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Rate of exploitation - Wikipedia

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in Marxian economics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For exploitation rate in machine learning, see <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning#Exploration" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning §&#160;Exploration</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Ernest Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kliman" title="Andrew Kliman">Andrew Kliman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kondratiev" title="Nikolai Kondratiev">Nikolai Kondratiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Paul Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Okishio" title="Nobuo Okishio">Nobuo Okishio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Steedman" title="Ian Steedman">Ian Steedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laibman" title="David Laibman">David Laibman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Baran" title="Paul A. Baran">Paul A. 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capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #C00;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #C00;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Marxism">Marxism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxian_economics_sidebar" title="Template:Marxian economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxian_economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxian economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxian_economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxian economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>, the <b>rate of exploitation</b> is the ratio of the total amount of unpaid labor done (<a href="/wiki/Surplus-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Surplus-value">surplus-value</a>) to the total amount of wages paid (the value of <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a>). The rate of exploitation is often also called the <b>rate of surplus-value</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divergence_of_the_two_rates">Divergence of the two rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_of_exploitation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Divergence of the two rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marx did not regard the rate of surplus value and the rate of exploitation as necessarily identical, <i>insofar</i> as there was a divergence between surplus value <i>realised</i> and surplus value <i>produced</i>. Thus, the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_labour" title="Surplus labour">surplus labour</a> performed by workers in an enterprise might correspond to a value higher or lower than the surplus value actually <i>realised</i> as profit income upon sales of output. The implication is that if the gross profit volume was related to wage costs to establish the rate of surplus value, this might overstate or understate the real rate of labor-exploitation. Although this is a subtle point, it has sometimes played an important role in wage bargaining negotiations by <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. For an extreme example, workers might work extremely hard in an enterprise which nevertheless operates at a loss. For another extreme example, workers might work less hard, knowing that their product will sell like hotcakes in a seller's market at sharply inflated prices, yielding profits disproportionate to labour input. The divergence between surplus value <i>realised</i> and surplus value <i>produced</i> becomes even more marked if surplus value is viewed in terms of the net incomes of <a href="/wiki/Social_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social classes">social classes</a>, i.e. net labor income and net property income.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Marx identified five different formulae for the rate of surplus value (see <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_of_exploitation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_product_of_labor" title="Marginal product of labor">Marginal product of labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_profit" title="Rate of profit">Rate of profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rate_of_exploitation&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarx1867" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1867). "The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch09.htm"><i>Capital</i></a>. Volume I, Chapter 9, Section 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Degree+of+Exploitation+of+Labour-Power&amp;rft.btitle=Capital&amp;rft.place=Volume+I%2C+Chapter+9%2C+Section+1&amp;rft.date=1867&amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1867-c1%2Fch09.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+of+exploitation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1867" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1867). "The Rate of Surplus-Value". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch09.htm"><i>Capital</i></a>. Volume I, Chapter 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Rate+of+Surplus-Value&amp;rft.btitle=Capital&amp;rft.place=Volume+I%2C+Chapter+9&amp;rft.date=1867&amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1867-c1%2Fch09.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+of+exploitation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1867" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1867). "Various Formula for the Rate of Surplus-Value". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch18.htm"><i>Capital</i></a>. Volume I, Chapter 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Various+Formula+for+the+Rate+of+Surplus-Value&amp;rft.btitle=Capital&amp;rft.place=Volume+I%2C+Chapter+18&amp;rft.date=1867&amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1867-c1%2Fch18.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARate+of+exploitation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐mkm6r Cached time: 20241122150015 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.272 seconds Real time usage: 0.382 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 711/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 45919/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9487/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 39570/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.143/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4468260/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 320.680 1 -total 38.97% 124.954 1 Template:Marxian_economics 35.46% 113.703 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 32.58% 104.490 1 Template:Reflist 27.83% 89.246 3 Template:Cite_book 21.33% 68.395 1 Template:Short_description 12.58% 40.357 2 Template:Pagetype 9.79% 31.407 3 Template:Flatlist 6.26% 20.082 1 Template:For 5.16% 16.544 3 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:713209-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122150015 and revision id 1192096108. 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