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<span>Nationalist movement (1930–1947)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1930–1947)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nationalist movement (1930–1947) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1930–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930:_League_of_Nations_session" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930:_League_of_Nations_session"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1930: League of Nations session</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930:_League_of_Nations_session-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1934–1938:_Congress_Socialist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1934–1938:_Congress_Socialist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1934–1938: Congress Socialist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1934–1938:_Congress_Socialist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940–1942:_Anti-war_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940–1942:_Anti-war_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1940–1942: Anti-war efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940–1942:_Anti-war_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1942–1946:_Quit_India_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1942–1946:_Quit_India_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1942–1946: Quit India Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1942–1946:_Quit_India_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1946:_Goa_Revolution_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1946:_Goa_Revolution_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1946: Goa Revolution Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1946:_Goa_Revolution_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947:_Peace_mission_in_Calcutta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947:_Peace_mission_in_Calcutta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1947: Peace mission in Calcutta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947:_Peace_mission_in_Calcutta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career_(1948–1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career_(1948–1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early political career (1948–1962)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career_(1948–1962)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career (1948–1962) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1948–1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1948–1950:_Split_from_INC,_Hind_Kisan_Panchayat,_support_for_Nepali_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948–1950:_Split_from_INC,_Hind_Kisan_Panchayat,_support_for_Nepali_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1948–1950: Split from INC, Hind Kisan Panchayat, support for Nepali Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948–1950:_Split_from_INC,_Hind_Kisan_Panchayat,_support_for_Nepali_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951–1954:_Asian_Socialist_Conference_and_farmers'_protest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951–1954:_Asian_Socialist_Conference_and_farmers'_protest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1951–1954: Asian Socialist Conference and farmers' protest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951–1954:_Asian_Socialist_Conference_and_farmers'_protest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952–1955:_Praja_Socialist_Party_and_later_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952–1955:_Praja_Socialist_Party_and_later_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1952–1955: Praja Socialist Party and later split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952–1955:_Praja_Socialist_Party_and_later_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1955–1957:_Socialist_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955–1957:_Socialist_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1955–1957: Socialist Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955–1957:_Socialist_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1962:_NEFA,_Tamil_Nadu_protest_and_election_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1962:_NEFA,_Tamil_Nadu_protest_and_election_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1960–1962: NEFA, Tamil Nadu protest and election loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1962:_NEFA,_Tamil_Nadu_protest_and_election_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_political_career_(1963–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_political_career_(1963–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later political career (1963–1967)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_political_career_(1963–1967)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later political career (1963–1967) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_political_career_(1963–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1963–1965:_First_election_win_and_US_satyagraha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1963–1965:_First_election_win_and_US_satyagraha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1963–1965: First election win and US <i>satyagraha</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1963–1965:_First_election_win_and_US_satyagraha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965–1967:_Samyukta_Socialist_Party_and_Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965–1967:_Samyukta_Socialist_Party_and_Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1965–1967: Samyukta Socialist Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965–1967:_Samyukta_Socialist_Party_and_Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political and social views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_writings_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_writings_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Major writings in English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_writings_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings_in_Kannada_Translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings_in_Kannada_Translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Writings in Kannada Translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings_in_Kannada_Translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ram Manohar Lohia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ৰাম মনোহৰ লোহিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাম মনোহৰ লোহিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ram Manohar Lohia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="રામ મનોહર લોહિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રામ મનોહર લોહિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="लोहिया, राममनोहर – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लोहिया, राममनोहर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="राममनोहर लोहिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राममनोहर लोहिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ram Manohar Lohia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ರಾಮ ಮನೋಹರ ಲೋಹಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಮ ಮನೋಹರ ಲೋಹಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="राममनोहर लोहिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="राममनोहर लोहिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="രാം മനോഹർ ലോഹ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാം മനോഹർ ലോഹ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="राममनोहर लोहिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राममनोहर लोहिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="رام مانوهار لوهيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رام مانوهار لوهيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ram