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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="كحول مغير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كحول مغير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82" title="Тэхнічны спірт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэхнічны спірт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_desnaturalitzat" title="Alcohol desnaturalitzat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcohol desnaturalitzat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturovan%C3%BD_ethanol" title="Denaturovaný ethanol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Denaturovaný ethanol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husholdningssprit" title="Husholdningssprit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Husholdningssprit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_desnaturalizado" title="Alcohol desnaturalizado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcohol desnaturalizado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="الکل دناتوره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکل دناتوره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcool_d%C3%A9natur%C3%A9" title="Alcool dénaturé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcool dénaturé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%C3%A1ille_mheitileach" title="Biotáille mheitileach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biotáille mheitileach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritus" title="Spiritus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spiritus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcol_denaturato" title="Alcol denaturato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcol denaturato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spritus" title="Spritus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Spritus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denatur%C3%A1lt_szesz" title="Denaturált szesz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Denaturált szesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandspiritus" title="Brandspiritus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brandspiritus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB#利用" title="エタノール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エタノール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8dsprit" title="Rødsprit – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rødsprit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturatlangan_spirt" title="Denaturatlangan spirt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Denaturatlangan spirt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturat" title="Denaturat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Denaturat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desnaturante" title="Desnaturante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desnaturante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82" title="Технический спирт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Технический спирт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Денатурализовани алкохол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Денатурализовани алкохол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturointi" title="Denaturointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Denaturointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknisk_sprit" title="Teknisk sprit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teknisk sprit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இயல்பு நீக்கப்பட்ட ஆல்ககால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயல்பு நீக்கப்பட்ட ஆல்ககால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0spirto" title="İspirto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İspirto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82" title="Денатурований спирт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Денатурований спирт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%8A%9B%E6%B0%B4" title="士力水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="士力水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%80%A7%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="變性乙醇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="變性乙醇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethanol with additives to discourage recreational consumption</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denatured_alcohol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Denatured_alcohol.jpg/170px-Denatured_alcohol.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Denatured_alcohol.jpg/255px-Denatured_alcohol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Denatured_alcohol.jpg/340px-Denatured_alcohol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>1 US gallon or 3.785 litres of denatured alcohol in a metal container</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Denatured alcohol</b>, also known as <b>methylated spirits</b>, <b>metho</b>, or <b>meths</b> in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, and as <b><a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">denatured rectified spirit</a></b>, is <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> that has additives to make it <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a>, bad-tasting, foul-smelling, or <a href="/wiki/Vomiting#Emetics" title="Vomiting">nauseating</a> to discourage its <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol consumption">recreational consumption</a>. It is sometimes dyed so that it can be identified visually. <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">Pyridine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-denaturants_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denaturants-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each and together, make denatured alcohol poisonous; and <a href="/wiki/Denatonium" title="Denatonium">denatonium</a> makes it bitter. </p><p>Denatured alcohol is used as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> and as fuel for <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_burner" title="Alcohol burner">alcohol burners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camping_stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Camping stove">camping stoves</a>. Because of the diversity of industrial uses for denatured alcohol, hundreds of additives and denaturing methods have been used. The main additive usually is 10% methanol (methyl alcohol), hence the name <i>methylated spirits</i>. Other common additives include <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">isopropyl alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butanone" title="Butanone">methyl ethyl ketone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Methyl_isobutyl_ketone" title="Methyl isobutyl ketone">methyl isobutyl ketone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-denaturants_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denaturants-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(food)" title="Denaturation (food)">Denaturing</a> alcohol does not alter the ethanol molecule (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">chemically</a> or structurally), unlike <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturation</a> in biochemistry. Rather, the ethanol is <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">mixed with other chemicals</a> to form a foul-tasting, often toxic, solution. For many of these solutions, it is intentionally difficult to separate the components. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denaturat_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Denaturat_1.jpg/170px-Denaturat_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Denaturat_1.jpg/255px-Denaturat_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Denaturat_1.jpg/340px-Denaturat_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Bottle of purple-dyed denatured alcohol sold in Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>In many countries denaturated alcohol is traditionally dyed with <a href="/wiki/Methyl_violet" title="Methyl violet">methyl violet</a> or similar hue (<a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">crystal violet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a>) dye for safety reasons. In <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> (Czechoslovakia, Poland and others) this was mandatory during the <a href="/wiki/Communist_era" title="Communist era">communist era</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denatured_alcohol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethanol#Uses" title="Ethanol">Ethanol § Uses</a></div> <p>In many countries, sales of alcoholic beverages are heavily <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">taxed</a> for revenue and public health policy purposes (see <a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigovian tax">Pigovian tax</a>). In order to avoid paying beverage taxes on alcohol that is not meant to be consumed, the alcohol is usually "denatured", or treated with added chemicals to make it unpalatable. Its composition is tightly defined by government regulations in countries that tax alcoholic beverages. Denatured alcohol is used identically to ethanol itself but only for applications that involve fuel, surgical and laboratory stock. Pure ethanol is required for food and beverage applications and certain chemical reactions where the denaturant would interfere. In <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, denatured ethanol should not be used for the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, since the additives may interfere with downstream applications.