Quantum information science

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grid-container"> <a href="/physics">Physics</a> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__sub"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Quantum information science</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix" > <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div>  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-block" > <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <span data-drupal-link-system-path="">Joint institutes</span> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-quantum-information-science-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul 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</div>  <div class="nist-block nist-social__wrapper--block" > <h2 class="nist-block__title" >Sign Up to Get NIST News</h2> <div><a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new?topic_id=USNIST_20" class="nist-social nist-social--envelope" title="GovDelivery" ><span>GovDelivery</span></a></div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9" > <div class="nist-block" > <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-hero grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/cybersecurity/what-post-quantum-cryptography"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2023/08/22/PQC_Algo_Pre-standardization-vid.jpg.webp?itok=pAAj6NRH 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2023/08/22/PQC_Algo_Pre-standardization-vid.jpg.webp?itok=gKF1mESq 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2023/08/22/PQC_Algo_Pre-standardization-vid.jpg.webp?itok=FZ2i9m8D 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2023/08/22/PQC_Algo_Pre-standardization-vid.jpg.webp?itok=pAAj6NRH 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2023/08/22/PQC_Algo_Pre-standardization-vid.jpg.jpg?itok=pAAj6NRH" width="600" height="360" alt="Collage illustration of servers, laptops and phones is divided into left "Old Encryption Standards" and right "New Encryption Standards."" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/cybersecurity/what-post-quantum-cryptography"> <div class="text">Security in a Quantum World</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/01/microwave-detectors-and-multiplexing-nist-researchers-help-astronomers"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2024/01/24/SO-UHF2-array.jpg.webp?itok=GKFlWaxW 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2024/01/24/SO-UHF2-array.jpg.webp?itok=tDQWZo_m 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2024/01/24/SO-UHF2-array.jpg.webp?itok=5A3g3oaD 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2024/01/24/SO-UHF2-array.jpg.webp?itok=GKFlWaxW 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2024/01/24/SO-UHF2-array.jpg.jpg?itok=GKFlWaxW" width="600" height="360" alt="1,720 transition-edge-sensor bolometers" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/01/microwave-detectors-and-multiplexing-nist-researchers-help-astronomers"> <div class="text">Sensing at the Quantum Level</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/noac"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2020/06/17/noac-hero-new-notext.jpg.webp?itok=0s2G2Nur 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2020/06/17/noac-hero-new-notext.jpg.webp?itok=-b8OEpdi 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2020/06/17/noac-hero-new-notext.jpg.webp?itok=KSC-E-a- 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2020/06/17/noac-hero-new-notext.jpg.webp?itok=0s2G2Nur 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2020/06/17/noac-hero-new-notext.jpg.jpg?itok=0s2G2Nur" width="600" height="360" alt="NIST on a chip background image" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/noac"> <div class="text">NIST on a Chip</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-with-summary margin-bottom-5"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">What is quantum information science?</h2><p>Quantum information science marries two of the 20th century’s most important scientific developments: quantum physics and information theory. Quantum physics describes the universe at its smallest and most fundamental scales — think atoms and molecules; light and energy. Information theory underpins the workings of computers and the internet — technologies that have transformed our world. Together, they herald a new technological revolution that could supercharge physics, materials science, chemistry, biomedicine, encryption, communications and many other areas.</p><p>Quantum information science involves using the smallest bits of matter and energy — electrons inside an atom, tiny circuits, massless particles of light — to store, carry and process information. Scientists around the world are developing quantum computers, a new kind of machine that can, in theory, simulate the fundamentally quantum nature of matter and tackle certain currently unsolvable problems. Other focus areas of quantum information science include quantum sensors for ultra-high-precision measurements and quantum networks that could link devices across cities, nations and ultimately the globe.</p><h2 class="nist-block__title">What is NIST’s role?</h2><p>NIST has been a leader in quantum information science since the early 1990s and continues to shape the field. Quantum effects set fundamental limits on the precision of physical measurements, so as the nation’s measurement science agency, NIST has a key role in studying and developing standards for quantum measurement.</p><p>Building on deep expertise with quantum technologies such as atomic clocks and Josephson junctions, NIST scientists developed early building blocks of quantum computing technology, including one of the first quantum logic gates. NIST researchers have also advanced enabling technology for quantum devices, including single-photon detectors and cryogenics. The NIST on a Chip program works to bring quantum sensing and measurement science to industry.</p><p>Much of this research has been done in joint NIST-university institutes, including <a href="https://jila.colorado.edu/">JILA</a>, a partnership with the University of Colorado, and the <a href="https://jqi.umd.edu/">Joint Quantum Institute</a> and the <a href="https://quics.umd.edu/">Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science</a>, both in partnership with the University of Maryland. </p><p>NIST has helped nurture and grow the quantum industry. NIST convened some of the earliest scientific meetings on quantum information theory and later launched the <a href="https://quantumconsortium.org/">Quantum Economic Development Consortium</a> to support the nascent industry. Many leaders in the quantum industry today previously worked at NIST or its joint institutes. With the launch of the <a href="https://www.quantum.gov/">National Quantum Initiative</a> in 2018, NIST now supports a whole-of-government quantum science program.</p><p>NIST has also taken the lead in developing post-quantum cryptography, which aims to safeguard information from future quantum computers that could break codes widely used today to encrypt data.</p> </div> <div class="nist-block" > <div class="margin-y-4"> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Explainers</div> </h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/cybersecurity/what-post-quantum-cryptography"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/cybersecurity/what-post-quantum-cryptography" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/2022/04/05/Crypto-rev1.png?itok=E7Au7h-w" width="400" height="250" alt="Illustration in blue tones shows a tree on the left with algorithms and lattice images on right. " typeof="foaf:Image" /> </a> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">What Is Post-Quantum Cryptography? </span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/cybersecurity/what-post-quantum-cryptography" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/2024/04/12/Frequency_comb_on_chip.png?itok=iHpQ3atg" width="400" height="250" alt="Illustration shows tiny columns of light in different colors standing vertically along circuits on a chip. " typeof="foaf:Image" /> </a> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Optical Frequency Combs</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/physics/what-are-optical-lattices"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/physics/what-are-optical-lattices" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/pml/lattice.png?itok=H11EIbto" width="400" height="250" alt="lattice hi-res" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </a> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Optical Lattices: Webs of Light</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/physics/what-are-optical-lattices" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="margin-y-4"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">News</h2> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <div class="entity-reference"> <div class="nist-card nist-card--horizontal nist-card--horizontal-full"> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/one-worlds-roundest-objects-helping-build-better-mass-measurement"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2024/07/03/DSC_5319_web.jpg.webp?itok=0sd-a1QV" width="600" height="360" alt="A researcher wearing a lab coat uses tongs to place a silvery sphere into a large scientific device as another researcher looks on. " typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title"> <h3><span>One of the World’s Roundest Objects Is Helping to Build a Better Mass Measurement</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Different countries' approaches can lead to different definitions of the kilogram. But NIST is working with our international partners to see how we can close those tiny gaps. </div> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/one-worlds-roundest-objects-helping-build-better-mass-measurement" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-f7b367c72a79c71bea0325a4e208b9c91a60d4b6bc484176c83f351c97350ef7"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/10/nist-awards-15-million-astm-international-establish-standardization-center"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" 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