Manohar Lohia" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Indian independence activist and socialist (1910–1967)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ram Manohar Lohia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1977_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="472" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Lohia on a 1977 stamp of India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-03-23</span>)</span>23 March 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Akbarpur,_Ambedkar_Nagar" title="Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar">Akbarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-10-12)</span> (aged 57)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party" title="Praja Socialist Party">Praja Socialist Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ram Manohar Lohia</b> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/34\/Ram_manohar_Lohia.ogg\/Ram_manohar_Lohia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ram manohar Lohia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Ram_manohar_Lohia.ogg/Ram_manohar_Lohia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_manohar_Lohia.ogg" title="File:Ram manohar Lohia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> 23 March 1910 – 12 October 1967) was an Indian freedom fighter of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> politician. As a nationalist, he worked actively to protest against <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, raising awareness of the same. He founded multiple socialist political parties and later won elections to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg/220px-Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg/330px-Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg/440px-Mani_Ram_Bagri1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Dr Ram Manohar Lohia, <a href="/wiki/Mani_Ram_Bagri" title="Mani Ram Bagri">Mani Ram Bagri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhu_Limaye" title="Madhu Limaye">Madhu Limaye</a>, S M Joshi</figcaption></figure> <p>Ram Manohar Lohia was born on 23 March 1910 in a <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a> <a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Bania</a> family<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IlaiahEco15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IlaiahEco15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Akbarpur,_Ambedkar_Nagar" title="Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar">Akbarpur</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IlaiahEco15_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IlaiahEco15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, when he was only two years old, his mother died. He was then raised by his father, Hiralal, who never remarried. In 1918, he moved with his father to Bombay, and then completed his high school education there. After securing the first position in his school at the <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_examination" title="Matriculation examination">matriculation examination</a>, he completed his intermediate studies from the <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> in 1927. In 1929, he completed his Bachelor of Arts from the <a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_College" title="Vidyasagar College">Vidyasagar College</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, Lohia went to England for further studies. However, the political environment in London did not align with Lohia's nationalist feelings, leading him to leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lohia then decided to join the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">Frederick William University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany. He then learnt <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and won a scholarship to pursue a doctorate in economics from 1929 to 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-PhD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studying here, Lohia wrote his Ph.D. thesis paper on the topic of <i>Salt Taxation in India</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-PhD_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focusing on <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a>'s socio-economic theory. However, he never completed the degree.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lohia was greatly influenced by the events that took place in Germany during his stay there, including the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Hitler">rise of Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. He also studied the works of <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a> during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Ram_Manohar_Lohia_1997_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Lohia on a 1997 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalist_movement_(1930–1947)"><span id="Nationalist_movement_.281930.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Nationalist movement (1930–1947)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nationalist movement (1930–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930:_League_of_Nations_session">1930: League of Nations session</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1930: League of Nations session"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While studying economics at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin University">Berlin University</a>, Lohia met <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goan</a> political leader <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A3o_Menezes" title="Julião Menezes">Julião Menezes</a>, who was studying <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. They soon became friends and were part of the Indian Students' Union in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, during the session of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, Lohia and Menezes, who were present on the occasion, threw bundles of <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">leaflets</a> from the visitors' gallery. These leaflets denounced <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Singh" title="Ganga Singh">Ganga Singh</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bikaner_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikaner State">Bikaner</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>), and an Indian representative sent by the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> to present to the League of Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-SpareToIAzavedo15_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpareToIAzavedo15-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1934–1938:_Congress_Socialist_Party"><span id="1934.E2.80.931938:_Congress_Socialist_Party"></span>1934–1938: Congress Socialist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1934–1938: Congress Socialist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">Congress Socialist Party</a></div> <p>Lohia helped found the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">Congress Socialist Party</a> in 1934. He was also the editor of its publication <i>Congress Socialist</i>. In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> chose Lohia as the secretary of the Foreign Department of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a>. In 1938, Lohia resigned as the Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was at this time that Lohia began to develop his own political views. He critically examined the opinions of the Congresleadership, which was greatly influenced by Gandhi,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Communists who had joined the CSP.