きな論戦を引き起こした（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国史時代区分論争">中国史時代区分論争</a>）。唐中期までを古代とする論はその後、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B6%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%94%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西嶋定生">西嶋定生</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A0%80%E6%95%8F%E4%B8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="堀敏一">堀敏一</a>らの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="歴史学研究会">歴史学研究会</a>を中心とする<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東京学派">東京学派</a>の手によって発展していき、京都学派との長い論戦が続いた。</p> <p>しかし1970年代ごろからは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E8%A8%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="実証主義">実証主義</a>的な立場からこのような「大きな物語」に対する批判が生じ、分野の細分化が進み、時代区分論争のような大きな枠組みの研究は少なくなった。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="イスラム世界"><span id=".E3.82.A4.E3.82.B9.E3.83.A9.E3.83.A0.E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C"></span>イスラム世界</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: イスラム世界" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>前出の「中世イスラム」とは、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9E%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ファーティマ朝">ファーティマ朝</a>成立（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/909%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="909年">909年</a>）や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%95%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ブワイフ朝">ブワイフ朝</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B0%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="バグダード">バグダード</a>入城（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/945%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="945年">945年</a>）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="セルジューク朝">セルジューク朝</a>の帝国成立（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1055%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1055年">1055年</a>のバグダード入城）など、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アッバース朝">アッバース朝</a>の形骸化によりいわゆる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イスラム帝国">イスラム帝国</a>という世界帝国が瓦解した時期から、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オスマン帝国">オスマン帝国</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="トルコ">トルコ</a>の地域国家を超えてイスラム世界帝国を確立した時期（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1517%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1517年">1517年</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マムルーク朝">マムルーク朝</a>の滅亡）までを指すことが多い。</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="脚注"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span>脚注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 脚注" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"> [<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:脚注/読者向け"><span title="この欄の操作法">脚注の使い方</span></a>] </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="出典"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.85.B8"></span>出典</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 出典" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search%3DMiddle%2BAges%26searchmode%3Dnone">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/middle%2520ages">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a>。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Middle%2BAges">Dictionary.com</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">佐藤雄基　「<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.14992/00017936">日本中世史は何の役に立つのか : 史学史的考察と個人的覚書</a>」　『史苑』79巻2号　立教大学史学会、2019年5月、2頁。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">荘園史研究会（編）　『荘園史研究ハンドブック』　東京堂出版、2013年10月、178頁。</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%8B%9D%E9%83%8E_(%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%B6)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="原勝郎 (歴史家)">原勝郎</a>『日本中世史』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B4%8B%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東洋文庫">東洋文庫</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE佐藤1983-7"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A41983_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A41983">佐藤 1983</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.finna.fi/Record/musketti.M012:HK10000:1700">Piispa Henrik kastaa suomalaisia Kupittaan lähteellä Turussa</a>（フィンランド語）</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.turku.fi/en/culture-and-sports/recreation/parks/kupittanpuisto-kupittaa-park">Kupittanpuisto - Kupittaa Park</a>（英語で）</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/80786/fd2011-pp00000584-pdf001.pdf?sequence%3D1">TURKU (Åbo)</a></span> <span style="font-size:smaller">(<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portable_Document_Format?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portable Document Format">PDF</a>)</span> （英語で）</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 参考文献" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <dl> <dt> 日本史 </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><cite id="satou1983"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF佐藤1983"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佐藤進一">佐藤進一</a>『日本の中世国家』岩波書店、1983年。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4000266683?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/4000266683">4000266683</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4&rft.aufirst=%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%80&rft.au=%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4%E9%80%B2%E4%B8%80&rft.date=1983&rft.pub=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97&rft.isbn=4000266683&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></cite></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> 中国史 </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%97%A4%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="内藤湖南">内藤湖南</a> <ul> <li>『支那近世史』、京都大学における講義をまとめたもの、1909-19年。『内藤湖南全集』に収録。</li> <li>『内藤湖南全集』10、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AD%91%E6%91%A9%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="筑摩書房">筑摩書房</a>、1969年。</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%94%B0%E7%9B%B4%E5%85%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前田直典">前田直典</a> <ul> <li>「東アジヤに於ける古代の終末」、『歴史』1 - 4、1948年。『元朝史の研究』に収録。</li> <li>『元朝史の研究』、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東京大学出版会">東京大学出版会</a>、1973年。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4130260138?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 4-13-026013-8</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E5%B7%9D%E9%81%93%E9%9B%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="谷川道雄">谷川道雄</a> <ul> <li>『中国中世の探求』、日本エディタースクール出版部、1987年。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/488888126X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 4-88888-126-X</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="関連項目"><span id=".E9.96.A2.E9.80.A3.E9.A0.85.E7.9B.AE"></span>関連項目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 関連項目" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-" style="-moz-column-count:; -webkit-column-count:; column-count:; -moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;"> <dl> <dt> ヨーロッパ </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ヨーロッパ世界">ヨーロッパ世界</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ロマネスク">ロマネスク</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ゴシック">ゴシック</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="十字軍">十字軍</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ラテン語">ラテン語</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="神聖ローマ帝国">神聖ローマ帝国</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東ローマ帝国">東ローマ帝国</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> 日本 </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4_(%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="中古 (時代区分)">中古</a></b>～<b><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E5%8F%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="近古">近古</a></b></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本の中世文学史">中世文学史</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A8%A9%E9%96%80%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="権門体制">権門体制</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A1%95%E5%AF%86%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="顕密体制">顕密体制</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AF%BA%E7%A4%BE%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="寺社勢力">寺社勢力</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%87%8E%E5%96%84%E5%BD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="網野善彦">網野善彦</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="中世語 (存在しないページ)">中世語</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世都市">中世都市</a></li> </ul> <dl> <dt> 地球規模 </dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E3%81%AE%E6%B8%A9%E6%9A%96%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中世の温暖期">中世の温暖期</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル帝国">モンゴル帝国</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="外部リンク"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E3.83.AA.E3.83.B3.E3.82.AF"></span>外部リンク</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 外部リンク" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>編集</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li>『<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596">中世</a>』 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コトバンク">コトバンク</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> 「<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%26oldid%3D102629742">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=中世&oldid=102629742</a>」から取得 </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="渡海千明" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1731983122"> <span>最終更新: 2024年11月19日 (火) 02:25</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>言語</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleeue" title="アフリカーンス語: Middeleeue" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middeleeue" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelalter" title="スイスドイツ語: Mittelalter" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mittelalter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%25AB%25E1%258A%25A8%25E1%2588%2588%25E1%258A%259B_%25E1%258B%2598%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="アムハラ語: መካከለኛ ዘመን" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መካከለኛ ዘመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="アムハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_Meya" title="アラゴン語: Edat Meya" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat Meya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="アラゴン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D9%2589" title="アラビア語: العصور الوسطى" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصور الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="モロッコ・アラビア語: لقرون لوسطانية" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لقرون لوسطانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="モロッコ・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="エジプト・アラビア語: عصور وسطانيه" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصور وسطانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="エジプト・アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%25C3%25A1_Media" title="アストゥリアス語: Edá Media" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá Media" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%25C9%2599srl%25C9%2599r" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Orta əsrlər" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta əsrlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1" title="South Azerbaijani: اورتا عصرلر" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورتا عصرلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B%25D1%2583%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="バシキール語: Урта быуаттар" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Урта быуаттар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middloita" title="バイエルン・オーストリア語: Middloita" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Middloita" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="バイエルン・オーストリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2597dorom%25C5%25BE%25C4%2593" title="サモギティア語: Vėdoromžē" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėdoromžē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="サモギティア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258F%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%258F%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D1%259E%25D0%25B5" title="ベラルーシ語: Сярэдневякоўе" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сярэдневякоўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%258F%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Сярэднявечча" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сярэднявечча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="ブルガリア語: Средновековие" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средновековие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2582%258F%25E1%2580%259D" title="Pa'O: ခေတ်ထာႏဝ" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခေတ်ထာႏဝ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%2597" title="ベンガル語: মধ্যযুগ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্যযুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krennamzer" title="ブルトン語: Krennamzer" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Krennamzer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="ボスニア語: Srednji vijek" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednji vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="ブリヤート語: Дунда зуун" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дунда зуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ブリヤート語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_mitjana" title="カタロニア語: Edat mitjana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat mitjana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungang_Panahon" title="セブアノ語: Tungang Panahon" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tungang Panahon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="セブアノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%2595%25D8%25AF%25DB%2595%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2586" title="中央クルド語: سەدەکانی ناوین" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەکانی ناوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievu" title="コルシカ語: Medievu" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Medievu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="コルシカ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C5%2599edov%25C4%259Bk" title="チェコ語: Středověk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Středověk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strz%25C3%25A9dnowiek" title="カシューブ語: Strzédnowiek" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Strzédnowiek" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="カシューブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25C4%2583%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC_%25C4%2595%25D0%25BC%25C4%2595%25D1%2580%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC" title="チュヴァシ語: Вăтам ĕмĕрсем" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăтам ĕмĕрсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="チュヴァシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Oesoedd_Canol" title="ウェールズ語: Yr Oesoedd Canol" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Oesoedd Canol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="おすすめ記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderen" title="デンマーク語: Middelalderen" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelalter" title="ドイツ語: Mittelalter" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelalter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjej%25C5%25BAow%25C4%259Bk" title="低地ソルブ語: Srjejźowěk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Srjejźowěk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="低地ソルブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259C%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1%25CE%25AF%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2582" title="ギリシャ語: Μεσαίωνας" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσαίωνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="英語: Middle Ages" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezepoko" title="エスペラント語: Mezepoko" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mezepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_Media" title="スペイン語: Edad Media" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad Media" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaeg" title="エストニア語: Keskaeg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdi_Aroa" title="バスク語: Erdi Aroa" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdi Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%25C3%25A1_Meia" title="エストレマドゥーラ語: Edá Meia" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Edá Meia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="エストレマドゥーラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25DB%258C" title="ペルシア語: قرون وسطی" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskiaika" title="フィンランド語: Keskiaika" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskiaika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskaig" title="ヴォロ語: Keskaig" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keskaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="ヴォロ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%25C3%25B0%25C3%25B8ldin" title="フェロー語: Miðøldin" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Miðøldin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="フェロー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_%25C3%2582ge" title="フランス語: Moyen Âge" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyen Âge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_%25C3%2582jo" title="アルピタン語: Moyen Âjo" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Moyen Âjo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="アルピタン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madel%25C3%25A4%25C3%25A4ler" title="北フリジア語: Madelääler" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madelääler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%25C3%25A2t_di_mie%25C3%25A7" title="フリウリ語: Etât di mieç" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Etât di mieç" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="フリウリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsiuwen" title="西フリジア語: Midsiuwen" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Midsiuwen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhe%25C3%25A1naois" title="アイルランド語: An Mheánaois" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mheánaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="アイルランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580" title="贛語: 中世紀" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="中世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwayen-Aj" title="Guianan Creole: Mwayen-Aj" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mwayen-Aj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadhan-aoisean" title="スコットランド・ゲール語: Meadhan-aoisean" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meadhan-aoisean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="スコットランド・ゲール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_Media" title="ガリシア語: Idade Media" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade Media" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2581ra_Mbytegua" title="グアラニー語: Ára Mbytegua" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ára Mbytegua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="グアラニー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%2599_%25D7%2594%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="ヘブライ語: ימי הביניים" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ימי הביניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2597" title="ヒンディー語: मध्ययुग" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्ययुग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="フィジー・ヒンディー語: Middle Ages" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="フィジー・ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="クロアチア語: Srednji vijek" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednji vijek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjed%25C5%25BAow%25C4%259Bk" title="高地ソルブ語: Srjedźowěk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Srjedźowěk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="高地ソルブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mway%25C3%25A8naj" title="ハイチ・クレオール語: Mwayènaj" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mwayènaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ハイチ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25B6z%25C3%25A9pkor" title="ハンガリー語: Középkor" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középkor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BB%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580" title="アルメニア語: Միջնադար" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջնադար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="アルメニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2584%25D5%25AB%25D5%25BB%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580" title="Western Armenian: Միջնադար" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միջնադար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievo" title="インターリングア: Medievo" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Medievo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="インターリングア" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan" title="インドネシア語: Abad Pertengahan" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medievie" title="インターリング: Medievie" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Medievie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="インターリング" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengnga_a_Panpanawen" title="イロカノ語: Tengnga a Panpanawen" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tengnga a Panpanawen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="イロカノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AE%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B1%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588" title="イングーシ語: Юкъера бӀаьшераш" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Юкъера бӀаьшераш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="イングーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezepoko" title="イド語: Mezepoko" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mezepoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="イド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%25C3%25B0aldir" title="アイスランド語: Miðaldir" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðaldir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medioevo" title="イタリア語: Medioevo" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medioevo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migl_Iejiz" title="ジャマイカ・クレオール語: Migl Iejiz" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Migl Iejiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="ジャマイカ・クレオール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Tengahan" title="ジャワ語: Abad Tengahan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad Tengahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ジョージア語: შუა საუკუნეები" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუა საუკუნეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit-Tanammast" title="カビル語: Tallit-Tanammast" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tallit-Tanammast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="カビル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C9%259Bk%25CA%258A_n%25C9%259B_H%25C9%259Bk%25CA%258A_Al%25C9%25A9waat%25CA%258A" title="Kabiye: Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɛkʊ nɛ Hɛkʊ Alɩwaatʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D2%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580" title="カザフ語: Ортағасыр" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ортағасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="カザフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A4%2591%25EC%2584%25B8" title="韓国語: 