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denatured alcohol has no advantages for any purpose over normal ethanol; it is a public policy compromise. As denatured alcohol is sold without the often heavy taxes on <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> suitable for consumption, it is a cheaper solution for most uses that do not involve drinking. If pure ethanol were made cheaply available for fuel, solvents, or medicinal purposes, it could be used as a beverage without payment of alcohol tax.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denatured_alcohol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents" title="List of methanol poisoning incidents">List of methanol poisoning incidents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction#Alcohol" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction § Alcohol</a></div> <p>Despite its poisonous content, denatured alcohol is sometimes consumed as a <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">surrogate alcohol</a>. This can result in blindness or death if it contains methanol. For instance, during the thirteen-year <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibition</a> of alcohol in the US, federal law required methanol be added to domestically manufactured industrial alcohols. From 25–27 December 1926, which was roughly at the midpoint of nationwide alcohol prohibition, 31 people in New York City alone died of methanol poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help prevent this, <a href="/wiki/Denatonium" title="Denatonium">denatonium</a> is often added to give the substance an extremely bitter flavour. Substances such as <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a> are added to give the mixture an <a href="/wiki/Unpleasant_odour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpleasant odour">unpleasant odour</a>, and agents such as <a href="/wiki/Syrup_of_ipecac" title="Syrup of ipecac">syrup of ipecac</a> may also be included to induce vomiting. </p><p>New Zealand has removed methanol from its government-approved "methylated spirits" formulation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, denatured alcohol was used as drinking alcohol surrogate, along with many other technical ethanol-containing products. This was especially common during various <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">anti-alcohol campaigns</a> initiated by the Soviet government. There is much evidence to that in both popular folklore and in literature and music. The word "denaturat" (Russian: денатурат) even gained a special symbolic meaning. Its consumption is mentioned in songs of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vysotsky" title="Vladimir Vysotsky">Vladimir Vysotsky</a>, as well as written works of <a href="/wiki/Venedikt_Yerofeev" class="mw-redirect" title="Venedikt Yerofeev">Venedikt Yerofeev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuz_Aleshkovsky" title="Yuz Aleshkovsky">Yuz Aleshkovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Shishkov" title="Vyacheslav Shishkov">Vyacheslav Shishkov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formulations">Formulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denatured_alcohol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diverse additives are used to make it difficult to use <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> or other simple processes to reverse the denaturation. Methanol is commonly used both because its boiling point is close to that of ethanol and because it is toxic. Another typical denaturant is pyridine. Often the denatured alcohol is dyed with <a href="/wiki/Methyl_violet" title="Methyl violet">methyl violet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several grades of denatured alcohol, but in general the denaturants used are similar. As an example, the formulation for <i>completely denatured alcohol</i>, according to 2005 British regulations was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>Completely denatured alcohol must be made in accordance with the following formulation: with every 90 parts by volume of alcohol mix 9.5 parts by volume of <a href="/wiki/Wood_naphtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood naphtha">wood naphtha</a> or a substitute and 0.5 parts by volume of crude pyridine, and to the resulting mixture add mineral naphtha (<a href="/wiki/Petroleum_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum oil">petroleum oil</a>) in the proportion of 3.75 litres to every 1000 litres of the mixture and synthetic organic dyestuff (methyl violet) in the proportion of 1.5 grams to every 1000 litres of the mixture.</p></blockquote> <p>The European Union agreed in February 2013 to the following mutual procedures for the complete denaturing of alcohol:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Per hectolitre (100 L) of absolute ethanol: 3 litres of isopropyl alcohol, 3 litres of methyl ethyl ketone and 1 gram <a href="/wiki/Denatonium_benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Denatonium benzoate">denatonium benzoate</a>.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specially_denatured_alcohol">Specially denatured alcohol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denatured_alcohol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specially denatured alcohol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>specially denatured alcohol</b> (<b>SDA</b>) is one of many types of denatured alcohol specified under the United States <a href="/wiki/Title_27_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a> Section 21.151.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specially denatured alcohol is a combination of ethanol and another chemical substance, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a> in SDA 29, 35, and <a href="/wiki/SD_Alcohol_35-A" title="SD Alcohol 35-A">35A</a>, added to render the mixture unsuitable for drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SDAs are often used in cosmetic products, and can also be used in chemical manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is <b>SDA 40-B</b>, which contains <a href="/wiki/Tert-butyl_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-butyl alcohol">tert-butyl alcohol</a> and denatonium benzoate, N.F. In the United States and other countries, the use of denatured alcohol unsuitable for beverages avoids <a href="/wiki/Excise" title="Excise">excise</a> taxes on alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denatured_alcohol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aversive_agent" title="Aversive agent">Aversive agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitterant" title="Bitterant">Bitterant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubbing_alcohol" title="Rubbing alcohol">Rubbing alcohol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denatured_alcohol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-denaturants-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-denaturants_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-denaturants_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.distill.com/specs/EU2.html">"Ethanol Denaturants"</a>. The Online Distillery Network. 22 November 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethanol+Denaturants&rft.pub=The+Online+Distillery+Network&rft.date=1993-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.distill.com%2Fspecs%2FEU2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADenatured+alcohol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelling2012" class="citation web cs1">Gelling, Cristy (13 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitesizebio.com/13518/which-type-of-ethanol-should-i-use/">"Which Type of Ethanol Should I Use? - Bitesize Bio"</a>. <i>Bitesize Bio</i>. Science Squared<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Composition, Examples, and Effects"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dotdash#ThoughtCo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotdash">ThoughtCo</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Edocket.access.gpo.gov. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/specially-denatured-alcohol-SDA.html">What is specially denatured alcohol (SDA)? definition and meaning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810141814/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/specially-denatured-alcohol-SDA.html">Archived</a> 10 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Businessdictionary.com. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ttb.gov/industrial/sda.shtml">TTBGov Denatured Alcohol</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606120837/http://www.ttb.gov/industrial/sda.shtml">Archived</a> 6 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ttb.gov. Retrieved on 29 May 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_04/27cfr20_04.html">2004 CFR Title 27, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314162934/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_04/27cfr20_04.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. access.gpo.gov. 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