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940–1942:_Anti-war_efforts"><span id="1940.E2.80.931942:_Anti-war_efforts"></span>1940–1942: Anti-war efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940–1942: Anti-war efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> grew, Lohia began anti-war propaganda. He was critical of the Congress Party leadership's decision to support the British government in the war, stating that the British would not grant India freedom if the Congress cooperated with them.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1940, he was arrested and sentenced to a jail term of two years for delivering anti-war speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a> was sent to India, Gandhi and Lohia together opposed it. Lohia stated that Britain would not grant India freedom on its own. Nehru, however, desired independence but refused to take an anti-war stand. Subsequently, Lohia criticized Nehru at the May 1942 session of the AICC, held in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942–1946:_Quit_India_Movement"><span id="1942.E2.80.931946:_Quit_India_Movement"></span>1942–1946: Quit India Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1942–1946: Quit India Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>, Lohia became an important leader after the arrest of both <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru">Nehru</a>. Lohia set up the clandestine radio stations called the Congress Radio in Calcutta and Bombay.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his words, he intended to "disseminate the much needed information to the masses to sustain a leaderless movement". He was then captured and imprisoned in Lahore Fort in 1944. Lohia and <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, who had assembled a guerilla force during the same movement,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were then released on 11 April 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1946:_Goa_Revolution_Day">1946: Goa Revolution Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1946: Goa Revolution Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goa_Revolution_Day" title="Goa Revolution Day">Goa Revolution Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lohia_Maidan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Lohia_Maidan.jpg/220px-Lohia_Maidan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Lohia_Maidan.jpg/330px-Lohia_Maidan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Lohia_Maidan.jpg/440px-Lohia_Maidan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Lohia in <a href="/wiki/Margao" title="Margao">Margao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, at the location where he delivered his speech on 18 June 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his release, Lohia met his friend <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A3o_Menezes" title="Julião Menezes">Julião Menezes</a> in Bombay for a <a href="/wiki/Doctor%27s_visit" title="Doctor's visit">medical consultation</a> in April 1946. Menezes then invited Lohia to recuperate with him at his home in Goa. They reached Menezes' Goa home on 10 June 1946. After the news of Lohia's arrival spread, the general public and other local freedom fighters began visiting Lohia in large numbers. Menezes and Lohia then began planning a <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> movement. Over the next few days, they addressed people around Goa, informing people that they would defy the ban on public meetings and address an audience of Goans on 18 June in the city of <a href="/wiki/Margao" title="Margao">Margao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FaleiroGoa1961_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaleiroGoa1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 June 1946, Menezes and Lohia arrived at the designated <a href="/wiki/Maidan" title="Maidan">maidan</a> in Margao, evading and defying the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese police">Portuguese police</a>. They were greeted by a large crowd that was chanting slogans. About 600–700 people gathered before the duo was physically escorted to the police station, just as Lohia had begun addressing the audience. The police resorted to a <a href="/wiki/Baton_charge" title="Baton charge">baton charge</a> to disperse the crowd. However, everyone regrouped at the police station and only left after Lohia addressed them briefly. The location of the gathering is today known as Lohia Maidan, and the date, 18 June, is celebrated as Goa Revolution Day.<sup id="cite_ref-FaleiroGoa1961_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaleiroGoa1961-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next few months, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> publicly supported Lohia in his efforts to free Goa.<sup id="cite_ref-MWNene09_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWNene09-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lohia arrived back to Goa in September 1946 but was immediately arrested and jailed for 10 days at <a href="/wiki/Aguada_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguada fort">Aguada fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947:_Peace_mission_in_Calcutta">1947: Peace mission in Calcutta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1947: Peace mission in Calcutta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">India's Indepence Day</a>, 14 August 1947, Lohia and <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a> together helped maintain the peace between Hindus and Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. After riots on 31 August, Gandhi went on an indefinite fast. Lohia then took up a peace mission, working with rioters and gathering their weapons. His mission was successful in stopping the riots, following which Gandhi ended his fast.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1948–1962)"><span id="Early_political_career_.281948.E2.80.931962.29"></span>Early political career (1948–1962)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early political career (1948–1962)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948–1950:_Split_from_INC,_Hind_Kisan_Panchayat,_support_for_Nepali_Congress"><span id="1948.E2.80.931950:_Split_from_INC.2C_Hind_Kisan_Panchayat.2C_support_for_Nepali_Congress"></span>1948–1950: Split from INC, Hind Kisan Panchayat, support for Nepali Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1948–1950: Split from INC, Hind Kisan Panchayat, support for Nepali Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Gandhi">assassination of Gandhi</a> in 1948, the Socialists Party grew apart from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC). At the INC session at <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a> in March 1948, the Socialists decided to leave the INC. Further, they resolved to protest for the immediate integration of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a> into India. This protest led to Lohia's arrest in January 1950 at <a href="/wiki/Rewa,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Rewa, Madhya Pradesh">Rewa, Madhya Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the Socialists had founded the Hind Kisan Panchayat, with Lohia as its first President. Also in 1949, Lohia encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> leaders to protest for democracy in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. He led a large protest to the Embassy of Nepal in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, which led to his arrest and imprisonment for 2 months.