중세" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_Nav%25C3%25AEn" title="クルド語: Serdema Navîn" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema Navîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osow_Kres" title="コーンウォール語: Osow Kres" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Osow Kres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="コーンウォール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="キルギス語: Орто кылымдар" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орто кылымдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="キルギス語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_aevum" title="ラテン語: Medium aevum" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medium aevum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%25C3%25ABttelalter" title="ルクセンブルク語: Mëttelalter" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëttelalter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ルクセンブルク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_medieval" title="リングア・フランカ・ノバ: Eda medieval" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda medieval" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="リングア・フランカ・ノバ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeliewe" title="リンブルフ語: Middeliewe" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Middeliewe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="リンブルフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%25C3%25A6_de_M%25C3%25ABzo" title="リグリア語: Etæ de Mëzo" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etæ de Mëzo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="リグリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%25C3%25A9_medievala" title="Ladin: Eté medievala" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté medievala" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio%25C3%25A9v" title="ロンバルド語: Medioév" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Medioév" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ロンバルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduram%25C5%25BEiai" title="リトアニア語: Viduramžiai" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viduramžiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viduslaiki" title="ラトビア語: Viduslaiki" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viduslaiki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andro_Antenatenany" title="マダガスカル語: Andro Antenatenany" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andro Antenatenany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="マダガスカル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaik_Patangahan" title="ミナンカバウ語: Abaik Patangahan" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abaik Patangahan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ミナンカバウ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="マケドニア語: Среден век" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Среден век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="マケドニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B4%2582" title="マラヤーラム語: മദ്ധ്യകാലം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ധ്യകാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25B7%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="モンゴル語: Дундад зуун" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дундад зуун" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2597" title="マラーティー語: मध्य युग" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मध्य युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="マラーティー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="マレー語: Zaman Pertengahan" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Pertengahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medjuevu" title="マルタ語: Medjuevu" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Medjuevu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="マルタ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_M%25C3%25A9dia" title="ミランダ語: Eidade Média" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eidade Média" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="ミランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ミャンマー語: အလယ်ခေတ်" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလယ်ခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D1%2588%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B5" title="エルジャ語: Куншкапинге" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Куншкапинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="エルジャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B5%25D8%25AF%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="マーザンダラーン語: میونی صدکون" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میونی صدکون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="マーザンダラーン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medioevo" title="ナポリ語: Medioevo" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Medioevo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="ナポリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middel%25C3%25B6ller" title="低地ドイツ語: Middelöller" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Middelöller" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleywen" title="オランダ低ザクセン語: Middeleywen" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Middeleywen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="オランダ低ザクセン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="オランダ語: Middeleeuwen" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middeleeuwen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomalderen" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Mellomalderen" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mellomalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelalderen" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Middelalderen" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Middelalderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyen_%25C3%2582ge" title="ノルマン語: Meyen Âge" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Meyen Âge" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="ノルマン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="オック語: Edat Mejana" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat Mejana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25C3%25A6%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="オセット語: Астæузаман" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астæузаман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="オセット語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A9%25B1%25E0%25A8%25A7%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B2" title="パンジャブ語: ਮੱਧਕਾਲ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਧਕਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_Medio" title="パピアメント語: Edad Medio" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Edad Medio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="パピアメント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%25C3%25A9yin_Ache" title="ピカルディ語: Moéyin Ache" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Moéyin Ache" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="ピカルディ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Aredniowiecze" title="ポーランド語: Średniowiecze" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Średniowiecze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%25C3%25A0_%25C3%25ABd_mes" title="ピエモンテ語: Età ëd mes" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età ëd mes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="ピエモンテ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DA%2586%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7_%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7" title="Western Punjabi: وچکارلا ویلا" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وچکارلا ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DA%2581%25D9%2586%25DB%258D_%25D9%25BE%25DB%2590%25DA%2593%25DB%258D" title="パシュトゥー語: منځنۍ پېړۍ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منځنۍ پېړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="パシュトゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_M%25C3%25A9dia" title="ポルトガル語: Idade Média" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade Média" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_medieval" title="ロマンシュ語: Temp medieval" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Temp medieval" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="ロマンシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evul_Mediu" title="ルーマニア語: Evul Mediu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evul Mediu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="ロシア語: Средние века" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Средние века" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA" title="ルシン語: Середновік" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Середновік" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ルシン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE_%25D2%25AF%25D0%25B9%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="サハ語: Орто үйэлэр" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Орто үйэлэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="サハ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_m%25C3%25A8dia" title="サルデーニャ語: Edade mèdia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade mèdia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="サルデーニャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediuevu" title="シチリア語: Mediuevu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mediuevu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="シチリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="スコットランド語: Middle Ages" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="スコットランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25DA%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1" title="シンド語: وچون دور" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وچون دور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="シンド語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vijek" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Srednji vijek" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednji vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="シンプル英語: Middle Ages" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle Ages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredovek" title="スロバキア語: Stredovek" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredovek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D9%25B0%25DB%258C" title="Saraiki: قرون وسطٰی" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قرون وسطٰی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednji_vek" title="スロベニア語: Srednji vek" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednji vek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjeta" title="アルバニア語: Mesjeta" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mesjeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%259A%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA" title="セルビア語: Средњи век" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средњи век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middeloaler" title="ザーターフリジア語: Middeloaler" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Middeloaler" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="ザーターフリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medeltiden" title="スウェーデン語: Medeltiden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Medeltiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzi_ya_kati" title="スワヒリ語: Enzi ya kati" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Enzi ya kati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzed%25C5%2584e_Storocza" title="シレジア語: Strzedńe Storocza" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Strzedńe Storocza" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="シレジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cung-se-ci" title="Sakizaya: cung-se-ci" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cung-se-ci" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_(%25E0%25AE%2590%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE)" title="タミル語: நடுக்காலம் (ஐரோப்பா)" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடுக்காலம் (ஐரோப்பா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2587" title="タイ語: สมัยกลาง" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_asyrlar" title="トルクメン語: Orta asyrlar" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Orta asyrlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="トルクメン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitnang_Kapanahunan" title="タガログ語: Gitnang Kapanahunan" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gitnang Kapanahunan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_%25C3%2587a%25C4%259F" title="トルコ語: Orta Çağ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Çağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="タタール語: Урта гасырлар" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Урта гасырлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D1%258F" title="ウクライナ語: Середньовіччя" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середньовіччя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%2586_%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25DB%258C" title="ウルドゥー語: قرون وسطی" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قرون وسطی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%25CA%25BBrta_asr" title="ウズベク語: Oʻrta asr" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻrta asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%25C3%25A0_de_mezo" title="ヴェネト語: Età de mezo" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Età de mezo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="ヴェネト語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_C%25E1%25BB%2595" title="ベトナム語: Trung Cổ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middel%25C3%25AAeuwn" title="西フラマン語: Middelêeuwn" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Middelêeuwn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西フラマン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%25C3%25A4nodatim%25C3%25A4d" title="ヴォラピュク語: Zänodatimäd" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zänodatimäd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="ヴォラピュク語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyin%25C3%25A5dje" title="ワロン語: Moyinådje" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moyinådje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="ワロン語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabutngaay_nga_Panahon" title="ワライ語: Kabutngaay nga Panahon" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabutngaay nga Panahon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596" title="呉語: 中世" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="メグレル語: შქა ოშწანურეფი" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შქა ოშწანურეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="メグレル語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%259C_%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2598%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8" title="イディッシュ語: מיטל אלטער" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיטל אלטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="イディッシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middele%25C3%25AAuwen" title="ゼーラント語: Middeleêuwen" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Middeleêuwen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="ゼーラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA" title="中国語: 中世纪" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596" title="漢文: 中世" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="漢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-s%25C3%25A8-k%25C3%25AD" title="閩南語: Tiong-sè-kí" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25B4%2580" title="広東語: 中世紀" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ja.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="20" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">最終更新 2024年11月19日 (火) 02:25 （日時は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%AE%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#mw-prefsection-rendering" title="特別:個人設定">個人設定</a>で未設定ならば<a 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