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951–1954:_Asian_Socialist_Conference_and_farmers'_protest"><span id="1951.E2.80.931954:_Asian_Socialist_Conference_and_farmers.27_protest"></span>1951–1954: Asian Socialist Conference and farmers' protest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1951–1954: Asian Socialist Conference and farmers' protest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a></div> <p>In 1951, Lohia attended the International Socialist Congress in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. Between 1952 and 1954, he attempted to unite Asian socialists under the banner of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference" title="Asian Socialist Conference">Asian Socialist Conference</a>. However, his success was limited due to differences between the Indians and other Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lohia's motivation behind this was that organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> were under the influence of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SinhaSocialism10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinhaSocialism10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, he led a farmers' protest in Uttar Pradesh. This was to protest the high tax rates for water. As the protest grew stronger, Lohia was arrested under the Special Powers Act, 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952–1955:_Praja_Socialist_Party_and_later_split"><span id="1952.E2.80.931955:_Praja_Socialist_Party_and_later_split"></span>1952–1955: Praja Socialist Party and later split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1952–1955: Praja Socialist Party and later split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party" title="Praja Socialist Party">Praja Socialist Party</a></div> <p>In 1952, the Socialist Party joined the <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Kripalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Praja_Socialist_Party" title="Praja Socialist Party">Praja Socialist Party</a> (PSP). Lohia was elected its President in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, the Congress-PSP coalition government fired at peaceful protesters. Lohia was upset about this and asked PSP's <a href="/wiki/Pattom_Thanu_Pillai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattom Thanu Pillai">Pattom Thanu Pillai</a>, the Chief Minister, to resign. When Pillai refused, Lohia himself resigned as President. In 1955, his relationship with the PSP was further strained after the PSP proposed to join the Congress government. Further, Lohia did not participate in talks with <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> and Nehru. He was also not happy about the PSP's policy to be the Opposition party to the ruling Congress party. This led to his removal from the PSP. Thus, in December 1955, Lohia founded the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_India_(1955)" title="Socialist Party of India (1955)">Socialist Party</a> at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, in which he was elected President. He advocated a programme of "Power within seven years" at this meeting, referring to the proposed rise of socialism in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955–1957:_Socialist_Party"><span id="1955.E2.80.931957:_Socialist_Party"></span>1955–1957: Socialist Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1955–1957: Socialist Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some points that the new Socialist Party fought for were the abolishment of the <a href="/wiki/Caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste system">caste system</a>, equal opportunities for all, classless bogies in trains, moving away from the English language and opposition of the rich English medium schools. The Party initiated multiple protests across the country for the upliftment of farmers and the landless. In 1957 and 1962, it launched nation-wide <i><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagrahas</a></i> on these issues. Lohia even went to jail in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He, along with other party members, contested elections in 1957. While Lohia lost the Lok Sabha elections, the Party won seats in Legislative assemblies in multiple states across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–1962:_NEFA,_Tamil_Nadu_protest_and_election_loss"><span id="1960.E2.80.931962:_NEFA.2C_Tamil_Nadu_protest_and_election_loss"></span>1960–1962: NEFA, Tamil Nadu protest and election loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1960–1962: NEFA, Tamil Nadu protest and election loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, Lohia led a <i>satyagraha</i> to enter into the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier_Agency" title="North-East Frontier Agency">North-East Frontier Agency</a> (NEFA) and was arrested. In 1961, he was attacked with stones at an anti-English language meeting in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. In 1962, he fought the Lok Sabha elections in <a href="/wiki/Phulpur_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency">Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency</a> against Nehru but was defeated. However, he had won more votes than Nehru in 150 polling centres.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_political_career_(1963–1967)"><span id="Later_political_career_.281963.E2.80.931967.29"></span>Later political career (1963–1967)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later political career (1963–1967)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1963–1965:_First_election_win_and_US_satyagraha"><span id="1963.E2.80.931965:_First_election_win_and_US_satyagraha"></span>1963–1965: First election win and US <i>satyagraha</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1963–1965: First election win and US satyagraha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963, Lohia won the by-election in <a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency">Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a></i> sarcastically described his entry into the Lok Sabha as that of "a bull in a China shop". During his term, he raised several issues in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant of these was his 1963 speech in the Parliament, in which he exposed the fact that 2.7 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> Indians lived on 3 <a href="/wiki/Indian_anna" title="Indian anna">annas</a> (barely 20 <a href="/wiki/Paisa" title="Paisa">paisa</a>) a day. He also criticized the government's <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five Year Plan</a>, calling its expenditure of 10,000 crores as wasteful, stating that it was only in an attempt to imitate the European ways of living.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, he toured the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, launching a <i>satyagraha</i> against <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism there</a>. After he entered a hotel which had denied entry to the Blacks, he was briefly arrested. The US Administration later apologized for this.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965–1967:_Samyukta_Socialist_Party_and_Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal"><span id="1965.E2.80.931967:_Samyukta_Socialist_Party_and_Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal"></span>1965–1967: Samyukta Socialist Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1965–1967: Samyukta Socialist Party and Samyukta Vidhayak Dal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal" title="Samyukta Vidhayak Dal">Samyukta Vidhayak Dal</a></div> <p>By 1965, the Socialists across the country decided to merge, so as to defeat the ruling Congress Party. The Socialist Party then merged with the Praja Socialist Party to form the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Socialist_Party" title="Samyukta Socialist Party">Samyukta Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, under Lohia's leadership, the Samyukta Socialist Party defeated the Congress in seven states (including Uttar Pradesh), forming the government there. This was part of an alliance that was formed by Lohia and <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coalition was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Vidhayak_Dal" title="Samyukta Vidhayak Dal">Samyukta Vidhayak Dal</a>. </p><p>However, soon after, Lohia realised that the newly elected ministers from his Party were chasing after power instead of implementing socialist principles. While this affected him, he continued to guide them.<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, Lohia won the elections from the newly created <a href="/wiki/Kannauj_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency">Kannauj Lok Sabha constituency</a>, which was split from the <a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency">Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency</a>. Due to strong opposition from the Congress, he won with a majority of only 472 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, former Union Health Minister <a href="/wiki/Raj_Narain" title="Raj Narain">Raj Narain</a> reported that Lohia may have died due to medical negligence. Lohia was a diabetic and a hypertensive patient. A commission appointed by the Union government to inquire into the cause of his death found that he had undergone an operation, during which one of the stitches was not properly done. This led to excessive bleeding, leading to his death at the age of 57 on 12 October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lohia was a bachelor when he died and had no personal wealth. He also had no house. At his funeral, <a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a> stated that "Dr Lohia was the messiah of the poor in India".<sup id="cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_social_views">Political and social views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political and social views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lohia repeatedly criticized <a href="/wiki/Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru">Nehru</a>'s work. He also advocated against the extensive use of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, leading an extensive campaign for the same. Lohia also publicly questioned the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Forward_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward castes">Upper Castes</a> and advocated for affirmative action that was caste-based.<sup id="cite_ref-YadavRemembering2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YadavRemembering2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, Lohia proposed the idea of <i><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" class="extiw" title="hi:सप्तक्रांति">Saptakranti</a></i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Seven Revolutions</span>). He stated that mankind is revolting for:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Equality between man and woman;</li> <li>The abolition of inequalities based on colour;</li> <li>Elimination of inequalities of birth and caste;</li> <li>National freedom or ending of foreign influence;</li> <li>Economic equality through increase in production;</li> <li>Protecting the privacy of individual life from all collective encroachments; and</li> <li>Limitations on armaments</li></ul> <p>Also in 1963, he spoke about the unity of Hindus and Muslims, requesting them to rethink the last 800 years of India's history.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lohia believed that for the country to progress, caste inequality must be abolished. To implement this, he proposed the idea of "<i>roti</i> and <i>beti</i>", stating that people must first be willing to break caste barriers and eat the same <i><a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a></i>, and then let their daughters (<i>beti</i>) marry people from other castes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_writings_in_English">Major writings in English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Major writings in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Caste System</i>: Hyderabad, Navahind [1964] 147 p.</li> <li><i>Foreign Policy</i>: Aligarh, P.C. Dwadash Shreni, [1963?] 381 p.</li> <li><i>Fragments of World Mind</i>: Maitrayani Publishers & Booksellers; Allahabad [1949] 262 p.</li> <li><i>Fundamentals of a World Mind</i>: ed. by K.S. Karanth. Bombay, Sindhu Publications, [1987] 130 p.</li> <li><i>Guilty Men of India’s Partition</i>: Lohia Samata Vidyalaya Nyas, Publication Dept.,[1970] 103 p.</li> <li><i>India, China, and Northern Frontiers</i>: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 272 p.</li> <li><i>Interval During Politics</i>: Hyderabad, Navahind [1965] 197 p.</li> <li><i>Marx, Gandhi and Socialism</i>: Hyderabad, Navahind [1963] 550 p.</li> <li><i>Collected Works of Dr Lohia</i> A nine volume set edited by veteran Socialist writer Dr Mastram Kapoor in English and published by Anamika Publications, New Delhi.</li> <li><i>Bandh Samrat - Tales of Eternal Rebel George Fernandes</i>: Chris Emmanuel Dsouza, Bangalore, Cleverfox Publications[2022] 27 p.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings_in_Kannada_Translation">Writings in Kannada Translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Writings in Kannada Translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The complete works of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia were translated and published in six volumes by the Government of Karnataka at the subsidized price.</li> <li>There were lot of books available in Kannada about Lohia and also many private publications published the works of Lohia.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avadh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Avadh University">Avadh University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a> was renamed as "<a href="/wiki/Dr._Ram_Manohar_Lohia_Avadh_University" title="Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University">Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University</a>".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dr._Ram_Manohar_Lohiya_National_Law_University" title="Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University">Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, one of India's top National law schools, is named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_June_Road" title="18th June Road">18th June Road</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Panjim" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjim">Panjim</a>, Goa, is named after him. It was that date in 1946 where he launched an agitation against colonial rule.</li> <li>The Willingdon Hospital of <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> was renamed <a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital">Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital</a> in the 1970s. Ram Manohar Lohia died in this hospital due to health complications following a surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Ram_Manohar_Lohia_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences">Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences</a> is a medical institute for undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Lucknow.</li> <li>Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya Bhawan is a community hall in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Akbarpur,_Ambedkar_Nagar" title="Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar">Akbarpur, Ambedkar Nagar</a> and is the only memorial in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emraan_Hashmi" title="Emraan Hashmi">Emraan Hashmi</a> portrayed Lohia in the 2024 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Ae_Watan_Mere_Watan" title="Ae Watan Mere Watan">Ae Watan Mere Watan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeo_Prasad" title="Jagdeo Prasad">Jagdeo Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">Socialist Party (India)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>The Life and Times of George Fernandes</i>, Rahul Ramagundam describes, "he never submitted a printed copy of his thesis to the university and therefore was never awarded a degree".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcMohan1990" class="citation book cs1">McMohan, Ian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1Pclr-6w94C">"Lohia—An American Radical's Estimate"</a>. <i>Rammanohar Lohia</i>. Vol. 9. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 612–613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-251-1"><bdi>978-81-7100-251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lohia%E2%80%94An+American+Radical%27s+Estimate&rft.btitle=Rammanohar+Lohia&rft.pages=612-613&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-251-1&rft.aulast=McMohan&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1Pclr-6w94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IlaiahEco15-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IlaiahEco15_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IlaiahEco15_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlaiah2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kancha_Ilaiah" title="Kancha Ilaiah">Ilaiah, Kancha</a> (18 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150218/commentary-op-ed/article/aap-victory-baniya-economics">"AAP Victory & Baniya Economics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220063049/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150218/commentary-op-ed/article/aap-victory-baniya-economics">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=AAP+Victory+%26+Baniya+Economics&rft.date=2015-02-18&rft.aulast=Ilaiah&rft.aufirst=Kancha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2F150218%2Fcommentary-op-ed%2Farticle%2Faap-victory-baniya-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/vaishyas-find-caste-icon-in-lohia/cid/795139">"Vaishyas find caste icon in Lohia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(India)" title="The Telegraph (India)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 12 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Vaishyas+find+caste+icon+in+Lohia&rft.date=2003-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fjharkhand%2Fvaishyas-find-caste-icon-in-lohia%2Fcid%2F795139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillai1994" class="citation book cs1">Pillai, K. Gopinath (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aT2Kw64Hw8AC"><i>Political Philosophy of Rammanohar Lohia: Alternative Development Perceptions</i></a>. Deep & Deep Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-565-9"><bdi>978-81-7100-565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Philosophy+of+Rammanohar+Lohia%3A+Alternative+Development+Perceptions&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-565-9&rft.aulast=Pillai&rft.aufirst=K.+Gopinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaT2Kw64Hw8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShirodkarWho90-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ShirodkarWho90_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirodkar1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Purushottam_Shirodkar" title="Pandurang Purushottam Shirodkar">Shirodkar, Pandurang Purushottam</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z5HAAAAMAAJ"><i>Who's Who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu</i></a>. Vol. 2. Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu. pp. I–X.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+of+Freedom+Fighters%2C+Goa%2C+Daman%2C+and+Diu&rft.pages=I-X&rft.pub=Goa+Gazetteer+Department%2C+Government+of+the+Union+Territory+of+Goa%2C+Daman%2C+and+Diu&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Shirodkar&rft.aufirst=Pandurang+Purushottam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Z5HAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhD_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhD_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/de/lohia">"Ram Manohar Lohia as a Doctoral Student in Berlin (1929–1933)"</a>. <i>The Institute of Asian and African Studies (IAAW)</i>. Humboldt University of Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Asian+and+African+Studies+%28IAAW%29&rft.atitle=Ram+Manohar+Lohia+as+a+Doctoral+Student+in+Berlin+%281929%E2%80%931933%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaw.hu-berlin.de%2Fde%2Flohia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamagundam2022" class="citation book cs1">Ramagundam, Rahul (25 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTh7EAAAQBAJ"><i>The Life and Times of George Fernandes</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5492-594-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5492-594-8"><bdi>978-93-5492-594-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+George+Fernandes&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2022-07-25&rft.isbn=978-93-5492-594-8&rft.aulast=Ramagundam&rft.aufirst=Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTh7EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/goa-revolution-day-lesser-known-facts-about-the-uprising-its-heroes-13830192.htm">"Goa Revolution Day: Lesser-known facts about the uprising & its heroes"</a>. <i>cnbctv18.com</i>. 16 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827042858/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/goa-revolution-day-lesser-known-facts-about-the-uprising-its-heroes-13830192.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnbctv18.com&rft.atitle=Goa+Revolution+Day%3A+Lesser-known+facts+about+the+uprising+%26+its+heroes&rft.date=2022-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbctv18.com%2Findia%2Fgoa-revolution-day-lesser-known-facts-about-the-uprising-its-heroes-13830192.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpareToIAzavedo15-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpareToIAzavedo15_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzavedo2015" class="citation web cs1">Azavedo, Gary (18 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/spare-a-thought-for-assolnas-juliao-menezes/articleshow/47712374.cms">"Spare a thought for Assolna's Juliao Menezes"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Spare+a+thought+for+Assolna%27s+Juliao+Menezes&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.aulast=Azavedo&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fgoa%2Fspare-a-thought-for-assolnas-juliao-menezes%2Farticleshow%2F47712374.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOesterheld2010" class="citation journal cs1">Oesterheld, Joachim (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742151">"Lohia as a Doctoral Student in Berlin"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>45</b> (40): 85–91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742151">25742151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Lohia+as+a+Doctoral+Student+in+Berlin&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=85-91&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25742151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Oesterheld&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25742151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Lohia, <i>The Conquest of violence</i>, Congress Socialist, 9 April 14 May, 28 May & 4 June 1938, Collected Works of Dr Rammanohar Lohia, vol. 8: 402–417. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179753798" title="Special:BookSources/9788179753798">9788179753798</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Lohia, <i>The Russian Trials</i>, Congress Socialist, 9 April & 7 May 1938, Collected Works of Dr. Rammanohar Lohia, vol. 8: 395–401. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179753798" title="Special:BookSources/9788179753798">9788179753798</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharad1972" class="citation book cs1">Sharad, Onkar (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2KssAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lohia</i></a>. Prakashan Kendra; distributors] UBS Publishers' Distributors, Delhi. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lohia&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Prakashan+Kendra%3B+distributors%5D+UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors%2C+Delhi&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Sharad&rft.aufirst=Onkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KssAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraMukherjeeMukherjeePanikkar2016" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Bipan; Mukherjee, Mridula; Mukherjee, Aditya; Panikkar, K. N.; Mahajan, Sucheta (9 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC"><i>India's Struggle for Independence</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3"><bdi>978-81-8475-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2016-08-09&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-183-3&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Bipan&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Mridula&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+Aditya&rft.au=Panikkar%2C+K.+N.&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+Sucheta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0q7xH06NrFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhary2018" class="citation web cs1">Choudhary, Ratnadeep (12 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/governance/how-ram-manohar-lohia-mobilised-support-for-quit-india-movement-through-underground-work/133078/">"How Ram Manohar Lohia mobilised support for Quit India Movement through underground work"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=How+Ram+Manohar+Lohia+mobilised+support+for+Quit+India+Movement+through+underground+work&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft.aulast=Choudhary&rft.aufirst=Ratnadeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fgovernance%2Fhow-ram-manohar-lohia-mobilised-support-for-quit-india-movement-through-underground-work%2F133078%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, 15 April 1946, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaleiroGoa1961-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FaleiroGoa1961_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FaleiroGoa1961_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaleiro2023" class="citation book cs1">Faleiro, Valmiki (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ"><i>Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration</i></a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 17–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5708-175-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5708-175-7"><bdi>978-93-5708-175-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa%2C+1961%3A+The+Complete+Story+of+Nationalism+and+Integration&rft.pages=17-21&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2023-07-24&rft.isbn=978-93-5708-175-7&rft.aulast=Faleiro&rft.aufirst=Valmiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYLyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWNene09-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MWNene09_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNene2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Nene, S.R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mainstream+Weekly&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+Dr+Lohia%E2%80%94Eternal+Optimists&rft.volume=XLVII&rft.issue=43&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft.aulast=Nene&rft.aufirst=S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mainstreamweekly.net%2Farticle1687.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1984" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajbhavankolkata.gov.in/writereaddata/PDF/occasionalpaper2.pdf"><i>The Rajaji Story (1937-1972)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rajaji+Story+%281937-1972%29&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajbhavankolkata.gov.in%2Fwritereaddata%2FPDF%2Foccasionalpaper2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinhaSocialism10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SinhaSocialism10_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha, Sachchidanand (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742146">"Lohia's Socialism: An Underdog's Perspective"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>45</b> (40): 51–55. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742146">25742146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Lohia%27s+Socialism%3A+An+Underdog%27s+Perspective&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=51-55&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25742146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Sachchidanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25742146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohia2024" class="citation web cs1">Lohia, Ram Manohar (3 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/great-speeches/when-ram-manohar-lohia-blasted-pseudo-intellectuals-for-175-page-five-year-plan-document/1986321/">"When Ram Manohar Lohia blasted 'pseudo-intellectuals' for 175-page Five-Year Plan document"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=When+Ram+Manohar+Lohia+blasted+%27pseudo-intellectuals%27+for+175-page+Five-Year+Plan+document&rft.date=2024-03-03&rft.aulast=Lohia&rft.aufirst=Ram+Manohar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fgreat-speeches%2Fwhen-ram-manohar-lohia-blasted-pseudo-intellectuals-for-175-page-five-year-plan-document%2F1986321%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/nanaji-deshmukh-key-architect-of-janata-party-who-quit-politics-to-transform-rural-india/521300/">"Nanaji Deshmukh — key architect of Janata Party, who quit politics to transform rural India"</a>. <i>The Print</i>. 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Print&rft.atitle=Nanaji+Deshmukh+%E2%80%94+key+architect+of+Janata+Party%2C+who+quit+politics+to+transform+rural+India&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fnanaji-deshmukh-key-architect-of-janata-party-who-quit-politics-to-transform-rural-india%2F521300%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Mishra2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kumar Mishra, Prem (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/kannauj/ram-manohar-lohia-lost-last-election-even-after-winning-from-kannauj-lok-sabha-what-is-story/articleshow/109387602.cms">"लोकसभा चुनाव दास्तानः कन्नौज से जब जीतकर भी 'आखिरी' चुनाव हार गए थे राम मनोहर लोहिया"</a> [Lok Sabha Elections: How Ram Manohar Lohia won elections from Kannauj but still 'lost']. <i>Navbharat Times</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navbharat+Times&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%27%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%27+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=Kumar+Mishra&rft.aufirst=Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavbharattimes.indiatimes.com%2Fstate%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fkannauj%2Fram-manohar-lohia-lost-last-election-even-after-winning-from-kannauj-lok-sabha-what-is-story%2Farticleshow%2F109387602.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/october-13-1978-forty-years-ago-how-lohia-died-5399932/">"October 13, 1978, Forty Years Ago: How Lohia died"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 13 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=October+13%2C+1978%2C+Forty+Years+Ago%3A+How+Lohia+died&rft.date=2018-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Foctober-13-1978-forty-years-ago-how-lohia-died-5399932%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YadavRemembering2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YadavRemembering2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Yogendra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742145">"On Remembering Lohia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>45</b> (40): 46–50. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25742145">25742145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=On+Remembering+Lohia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=46-50&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25742145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Yogendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25742145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Prof Kamal (28 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cibgp.com/au/index.php/1323-6903/article/view/556">"Appraisal of Socio- Economic and Political Thoughts of Rammanohar Lohia in Contemporary India"</a>. <i>The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 248–262. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1323-6903">1323-6903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Contemporary+Issues+in+Business+and+Government&rft.atitle=Appraisal+of+Socio-+Economic+and+Political+Thoughts+of+Rammanohar+Lohia+in+Contemporary+India&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=248-262&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.issn=1323-6903&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Prof+Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcibgp.com%2Fau%2Findex.php%2F1323-6903%2Farticle%2Fview%2F556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohia2024" class="citation web cs1">Lohia, Ram Manohar (14 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/great-speeches/see-ghazni-ghori-as-plunderers-razia-sher-shah-as-ancestors-lohia-to-hindus-muslims/2040134/">"See Ghazni, Ghori as plunderers, Razia, Sher Shah as ancestors—Lohia to Hindus, Muslims"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=See+Ghazni%2C+Ghori+as+plunderers%2C+Razia%2C+Sher+Shah+as+ancestors%E2%80%94Lohia+to+Hindus%2C+Muslims&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft.aulast=Lohia&rft.aufirst=Ram+Manohar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fgreat-speeches%2Fsee-ghazni-ghori-as-plunderers-razia-sher-shah-as-ancestors-lohia-to-hindus-muslims%2F2040134%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroraAwasthy2007" class="citation book cs1">Arora, N. D.; Awasthy, S. S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szBpnYfmH0cC"><i>Political Theory and Political Thought</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1164-2"><bdi>978-81-241-1164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theory+and+Political+Thought&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1164-2&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=N.+D.&rft.au=Awasthy%2C+S.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszBpnYfmH0cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/archives/dr-ram-manohar-lohia-dead/article19841089.ece">"Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia dead"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 12 October 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ram+Manohar+Lohia+dead&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farchives%2Fdr-ram-manohar-lohia-dead%2Farticle19841089.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=148882">"Ram Vilas Paswan to visit birthplace of Dr Ram Manohar Lohia at Akhbarpur"</a>. <i>PIB</i>. 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PIB&rft.atitle=Ram+Vilas+Paswan+to+visit+birthplace+of+Dr+Ram+Manohar+Lohia+at+Akhbarpur&rft.date=2016-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D148882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/emraan-hashmi-unveils-striking-look-as-ram-manohar-lohia-in-ae-watan-mere-watan-1503278523.html">"Emraan Hashmi unveils striking look as Ram Manohar Lohia in 'Ae Watan Mere Watan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Statesman</i>. 12 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Emraan+Hashmi+unveils+striking+look+as+Ram+Manohar+Lohia+in+%27Ae+Watan+Mere+Watan%27&rft.date=2024-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fentertainment%2Fott%2Femraan-hashmi-unveils-striking-look-as-ram-manohar-lohia-in-ae-watan-mere-watan-1503278523.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARam+Manohar+Lohia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Makers of Modern India</i>, by Ramachandra Guha. Published by Penguin Viking (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674725964" title="Special:BookSources/0674725964">0674725964</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kkyom-cQNecC&q=Lohia+was+an+early+recruit+into+the+Congress+Socialist+Party">Makers of Modern India</a></li> <li><i>Socialist Thought in India: The Contribution of Ram Manohar Lohia</i>, by M. Arumugam, New Delhi, Sterling (1978)</li> <li><i>Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, his Life and Philosophy</i>, by Indumati Kelkar. Published for Samajwadi Sahitya Sansthan, Delhi by Anamika Publishers & Distributors (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7975-286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7975-286-9">978-81-7975-286-9</a></li> <li><i>Lohia, A Study</i>, by N. C. Mehrotra, Atma Ram (1978)</li> <li><i>Lohia and Parliament</i>, Published by Lok Sabha Secretariat (1991)</li> <li><i>Lohia thru Letters</i>, Published by Roma Mitra (1983)</li> <li><i>Lohia and America Meet</i>, by Harris Woofford, Sindhu (1987)</li> <li><i>Leftism in India: 1917–1947</i>, by Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, London and New Delhi, Palgrave Macmillan (2008)</li> <li><i>Lohia Ek Jeevani</i>, by Omprakash Deepak And Arvind Mohan, Published by Wagdevi Prakashan (2006)</li> <li>Rammanohar Lohia: The Man and his Ism, by Girish Mishra and Braj Kumar Pandey, Eastern Books, New Delhi, 1992</li> <li><i>Bandh Samrat-Tales of Eternal Rebel George Fernandes</i>, by Chris Emmanuel Dsouza. Published for Cleverfox Publications, Bangalore (2022) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9356480810" title="Special:BookSources/978-9356480810">978-9356480810</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ram_Manohar_Lohia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083820290">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51746406">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19660/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhF89HJGxTh6QpPqm68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119264404">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50081722">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122554600">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122554600">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35310839">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070678146">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279066105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02276002?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119264404.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119264404">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031316042">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r63ff2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&oldid=1258552316">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Manohar_Lohia&oldid=1258552316</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_births" title="Category:1910 births">1910 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_deaths" title="Category:1967 deaths">1967 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Banaras_Hindu_University_alumni" 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